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surrendered El Tag and the Kufra oasis to the Free French. During the siege, the
Italian garrison had suffered one Italian officer killed, two Libyan soldiers killed and four wounded; the French suffered four fatal casualties and 21 wounded. The Italian garrison was permitted to withdraw to the north-west and the French forces took over eight
1441:, a few kilometres north. The plane directed the Saharan patrol to attack the LRDG force. Due to the fire-power of the Italian vehicles, armed with 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon, and constant air attack, T Patrol was driven off, losing four trucks and Major Clayton, who was captured with several others. Trooper
1325:
aircraft and taking some prisoners; D'Ornano was killed in the raid along with one trooper of T Patrol. Captain
Jacques Massu cauterised a leg wound with a cigarette, much to the admiration of the LRDG. A diversionary raid by French camel cavalry failed after it was betrayed by local guides and these
1320:
region in south-western Libya. D'Ornano and ten Free French (three officers, two sergeants and five
Chadian soldiers) met LRDG patrols on 6 January 1941 at Kayouge. The combined force reached Murzuk on 11 January and in a bold stroke, surprised the sentries and devastated the base. Most of the force
1470:
Leclerc pressed on with his attack, even though the
Italians had captured a copy of his plans from Major Clayton. After conducting further reconnaissance, Leclerc reorganised his forces on 16 February. He abandoned his two armoured cars and took with him the remaining serviceable artillery piece.
1502:
The fort was commanded by an inexperienced reserve captain, who lacked the will and the determination to fight. Surrender negotiations began on 28 February and on 1 March 1941, the
Italian garrison of 11 officers, 18 NCOs and 273 Libyan soldiers (12, 47 and 273, according to French sources)
1432:
lorries to intercept them. G Patrol had been kept in reserve. On 31 January, Major
Clayton was at Bishara (130 km (81 mi) south-south-west of Kufra) with T Patrol (30 men in 11 trucks). The patrol was spotted by an Italian aeroplane in the morning. T Patrol took cover in a small
1471:
Only about 350 men reached Kufra, due to breakdowns of trucks on the march. Aware of the French approach, the
Italians organised another strong mobile column from the Saharan company (seventy men, ten AS37 and five trucks). On 17 February, Leclerc's forces met the
1489:
and harassment from the air. The 75 mm gun was placed 3,000 m (3 km; 2 mi) from the fort, beyond range of the defenders and fired twenty shells per day at regular intervals from different places to give the appearance of more guns. Some
1445:
led other survivors to safety after a long foot march. The remaining LRDG force withdrew to Egypt for refitting, except for one vehicle of T Patrol, equipped for desert navigation. During the fight, 1st
Lieutenant Caputo, in command of the
1279:
Attacking Kufra would be difficult for the motley of Free French troops. The Free French had very little motor transport and needed to cross 250 mi (400 km) of desert, much of which was sand dune or the fine, powdery soil called
1288:
which was thought impassable to motor vehicles. The French received assistance from the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), a reconnaissance and raiding unit formed to operate behind
Italian lines, who had become expert in desert navigation.
1427:
Leclerc asked the LRDG to deal with the
Saharan company, based in El Tag fort in the Kufra oasis. The LRDG was detected by a radio intercept unit at Kufra and the Italians organised a mobile column of forty men, one AS37 and four
1205:, the northern part of FEA, borders Libya. De Gaulle ordered the Free French in Chad to attack Italian positions in Libya. Kufra was the obvious target and the troops available to the Free French commander in
653:
1296:
of the LRDG was keen to join with the Free French to test the Italians. Clayton commanded G Guard (Brigade of Guards) and T Patrol (New Zealand) of the LRDG, comprising 76 men in 26 vehicles.
1356:
assumed command in place of d'Ornano. After the success of the Murzuk raid, Leclerc marshalled his forces to take on Kufra. The attacking column included about 400 men in sixty trucks, two
5493:
2145:
1730:
There is no inhabited place named Kayouge in southern Libya or northern Chad. The meeting point must have been the Kayouge Enneri Wadi, that is quite close to the town of
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1599:: 3 officers, 1 NCO, 3 Italian other ranks, 110 colonial other ranks, 13 × MG (8 mm Schwarzlose 07/12 or 6.5 mm FIAT mod. 14)
996:
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were placed 1,500 m (1,640 yd) from the fort and bombed the Italian positions to increase the pressure on the defenders.
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as the Kufra garrison failed to intervene. The French surrounded El Tag and laid siege to the fort, despite another attack by the
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north of Kufra. Despite losing many trucks to the 20 mm guns of the Italian AS37 cars, the French drove off the
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After the fall of Kufra, Leclerc and his troops swore an oath to fight until "our flag flies over the Cathedral of
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Armoured car detachment (Adjudant Detouche) 2 × Laffly S15TOE, 1 × Matford V8 3-ton truck, 1 × ER26bis/39 radio
1321:
attacked the main fort; a troop from T Patrol (Lieutenant Ballantyne) attacked the airfield, destroying three
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1406:. The Saharan companies were a mixed force of motorised infantry with well-armed cross-country vehicles (SPA
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Mortimer, D. (July–August 2010). "Pirates of the Sand Seas: Britain's Legendary Long Range Desert Group".
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1 platoon, 7th Company, RTST (Captain Florentin) 60 men, 1 × Dodge truck, 2 × Matford V8 3-ton trucks
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1948:
1607:(Lt. Caputo – KIA): 4 officers, 7 NCO, 32 Italian other ranks, 77 colonial other ranks, 16 ×
1135:
1023:
976:
778:
3047:
1554:
Artillery platoon (Lieutenant Ceccaldi) 2 × 75 mm Mle1928 Schneider mountain guns, 4 ×
513:
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1706:
1586:: 3 officers, 1 NCO, 3 Italian other ranks, 110 colonial other ranks, 13 × MG (8 mm
1165:
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535:
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1098:(ASI), which had been established in 1934. With some early assistance from the British
981:
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823:
809:
581:
528:
328:
1370:, four Laffly S15R cross country personnel carriers and two 75 mm (2.95 in)
5362:
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2076:
2057:
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2017:
1991:
1972:
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1134:. The Senussi made the oasis their capital at one point against British, Italian and
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1241:(RTST) in twenty companies garrisoning various places and three detachments of
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Swear not to lay down arms until our colours, our beautiful colours, fly over
5452:
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2119:. Vol. I (pbk. repr. Papermac, London ed.). London: Jonathan Cape.
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1 reduced infantry company (Captain Rennepont) 23 × Bedford 1.5 ton trucks
1244:
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The oath was fulfilled on 23 November 1944, when Leclerc and the French
385:
27:
Combat action during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War
4415:
4168:
4147:
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2294:
1949:"2 mars 1941: Le "serment de Koufra" et le triomphe de la France Libre"
1886:
1643:
1555:
1512:
light trucks, six lorries, four 20 mm cannon and 53 machine-guns.
1388:) garrison comprised the 59th and 60th Machine-gun companies, with 280
1357:
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1006:
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forces which forced the surrender of the Italian and Libyan garrison.
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1951:[The Testament of Koufra and the Glory of the Free French].
2942:
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1429:
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1455:
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in Kufra was around 120-men strong (45 Italians and 75 Libyans).
1350:
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1131:
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1345:
French Laffly S15T towing a 75 mm gun (photographed in May 1940
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1164:
and radio station, used for air supply and communications with
1123:
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Peter McIntyre, Salt Lake at Kufra Oasis, 1941–1943 (Painting)
1304:
The LRDG and Free French first raided the Italian airfield at
3747:
1731:
1545:
1103:
1068:
152:
148:
2037:] (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
1434:
1407:
1202:
337:
117:
1971:(1st Engl. ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.
1969:
Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance
5494:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
1623:: 4 officers, 4 NCO, 32 Italian other ranks, 4 × aircraft
2004:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1876:
1874:
1853:
1835:
1988:
The Hunt for Zerzura, the Lost Oasis and the Desert War
1913:
122:
2812:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2054:
Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43
1787:
1558:
carriers, 1 × Dodge truck, 2 × Matford V8 3-ton trucks
1544:
2 platoons, GN Ennedi (Captain Barboten) 120 men, 1 ×
1898:
1871:
1859:
1811:
1799:
1672:(2e DB, 2nd Armoured Division) liberated Strasbourg.
125:
map of Libya, Kufra (now Al Kufrah) to the south-east
2075:. Leesburg, VA: Historynet.com World History Group.
1925:
1823:
2010:Le Général Leclerc vu par ses compagnons de combat
1697:List of British military equipment of World War II
1692:List of Italian military equipment in World War II
1687:List of French military equipment of World War II
5450:
1106:was besieged from 31 January to 1 March 1941 by
2166:
1618:
1602:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1507:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1447:
1419:
1411:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1309:
1147:
1093:
1087:
680:
401:
2016:] (in French). Paris: Éditions Alsatia.
1665:
1361:
1281:
1242:
1236:
1224:
1142:captured Kufra and incorporated it into the
1021:
2014:General Leclerc Seen by his Fellow Soldiers
1418:(Italian Royal Air Force) for support. The
1238:Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad
694:
2173:
2159:
1452:, was killed as were two Libyan soldiers.
1268:
687:
673:
408:
394:
1326:troops were relegated to reconnaissance.
1160:. The Italian post at Kufra included the
415:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
5484:Battles of World War II involving France
2070:
2051:
1966:
1947:
1931:
1919:
1880:
1865:
1841:
1817:
1805:
1633:
1454:
1339:
1083:. In 1940, it was part of the colony of
43:This article includes a list of general
5489:Battles of World War II involving Italy
1185:After the Allied defeat of 1940 in the
256:
240:
14:
5451:
4027:
4005:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2095:
2028:
1907:
4876:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
4308:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3954:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3910:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3008:Rape during the occupation of Germany
2154:
2117:The Crucible of War: Wavell's Command
1985:
1829:
1793:
668:
389:
3998:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3023:Rape during the liberation of France
2114:
1548:trucks, 16 × Matford V8 3-ton trucks
1497:
1168:and a fort at the nearby village of
1138:designs on the region. In 1931, the
29:
2146:Real location of Kayouge rendezvous
1515:
1299:
24:
4224:German invasion of the Netherlands
2497:Weather events during World War II
2089:
2006:Le Clerc de Hauteclocque, Philippe
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5505:
4855:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
2134:
1538:1.5 ton trucks, 1 × ER26bis radio
1235:Light Infantry Regiment of Chad (
1197:, the government-in-exile led by
1193:(FEA) declared its allegiance to
5415:
2180:
1629:
1492:81 mm (3.2 in) mortars
1410:), which could also call on the
1363:théâtre d'opérations extérieures
311:
296:
284:
258:
242:
224:
211:
116:
34:
2031:Histoire militaire de la France
1682:North African campaign timeline
5102:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2805:Territorial changes of Germany
2713:Indonesian National Revolution
1724:
1180:
1095:Africa Settentrionale Italiana
13:
1:
4502:Japanese invasion of Thailand
4453:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4217:German invasion of Luxembourg
2591:Mediterranean and Middle East
1940:
1893:Le Clerc de Hauteclocque 1948
1854:Le Clerc de Hauteclocque 1948
1113:
139:(1 month and 1 day)
4409:Invasion of the Soviet Union
4098:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
3409:Independent State of Croatia
1781:
1702:List of World War II Battles
1604:Compagnia Sahariana di Cufra
1590:or 6.5 mm FIAT mod. 14)
1403:Compagnia Sahariana di Cufra
7:
5393:End of World War II in Asia
5233:Western invasion of Germany
4740:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
4717:Second Battle of El Alamein
4287:Hundred Regiments Offensive
4259:Battle of the Mediterranean
4112:Italian invasion of Albania
2279:Air warfare of World War II
1675:
1638:Oath of Kufra, 2 March 1941
10:
5510:
5319:Naval bombardment of Japan
4687:First Battle of El Alamein
4606:Battle of Christmas Island
4551:Japanese invasion of Burma
4315:Italian invasion of Greece
4231:German invasion of Belgium
4203:German invasion of Denmark
4176:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
4045:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2302:Comparative military ranks
2035:Military History of France
1565:
1333:
1272:
1175:
5408:
5240:Bratislava–Brno offensive
5180:
5171:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4908:
4795:Allied invasion of Sicily
4749:
4655:Aleutian Islands campaign
4627:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4574:
4565:Greek famine of 1941–1944
4460:Second Battle of Changsha
4365:German invasion of Greece
4333:
4210:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
4185:
4123:
4018:
3899:
3625:
3535:
3376:
3079:
3070:
2828:
2653:
2545:North and Central Pacific
2506:
2268:
2261:
2188:
2052:Molinari, Andrea (2007).
1734:in north-western Chad at
1520:
1329:
1059:) was part of the Allied
706:
642:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
426:
363:
321:
274:
201:
137:31 January – 1 March 1941
129:
115:
103:
98:
4832:Allied invasion of Italy
4809:Solomon Islands campaign
4558:Third Battle of Changsha
4155:First Battle of Changsha
4061:Second Sino-Japanese War
2994:German military brothels
2860:United States war crimes
1967:Jennings, E. T. (2015).
1717:
1396:(local infantry) and an
1312:Territorio Sahara Libico
1191:French Equatorial Africa
1012:3rd Indian Motor Brigade
698:Western Desert Campaign
5469:Western Desert campaign
5254:Second Guangxi campaign
5109:Philippines (1944–1945)
4613:Battle of the Coral Sea
4516:Fall of the Philippines
4162:Battle of South Guangxi
4068:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
3467:Italian Social Republic
1990:. London: John Murray.
1275:Long Range Desert Group
1269:Long Range Desert Group
1100:Long Range Desert Group
1061:Western Desert Campaign
64:more precise citations.
4839:Armistice of Cassibile
4641:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4592:Battle of the Java Sea
4495:Attack on Pearl Harbor
4395:Syria–Lebanon campaign
4388:Battle of South Shanxi
4358:Invasion of Yugoslavia
4141:Battle of the Atlantic
3755:Korean Liberation Army
3461:(until September 1943)
3418:(until September 1944)
3396:(until September 1944)
2115:Pitt, Barrie (1986) .
2029:Martel, Andre (1994).
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1243:
1237:
1225:
1156:) colonisation of the
1148:
1094:
1088:
1067:. Kufra is a group of
1056:
1048:
1022:
430:Africa and Middle East
347:Italian Askari Company
275:Commanders and leaders
18:Battle of Kufra (1941)
5474:Libya in World War II
5003:Second Battle of Guam
4899:Bengal famine of 1943
4869:Second Battle of Kiev
4825:Battle of the Dnieper
4530:Battle of Wake Island
4402:East African campaign
4344:Battle of South Henan
3989:atrocities by Germans
3762:Korean Volunteer Army
2736:Occupation of Germany
2490:Music in World War II
2098:Sting of the Scorpion
1754:20.08333°N 16.75000°E
1648:
1637:
1596:Compagnia mitraglieri
1583:Compagnia mitraglieri
1458:
1343:
1214:Jean Colonna d'Ornano
1024:Sonderkommando Blaich
612:Indian Ocean and Asia
364:Casualties and losses
5289:Surrender of Germany
4767:Battle of West Hubei
4724:Guadalcanal campaign
4694:Battle of Stalingrad
4620:Battle of Madagascar
3387:Albania protectorate
3174:(formerly Swaziland)
2883:Wehrmacht war crimes
2699:Expulsion of Germans
2483:Art and World War II
2381:British contribution
2330:Governments in exile
1986:Kelly, Saul (2002).
1652:Strasbourg Cathedral
1611:light vehicles, 4 ×
1398:Auto-Saharan Company
1144:Italian North Africa
1092:, which was part of
380:3 aircraft destroyed
353:Auto-Saharan Company
5379:Potsdam Declaration
5268:Italy (Spring 1945)
5031:Liberation of Paris
4488:Siege of Sevastopol
3499:(until August 1944)
3402:Wang Jingwei regime
3224:from September 1943
3184:from September 1944
3122:from September 1944
2982:Romanian war crimes
2973:Persecution of Jews
2959:Croatian war crimes
2929:Japanese war crimes
2743:Occupation of Japan
2692:First Indochina War
2404:Military production
2316:Declarations of war
2096:Morgan, M. (2000).
1749: /
1707:Sudan Defence Force
1668:2e Division Blindée
1509:Autocarro Sahariano
1486:Compagnia Sahariana
1480:Compagnia Sahariana
1474:Compagnia Sahariana
1463:Autocarro Sahariano
1449:Compagnia Sahariana
1421:Compagnia Sahariana
1166:Italian East Africa
971:Associated articles
170: /
5372:Surrender of Japan
5205:Battle of Iwo Jima
5054:Belgrade offensive
4467:Siege of Leningrad
4351:Battle of Shanggao
4280:British Somaliland
4245:Dunkirk evacuation
4196:Norwegian campaign
4134:Invasion of Poland
3961:Japanese prisoners
2922:Italian war crimes
2853:British war crimes
2768:Soviet occupations
2552:South-West Pacific
2439:Allied cooperation
2397:Military equipment
2100:. Stroud: Sutton.
2056:. Oxford: Osprey.
1796:, pp. 18, 50.
1759:20.08333; 16.75000
1640:
1534:light trucks, 2 ×
1468:
1380:Royal Italian Army
1376:anti-aircraft guns
1348:
1231:(riflemen) of the
1211:Lieutenant Colonel
5459:Conflicts in 1941
5446:
5445:
5404:
5403:
5247:Battle of Okinawa
5146:Burma (1944–1945)
4980:Mariana and Palau
4760:Tunisian campaign
4585:Fall of Singapore
4509:Fall of Hong Kong
4252:Battle of Britain
4105:Operation Himmler
4014:
4013:
3678:Dutch East Indies
3314:Southern Rhodesia
3066:
3065:
2966:Genocide of Serbs
2869:German war crimes
2846:Soviet war crimes
2839:Allied war crimes
2685:Division of Korea
2664:Chinese Civil War
2462:Strategic bombing
2374:Manhattan Project
2063:978-1-84603-006-2
1978:978-1-10704-848-5
1844:, pp. 27–29.
1620:Sezione aeroplani
1588:Schwarzlose 07/12
1498:Italian surrender
1414:Regia Aeronautica
1336:Operation Compass
1199:Charles de Gaulle
1122:subregion of the
1075:of south-eastern
1034:
1033:
714:Invasion of Egypt
662:
661:
654:Wallis and Futuna
384:
383:
197:
196:
174:24.183°N 23.283°E
106:Operation Compass
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5422:World portal
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5275:Battle of Berlin
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5219:Vienna offensive
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5198:Battle of Manila
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4781:Bombing of Gorky
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4648:Battle of Midway
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4544:Battle of Borneo
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4537:Malayan campaign
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4481:Bombing of Gorky
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4474:Battle of Moscow
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4238:Battle of France
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3976:Soviet prisoners
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3916:German prisoners
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2913:Nuremberg trials
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2517:Asia and Pacific
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1516:Orders of battle
1511:
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1465:
1451:
1423:
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1405:
1395:
1387:
1365:
1354:Philippe Leclerc
1315:
1300:Attack on Murzuk
1287:
1248:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1189:, the colony of
1187:Battle of France
1155:
1097:
1091:
1065:Second World War
1041:Capture of Kufra
1027:
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110:Second World War
99:Capture of Kufra
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
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5333:Atomic bombings
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5024:Eastern Romania
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5017:Warsaw Uprising
5015:
5010:Tannenberg Line
5008:
5001:
4996:Western Ukraine
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4788:Battle of Kursk
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4381:Anglo-Iraqi War
4379:
4372:Battle of Crete
4370:
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4356:
4349:
4342:
4329:
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4306:
4301:Eastern Romania
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3862:Western Ukraine
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3818:
3811:
3806:Northeast China
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3505:Slovak Republic
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3476:Empire of Japan
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2988:Sexual violence
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2706:Greek Civil War
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2531:South-East Asia
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2390:Military awards
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2090:Further reading
2087:
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56:Please help to
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5479:Kufra District
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5349:South Sakhalin
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4774:Battle of Attu
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4747:
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4744:
4743:
4736:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4651:
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4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
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4595:
4588:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4523:Battle of Guam
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4446:Battle of Kiev
4442:
4435:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4361:
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4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
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4318:
4311:
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4276:
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4262:
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4220:
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4206:
4199:
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4144:
4137:
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4094:
4087:
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4064:
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4033:
4031:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:United Kingdom
3941:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3885:
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3877:
3865:
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3809:
3802:
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3598:
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3584:
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3570:
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3556:
3549:
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3515:
3508:
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3493:
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3479:
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3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:British Empire
3335:United Kingdom
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3176:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3151:Czechoslovakia
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3048:Rape of Manila
3044:
3037:
3030:
3019:
3004:
2997:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2886:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2819:United Nations
2815:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2678:Decolonization
2674:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
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2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
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2450:
2449:
2442:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2351:United Kingdom
2347:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2135:External links
2133:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1964:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1922:, p. 120.
1912:
1910:, p. 108.
1897:
1895:, p. 111.
1885:
1870:
1858:
1856:, p. 100.
1846:
1834:
1832:, p. 175.
1822:
1810:
1798:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:Kufra District
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1656:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1600:
1591:
1578:
1577:(Kufra sector)
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1496:
1459:
1385:Regio Esercito
1344:
1331:
1328:
1301:
1298:
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1151:Settentrionale
1118:Kufra, in the
1115:
1112:
1089:Libia Italiana
1073:Kufra District
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
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845:
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821:
814:
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783:
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477:
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427:
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372:
366:
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360:
343:
324:
323:
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318:
308:
306:
305:
293:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
270:
269:
237:
235:
234:
232:United Kingdom
221:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:Allied victory
191:
187:
186:
179:24.183; 23.283
147:
145:
141:
140:
135:
127:
126:
113:
112:
101:
100:
94:
93:
88:
87:
70:September 2010
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5506:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:1941 in Libya
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:Kuril Islands
5353:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
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5297:
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5292:
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5286:
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5279:
5276:
5272:
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5265:
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5237:
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5230:
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5209:
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5199:
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5192:
5188:
5187:
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5183:
5179:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:Syrmian Front
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:Market Garden
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4928:Monte Cassino
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
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4836:
4835:
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4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
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4810:
4806:
4803:
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4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
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4757:
4756:
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4752:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
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4656:
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4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
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4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
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4382:
4378:
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4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:Baltic states
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
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4074:
4069:
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4057:
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4046:
4042:
4041:
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4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:United States
3935:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:Quốc dân Đảng
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:Liechtenstein
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3526:Collaboration
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:United States
3348:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:Comfort women
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025: /
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014: /
3013:
3010: /
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:Camp brothels
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:The Holocaust
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:forced labour
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:Marshall Plan
2726:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2582:Eastern Front
2579:
2576:
2575:Western Front
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
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2469:Puppet states
2466:
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2443:
2440:
2436:
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2433:
2429:
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2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:Naval history
2408:
2405:
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2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
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2358:United States
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2198:
2195:
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2190:
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2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
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2157:
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2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2126:0-333-41385-7
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2107:0-7509-2481-0
2103:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:2-13-046074-7
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:0-7195-6162-0
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:herodote 2011
1928:
1921:
1920:Jennings 2015
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1883:, p. 57.
1882:
1881:Molinari 2007
1877:
1875:
1868:, p. 52.
1867:
1866:Molinari 2007
1862:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1842:Molinari 2007
1838:
1831:
1826:
1820:, p. 44.
1819:
1818:Mortimer 2010
1814:
1808:, p. 38.
1807:
1806:Molinari 2007
1802:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1710:
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1647:
1645:
1636:
1630:Oath of Kufra
1627:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1574:Settore Cufra
1570:
1569:
1560:
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1399:
1394:
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1372:mountain guns
1369:
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1251:camel cavalry
1247:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:, were 5,000
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1173:
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1162:Buma airfield
1159:
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1125:
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1120:Libyan Desert
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:Italian Libya
1082:
1081:Libyan Desert
1078:
1074:
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1020:
1018:
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1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Maletti Group
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Frontier Wire
975:
974:
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957:Outpost Snipe
955:
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636:North America
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611:
610:
607:
604:
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601:Colmar Pocket
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517:
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512:
510:
509:Monte Cassino
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
492:Eastern Front
490:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:Run for Tunis
466:
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447:
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442:
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333:
330:
326:
325:
320:
317:Capt. Colonna
314:
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108:, during the
107:
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92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5430:Bibliography
5413:
5226:Project Hula
5191:Vistula–Oder
5160:
5093:
5084:
5068:
5038:
4987:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4919:
4816:
4731:
4707:
4677:
4428:
4321:
4266:North Africa
3968:Soviet Union
3922:Soviet Union
3848:Soviet Union
3616:Vatican City
3519:Vichy France
3424:German Reich
3321:Soviet Union
3307:South Africa
3300:Sierra Leone
3253:Newfoundland
3072:Participants
3055:Marocchinate
2759:
2750:
2720:
2598:North Africa
2559:Indian Ocean
2418:Nazi plunder
2309:Cryptography
2182:World War II
2116:
2097:
2073:World War II
2072:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2013:
2009:
1987:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1953:herodote.net
1952:
1927:
1915:
1888:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1765:Zouar (town)
1726:
1663:
1649:
1641:
1626:
1501:
1469:
1443:Ronald Moore
1439:Gebel Sherif
1426:
1349:
1303:
1278:
1184:
1117:
1040:
1038:
1002:Babini Group
987:Fort Capuzzo
970:
969:
950:
943:
929:
922:
915:
908:
896:Sidi Haneish
886:Mersa Matruh
862:
855:
854:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:Twin Pimples
786:Tobruk siege
779:
766:
738:
737:
731:Sidi Barrani
719:
708:
623:
594:
558:
548:Saint-Marcel
529:
524:Mont Mouchet
497:
473:
457:
451:
378:282 captured
239:
202:Belligerents
91:
76:
67:
48:
5161:Bodenplatte
5047:Gothic Line
4273:West Africa
3820:Philippines
3799:Netherlands
3664:Czech lands
3602:Switzerland
3546:Afghanistan
3490:Philippines
3358:Puerto Rico
3274:Philippines
3260:New Zealand
3246:Netherlands
3199:Free France
2950:Prosecution
2751:Osoaviakhim
2621:West Africa
2605:East Africa
2252:Conferences
1958:27 December
1908:Martel 1994
1757: /
1530:truck, 2 ×
1294:Pat Clayton
1227:tirailleurs
1217: [
1195:Free France
1181:Free French
1108:Free French
1063:during the
1017:Baggush Box
938:2nd Alamein
891:1st Alamein
879:Tobruk 1942
780:Sonnenblume
752:Tobruk 1941
418:Free French
303:Pat Clayton
219:Free France
177: /
62:introducing
5453:Categories
5261:West Hunan
5094:Pointblank
4430:Silver Fox
4416:Summer War
4169:Winter War
4148:Phoney War
3929:Azerbaijan
3890:Yugoslavia
3785:Luxembourg
3627:Resistance
3367:Yugoslavia
3232:Luxembourg
3034:Sook Ching
2830:War crimes
2432:Technology
2425:Opposition
2367:Lend-Lease
2344:Australian
2337:Home front
2295:Blitzkrieg
2245:Casualties
2236:Commanders
2208:Operations
1941:References
1830:Kelly 2002
1794:Kelly 2002
1763: (
1644:Strasbourg
1571:HQ forces
1556:Laffly S15
1368:scout cars
1358:Laffly S15
1334:See also:
1245:méharistes
1233:Senegalese
1114:Background
1007:Combeforce
997:Camouflage
964:El Agheila
903:Alam Halfa
874:Bir Hakeim
791:2nd Bardia
747:1st Bardia
589:Strasbourg
570:Marseilles
463:Bir Hakeim
371:21 wounded
359:4 aircraft
45:references
5326:Manchuria
5212:Indochina
4988:Bagration
4439:Lithuania
4084:Anschluss
3881:Viet Minh
3778:Lithuania
3720:Hong Kong
3483:Manchukuo
3438:Azad Hind
3097:Australia
2897:Aftermath
2760:Paperclip
2655:Aftermath
2455:Total war
2323:Diplomacy
2286:In Europe
1782:Footnotes
1744:16°45′0″E
1741:20°05′0″N
1609:SPA AS.37
1532:Chevrolet
1505:SPA AS.37
1308:, in the
1284:fech fech
1077:Cyrenaica
909:Agreement
843:Point 175
818:Battleaxe
762:Beda Fomm
630:Indochina
420:campaigns
376:4 wounded
357:20 trucks
355:(120 men)
349:(310 men)
342:60 trucks
334:(350 men)
332:Battalion
5437:Category
5386:document
5296:document
5153:Ardennes
5137:Budapest
5085:Crossbow
4963:Overlord
4802:Smolensk
4020:Timeline
3855:Slovakia
3841:Thailand
3692:Ethiopia
3657:Bulgaria
3581:Portugal
3512:Thailand
3394:Bulgaria
3172:Eswatini
3165:Ethiopia
3118:Bulgaria
2943:Unit 731
2904:Response
2721:Keelhaul
2671:Cold War
2644:Americas
2635:timeline
2628:Atlantic
2508:Theaters
2081:46829545
2008:(1948).
1676:See also
1657:—
1613:FIAT 634
1526:HQ: 1 ×
1430:FIAT 634
1153:Italiana
951:Braganza
825:Crusader
811:Skorpion
772:Giarabub
595:Nordwind
582:Dompaire
577:Lorraine
530:Overlord
452:Exporter
374:3 killed
369:4 killed
340:(76 men)
322:Strength
144:Location
104:Part of
5363:Shumshu
5130:Hungary
5077:Estonia
5061:Lapland
5039:Dragoon
4972:Neptune
4954:Ichi-Go
4920:Tempest
4862:Changde
4817:Cottage
4709:Jubilee
4425:Finland
4323:Compass
4029:Prelude
3982:Finland
3868:Vietnam
3834:Romania
3706:Germany
3685:Estonia
3671:Denmark
3650:Belgium
3643:Austria
3636:Albania
3567:Ireland
3553:Andorra
3537:Neutral
3497:Romania
3431:Hungary
3416:Finland
3288:Romania
3180:Finland
3158:Denmark
3104:Belgium
3090:Algeria
2796:Romania
2782:Hungary
2538:Pacific
2262:General
2216:Leaders
2201:Battles
2194:Outline
2022:3459863
1659:Leclerc
1566:Italian
1536:Bedford
1528:Matford
1351:Colonel
1323:Caproni
1259:Tibesti
1176:Prelude
1158:Maghreb
1149:Africa
1132:Senussi
1128:Berbers
1079:in the
1071:in the
1053:Italian
944:Bertram
923:Caravan
863:Acrobat
832:Flipper
804:Brevity
757:Mechili
726:Nibeiwa
720:Compass
648:Oceania
624:Crimson
618:Réunion
559:Dragoon
553:Vercors
514:Glières
504:Corsica
480:Tunisia
165:23°17′E
162:24°11′N
58:improve
5340:Debate
5312:Taipei
5305:Borneo
4883:Tarawa
4077:Europe
4038:Africa
3827:Poland
3813:Norway
3792:Malaya
3771:Latvia
3713:Greece
3699:France
3595:Sweden
3560:Bhutan
3281:Poland
3267:Norway
3239:Mexico
3206:Greece
3192:France
3130:Canada
3111:Brazil
3081:Allies
3027:Serbia
3016:Poland
2789:Poland
2775:Baltic
2568:Europe
2270:Topics
2222:Allied
2123:
2104:
2079:
2060:
2041:
2020:
1994:
1975:
1615:trucks
1521:French
1400:, the
1392:askari
1378:. The
1330:Battle
1318:Fezzan
1306:Murzuk
1263:Ennedi
1255:Borkou
1253:), in
1170:El Tag
1136:French
1124:Sahara
1045:French
930:Nicety
916:Bigamy
869:Gazala
565:Toulon
486:Europe
263:
247:
229:
216:
190:Result
47:, but
5116:Leyte
4946:Narva
4932:Anzio
4890:Makin
4848:Burma
4732:Torch
4701:Rzhev
4662:Kiska
3748:Korea
3734:Japan
3727:Italy
3609:Tibet
3588:Spain
3459:Italy
3220:Italy
3213:India
3137:China
3012:Japan
2612:Italy
2524:China
2476:Women
2033:[
2012:[
1732:Zouar
1718:Notes
1593:60th
1580:59th
1546:Dodge
1460:AS37
1366:TOE)
1291:Major
1221:]
1140:Italy
1104:Kufra
1069:oases
1057:Cufra
767:Kufra
536:Paris
498:Husky
474:Torch
458:Kufra
446:Keren
441:Gabon
436:Dakar
266:Libya
250:Italy
153:Libya
149:Kufra
5182:1945
4910:1944
4751:1943
4679:Blue
4669:Attu
4576:1942
4335:1941
4187:1940
4125:1939
4054:Asia
3901:POWs
3741:Jews
3452:Iraq
3378:Axis
3328:Tuva
3144:Cuba
2229:Axis
2121:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2077:OCLC
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2018:OCLC
1992:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1960:2015
1435:wadi
1408:AS37
1261:and
1207:Chad
1203:Chad
1130:and
1039:The
856:1942
739:1941
709:1940
606:Alps
543:Elba
338:LRDG
134:Date
1646:",
1437:at
519:Ist
329:FFF
5455::
4930:/
1900:^
1873:^
1265:.
1257:,
1219:fr
1209:,
1201:.
1172:.
1102:,
1055::
1051:,
1047::
351:1
345:2
336:1
327:1
151:,
123:UN
4433:)
4427:(
3294:)
3290:(
3226:)
3222:(
3186:)
3182:(
3124:)
3120:(
2174:e
2167:t
2160:v
2129:.
2110:.
2083:.
2066:.
2047:.
2024:.
2000:.
1981:.
1962:.
1934:.
1774:.
1767:)
1654:.
1382:(
1360:(
1316:–
1249:(
1146:(
1043:(
688:e
681:t
674:v
409:e
402:t
395:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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