745:, a settler who had accompanied him on the 1753 expedition, that a French Canadian party numbering about 50 was in the area. In response, Washington sent 75 men with Gist to find them. That evening, Washington received a message from Tanacharison, informing him that he had found the Canadian camp, and that the two of them should meet. Despite the fact that he had just sent another group in pursuit of the French Canadians, Washington went with a detachment of 40 men to meet with Tanacharison. The Mingo leader had with him 12 warriors, two of whom were boys. After discussing the matter, both leaders agreed to make an attack on the Canadians. The attackers took up positions behind rocks around the Canadian camp, counting not more than 40 Canadians.
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529:, land claimed by the French. A British colonial force led by George Washington was sent to protect the fort under construction. The French Canadians sent Jumonville to warn Washington about encroaching on French-claimed territory. Washington was alerted to Jumonville's presence by Tanacharison, and they joined forces to ambush the French Canadian camp. Washington's force killed Jumonville and some of his men in the ambush and captured most of the others. The exact circumstances of Jumonville's death are a subject of historical controversy and debate.
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and had withdrawn himself to his people, whom he had ordered to fire upon the French. That , a savage, came up to and had said, "Tu n'es pas encore mort, mon père!" and struck several hatchet blows with which he killed him." Anderson notes that
Kaninguen apparently understood what Tanacharison said, and understood it to be a ritual slaying. Kaninguen reported that 30 men were taken prisoner, and 10 to 12 had been killed. The Virginians suffered only one killed and two or three wounded.
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intercepted in 1756, translated, and published as "A memorial containing a summary view of facts, with their authorities, in answer to observations sent by the
English ministry to the courts of Europe". It used Washington's capitulation statement and other documents, including extracts of Washington's journal taken at Fort Necessity, to suggest that Washington had actually ordered the assassination of Jumonville. However, not all Frenchmen agreed with the story: the
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613:, commander of the French and Canadian construction force, de la Malgue reportedly lost his temper, and shouted at the Indian chief, "I tell you, down the river I will go. If the river is blocked up, I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me. I despise all the stupid things you have said." He then threw down some
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Delawares) and may have thought that conflict between the
British and French would bring them back under his influence as allies of the British. According to Parkman, after the Indians scalped the French, they sent a scalp to the Delawares and in essence offered them the opportunity to "take up the hatchet" with the British and against the French.
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Half King took his
Tomahawk and split the Head of the French Captain haveing first asked if he was an Englishman and haveing been told he was a French Man. He then took his Brains and washed his Hands with them and then scalped him. All this ... has heard and never heard it contradicted but knows nothing of it from his own Knowledge".
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they discovered us; whereupon I ordered my company to fire ... Company ... received the whole Fire of the French, during the greatest Part of the Action, which only lasted a
Quarter of an Hour, before the Enemy was routed. We killed Mr. de Jumonville, the commander ... also nine others; we wounded one, and made Twenty-one Prisoners".
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682:, militia, and Indians) to drive them off (rumors reaching Trent's men put its size at 1,000). On April 16, Contrecœur's force arrived at the forks. The next day, Trent's force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent's absence, agreed to leave the site. The French then began construction of the fort they called "
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taken prisoner. According to French
Canadian records, most of the dead were French Canadians: Desroussel and Caron from Québec City, Charles Bois from Pointe-Claire, Jérôme from La Prairie, L'Enfant from Montréal, Paris from Mille-Isles, Languedoc and Martin from Boucherville, and LaBatterie from Trois-Rivières.
726:. He then learned from Captain Trent of the French advance. Trent also brought a message from Tanacharison, who promised warriors to assist the British. To keep Tanacharison's support, Washington decided not to turn back, choosing instead to advance. He reached a place known as the Great Meadows (now in
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to the Ohio
Country (a territory that was claimed by several of the British colonies, including Virginia) as an emissary in December 1753 to tell the French to leave. Saint-Pierre politely informed Washington that he was there pursuant to orders, that Washington's letter should have been addressed to
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French authorities assembled a dossier of documents to counter
British accounts of the affair. Entitled "Mémoire contenant le précis des faits, avec leurs pièces justificatives, pour servir de réponse aux 'Observations' envoyées par les Ministres d'Angleterre, dans les cours de l'Europe", a copy was
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Anderson documents a fourth account by a
Virginian deserter, named Denis Kaninguen, and speculates that Kaninguen was one of Tanacharison's followers. His report to the French commanders echoed that of Shaw: "notwithstanding the discharge of musket fire that had made upon him, he intended to read
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A third account was made by a private named John Shaw, who was in
Washington's regiment but not present at the affair. His account, based on detailed accounts from others who were present, was made in a sworn statement on August 21; the details on Tanacharison's role in the affair are confirmed in a
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Contrecœur's second source was an Indian from Tanacharison's camp, who reported that "Mr. de Jumonville was killed by a Musket-Shot in the Head, whilst they were reading the Summons". The same Indian claimed that the Indians then rushed in to prevent Washington's men from slaughtering the Frenchmen.
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The French action drew the attention of the British but also the Indian tribes of the area. Despite good Franco-Indian relations, British traders had become highly successful in convincing the Indians to trade with them in preference to the Canadians, and the planned large-scale advance was not well
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Washington's accounts of the battle exist in several versions; they are consistent with one another, but the details are compressed, according to historian Fred Anderson, with the intent to obscure post-battle atrocities. Washington wrote in his diary, "We were advanced pretty near to them ... when
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saw themselves surrounded by the English on one side and the Indians on the Other. The English gave them two volleys, but the Indians did not fire. Mr. de Jumonville, by his interpreter, told them to desist, that he had something to tell them. Upon which they ceased firing. Then Mr. de Jumonville
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Washington wrote a letter to his brother after the battle in which he said "I can with truth assure you, I heard bullets whistle and believe me, there was something charming in the sound." Following the battle, Washington returned to the Great Meadows and pushed onward the construction of a fort,
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fired a Gun upon which Col. Washington gave the Word for all his Men to fire. Several of them being killed, the rest betook themselves to flight, but our Indians haveing gone round the French ... they fled back to the English and delivered up their Arms ... Some Time after the Indians came up the
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Exactly what happened next has been a subject of controversy and debate. The few primary accounts of the affair agree on a number of facts and disagree on others. They agree that the battle lasted about 15 minutes, that Jumonville was killed, and that most of his party were either killed or
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In March 1754, Dinwiddie ordered Washington back to the frontier with instructions to "act on the , but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the Works or interrupt our by any Persons whatsoever, You are to restrain all such Offenders, & in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or kill
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Historian Fred Anderson theorizes about the reasons for Tanacharison's action in the killing and provides a possible explanation for one of Tanacharison's men reporting the event as a British killing of a Frenchman. Tanacharison had lost influence over some of the local tribes (specifically the
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called it a "so-called assassination". The French story contrasted with that of the British account. Based on Washington's report, the British suggested that Jumonville, rather than being engaged on a diplomatic mission, was spying on them. Jumonville's orders included specific instructions to
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and forced Washington to negotiate a withdrawal under arms. The capitulation document that Washington signed was written in French, which Washington did not know how to read, and it may have been poorly translated for him by a Dutchman who spoke neither English nor French well, and it included
951:. Jumonville's name has been given to a Christian retreat center near the site. The non-profit Braddock Road Preservation Association, named for the road General Braddock constructed to reach Fort Duquesne, sponsors research and promotes the French and Indian War history of the area.
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with 35 soldiers (principally French Canadian recruits) to see if Washington had entered French territory and with a summons to order Washington's troops out. The summons was similar in nature to the one that Washington had delivered to them four months earlier.
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by Dinwiddie, along with 19 of the militiamen, arriving on June 10, 1755. An exception was Michel PĂ©pin, called "La Force," a skilled interpreter with whom Washington was previously acquainted. After the Battle of Fort Necessity, La Force was to held hostage in
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until after the fact. Trent's company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos. The same month, an 800-strong French Canadian militia, as well as French
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ordered the Summons which I had sent them to retire, to be read ... Monceau saw all our Frenchmen coming up close to Mr. de Jumonville, whilst they were reading the Summons ... during which Time, said Monceau made the best of his Way to us".
703:, as "an invitation to start a war". Washington was ordered to gather up as many supplies and provincial troops as he could along the way. By the time he left for the frontier on April 2, he had recruited fewer than 160 men.
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transporting some of those soldiers to North America. Military actions continued on soil and at sea in North America until France and Britain declared war on each other in spring 1756. That marked the formal start of the
823:. French officers included Pierre-Jacques Drouillon de Macé, and two cadets, Michel-Ignace Dandonneau, sieur du Sablé, and René Amable Boucher de Boucherville. They were removed to Virginia, ultimately being shipped to
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Contrecœur prepared an official report of the action that was based on two sources. Most of it came from a Canadian named Monceau, who escaped the action but apparently did not witness Jumonville's slaying:
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Shaw's narrative is substantially correct on a number of other details, including the size and composition of both forces. Shaw also claimed to have seen and counted the dead, numbering 13 or 14.
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Because of the inconsistent nature of the record of the action, contemporary and historical coverage of it has been easily colored by preferences for one account over another.
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in 1755. Although they arrived too late to participate in Braddock's defeat, the French troop presence led to a string of French victories in the following years.
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and informed Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. Dinwiddie commissioned Washington a lieutenant colonel, and ordered him to begin raising a
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newspaper account printed on June 27. In his account, the French were surrounded while some still slept. Alerted by a noise, one of the Frenchmen
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Since Britain and France were not then at war, the event had international repercussions, and was a contributing factor in the start of the
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became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the area and in 1753 began construction of a series of
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that Tanacharison had offered as a goodwill gesture. Marin died not long after, when command of the operations was turned over to
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A portion of the battlefield, along with the Great Meadows, where Fort Necessity was located, has been preserved as a part of
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describes Dinwiddie's instructions, which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government in
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Map of the Pittsburgh Tri-State with green counties in the metropolitan area and yellow counties in the combined area
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Throughout the 1740s and early 1750s, British and French Canadian traders had increasingly come into contact in the
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Contrecœur operated under orders that forbade attacks by his force unless they were provoked. On May 23, he sent
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chief also known as the "Half King," became decidedly anti-French as a consequence. In a meeting with
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The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie: Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 1751–1758
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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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Nos racines, l'histoire vivante des Québécois, Éditions Commémorative, Livre-Loisir Ltée. p. 458
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notify Contrecœur if the summons was read so that additional forces might be sent if needed.
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Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America 1754–1763
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Our Oldest Enemy: A History of America's Disastrous Relationship with France
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To George Washington from William Trent, 19 February 1754 [letter not found
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and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions, 1753 or 1754
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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was chosen to lead the expedition. He was defeated at the
506:(also known as the "Half King"), ambushed a force of 35
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Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area
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language claiming that Jumonville and his men had been
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Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
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1690:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
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1909:. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society.
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2708:1788–89 United States presidential election
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1792:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
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16:Opening battle of the French and Indian War
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2900:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
2685:George Washington's political evolution
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1847:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1815:Miller, John J.; Molesky, Mark (2007).
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1248:
1236:
1189:
1093:
340:
4646:Battles of the French and Indian War
3408:Washington Masonic National Memorial
3236:General George Washington at Trenton
3094:Post-presidency of George Washington
2670:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2461:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
1453:, Founders Online, National Archives
1190:Moore, Christopher (March 1, 2019).
871:A 1912 map showing the route of the
765:A 2007 photograph of the battle site
3747:George Washington Memorial Building
2813:Presidential Succession Act of 1792
1271:
1141:
1045:
949:Fort Necessity National Battlefield
676:Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur
13:
3413:George Washington Memorial Parkway
3403:Washington University in St. Louis
1896:
1724:. New York: Walker & Company.
1665:"The Journal of George Washington"
1663:Dwight, Theodore (February 1881).
370:Seven Years' War in North America:
14:
4707:
2603:Resignation as commander-in-chief
1922:
1869:. Boston: Little, Brown. p.
619:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
601:received by all. In particular,
4618:
4606:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4544:
4543:
3956:
3955:
3737:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
3517:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
3222:Washington Crossing the Delaware
2660:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
2495:New York and New Jersey campaign
2009:
1928:
1688:The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760
1670:The Magazine of American History
695:& destroy them". Historian
470:, was the opening battle of the
313:
306:
237:
217:
191:
174:
155:
142:
39:
3243:Washington at Verplanck's Point
3159:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
3028:President's House, Philadelphia
2865:State of the Union Address 1790
1941:Jumonville & Fort Necessity
1594:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1465:
1442:
1424:
1397:
1379:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1183:
1153:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1015:Miller & Molesky, pp. 23–24
3782:George Washington Parke Custis
3715:American Philosophical Society
3477:America the Beautiful quarters
3321:George Washington on Horseback
3273:The Washington Family portrait
2620:Washington Before Boston Medal
2368:President of the United States
1943:Includes podcast of the topic.
1407:Canadiens en Guyane, 1754–1805
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
502:warriors led by the chieftain
1:
4676:1754 in the Thirteen Colonies
3512:250th Anniversary half dollar
3472:D.C. and territories quarters
3293:Reception at Trenton painting
3084:Washington and Lee University
3053:James River and Kanawha Canal
2895:Federal judicial appointments
2510:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
1746:
1686:Eccles, William John (1983).
1622:
843:
562:
548:, where Canadian forces from
3784:(step-grandson, adopted son)
3398:George Washington University
3257:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
3148:The Apotheosis of Washington
2747:Cabinet of the United States
2675:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1866:Montcalm and Wolfe: Volume 1
954:
797:
728:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
484:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
327:Location within Pennsylvania
7:
3229:The Passage of the Delaware
3023:Second Presidential Mansion
2391:Second Continental Congress
2001:Battle of the Great Meadows
1712:
665:Virginia House of Burgesses
536:in 1756, also known as the
512:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
244:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
10:
4712:
3818:Elizabeth Washington Lewis
3445:Washington–Franklin Issues
3018:First Presidential Mansion
2823:Proclamation of Neutrality
2725:1792 presidential election
2401:First Continental Congress
2379:Commander-in-Chief of the
2374:Senior Officer of the Army
1903:Dinwiddie, Robert (1883).
1640:. New York: Alfred Knopf.
1410:. Presses Paris Sorbonne.
689:
636:his commanding officer in
566:
521:under the auspices of the
4538:
4452:
4342:
4181:
4163:
4149:
4123:
4064:
4045:
4026:
4019:
4010:
3941:
3875:
3760:
3610:
3580:The War that Made America
3308:Princeton Battle Monument
3102:
3074:Society of the Cincinnati
3072:President General of the
2953:
2910:
2855:Thanksgiving Proclamation
2762:Secretary of the Treasury
2693:
2643:
2471:Washington's headquarters
2444:Battle of the Monongahela
2410:
2360:
2132:
2101:
2080:
2059:
2031:Battle of the Monongahela
2018:
2007:
1996:Battle of Jumonville Glen
1988:
1935:Battle of Jumonville Glen
1788:General George Washington
1420:– via Google Books.
942:
858:Battle of the Monongahela
748:
464:Battle of Jumonville Glen
384:
375:The French and Indian War
301:
279:
257:
207:
134:
53:
38:
30:
26:Battle of Jumonville Glen
25:
4351:Pittsburgh International
3812:Augustine Washington Jr.
3572:Turn: Washington's Spies
3418:George Washington Bridge
3063:Congressional Gold Medal
2742:Title of "Mr. President"
2476:office and sleeping tent
2439:Battle of Fort Necessity
816:Battle of Fort Necessity
812:Louis Coulon de Villiers
527:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
498:, and a small number of
76:Farmington, Pennsylvania
45:Washington's map of the
4666:Battles in Pennsylvania
3862:(2nd great-grandfather)
3482:American Women quarters
3388:Washington, D.C. statue
3303:Trenton Battle Monument
3279:Washington at Princeton
2971:Ferry Farm boyhood home
2845:Slave Trade Act of 1794
2779:Oath Administration Act
2665:Continental Association
2608:Badge of Military Merit
2500:Delaware River crossing
2114:Battle of Fort Ligonier
2109:Battle of Fort Duquesne
2093:Bloody Springs massacre
2067:Battle of Sideling Hill
1583:. National Park Service
918:Propaganda and analysis
643:Washington returned to
611:Paul Marin de la Malgue
585:in what is now western
553:compelled his surrender
4157:
3428:Washington Square Park
3216:Revolutionary War Door
3033:Germantown White House
2935:Washington and slavery
2828:Neutrality Act of 1794
1404:Larin, Robert (2006).
875:
766:
719:
208:Commanders and leaders
4671:1754 in North America
4155:
3742:Mount Vernon replicas
3700:General of the Armies
3675:Washington's Crossing
3507:Washington half eagle
3137:Washington's Birthday
3058:Mountain Road Lottery
2925:The Washington Papers
2774:Judiciary Act of 1789
2537:Battle of White Marsh
2522:Philadelphia campaign
2429:French and Indian War
2312:Heinrich Zeller House
2202:Fort Juniata Crossing
2072:Kittanning Expedition
2051:GnadenhĂĽtten massacre
2036:Penn's Creek massacre
1982:French and Indian War
1436:founders.archives.gov
1391:founders.archives.gov
1373:founders.archives.gov
870:
764:
716:Charles Willson Peale
709:
569:French and Indian War
538:French and Indian War
510:under the command of
472:French and Indian War
378:, Ohio Valley Theater
280:Casualties and losses
123:French and Indian War
97:39.87944°N 79.64556°W
33:French and Indian War
4686:1754 in Pennsylvania
4656:French North America
4424:Pittsburgh Northeast
4384:Greensburg Jeannette
3800:Mary Ball Washington
3794:Augustine Washington
3788:Eleanor Parke Custis
3665:Cherry-tree anecdote
3548:A More Perfect Union
3497:Silver bullion coins
3356:New York City statue
2920:Presidential library
2794:Militia Acts of 1792
2735:Reception at Trenton
2532:Battle of Germantown
2527:Battle of Brandywine
2088:Hochstetler massacre
1937:at Wikimedia Commons
1758:. New York: Norton.
1072:O'Meara, pp. 3–5, 33
680:troupes de la marine
671:troupes de la marine
466:, also known as the
324:class=notpageimage|
70:Between present-day
3856:(great-grandfather)
3842:Lawrence Washington
3806:Lawrence Washington
3720:American Revolution
3564:We Fight to Be Free
3529:Cultural depictions
3440:U.S. Postage stamps
3393:West Point monument
3378:Philadelphia statue
3263:Unfinished portrait
3127:Washington Monument
2996:Woodlawn Plantation
2801:Coinage Act of 1792
2730:Second inauguration
2581:Newburgh Conspiracy
2559:Sullivan Expedition
2554:Battles of Saratoga
2515:Battle of Princeton
2041:Great Cove massacre
2026:Braddock Expedition
1561:Anderson, pp. 56–57
1480:Fowler, pp. 159–163
1349:Anderson, pp. 63–64
1224:Anderson, pp. 53–58
1090:Anderson, pp. 43–45
873:Braddock expedition
649:provincial regiment
399:Braddock Expedition
102:39.87944; -79.64556
93: /
4158:
4004:Greater Pittsburgh
3923:Christopher Sheels
3866:Bushrod Washington
3836:Charles Washington
3830:John A. Washington
3685:1751 Barbados trip
3574:(2014–2017 series)
3462:Washington quarter
3373:Perth Amboy statue
3361:Wall Street statue
3341:Mexico City statue
3268:Lansdowne portrait
3079:Washington College
3068:Thanks of Congress
2991:Whiskey distillery
2806:United States Mint
2784:Nonintercourse Act
2752:Secretary of State
2713:First inauguration
2547:Battle of Monmouth
2277:Fort Prince George
1129:O'Meara, pp. 50–51
1063:O'Meara, pp. 4, 30
1033:O'Meara, pp. 15–19
1024:O'Meara, pp. 10–11
932:Chevalier de LĂ©vis
876:
767:
720:
519:Fort Prince George
4691:George Washington
4641:Conflicts in 1754
4558:
4557:
4192:
4147:
4146:
3970:
3969:
3824:Samuel Washington
3776:John Parke Custis
3770:Martha Washington
3710:American Foxhound
3590:(2020 miniseries)
3582:(2006 miniseries)
3535:George Washington
3502:Washington nickel
3487:Washington dollar
3467:50 State Quarters
3450:1932 bicentennial
3346:Morristown statue
3204:George Washington
3196:George Washington
3188:George Washington
3180:George Washington
3165:George Washington
2840:Pinckney's Treaty
2789:Whiskey Rebellion
2569:Siege of Yorktown
2564:Yorktown campaign
2505:Battle of Trenton
2449:Forbes Expedition
2416:Revolutionary War
2354:George Washington
2320:
2319:
2282:Redstone Old Fort
2272:Fort Presque Isle
2124:Forbes Expedition
1933:Media related to
1880:978-0-665-29959-9
1843:Guns at the Forks
1828:978-0-307-41918-7
1799:978-0-8129-6950-4
1765:978-0-393-02537-8
1748:Jennings, Francis
1731:978-0-8027-7737-9
1714:Fowler, William M
1697:978-0-8263-0706-4
1647:978-0-375-40642-3
1498:Fowler, pp. 74–75
1417:978-2-84050-410-8
1196:Champlain Society
850:Duke of Newcastle
803:which was called
712:George Washington
653:Forks of the Ohio
633:George Washington
589:. Authorities in
496:George Washington
488:provincial troops
468:Jumonville affair
457:
456:
439:Forbes Expedition
335:
334:
224:George Washington
130:
129:
121:Beginning of the
4703:
4681:Combat incidents
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4566:
4547:
4546:
4495:Landmarks (city)
4490:Landmarks (area)
4364:Allegheny County
4264:North Huntingdon
4186:
4182:Cities and towns
4024:
4023:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3959:
3958:
3933:Harry Washington
3893:Caroline Branham
3655:Virginia dynasty
3643:Federalist Party
3623:List of articles
3537:(1984 miniseries
3524:Mount Washington
3492:Lafayette dollar
3331:Baltimore statue
3122:Washington state
3117:Washington, D.C.
2860:Farewell Address
2767:Secretary of War
2757:Attorney General
2381:Continental Army
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2119:Treaty of Easton
2013:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1918:
1892:
1861:Parkman, Francis
1856:
1846:
1832:
1821:. Random House.
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1007:
1004:
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992:
986:
983:
974:
971:
912:Seven Years' War
743:Christopher Gist
629:Robert Dinwiddie
534:Seven Years' War
508:French Canadians
486:. A company of
379:
376:
371:
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117:British victory
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4314:Upper St. Clair
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4119:
4060:
4041:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3971:
3966:
3937:
3871:
3854:John Washington
3756:
3732:Betsy Ross flag
3628:Founders Online
3606:
3383:Portland statue
3106:
3098:
3048:Potomac Company
3013:Hasbrouck House
2949:
2930:Religious views
2912:
2906:
2718:inaugural bible
2697:
2689:
2647:founding events
2646:
2639:
2586:Newburgh letter
2576:Culper Spy Ring
2488:Siege of Boston
2483:Boston campaign
2434:Jumonville Glen
2424:Military career
2414:
2412:Military career
2406:
2356:
2351:
2321:
2316:
2134:
2128:
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2005:
1984:
1975:
1925:
1899:
1897:Further reading
1881:
1837:O'Meara, Walter
1829:
1800:
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1620:
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1574:
1570:Parkman, p. 155
1569:
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1552:Anderson, p. 59
1551:
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1543:Parkman, p. 156
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1313:Anderson, p. 58
1312:
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1301:Anderson, p. 57
1300:
1293:
1289:Anderson, p. 56
1288:
1284:
1280:Jennings, p. 69
1279:
1272:
1268:Anderson, p. 54
1267:
1258:
1254:Anderson, p. 53
1253:
1249:
1245:Anderson, p. 55
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1159:Anderson, p. 50
1158:
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1150:Anderson, p. 51
1149:
1142:
1138:Anderson, p. 49
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
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1110:
1106:
1102:Anderson, p. 46
1101:
1094:
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1085:
1081:Anderson, p. 45
1080:
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989:
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957:
945:
924:Francis Parkman
920:
892:Edward Boscawen
854:Edward Braddock
846:
838:Jacob Van Braam
800:
787:
775:
751:
692:
627:Royal Governor
575:
567:Main articles:
565:
525:at present-day
460:
459:
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453:
389:Jumonville Glen
380:
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162:British America
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3928:Deborah Squash
3925:
3920:
3918:Hercules Posey
3915:
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3898:William Costin
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3808:(half-brother)
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3648:Federalist Era
3640:
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3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3175:
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3139:
3134:
3132:Mount Rushmore
3129:
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3119:
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3096:
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3015:
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2999:
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2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2954:Life and homes
2951:
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2940:Town Destroyer
2937:
2932:
2927:
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2605:
2600:
2598:Evacuation Day
2595:
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2327:
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2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Fort Northkill
2259:
2257:Fort Necessity
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Fort Lyttleton
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Fort Granville
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
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2099:
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2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:Kobel massacre
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1924:
1923:External links
1921:
1920:
1919:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1798:
1782:Lengel, Edward
1778:
1764:
1744:
1730:
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1696:
1683:
1660:
1646:
1630:Anderson, Fred
1624:
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1140:
1131:
1122:
1120:Eccles, p. 163
1113:
1111:O'Meara, p. 49
1104:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1054:O'Meara, p. 28
1044:
1042:O'Meara, p. 27
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
996:
987:
975:
958:
956:
953:
944:
941:
919:
916:
903:a naval action
845:
842:
832:, as Captains
805:Fort Necessity
799:
796:
784:
772:
750:
747:
691:
688:
595:fortifications
564:
561:
546:Fort Necessity
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Bloody Springs
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Fort Necessity
391:
385:
382:
381:
364:
363:
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349:
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266:40 provincials
263:
260:
259:
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234:
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226:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
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109:
69:
67:
63:
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36:
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28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4708:
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4601:North America
4592:
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4508:
4506:
4505:Neighborhoods
4503:
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4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Jimmy Stewart
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
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4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:Arnold Palmer
4355:
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4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
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4154:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4126:West Virginia
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
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4091:
4088:
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4005:
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3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Sarah Johnson
3901:
3899:
3896:
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3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:(grandmother)
3849:
3846:
3844:(grandfather)
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3825:
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3698:
3696:
3695:Syng inkstand
3693:
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3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Republicanism
3636:
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3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
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3376:
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3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Newark statue
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Boston statue
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Austin statue
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:Point of View
3311:
3309:
3306:
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3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
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3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Custis estate
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
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3001:
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2893:
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2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Residence Act
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
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2811:
2807:
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2799:
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2790:
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2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
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2650:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Asgill Affair
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
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2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
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2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Aides-de-camp
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
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2413:
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2402:
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2325:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Fort Robinson
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Mercer's Fort
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Fort Machault
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Fort Ligonier
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Fort Le Boeuf
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Fort Hyndshaw
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Fort Duquesne
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
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1558:
1549:
1540:
1534:Dwight, p. 85
1531:
1525:Dwight, p. 84
1522:
1513:
1507:Fowler, p. 98
1504:
1495:
1489:Fowler, p. 64
1486:
1477:
1471:Lengel, p. 52
1468:
1462:Fowler, p. 52
1459:
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1358:Lengel, p. 44
1355:
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1331:Lengel, p. 42
1328:
1322:Lengel, p. 39
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1215:Lengel, p. 35
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1171:Lengel, p. 32
1168:
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1006:Fowler, p. 42
1003:
1001:
994:Lengel, p. 38
991:
985:Lengel, p. 34
982:
980:
973:Lengel, p. 37
970:
968:
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936:
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697:Fred Anderson
687:
685:
684:Fort Duquesne
681:
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597:in the area.
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550:Fort Duquesne
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449:Fort Ligonier
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444:Fort Duquesne
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424:Great Cacapon
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419:Sideling Hill
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42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4577:Pennsylvania
4542:
4356:
4349:
4324:West Mifflin
4304:Steubenville
4170:
4164:Major cities
4115:Westmoreland
4067:Pennsylvania
3954:
3947:John Adams →
3945:
3860:George Reade
3848:Mildred Gale
3705:Conway Cabal
3660:Coat of arms
3618:Bibliography
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3556:The Crossing
3555:
3547:
3542:1986 sequel)
3534:
3368:Paris statue
3313:
3285:
3278:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3172:plaster copy
3164:
3146:
3142:Purple Heart
2976:Mount Vernon
2913:public image
2613:Purple Heart
2542:Valley Forge
2433:
2307:Fort William
2302:Fort Venango
2297:Fort Swatara
2292:Fort Shirley
2227:Fort Loudoun
2217:Light's Fort
2207:Fort Lebanon
2182:Fort Halifax
2167:Fort Deshler
2152:Fort Bedford
2147:Fort Augusta
1995:
1978:Pennsylvania
1905:
1865:
1842:
1817:
1787:
1753:
1719:
1687:
1668:
1635:
1610:. Retrieved
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1575:
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1539:
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1327:
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1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1185:
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1134:
1125:
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1077:
1068:
1059:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
990:
946:
937:
928:
921:
897:
896:French ship
877:
847:
834:Robert Stobo
830:Williamsburg
821:assassinated
809:
801:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
756:
752:
740:
732:
721:
710:Portrait of
693:
679:
669:
657:Ohio Company
651:to hold the
645:Williamsburg
642:
623:
603:Tanacharison
599:
587:Pennsylvania
579:Ohio Country
576:
557:assassinated
531:
523:Ohio Company
516:
504:Tanacharison
467:
463:
461:
409:Penn's Creek
388:
249:
229:Tanacharison
171:
140:
135:Belligerents
116:
61:May 28, 1754
31:Part of the
18:
4520:Skyscrapers
4414:Monroeville
4334:Wilkinsburg
4254:Murrysville
4249:Mt. Lebanon
4239:Monroeville
4204:Bethel Park
3913:William Lee
3566:(2006 film)
3558:(2000 film)
3550:(1989 film)
3198:(Greenough)
2383:(1775–1783)
2376:(1798–1799)
2370:(1789–1797)
2247:Fort McCord
2242:Fort Manada
2192:Fort Hunter
2157:Fort Bigham
1980:during the
1201:December 3,
862:John Forbes
631:sent Major
404:Monongahela
291:2–3 wounded
275:35 regulars
100: /
4635:Categories
4480:Government
4444:Zelienople
4434:Washington
4419:New Castle
4274:Penn Hills
4259:New Castle
4234:McKeesport
4229:McCandless
4172:Pittsburgh
4110:Washington
3908:Oney Judge
3670:River Farm
3588:Washington
3206:(Trumbull)
3182:(Ceracchi)
3109:depictions
2966:Birthplace
2961:Early life
2835:Jay Treaty
2695:Presidency
2645:Other U.S.
2187:Fort Henry
2162:Fort Depuy
2142:Fort Allen
1623:References
1612:2010-11-23
1587:2010-10-14
907:troopships
888:Royal Navy
844:Escalation
724:Winchester
591:New France
583:Ohio River
563:Background
429:Kittanning
414:The Trough
269:12 Indians
199:New France
88:79°38′44″W
85:39°52′46″N
47:Ohio River
4470:Etymology
4465:Education
4429:Rostraver
4404:Joe Hardy
4394:Jefferson
4379:Eddie Dew
4224:Hempfield
4214:Cranberry
4080:Armstrong
4075:Allegheny
4056:Jefferson
3838:(brother)
3832:(brother)
3826:(brother)
3778:(stepson)
3316:sculpture
3281:paintings
3104:Memorials
2986:Gristmill
2911:Views and
2700:timeline)
2267:Fort Pitt
1863:(1896) .
1808:255642134
1740:263672663
1706:239773206
1656:237426391
955:Footnotes
798:Aftermath
659:employee
480:Uniontown
4549:Category
4439:Wheeling
4409:Lakehill
4343:Airports
4105:Lawrence
4029:Maryland
4020:Counties
3961:Category
3868:(nephew)
3820:(sister)
3802:(mother)
3796:(father)
3725:patriots
3690:Category
3596:Hamilton
3457:Currency
3190:(Canova)
3167:(Houdon)
2633:Blueskin
2397:Delegate
2387:Delegate
2133:Frontier
1889:36673344
1853:21999143
1839:(1965).
1784:(2005).
1774:16406414
1750:(1988).
1716:(2005).
1632:(2000).
1606:Archived
890:Admiral
625:Virginia
492:Virginia
288:1 killed
258:Strength
66:Location
4613:History
4563:Portals
4485:History
4460:Economy
4319:Weirton
4219:Hampton
4199:Baldwin
4184:15k–50k
4139:Hancock
4100:Indiana
4095:Fayette
4037:Garrett
3611:Related
3298:Statues
2981:Fishery
2890:Cabinet
2624:Horses
2399:to the
2389:to the
1915:1710412
1679:1590082
690:Prelude
540:in the
476:Hopwood
250:†
72:Hopwood
4625:Canada
4589:France
4525:Sports
4510:People
4453:Topics
4389:Herron
4374:Butler
4369:Beaver
4299:Shaler
4279:Peters
4209:Butler
4134:Brooke
4090:Butler
4085:Beaver
3876:Slaves
3772:(wife)
3762:Family
2945:Legacy
2628:Nelson
2403:(1774)
2393:(1775)
1913:
1887:
1877:
1851:
1825:
1806:
1796:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1728:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1654:
1644:
1414:
943:Legacy
898:Alcide
884:Canada
825:London
749:Battle
718:, 1772
701:London
638:Canada
615:wampum
246:
196:
182:France
179:
113:Result
4696:Mingo
4500:Media
4329:White
4309:Unity
4294:Scott
3888:Betty
2135:Forts
607:Mingo
500:Mingo
490:from
167:Mingo
4475:Film
4289:Ross
4284:Plum
4269:Penn
4244:Moon
4189:2010
4187:(in
4048:Ohio
3883:List
3601:film
3433:Arch
3107:and
2885:1796
2880:1793
2875:1792
2870:1791
2102:1758
2081:1757
2060:1756
2019:1755
1989:1754
1911:OCLC
1885:OCLC
1875:ISBN
1849:OCLC
1823:ISBN
1804:OCLC
1794:ISBN
1770:OCLC
1760:ISBN
1736:OCLC
1726:ISBN
1702:OCLC
1692:ISBN
1675:OCLC
1652:OCLC
1642:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1203:2022
836:and
605:, a
571:and
478:and
462:The
74:and
58:Date
4124:in
4065:in
4046:in
4027:in
2365:1st
1871:155
901:in
714:by
686:".
482:in
4637::
1883:.
1873:.
1802:.
1768:.
1734:.
1700:.
1673:.
1667:.
1650:.
1434:.
1389:.
1371:.
1306:^
1294:^
1273:^
1259:^
1238:^
1194:.
1164:^
1143:^
1095:^
1047:^
999:^
978:^
962:^
914:.
621:.
514:.
4565::
4191:)
3996:e
3989:t
3982:v
3603:)
3599:(
2698:(
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1917:.
1891:.
1855:.
1831:.
1810:.
1776:.
1742:.
1708:.
1681:.
1658:.
1615:.
1590:.
1438:.
1393:.
1375:.
1205:.
360:e
353:t
346:v
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