1400:
the village by all means in your power, calling on these headquarters for assistance." In a report later that day, Lt. Burt D. Wheedon wrote, "On the morning of
February 4 the insurgents ordered our men to move out of town (Santol), and upon their refusal to do so the former said that they would bring a body of men and drive them back when night came." Lt. Wheedon took charge of an outpost on Santol road at seven in the evening and, at 7:30, gave orders saying, "No armed insurgents to enter the town or vicinity ... Halt all armed persons who attempted to advance from the direction of the insurgents' lines which lie between blockhouses 6 and 7 and the San Juan Bridge and order them back to their lines. If they refused to go, arrest them if possible, or if this was impossible, fire upon them... Patrol each of the roads leading to Blockhouses 6 and 7 for 100 yards every half hour." (Blockhouse 6 was located on the city line just southeast of what is now Santol Street. Blockhouse 7 was about 100 yd (91 m) north-northeast of a point where the water pipe crossed Santol road).
1412:
reported to me by
General MacArthur, whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned. His prepared letter was shown me and approved, and the reply received was all that could be desired. However, the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts, which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon, an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged. The result was that our picket discharged his piece, when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed.
239:
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were appointed to negotiate with
General Otis, secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn. The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour. The strained situation could not last. The spark was applied, either inadvertently or by design, on the 4th of February by an insurgent, willfully transgressing upon what, by their own admission, was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops. Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact.
1481:
1342:
1326:
1473:
1464:, after research by Dr. Benito Legarda concluded that the shot was fired somewhere between Blockhouse 7 (within Manila's boundary) and Barrio Santol (Sampaloc District) on the connecting road that had since been named Sociego. Later, a study done by Ronnie Miravite Casalmir that came out in 2023 solidly debunked the Sociego-Silencio location and instead placed the event at the turn towards Blockhouse 7 along Sociego Street, currently the corner of Sociego Street and Tomas Arguelles Street.
1404:
called "Halt!" and, when the four men responded by cocking their rifles, they fired at them and retreated to Santol. Personal accounts by
Grayson claim that he "dropped" two and Miller one. Neither American nor Filipino official reports mention anyone being hit, but these and other details of Grayson's account were confirmed in a conterminous letter written home by another American soldier. The skirmish is credited for beginning the Battle of Manila and the Philippine–American War.
1511:"It is my duty to maintain the integrity of our national honor, and that of the army so unjustly attacked by those, who posing as our friends, attempt to dominate us in place of the Spaniards. "Therefore, for the defense of the nation entrusted to me, I hereby order and command: Peace and friendly relations between the Philippine Republic and the American army of occupation are broken—and the latter will be treated as enemies with the limits prescribed by the laws of War."
1334:
46:
1416:
they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative. They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements, but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action. They could not have delayed long, however, for it was their object to force an issue before
American troops, then en route, could arrive in Manila.
1296:, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter. General Otis initially refused this but later said that he would not object unless overruled by higher authority. It was estimated at the time that about 20,000 Filipino troops were surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially known.
1556:
where many drowned. The battle of
February 5 was fought along a 25 km (16-mile) front and was the biggest and bloodiest of the war. It involved all or part of 13 American regiments and thousands of Filipinos. American casualties totaled 238, of whom 44 were killed in action or died from wounds.
1451:
An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila, and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers. The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last. While commissioners
1415:
The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost, which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish, in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack. It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time, as
1299:
Many
Filipino commanders were on weekend furlough: General Antonio Luna was visiting family in San Fernando, Pampanga, General Mariano Noriel was in Parañaque preparing for his wedding, and General Artemio Ricarte and Col. Luciano San Miguel were in Malolos meeting with President Emilio Aguinaldo. As
1427:
Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked. The plain fact is that the
Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry, and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot. Whether the patrol was acting
1399:
On the morning of
February 4, Stotsenburg said, "Your orders are to hold the village. If any armed men come into our lines order them out. If they persist in coming, summon enough men to arrest them. In case an advance in force is made, fall back to the pipeline outpost and resist the occupation of
1492:
when the conflict started on the 4th. That same night, a
Filipino captain in Manila wired him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the hostilities. Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the Americans while maintaining his leadership position with his nationalist followers. The
1436:
I yelled "Halt!"... the man moved. I challenged with another "Halt!" Then he immediately shouted "Halto!" to me. Well I thought the best thing to do was to shoot him. He dropped. We retreated to where our six other fellows were and I said, "Line up fellows; the enemy are in here all through these
1403:
At about 8:30 pm on February 4, 1899, Grayson, along with Private Orville Miller and one other man, advanced from Santol towards Blockhouse 7, suddenly encountering four armed men from the Morong Battalion after about five minutes of patrolling. According to Grayson's account, he and Miller
1411:
On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts, which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same. The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men, who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night. This was
1528:
pieces for a little while. The Filipino troops had been caught unprepared and leaderless, as their generals had gone home to their families for the weekend. The American soldiers, in contrast, were ready and needed only to follow previously prepared planning. The next day, Brigadier General
1560:
The Filipinos were shocked when the Americans attacked. They were used to Spanish tactics of retreating into fortified cities after a nighttime raid. MacArthur's attack in the north captured the ridge overlooking Manila. (MacArthur was later promoted to major general and became
1890:"Letter of Henry Thompson to his parents dated 8 February 1899, published in Inside the Fighting First: Papers of a Nebraska Private in the Philippine War, edited by Thomas Solevad Nielsen, (Nebraska: Lur Publications, Danish Immigrant Archive, Dana College, 2001), 98-99.".
1589:' Provost Guard quickly suppressed any disturbances. However, some small units of Philippine soldiers who had not been part of the force that was routed skirmished with the Americans for several days on the outskirts of Manila before being driven out.
1536:
When Filipino officers did arrive on the field, many influential leaders tried to stop the fighting. Aguinaldo sent emissaries to negotiate a cease-fire. But Otis and MacArthur thought the crisis should be brought to a head and refused to negotiate.
1419:
Thus began the Insurgent attack, so long and so carefully planned for. We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark. There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire, but it did.
1423:
The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated. The Americans did not drive very well. It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions.
1580:
The Filipinos were counting on an uprising by the citizens of Manila to divide American forces and interrupt American supply lines. Although some fires were set inside the city, no general uprising occurred since
1308:
U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted men. Of these, the Army deployed some 8,000 in Manila and 11,000 in a defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops were in
2594:
1548:. General Anderson, along the southern lines, believed he faced an imminent attack, so, with permission from Otis, he sent his entire division in a preemptive strike at first light. Brig. Gen.
685:
armed militiamen. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an encroaching group of Filipinos. Philippine President
2075:
1576:
U.S. Army photo: "Insurgent dead just as they fell in the trench near Santa Ana, February 5th. The trench was circular, and the picture shows but a small portion." (Original caption.)
2520:
309:
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yards." We then retreated to the pipeline and got behind the water work main and stayed there all night. It was some minutes after our second shots before Filipinos began firing.
396:
1456:
Some sources assert that the encounter took place on San Juan Bridge. A marker which had stood on that site was ordered moved to Sociego-Silencio in Santa Mesa in 2003 by
133:
2476:
Medina, Isagani R.; Medina, Mirana R. (2002), "The First Shot That Triggered the Filipino-American War on the 4th of February 1899 Did Not Happen At San Juan Bridge",
1853:
1747:
2244:
2049:
411:
1444:
Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers.
1507:
Aguinaldo then reassured his followers with a pledge to fight if forced by the Americans, whom he had come to fear as new oppressors come to replace the Spanish.
1396:, since December 5, 1898. During their encampment, there had been incidents on and around the San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.
910:
302:
1493:
next day (February 5), Aguinaldo sent an emissary to General Otis to mediate, saying, "the firing on our side the night before had been against my order."
918:
847:
223:
2602:
2686:
1300:
a result, the Filipino soldiers were mostly leaderless, with General Pantaleon Garcia being the only commander at his post in Maypajo, north of Manila.
969:
961:
1600:
While it was previously thought that the shot had been fired on San Juan Bridge, in 1999 was found that it was fired on Silencio Street in Sta. Mesa,
1461:
693:
rejected it, and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward.
295:
1544:
to launch an all-out offensive along the Santa Mesa Ridge in the event of an attack, capture the blockhouses, and seize the Chinese hospital and
1891:
1613:
1014:
244:
640:
1520:
Caught off guard by the sudden outburst, the Filipinos remained in their trenches and exchanged fire with the Americans. A Filipino
1669:
General Pantaleon Garcia was the only high-ranking Filipino officer at his post in Maypajo, north of Manila, on the eve of the war.
2637:
2354:
2487:
2467:
2444:
1385:
1240:
2248:
2055:
2691:
1562:
1524:
mounted a charge against the 3rd U.S. Artillery, routed a company of American soldiers, and succeeded in capturing two
2559:
2529:
2507:
2410:
2368:
2344:
2306:
1678:
1557:
The U.S. Army's official report listed Filipino casualties as 4,000, of whom 700 were killed, but this is guesswork.
1064:
2681:
2100:
1447:
After the conclusion of the war, after analyzing captured insurgent papers, Major J. R. M. Taylor wrote, in part,
1540:
General MacArthur, in command of the North of Manila, had developed a defensive plan which called for his entire
633:
2145:
1710:
2583:
1937:
1191:
1697:
2696:
2579:
1496:
Otis, who was then confident that a military campaign against Aguinaldo would be swift, was a veteran of the
1177:
707:
613:
262:
2528:, Combined Arms Research Library, originally from War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, archived from
1977:
492:
448:
416:
2426:
The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
674:
512:
366:
319:
37:
2676:
626:
426:
341:
2220:
812:(Next to the First Zone, with its right flank resting against the Pasig River, occupying the towns of
682:
502:
351:
148:
1381:
1407:
Worcester writes that General Otis' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows:
1288:
to American forces by the Spanish in 1898, General Aguinaldo demanded the occupation of a line of
856:
2545:
1586:
1285:
1264:
1026:
880:
574:
564:
559:
549:
544:
539:
480:
356:
93:
20:
2245:"RP-US war actually began in Manila, not San Juan - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos"
1206:
1078:
872:
791:
678:
401:
2420:
2330:
2275:
1921:
1572:
1380:, he had enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 1898, a month after the
2453:
2436:
The Hills of Sampaloc: The Opening Actions of the Philippine–American War, February 4–5, 1899
2036:
1384:
erupted, and had deployed with his unit to the Philippines in June 1898. Grayson's unit, the
801:
796:
497:
436:
391:
2078:
showing the locations of the First Shot of Philippine–American War and the San Juan Bridge,
1530:
1497:
1180:
590:
421:
178:
938:(North of Manila, with its right flank resting against Manila Bay, occupying the towns of
8:
1569:'s attack in the south captured the village of Pasay and Filipino supplies stored there.
1541:
1389:
1244:
1096:
1038:
747:(South of Manila, with its left flank resting against Manila Bay, occupying the towns of
690:
607:
470:
455:
371:
1441:
This event began the Battle of Manila. On August 23, 1899, he was honorably discharged.
1329:
Private William Walter Grayson who fired the first shots in the Battle of Manila (1899).
2623:
2595:"February 4, 1899: The Start of the Philippine-American War and Patron-Client Fighting"
1693:
Journal of the Senate of the ... Regular Session, of the Legislative Assembly of Oregon
1566:
1393:
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1067:
978:
915:
507:
475:
406:
386:
361:
346:
189:
2555:
2516:
2503:
2483:
2463:
2440:
2406:
2364:
2340:
2302:
2295:
2290:
1480:
1200:
988:
958:
899:
836:
829:
771:
658:
441:
381:
2575:
2315:
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1341:
1110:
983:
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888:
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715:
686:
666:
460:
201:
2497:
2477:
2457:
2434:
2424:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2360:
The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines
2358:
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2269:
1691:
1582:
1325:
1161:
1151:
902:
722:
465:
376:
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1504:
opponents decades before: "Fighting having begun, must go on to the grim end."
1118:
4th U.S. Cavalry Regiment (six troops attached as infantry to 1st North Dakota)
1019:
774:
764:
554:
517:
431:
167:
2319:
1854:"Diaries describe the start of the Filipino-American War, February 4-28, 1899"
1748:"Diaries describe the start of the Filipino-American War, February 4-28, 1899"
2670:
2652:
2639:
1549:
1457:
1362:
1358:
1032:
839:
712:
120:
2499:
Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
997:
782:
725:
212:
756:
752:
287:
2549:
1553:
1314:
1293:
1226:
868:
2627:
2611:
1333:
1289:
943:
2101:"THE FIRST SHOT OF THE PHIL-AM WAR DID NOT HAPPEN ON SOCIEGO-SILENCIO"
2079:
1525:
1521:
1428:
under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known.
1366:
1349:
Sources generally agree that the first shots were fired by Private
939:
892:
876:
51:
1141:
6th U.S. Artillery, Light Battery D: Captain Alexander B. Dyer Jr.
1489:
1377:
1354:
1121:
1st North Dakota Regiment: Lieutenant Colonel William C. Treumann
966:
951:
947:
907:
844:
817:
779:
45:
1899:. A consortium of Philippine universities. n.d. pp. 143–133
1476:
U.S. battery in action at the Bridge of San Juan del Monte, 1899
1601:
1310:
993:
821:
813:
748:
75:
1501:
825:
760:
1922:
https://books.google.com/books?id=hcRwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA129
867:(Directly north of the Second Zone, occupying the towns of
134:
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
2355:"Conquest and Coercion: Early U.S. Colonialism, 1899–1916"
1958:
1086:
1st Wyoming Regiment (one battalion): Major Frank M. Foote
2479:
Espionage in the Philippines, 1896–1902, and other essays
1214:
10th Pennsylvania Regiment: Colonel Alexander L. Hawkins
2156:
2154:
1604:. The marker was moved there from the bridge in 2003.
689:
attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General
1711:
United States Congressional series, Issue 3902 p. 364
1679:
United States Congressional series, Issue 3902 p. 372
2135:
1124:
14th U.S. Infantry Regiment: Major Carroll H. Potter
2301:(Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company,
2151:
2028:
2026:
1927:
677:, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000
2612:"The Fall of Manila: Excerpts from a Jesuit Diary"
2421:"XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila"
2294:
1467:
1234:1st South Dakota Regiment: Colonel Alfred S. Frost
2047:
1462:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
2668:
2051:RP-US war actually began in Manila, not San Juan
2023:
1144:6th U.S. Artillery, Light Battery G: Lieutenant
2551:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)
1092:1st Washington Regiment: Colonel John H. Wholly
1690:Senate, Oregon. Legislative Assembly. (1905).
1565:.) After initial confusion, Brigadier General
1211:1st Montana Regiment: Colonel Harry C. Kessler
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1237:1st Colorado Regiment: Colonel Henry B. McCoy
634:
303:
2475:
2271:Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2011:
1978:"William Walter Grayson [RG1039.AM]"
1827:
1771:
2622:(2). Ateneo de Manila University: 192–214.
2522:Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records
2391:Campaigning in the Philippines: Illustrated
2376:
2160:
2054:, Philippine Daily Inquirer, archived from
1964:
1089:1st Idaho Regiment: Major Daniel W. Figgins
1031:Judge Advocate General: Lieutenant Colonel
317:
54:volunteers, Company B, near Manila in 1899.
2402:America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913
2221:See photo's Wikicommons page for reference
1642:
1625:
641:
627:
310:
296:
2585:True Version of the Philippine Revolution
2574:
2328:
2321:True Version of the Philippine Revolution
2314:
2289:
2117:
2085:
2005:
1954:. Quezon City: Garotech Pub. p. 217.
1949:
1799:
1500:and reacted much as he might have to his
2336:Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000
1614:Campaigns of the Philippine–American War
1571:
1484:The Bridge of San Juan del Monte in 1899
1479:
1471:
1432:Grayson later recounted the first shot:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1274:
2609:
2546:"IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack"
2432:
2274:. Lothrop Publishing Company. pp.
2267:
1877:
1852:Quezon, Manuel III L. (February 2023).
1839:
1823:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1733:
1721:
673:), the first and largest battle of the
2687:Battles of the Philippine–American War
2669:
2592:
2580:"Chapter XIX. Outbreak of Hostilities"
2515:
2495:
2331:"9. Losing Stature in the Philippines"
2129:
2048:Nancy C. Carvajal (February 4, 2008),
2017:
1851:
1689:
2593:Silbey, David J. (February 4, 2013).
2543:
2418:
2398:
2387:
2352:
2141:
2032:
2001:
1933:
1917:
1365:), an Englishman who had migrated to
291:
2452:
2231:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2098:
1657:
1636:
1337:Plan of Manila as it existed in 1851
2247:. February 20, 2008. Archived from
1563:Governor-General of the Philippines
1205:3rd U.S. Artillery Regiment: Major
1025:Provost Marshal: Brigadier General
16:Part of the Philippine–American War
13:
2568:
2482:, UST Pub. House, pp. 29–48,
2105:philamwar.com"accessdate=July 2024
1970:
1745:
1303:
1279:
696:
14:
2708:
2496:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982),
2380:The Philippines: A Past Revisited
1386:First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry
1095:1st California Regiment: Colonel
2324:, University of Michigan Library
1345:Zapote Line blockhouse locations
255:
237:
217:
206:
195:
183:
172:
161:
141:
127:
113:
44:
2544:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914),
2283:
2237:
2225:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2123:
2111:
2069:
2041:
1995:
1943:
1911:
1883:
1871:
1845:
1833:
1817:
1805:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1468:Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis
1225: Brigadier General
1190: Brigadier General
1158:(Company A serving as infantry)
1109: Brigadier General
1077: Brigadier General
2462:, University Press of Kansas,
2433:Legarda, Benito Justo (2001),
2405:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
2339:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
2329:Blanchard, William H. (1996),
2297:History of the Filipino People
1952:History of the Filipino People
1893:Philippine History Source Book
1739:
1727:
1715:
1704:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1320:
1199:20th Kansas Regiment: Colonel
1:
2554:, Macmillan, pp. 75–89,
2459:The Philippine War, 1899–1902
1619:
1533:ordered an American advance.
1370:
2377:Constantino, Renato (1975),
2363:, Rowman & Littlefield,
1263:Utah Light Artillery: Major
23:in the Spanish–American War.
7:
2099:Casalmir, Ronnie Miravite.
1950:Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960).
1607:
1595:
701:
50:U.S. soldiers of the First
10:
2713:
2692:Military history of Manila
1858:philippinediaryproject.com
1752:philippinediaryproject.com
1150:Astor Battery: Lieutenant
1037:Chief of Engineers: Major
708:Philippine Republican Army
18:
2610:Arcilla, Jose S. (1989).
2502:, Yale University Press,
1515:
1176:
1170:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1046:
736:
733:
329:
269:
229:
154:
105:
58:
43:
35:
30:
2419:Halstead, Murat (1898),
1828:Medina & Medina 2002
1772:Medina & Medina 2002
1552:'s forces fled into the
19:Not to be confused with
2682:1899 in the Philippines
2268:Wildman, Edwin (1901).
1587:Robert Patterson Hughes
1460:, then chairman of the
1392:, had been encamped in
1008:
881:San Francisco del Monte
675:Philippine–American War
575:Battle of Manila (1945)
570:Battle of Manila (1899)
565:Battle of Manila (1898)
560:Battle of Manila (1896)
550:Battle of Manila (1762)
545:Battle of Manila (1574)
540:Battle of Manila (1570)
321:Philippine–American War
94:Philippine-American War
38:Philippine–American War
21:Battle of Manila (1898)
2653:14.60417°N 121.01528°E
2578:(September 23, 1899).
2454:Linn, Brian McAllister
1696:. The State. pp.
1577:
1513:
1488:Aguinaldo was away in
1485:
1477:
1454:
1439:
1430:
1351:William Walter Grayson
1346:
1338:
1330:
792:2nd Noveleta Battalion
670:
155:Commanders and leaders
2399:Feuer, A. B. (2002),
2211:, pp. 48–49, 52.
1575:
1509:
1483:
1475:
1449:
1434:
1409:
1376:. Having worked as a
1344:
1336:
1328:
1313:or in transports off
1275:Disposition of forces
1241:1st Nebraska Regiment
1053:Regiments and Others
857:PĂo del Pilar Brigade
802:5th Malabon Battalion
797:1st Salinas Battalion
721:Chief-of-Operations:
555:Raid on Manila (1798)
270:Casualties and losses
251:11,000 outer defenses
2697:February 1899 events
2394:, Hicks-Judd Company
2388:Faust, K.I. (1899),
2383:, Tala Pub. Services
2251:on February 20, 2008
2058:on February 20, 2008
1746:Quezon, Manuel III.
1498:American Indian Wars
1382:Spanish–American War
1164:, 3rd U.S. Artillery
681:soldiers and 15,000
591:Battle of Manila Bay
261:15,000–40,000
179:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
2658:14.60417; 121.01528
2649: /
2353:Blitz, Amy (2000),
1390:John M. Stotsenburg
1286:surrender of Manila
1245:John M. Stotsenburg
1097:James Francis Smith
1039:James Franklin Bell
911:Hermogenes Bautista
814:San Pedro de Macati
691:Elwell Stephen Otis
608:Battle of Bangkusay
149:Philippine Republic
2630:– via Jstor.
2616:Philippine Studies
2605:on March 16, 2013.
2532:on October 3, 2008
2291:Agoncillo, Teodoro
1798:, pp. 37–39,
1578:
1567:Thomas M. Anderson
1486:
1478:
1394:Santa Mesa, Manila
1357:- March 20, 1941,
1347:
1339:
1331:
1192:Harrison Gray Otis
1146:Harry L. Hawthorne
1068:Thomas M. Anderson
979:Pampanga Battalion
919:Antonio Montenegro
916:Lieutenant Colonel
873:San Juan del Monte
848:Luciano San Miguel
663:Labanan sa Maynila
614:La Naval de Manila
493:Cagayan de Misamis
224:Luciano San Miguel
190:Thomas M. Anderson
66:February 4–5, 1899
2677:Conflicts in 1899
2576:Aguinaldo, Emilio
2517:Taylor, John R.M.
2489:978-971-506-184-1
2469:978-0-7006-1225-3
2446:978-971-569-418-6
2316:Aguinaldo, Emilio
1842:, pp. 12–13.
1830:, pp. 40–41.
1786:, pp. 22–24.
1724:, pp. 10–12.
1369:with his parents
1272:
1271:
1201:Frederick Funston
1159:
1065:Brigadier General
1015:Eighth Army Corps
1006:
1005:
989:Bulacan Battalion
671:Batalla de Manila
651:
650:
532:Battles of Manila
526:
525:
286:
285:
101:
100:
92:Beginning of the
88:American victory
2704:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2606:
2601:. Archived from
2589:
2564:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2512:
2492:
2472:
2449:
2429:
2415:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2349:
2325:
2311:
2300:
2279:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2161:Constantino 1975
2158:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1982:History Nebraska
1974:
1968:
1965:Constantino 1975
1962:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1546:La Loma Cemetery
1531:Arthur MacArthur
1375:
1372:
1353:(April 9, 1876,
1265:Richard W. Young
1207:William A. Kobbé
1181:Arthur MacArthur
1172:Second Division
1157:
1111:Samuel Ovenshine
1044:
1043:
1027:Robert P. Hughes
1018:– Major General
984:Manila Battalion
970:Cipriano Pacheco
962:Pantaleon Garcia
928:Morong Battalion
731:
730:
716:Emilio Aguinaldo
687:Emilio Aguinaldo
655:Battle of Manila
643:
636:
629:
529:
528:
324:
322:
312:
305:
298:
289:
288:
265:(estimates vary)
260:
259:
258:
242:
241:
240:
222:
221:
220:
211:
210:
209:
202:Emilio Aguinaldo
200:
199:
198:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
175:
166:
165:
164:
147:
145:
144:
132:
131:
130:
119:
117:
116:
60:
59:
48:
31:Battle of Manila
28:
27:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2571:
2569:Further reading
2562:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2510:
2490:
2470:
2447:
2413:
2371:
2347:
2309:
2286:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1583:Provost Marshal
1518:
1470:
1373:
1323:
1306:
1304:American forces
1282:
1280:Filipino forces
1277:
1256:
1254:
1224:
1222:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1162:William G. Haan
1156:U.S. Engineers
1152:Peyton C. March
1134:
1132:
1108:
1106:
1076:
1074:
1062:
1059:First Division
1011:
903:Artemio Ricarte
869:San Felipe Neri
704:
699:
697:Order of battle
647:
527:
522:
503:Makahambus Hill
325:
320:
318:
316:
281:
276:
263:Filipino troops
256:
254:
250:
249:8,000 in Manila
248:
238:
236:
218:
216:
215:
207:
205:
204:
196:
194:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
142:
140:
128:
126:
114:
112:
79:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2633:
2632:
2607:
2590:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2541:
2519:, ed. (1907),
2513:
2508:
2493:
2488:
2473:
2468:
2450:
2445:
2430:
2416:
2411:
2396:
2385:
2374:
2369:
2350:
2345:
2326:
2312:
2307:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2236:
2224:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2150:
2134:
2122:
2120:, p. 218.
2118:Agoncillo 1990
2110:
2084:
2068:
2040:
2022:
2010:
2006:Blanchard 1996
2004:, p. 32,
1994:
1969:
1967:, p. 225.
1957:
1942:
1934:Worcester 1914
1926:
1910:
1882:
1870:
1844:
1832:
1826:, p. 42,
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 217.
1800:Agoncillo 1990
1788:
1776:
1764:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1703:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1641:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1597:
1594:
1517:
1514:
1469:
1466:
1388:under Colonel
1322:
1319:
1305:
1302:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1020:Elwell S. Otis
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
991:
986:
981:
974:
973:
972:
956:
933:
932:
931:
930:
923:
922:
921:
913:
897:
862:
861:
860:
859:
852:
851:
850:
834:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
787:
786:
785:
775:Mariano Noriel
769:
742:
741:
738:
735:
729:
728:
703:
700:
698:
695:
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
611:
602:
601:
597:
596:
595:
594:
585:
584:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
534:
533:
524:
523:
521:
520:
518:Moro Rebellion
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
484:
483:
478:
476:Samar Campaign
473:
468:
463:
458:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
330:
327:
326:
315:
314:
307:
300:
292:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
267:
266:
252:
232:
231:
227:
226:
192:
168:Elwell S. Otis
157:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
136:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2709:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:Command Posts
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2561:1-4191-7715-X
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:0-300-02697-8
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2412:0-275-96821-9
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:0-8476-9935-8
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:0-313-30013-5
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:971-10-2415-2
2304:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2234:, p. 47.
2233:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2199:, p. 50.
2198:
2193:
2187:, p. 49.
2186:
2181:
2175:, p. 48.
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 225
2162:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2142:Halstead 1918
2138:
2132:, p. 63.
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2008:, p. 130
2007:
2003:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1880:, p. 43.
1879:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1814:, p. 41.
1813:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1774:, p. 30.
1773:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1736:, p. 15.
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1660:, p. 52.
1659:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1639:, p. 42.
1638:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:Pio del Pilar
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:Ambeth Ocampo
1453:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1363:United States
1360:
1359:San Francisco
1356:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:Major General
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:: Lieutenant
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:Enoch Crowder
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
934:
929:
926:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
863:
858:
855:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:Pio del Pilar
838:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
808:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
743:
739:
732:
727:
724:
720:
719:
718:
717:
714:
710:
709:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:
600:Around Manila
599:
598:
592:
589:
588:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
531:
530:
519:
516:
514:
513:Malalag River
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
488:
482:
481:Dolores River
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Marilao River
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
290:
279:
274:
273:
268:
264:
253:
247:
246:
234:
233:
228:
225:
214:
203:
193:
191:
180:
169:
159:
158:
153:
150:
139:
135:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:United States
110:
109:
104:
95:
91:
90:
89:
86:
83:
82:
78:, Philippines
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2603:the original
2598:
2584:
2550:
2536:September 7,
2534:, retrieved
2530:the original
2521:
2498:
2478:
2458:
2439:, Bookmark,
2435:
2425:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2359:
2335:
2320:
2296:
2284:Bibliography
2270:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2239:
2227:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2071:
2060:, retrieved
2056:the original
2050:
2043:
2013:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1929:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1892:
1885:
1878:Legarda 2001
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1840:Legarda 2001
1835:
1824:Legarda 2001
1819:
1812:Legarda 2001
1807:
1796:Legarda 2001
1791:
1784:Legarda 2001
1779:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:
1734:Legarda 2001
1729:
1722:Legarda 2001
1717:
1706:
1692:
1685:
1674:
1665:
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1350:
1348:
1307:
1298:
1283:
1255:
1223:
1188:
1174:
1171:
1133:
1107:
1079:Charles King
1075:
1061:
1058:
1013:
1012:
998:sandatahanes
996:
937:
936:Fourth Zone
866:
811:
810:Second Zone
783:Juan Cailles
746:
740:Known Units
737:Commander/s
726:Antonio Luna
706:
705:
662:
654:
652:
569:
486:
485:
447:
446:
402:Zapote River
352:2nd Caloocan
347:1st Caloocan
336:
331:
282:306 captured
235:
213:Antonio Luna
111:
106:Belligerents
87:
36:Part of the
25:
2656: /
2644:121°00′55″E
2255:February 4,
2130:Miller 1982
2035:, pp.
2020:, p. 6
2018:Taylor 1907
1987:February 4,
1920:, p. [
1585:Brig. Gen.
1554:Pasig River
1374: 1890
1321:First shots
1294:Zapote Line
1290:blockhouses
1227:Irving Hale
1221:2nd Brigade
1186:1st Brigade
1105:2nd Brigade
1073:1st Brigade
865:Third Zone
745:First Zone
498:Agusan Hill
437:Pulang Lupa
417:San Jacinto
392:Santo Tomas
277:204 wounded
245:U.S. troops
2671:Categories
2641:14°36′15″N
2144:, p.
2033:Feuer 2002
2002:Blitz 2000
1936:, p.
1918:Faust 1899
1620:References
1284:After the
1243:: Colonel
944:Novaliches
422:Tirad Pass
397:San Isidro
367:Santa Cruz
280:238 killed
2318:(2005) ,
2293:(1990) ,
2232:Linn 2000
2209:Linn 2000
2197:Linn 2000
2185:Linn 2000
2173:Linn 2000
2080:WikiMapia
1658:Linn 2000
1637:Linn 2000
1526:artillery
1522:battalion
1253:Artillery
1131:Artillery
1047:Division
893:Mariquina
889:Montalban
885:San Mateo
830:Santa Ana
753:Las Piñas
471:Balangiga
456:Balantang
427:San Mateo
372:Pagsanjan
342:San Roque
275:55 killed
2628:42634584
2456:(2000),
1903:April 6,
1863:June 28,
1757:June 17,
1608:See also
1596:Memorial
1542:division
1367:Nebraska
1050:Brigade
940:Caloocan
877:Pandacan
702:Filipino
683:Filipino
679:American
659:Filipino
583:See also
508:Siranaya
487:Mindanao
407:Olongapo
387:Calumpit
230:Strength
71:Location
52:Nebraska
2276:195-205
2062:May 23,
1698:430–431
1490:Malolos
1378:hostler
1355:England
1292:on the
967:Colonel
959:General
952:Navotas
948:Malabon
908:Colonel
900:General
845:Colonel
837:General
818:Pateros
780:Colonel
772:General
757:Palañag
723:General
713:General
667:Spanish
461:Catubig
449:Visayas
442:Mabitac
382:Quingua
362:Malolos
243:19,000
2626:
2558:
2506:
2486:
2466:
2443:
2409:
2367:
2343:
2305:
1602:Manila
1516:Battle
1315:Iloilo
1311:Cavite
994:Igorot
950:, and
891:, and
828:, and
822:Taguig
765:Malate
763:, and
761:Pineda
749:Bacoor
616:(1646)
610:(1571)
593:(1898)
412:Cavite
337:Manila
146:
118:
84:Result
76:Manila
2624:JSTOR
2526:(PDF)
2148:Ch.28
2037:89–90
1897:(PDF)
1502:Sioux
826:Pasig
734:Zone
466:Lonoy
377:Paete
332:Luzon
2556:ISBN
2538:2021
2504:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2257:2021
2064:2008
1989:2021
1940:Ch.4
1905:2024
1865:2024
1759:2024
1009:U.S.
653:The
432:Paye
63:Date
2146:318
2076:Map
1924:129
954:.)
895:.)
832:.)
767:.)
2673::
2620:37
2618:.
2614:.
2597:.
2582:.
2548:,
2423:,
2357:,
2333:,
2153:^
2103:.
2087:^
2025:^
1980:.
1938:96
1856:.
1750:.
1644:^
1627:^
1371:c.
1361:,
1317:.
946:,
942:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
824:,
820:,
816:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
711:–
669::
665:;
661::
2588:.
2278:.
2259:.
2107:.
2082:.
1991:.
1907:.
1867:.
1761:.
1700:.
657:(
642:e
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628:v
311:e
304:t
297:v
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