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and high losses of aircraft for the
Japanese. But Mili remained the only base within fighter reach of the Gilberts, and the defenders managed to keep the facilities there operational and reinforced with aircraft. Following the capture of Tarawa and until 19 December, 106 B-24s dropped a total of 122 short tons (111 t) of explosives on Mili's airbase. The largest of those raids came on 4 December when 34 B-24s pulverized the atoll in conjunction with carrier-based bombing raids of other parts of the Marshalls. On 18 December renewed strikes were initiated against enemy targets on Mili with land-based
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925:, and the Japanese planned to counter-attack the landing beaches. They had not realized until the Battle of Tarawa that American amphibious vehicles could cross coral reefs and land on the lagoon side of an atoll; accordingly the strongest defenses on Kwajalein faced the ocean. The bombardment by the Southern Attack Force, including the battleship
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looked as if it had been picked up 20,000 feet and then dropped." Landing beaches Red 1 and 2 were assaulted at 09:30 on 1 February, the
Americans reaching halfway across the runway by sunset. Although the Japanese counterattacked every night, the island was declared secure by the end of the fourth day.
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The 7th
Infantry Division began by capturing the small islands labeled Carlos, Carter, Cecil, and Carlson on 31 January, which were used as artillery bases for the next day's assault. Kwajalein Island is 2.5 mi (4.0 km) long, but it is only 880 yd (800 m) wide. There was therefore
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bombed strategic targets. In the beginning, the most important was Mili, the
Japanese base closest to the Gilberts and Maloelap, the most powerful enemy bases threatening the upcoming operations. Mili was the subject of several attacks throughout November, causing considerable damage to installations
657:
The two most significant land masses are
Kwajalein Island in the south and the linked islands of Roi-Namur in the north. By the start of World War II, the Marshalls were already an integral part of the Japanese perimeter of defense. Its facilities were being utilized as outlying bases for submarines
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and artillery on
Carlson island was devastating. The Navy had changed its bombardment tactics based on the Tarawa experience and used armor-piercing shells as well as firing into the island at closer ranges. The official U.S. Army history of the battle quotes a soldier as saying "the entire island
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The 4th Marine
Division was assigned to Roi-Namur, and the 7th Infantry Division would make the assault on Kwajalein. The 2nd Battalion of the 106th was assigned to the simultaneous capture of Majuro Atoll. The rest of the 106th and the 22nd Marines were in reserve for Kwajalein, while awaiting the
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On the north side of the atoll, the 4th Marine
Division followed a similar plan, first capturing islets Ivan, Jacob, Albert, Allen, and Abraham on 31 January, and then landing on Roi-Namur on 1 February. The airfield on the western half (Roi) was captured quickly, and the eastern half (Namur) fell
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march to Japan and a significant morale victory because it was the first time the
Americans had penetrated the "outer ring" of the Japanese Pacific sphere. For the Japanese, the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense. Japanese defenses became prepared in depth, and the Battles of
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in 1943, the
Japanese command decided that the Gilbert and Marshall Islands were expendable. They preferred fighting a decisive battle closer to home. Nevertheless, the Marshalls were reinforced at the end of 1943 to make their capture more costly for the Americans. By January 1944, the regional
706:. The islands then became a mystery because the Japanese closed them to the outside world. It was presumed the Japanese had built illegal fortifications throughout the islands, but the extent of such fortifications was unknown. Japan regarded them as part of the "outer ring" of their territory.
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The Marshall campaign planned by the US involved attacks on seven islands, bypassing many more. Operation Flintlock had nine phases, the main phase being the capture of Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls, a second phase, Operation Catchpole, being the capture of Eniwetok, and further phases being the
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The defense system on the islands was mostly in line, with little or no depth. The Japanese had twin 12.7 cm guns on each end of the island plus 80mm guns on the ocean and lagoon sides. The 22nd Air Flotilla, depleted after the Gilbert campaign, had 128 aircraft in the Marshalls, 10 on
654:. Kwajalein is the world's largest coral atoll and comprises 93 islands and islets; it has a land area of 1,560 acres (6.33 km) and surrounds one of the largest lagoons in the world, measuring 324 mi (839 km) in size.
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fighters making their debut in the Marshall air offensive. Japanese losses for the day amounted to 10 fighters (four on the ground) and four damaged. Other aircraft types participating in the offensive included
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The relatively easy capture of Kwajalein demonstrated US amphibious capabilities and showed that the changes to training and tactics after the costly Battle of Tarawa had been effective. It allowed Admiral
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After the war ended, over 150 still operational US aircraft were sunk near Roi-Namur, which was cheaper than transporting the airplanes back to the US mainland. The airplane graveyard includes several
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in the north. The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance, although outnumbered and under-prepared. The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500.
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It was necessary to take another atoll in the eastern Marshalls—Majuro. This feature is 220 mi (190 nmi; 350 km) southeast of Kwajalein and could serve as an advanced air and
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Kwajalein Atoll, 2 February 1944: Private First Class N. E. Carling stands beside the medium tank "Killer" on which is mounted a knocked-out Japanese light tank. The American tank is an
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warhead magazine. The resulting explosion killed 20 Marines and wounded dozens more and caused an observation pilot to radio, "The whole damn island has blown up!"
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713:, an American interwar plan for a possible conflict with Japan. The Marshalls were a key step in the island-hopping march to the Japanese mainland.
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769:. Garrison troops on the island included the 1st Company, 3rd Mobile Battalion, 1st Amphibious Brigade, plus units of the 2nd Mobile Battalion.
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colonies, after their purchase from Spain in 1899. At the end of World War I they were assigned to Japan in the post-war settlement through the
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Rottman, G., 2004, The Marshall Islands 1944: "Operation Flintlock, the capture of Kwajalein and Eniwetok", Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd,
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The Japanese also realized that beach-line defenses were too vulnerable to naval and aerial bombardment. In the campaign for the
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The accidental detonation of a torpedo arsenal creates a large explosion, injuring over 100 people and killing 20
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1596:, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series, History and Museums Division, United States Marine Corps, 1994.
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were employed in its capture. The island was taken on 31 January 1944 without any US casualties.
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Kwajalein Atoll is in the heart of the Marshall Islands. It lies in the Ralik Chain, 2,100
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1561:- Firsthand account of the U.S. pre-invasion bombardment operation by a crewmember of the USS
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and surface warships, as well as for air staging for future advances being planned against
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as well as safeguard supply lines to Kwajalein. Majuro was very lightly defended, and the
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1608:. Historical Division, Division of Public Information, Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps.
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The Marshall Islands 1944: 'Operation Flintlock, the capture of Kwajalein and Eniwetok'
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Soldiers of the U.S. 7th Infantry Division attack a Japanese blockhouse on Kwajalein.
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The strategic importance of the Marshalls had been recognized as early as 1921 in
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would be much harder to overcome than the comparatively thin line on Kwajalein.
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1641:"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner"
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What Makes a Battle — Moving images from Kwajalein island during the battle
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the next day. The worst setback came when a Marine demolition team threw a
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of high explosives into a Japanese bunker, not realizing it was a
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Soldiers of the 184th Infantry, 7th ID in the Pacific, 1943–1945
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Breaking the Outer Ring: Marine Landings in the Marshall Islands
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is presented with the flag that flew over Kwajalein by Captain
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Airstrip, an eastern island, between Roi-Namur and Kwajalein:
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For the US, the battle represented both the next step in its
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The Last Big-Gun Naval Battle: The Battle of Surigao Strait
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Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944,
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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
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World War II: Wrecks of the Kwajalein and Truk Lagoons
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The 6th Base Force, under the command of Rear Admiral
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was the Marshall Island chain. These islands had been
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Battles of World War II involving the United States
1432:"Gallery: WWII Airplane Graveyard in Pacific Ocean"
1415:Eagle Against The Sun: The American War With Japan
16:1944 battle in the Pacific theater of World War II
1737:Amphibious operations involving the United States
885:'s 5th Fleet Amphibious Force, and Major General
881:The US forces for the landings were Rear Admiral
554:. It took place 31 January – 3 February 1944, on
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877:Marines at in a landing craft at Kwajalein, 1944
1549:. Palo Alto, California: The Glencannon Press.
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1584:United States Army Center of Military History
1482:Island Victory: The Battle of Kwajalein Atoll
1480:Marshall, S. L. A.; Joseph G. Dawson (2001).
466:
1643:. United States Government Printing Office.
1630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1600:Heinl, Robert D., and John A. Crown (1954).
562:. Employing the hard-learned lessons of the
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1727:United States Marine Corps in World War II
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1526:Rottman, Gordon; Howard Gerrard (2004).
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1590:Chapin, Captain John C., USMCR (Ret),
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1702:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
1687:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
1612:from the original on 16 November 2006
1602:"The Marshalls: Increasing the Tempo"
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1582:. US Army Campaigns in World War II.
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674:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
484:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
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33:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
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917:, scheduled for three months later.
1545:Sauer, Howard (1999). "Kwajalein".
1465:. North Valley Diver Publications.
437:Battle of Kwajalein (Pacific Ocean)
13:
1732:South Seas Mandate in World War II
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590:proved far more costly to the US.
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741:Japanese planning and preparation
1697:Marshall Islands in World War II
1647:from the original on 21 May 2011
1484:. University of Nebraska Press.
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409:Location within Marshall Islands
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789:capture of remaining islands.
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1639:Dyer, George Carroll (1956).
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1389:The Marshall Islands Campaign
1130:) to the north at Roi-Namur:
1075:) to the south at Kwajalein:
1026:North American B-25 Mitchells
820:North American B-25 Mitchells
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1707:1944 in the Marshall Islands
960:
865:, the Japanese vehicle is a
806:Consolidated B-24 Liberators
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412:Show map of Marshall Islands
62:31 January – 3 February 1944
7:
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777:US planning and preparation
694:'s campaign in the central
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997:, the defense in depth on
546:was fought as part of the
1606:USMC Historical Monograph
1511:Little, Brown and Company
1171:) to the west at Ebadon:
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440:Show map of Pacific Ocean
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30:
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1413:Spector, Ronald (1985),
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497:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
1461:Bailey, Dan E. (1992).
1022:Curtiss SB2C Helldivers
690:, the next step in the
277:111th Infantry Regiment
272:106th Infantry Regiment
1030:Curtiss C-46 Commandos
986:, Commander in Chief,
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969:Secretary of the Navy
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878:
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847:27th Infantry Division
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296:1st Amphibious Brigade
217:Yamada Michiyuki
160:Commanders and leaders
1530:. Osprey Publishing.
1500:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1270:9.00000°N 167.72722°E
1234:9.31917°N 166.84833°E
1190:9.33056°N 166.81917°E
1149:9.39694°N 167.47083°E
1094:8.72000°N 167.73167°E
1046:Bucholz Army Airfield
1010:Douglas SBD Dauntless
968:
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876:
860:
824:Curtiss P-40 Warhawks
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334:Casualties and losses
267:7th Infantry Division
1717:February 1944 events
1576:Wright III, Burton.
1034:Grumman F4F Wildcats
1018:Grumman TBF Avengers
811:Douglas A-24 Banshee
406:class=notpageimage|
299:2nd Mobile Battalion
262:22nd Marine Regiment
1712:January 1944 events
1395:on 22 February 2014
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1014:Vought F4U Corsairs
988:Pacific Ocean Areas
915:assault on Eniwetok
815:Bell P-39 Airacobra
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544:Battle of Kwajalein
257:4th Marine Division
93: /
26:Battle of Kwajalein
1275:9.00000; 167.72722
1239:9.31917; 166.84833
1195:9.33056; 166.81917
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895:Charles H. Corlett
883:Richmond K. Turner
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835:V Amphibious Corps
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704:South Seas Mandate
692:United States Navy
290:Kwajalein Garrison
249:V Amphibious Corps
197:Charles H. Corlett
171:Richmond K. Turner
1285:Naval Base Majuro
1163:Ebadon Airstrip (
984:Chester W. Nimitz
897:, as well as the
813:dive bombers and
795:Seventh Air Force
735:Masashi Kobayashi
716:After losing the
642:8.717°N 167.733°E
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302:22nd Air Flotilla
175:U.S. Marine Corps
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97:8.717°N 167.733°E
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1586:. CMH Pub 72-23.
1579:Eastern Mandates
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1434:. Archived from
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1391:. Archived from
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800:Staging through
680:capture of Makin
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1438:on 24 July 2015
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1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1556:1-889901-08-3
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:1-84176-851-0
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:0-8032-8272-9
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:0-911615-05-9
1468:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:1-84176-851-0
1369:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
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1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
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1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1215:) on Mejato:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
976:
972:
967:
958:
956:
952:
942:
938:
935:
931:
930:
924:
918:
916:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Harry Schmidt
888:
884:
875:
868:
864:
859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
783:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Monzo Akiyama
738:
736:
732:
729:commander in
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
669:
665:
661:
655:
651:
622:
618:
614:
611:; 3,900
610:
606:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
530:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
486:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
453:
424:
407:
391:
381:
373:
364:
361:
352:
341:
338:
337:
332:
326:
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
301:
298:
295:
294:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
228:
224:
222:
215:
211:
209:
203:
202:Monzo Akiyama
200:
198:
193:
189:
185:
184:Harry Schmidt
181:
176:
172:
167:
164:
163:
158:
154:
142:
140:
139:United States
129:
128:
123:
115:
112:
111:
106:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1649:. Retrieved
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1592:
1578:
1562:
1546:
1527:
1503:
1481:
1462:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1426:
1419:Random House
1414:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:the original
1388:
1378:
1212:
1168:
1127:
1116:
1072:
1061:
1053:
1007:
992:
980:
947:
928:
919:
911:
909:regiments.
899:22nd Marines
880:
828:
802:Baker Island
799:
787:
771:
744:
715:
708:
677:
664:Fiji Islands
656:
607:(2,400
602:
572:
552:World War II
543:
541:
522:
516:
376:3,500 killed
371:
369:166 captured
367:4,300 killed
362:
350:
339:
324:
317:
289:
288:
282:UDT 1, UDT 2
247:
246:
232:
220:
207:
191:
174:
165:
125:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1417:(New York:
1399:14 February
1385:"Roi-Namur"
1273: /
1261:167°43′38″E
1249:Meck Island
1237: /
1225:166°50′54″E
1193: /
1181:166°49′09″E
1152: /
1140:167°28′15″E
1097: /
1085:167°43′54″E
791:Bombardment
773:Kwajalein.
645: /
378:87 captured
359:181 missing
357:617 wounded
346:845 wounded
329:about 3,000
322:about 5,000
100: /
1681:Categories
1616:4 December
1519:B0007FBB8I
1509:. Boston:
1455:References
1258:09°00′00″N
1222:09°19′09″N
1178:09°19′50″N
1137:09°23′49″N
1082:08°43′12″N
971:Frank Knox
913:following
863:M4 Sherman
831:naval base
804:airfield,
733:, Admiral
722:New Guinea
678:After the
594:Background
586:, and the
355:206 killed
344:142 killed
1421:), p. 270
961:Aftermath
929:Tennessee
927:USS
839:Battalion
751:Roi-Namur
599:Geography
568:Roi-Namur
523:Hailstone
517:Kwajalein
512:2nd Makin
502:1st Makin
372:Roi-Namur
363:Kwajalein
351:Roi-Namur
348:2 missing
340:Kwajalein
325:Roi-Namur
318:Kwajalein
192:U.S. Army
166:U.S. Navy
1645:Archived
1626:cite web
1610:Archived
1563:Maryland
1502:(1961).
1040:See also
763:Enewetak
759:Maloelap
633:167°44′E
617:Honolulu
588:Marianas
529:Eniwetok
309:Strength
88:167°44′E
67:Location
1442:23 July
1003:Peleliu
955:torpedo
934:Abemama
793:by the
724:to the
696:Pacific
686:in the
580:Peleliu
558:in the
233:†
221:†
208:†
35:of the
1553:
1534:
1517:
1488:
1469:
1370:
853:Battle
765:, and
726:Allies
684:Tarawa
666:, and
662:, the
660:Ellice
630:8°43′N
621:Hawaii
507:Tarawa
314:46,670
229:
204:
150:
136:
113:Result
85:8°43′N
1651:5 May
1291:Notes
903:106th
767:Wotje
668:Samoa
153:Japan
1653:2011
1632:link
1618:2006
1551:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1515:ASIN
1486:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1444:2015
1401:2013
1368:ISBN
1209:IATA
1165:IATA
1117:PKRO
1113:ICAO
1062:PKWA
1058:ICAO
1050:IATA
1032:and
1001:and
999:Guam
905:and
822:and
755:Mili
731:Truk
720:and
682:and
584:Guam
542:The
59:Date
1213:EAL
1169:EBN
1128:ROI
1124:LID
1121:FAA
1073:KWA
1069:LID
1066:FAA
1054:KWA
623:at
605:nmi
550:of
1683::
1628:}}
1624:{{
1604:.
1513:.
1387:.
1299:^
1211::
1167::
1126::
1119:,
1115::
1071::
1064:,
1060::
1056:,
1052::
1036:.
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
1016:,
845:,
841:,
826:.
761:,
757:,
753:,
670:.
619:,
613:km
609:mi
582:,
292::
252::
74:,
1655:.
1634:)
1620:.
1565:.
1559:.
1540:.
1521:.
1494:.
1475:.
1446:.
1403:.
1207:(
1111:(
1048:(
977:.
869:.
474:e
467:t
460:v
374::
365::
353::
342::
327::
320::
194::
177::
168::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
