Battle of Moscow - Knowledge

2747: 2641:, kept track of the daily mean temperature in his war diary. It shows a suddenly much colder period during 4–7 December: from −36 to −38 °C (−37 to −38 °F), although the method or reliability of his measurements is not known. Other temperature reports varied widely. Zhukov said that November's freezing weather stayed only around −7 to −10 °C (+19 to +14 °F). Official Soviet Meteorological Service records show that at the lowest point, the lowest December temperature reached −28.8 °C (−20 °F). These numbers indicated severely cold conditions, and German troops were freezing with no winter clothing, using equipment that was not designed for such low temperatures. More than 130,000 cases of frostbite were reported among German soldiers. Frozen grease had to be removed from every loaded shell and vehicles had to be heated for hours before use. The same cold weather hit the Soviet troops, but they were better prepared. German clothing was supplemented by Soviet clothing and boots, which were often in better condition than German clothes as the owners had spent much less time at the front. Corpses were thawed out to remove the items; once when 200 bodies were left on the battlefield the "saw commandos" recovered sufficient clothing to outfit every man in a battalion. 2902: 2951: 2496: 2799:, without Hitler's approval. On 20 December, during a meeting with German senior officers, Hitler cancelled the withdrawal and ordered his soldiers to defend every patch of ground, "digging trenches with howitzer shells if needed". Guderian protested, pointing out that losses from cold were actually greater than combat losses and that winter equipment was held by traffic ties in Poland. Nevertheless, Hitler insisted on defending the existing lines, and Guderian was dismissed by 25 December, along with generals Hoepner and Strauss, commanders of the 4th Panzer and 9th Army, respectively. Bock was also dismissed, officially for "medical reasons". Brauchitsch had been removed even earlier, on 19 December. 544: 532: 520: 508: 496: 484: 464: 452: 440: 428: 415: 402: 390: 378: 366: 353: 339: 170: 2548: 2177: 2616: 2331: 2888: 320: 308: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 235: 221: 208: 195: 154: 2771: 59: 3064:, gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942. The official Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Centre between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942. However, this official report does not match unofficial reports from individual battalion and divisional officers and commanders at the front, who record suffering far higher casualties than was officially reported. 2169:

could only explode a T-34 by hitting the engine from behind". Guderian also noted in his memoirs that "the Russians already learned a few things". In 2012, Niklas Zetterling disputed the notion of a major German reversal at Mtsensk, noting that only a battlegroup from the 4th Panzer Division was engaged while most of the division was fighting elsewhere, that both sides withdrew from the battlefield after the fighting and that the Germans lost only nine tanks; six completely destroyed, and three damaged. For German commanders like

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east as well as the presence of large reserves, given the tremendous Soviet casualties, they did not expect the Soviets to be able to mount a determined defense. But in comparison to the situation in October, Soviet rifle divisions occupied a much stronger defensive position: a triple defensive ring surrounding the city and some remnants of the Mozhaisk line near Klin. Most of the Soviet field armies now had a multilayered defense, with at least two rifle divisions in second echelon positions. Artillery support and

8745: 1970:, was also convinced that a drive to seize Moscow would be victorious after the German Army inflicted enough damage on the Soviet forces. This view was shared by most within the German high command. But Hitler overruled his generals in favor of pocketing the Soviet forces around Kiev in the south, followed by the seizure of Ukraine. The move was successful, resulting in the loss of nearly 700,000 Red Army personnel killed, captured, or wounded by 26 September, and further advances by Axis forces. 8788: 2071: 2197:, quoting Hitler himself, forecast in a press conference the imminent destruction of the armies defending Moscow. As Hitler had never had to lie about a specific and verifiable military fact, Dietrich convinced foreign correspondents that the collapse of all Soviet resistance was perhaps hours away. German civilian morale—low since the start of Barbarossa—significantly improved, with rumors of soldiers home by Christmas and great riches from the future 2048:, which barred the way to Moscow. The armies comprising these fronts had also been involved in heavy fighting. Still, it was a formidable concentration consisting of 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks and 7,600 guns. The Soviet Air Force had suffered appalling losses of some 7,500 to 21,200 aircraft. Extraordinary industrial achievements had begun to replace these, and at the outset of Typhoon the VVS could muster 936 aircraft, 578 of which were bombers. 2811:

out in time. Although the encirclement failed, it unhinged the German defenses. A second attempt was made to outflank Army Group Centre's northern forces, but met strong opposition near Rzhev and was forced to halt, forming a salient that would last until March 1943. In the south, the offensive went equally well, with Southwestern Front forces relieving Tula on 16 December 1941. A major achievement was the encirclement and destruction of the

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regarded as the beginning of Operation Typhoon on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive. In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.

8816: 2516:, by 24/25 November. Soviet resistance was still strong, and the outcome of the battle was by no means certain. Reportedly, Stalin asked Zhukov whether Moscow could be successfully defended and ordered him to "speak honestly, like a communist". Zhukov replied that it was possible, but reserves were urgently needed. By 27 November, the German 7th Panzer Division had seized a bridgehead across the 2358:

eventually slowed the German army, and Guderian did not reach the outskirts of Tula until 26 October. The German plan initially called for the rapid capture of Tula, followed by a pincer move around Moscow. The first attack, however, was repelled by the 50th Army and civilian volunteers on 29 October, after a fight within sight of the city. This was followed by the counter-offensive by the

2994: 2437:. Soviet troops paraded past the Kremlin and then marched directly to the front. The parade carried a great symbolic significance by demonstrating the continued Soviet resolve, and was frequently invoked as such in the years to come. Despite this brave show, the Red Army's position remained precarious. Although 100,000 additional Soviet soldiers had reinforced 2873:

exhausted and freezing German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. Stalin continued to order more offensives in order to trap and destroy Army Group Centre in front of Moscow, but the Red Army was exhausted and overstretched and they failed. In any case, the outcome of this battle put an end to Hitler's hope of a fast victory

2234:), leaving only a limited number of officials behind. The evacuation caused panic among Muscovites. On 16–17 October, much of the civilian population tried to flee, mobbing the available trains and jamming the roads from the city. Despite all this, Stalin publicly remained in the Soviet capital, somewhat calming the fear and pandemonium. 1890:, an important stronghold on the road to Moscow. At this stage, although Moscow was vulnerable, an offensive against the city would have exposed the German flanks. In part to address these risks, and to attempt to secure Ukraine's food and mineral resources, Hitler ordered the attack to turn north and south to eliminate Soviet forces at 4539:

Marshal Georgii K. Zhukov, who had pressed Stalin on several occasions to alert and reinforce the army, nonetheless recalled the shock of the German attack when he noted that 'neither the defence commissariat, myself, my predecessors B.M. Shaposhnikov and K.A. Meretskov, nor the General Staff thought

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In Moscow, an annual military parade on Red Square on 7 November is held in honor of the October Revolution Parade and as a substitute for the October Revolution celebrations that have not been celebrated on a national level since 1995. The parade is held to commemorate the historical event as a

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reviewer commented that "The savagery of that retreat is a spectacle to stun the mind". As well as the Moscow parade and battle scenes, the film included images of German atrocities committed during the occupation, "the naked and slaughtered children stretched out in ghastly rows, the youths dangling

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On 26 November 1941, the German 2nd Panzer Army under Guderian began advancing towards Kashira, which was a strategic stronghold that lay 120 kilometres southwest of Moscow and 80 kilometres northeast of Tula. Kashira was of paramount importance, considering that it was the headquarters of the Soviet

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Moscow itself was also hastily fortified. According to Zhukov, 250,000 women and teenagers worked building trenches and anti-tank moats around Moscow, moving almost three million cubic meters of earth with no mechanical help. Moscow's factories were hastily converted to military tasks: one automobile

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Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II. While the start of the battle is usually

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outside the city. As the Kalinin Front drove west, a bulge developed around Klin. The Soviet front commander, Konev, attempted to envelop any German forces remaining. Zhukov diverted more forces to the southern end of the bulge, to help Konev trap the 3rd Panzer Army. The Germans pulled their forces

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On 5 December 1941, the counteroffensive for "removing the immediate threat to Moscow" started on the Kalinin Front. The South-Western Front and Western Fronts began their offensives the next day. After several days of little progress, Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk on 12 December and Klin

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Although the Wehrmacht's offensive had been stopped, German intelligence estimated that Soviet forces had no more reserves left and thus would be unable to stage a counteroffensive. This estimate proved wrong, as Stalin transferred over 18 divisions, 1,700 tanks, and over 1,500 aircraft from Siberia

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tanks. For the Wehrmacht, the shock of this defeat was so great that a special investigation was ordered. Guderian and his troops discovered, to their dismay, that the Soviet T-34s were almost impervious to German tank guns. As the general wrote, "Our Panzer IV tanks with their short 75 mm guns

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In the centre, Soviet progress was much slower. Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk only on 26 December, Kaluga on 28 December, and Maloyaroslavets on 2 January, after ten days of violent action. Soviet reserves ran low, and the offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the

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blocking groups were ready to shoot anyone retreating without orders. NKVD squads went to field hospitals in search of soldiers with self-inflicted injuries, the so-called 'self shooters' - those who shot themselves in the left hand to escape fighting. A surgeon in a field hospital of the Red Army

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recalled in his memoirs that "The enemy, ignoring the casualties, was making frontal assaults, willing to get to Moscow by any means necessary". Despite the Wehrmacht's efforts, the multi-layered defense reduced Soviet casualties as the Soviet 16th Army slowly retreated and constantly harassed the

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On 15 November 1941, German tank armies began their offensive towards Klin, where no Soviet reserves were available because of Stalin's wish to attempt a counteroffensive at Volokolamsk, which had forced the relocation of all available reserve forces further south. Initial German attacks split the

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stood down while preparing to launch a second offensive towards Moscow. Although Army Group Centre still possessed considerable nominal strength, its fighting capabilities had been vitiated by wear and fatigue. While the Germans were aware of the continuous influx of Soviet reinforcements from the

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retreated and manned new defensive lines around Mozhaisk. Although losses were high, some of the encircled units escaped in small groups, ranging in size from platoons to full rifle divisions. Soviet resistance near Vyazma also provided time for the Soviet high command to reinforce the four armies

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The German attack went according to plan, with 4th Panzer Group pushing through the middle nearly unopposed and then dividing its mobile forces north to complete the encirclement of Vyazma with 3rd Panzer Group, and other units south to close the ring around Bryansk in conjunction with 2nd Panzer

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Because of the resistance on both the northern and southern sides of Moscow, on 1 December the Wehrmacht attempted a direct offensive from the west along the Minsk-Moscow highway near the city of Naro-Fominsk. This offensive had limited tank support and was directed against extensive Soviet

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The Germans were driven back in early December, securing the southern approach to the city. Tula itself held, protected by fortifications and determined defenders mostly from the 50th Army, made of both soldiers and civilians. In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital. The first

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According to German assessments of the initial Soviet defeat, 673,000 soldiers had been captured by the Wehrmacht in both the Vyazma and Bryansk pockets, although recent research suggests a lower—but still enormous—figure of 514,000 prisoners, reducing Soviet strength by 41%. Personnel losses of

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against German lines. These were launched despite protests from Zhukov, who pointed out the complete lack of reserves. The Wehrmacht repelled most of these counteroffensives, which squandered Soviet forces that could have been used for Moscow's defense. The only notable success of the offensive

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teams were also concentrated along major roads that German troops were expected to use in their attacks. There were also many Soviet troops still available in reserve armies behind the front. Finally, Soviet troops—and especially officers—were now more experienced and better prepared for the

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In the south, the Second Panzer Army initially advanced towards Tula with relative ease because the Mozhaisk defense line did not extend that far south and no significant concentrations of Soviet troops blocked their advance. However, bad weather, fuel problems, and damaged roads and bridges

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Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed Brauchitsch on 19 December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht, effectively taking control of all military decisions. Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience.

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The Axis offensive on Moscow stopped. Guderian wrote in his journal that "the offensive on Moscow failed ... We underestimated the enemy's strength, as well as his size and climate. Fortunately, I stopped my troops on 5 December, otherwise the catastrophe would be unavoidable."

2759:. The Red Army had accumulated a 58-division reserve by early December, when the offensive proposed by Zhukov and Vasilevsky was finally approved by Stalin. Even with these new reserves, Soviet forces committed to the operation numbered only 1,100,000 men, only slightly outnumbering the 2738:. This caused some 30–40 villages to become partially submerged even in the severe winter weather conditions of the time. Both were results of Soviet General Headquarters' Order 0428 dated 17 November 1941. Artificial floods were also used as an unconventional weapon of direct impact. 2539:

In the south, near Tula, combat resumed on 18 November 1941, with the Second Panzer Army trying to encircle the city. The German forces involved were extremely battered from previous fighting and still had no winter clothing. As a result, initial German progress was only 5–10 km

2540:(3.1–6.2 mi) per day. Moreover, it exposed the German tank armies to flanking attacks from the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies, located near Tula, further slowing the advance. Guderian nevertheless was able to pursue the offensive, spreading his forces in a star-like attack, taking 2648:

Some historians have suggested that artificial floods played an important role in defending Moscow. They were primarily meant to break the ice and prevent troops and heavy military equipment from crossing the Volga river and Ivankovo Reservoir. This began with the blowing up of the

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However, Red Army resistance had slowed the Wehrmacht. When the Germans arrived within sight of the Mozhaisk line west of Moscow on 10 October, they encountered another defensive barrier manned by new Soviet forces. That same day, Georgy Zhukov, who had been recalled from the

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Once Soviet resistance along the Vyazma-Bryansk front was eliminated, German forces were to press east, encircling Moscow by outflanking it from the north and south. Continuous fighting had reduced their effectiveness, and logistical difficulties became more acute. General

2270:. Despite recent reinforcements, only around 90,000 Soviet soldiers manned this line—far too few to stem the German advance. Given the limited resources available, Zhukov decided to concentrate his forces at four critical points: the 16th Army under Lieutenant General 2861:(Air Fleet 4) to evacuate surrounded army units and improve the supply line to the front-line forces. It was a last minute effort and it worked. The German air arm was to help prevent a total collapse of Army Group Centre. Despite the Soviets' best efforts, the 2917:

On 5 January 1942, during a meeting in the Kremlin, Stalin announced that he was planning a general spring offensive, which would be staged simultaneously near Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, and the Crimea. This plan was accepted over Zhukov's objections.

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On 13 October 1941 (15 October, according to other sources), the Wehrmacht resumed its offensive. At first, the German forces attempted to bypass Soviet defenses by pushing northeast towards the weakly protected city of Kalinin and south towards Kaluga and

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No.39, ordering the Wehrmacht to assume a defensive stance on the whole front. German troops were unable to organize a solid defense at their initial locations and were forced to pull back to consolidate their lines. Guderian wrote that discussions with

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detonators, the chocolate factory shifted to food production for the front, and automobile repair stations worked fixing damaged tanks and military vehicles. Despite these preparations, the capital was within striking distance of German tanks, with the

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was paralysed in the second half of December. The weather, recorded as –42 °C (–44 °F), was a meteorological record. Logistical difficulties and freezing temperatures created technical difficulties until January 1942. In the meantime, the

2588:, battled relentlessly against Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group. After much vicious fighting, the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps was able to repel the armoured forces of Guderian and subsequently drove them back by 40 kilometres to the town of Mordves. 1949:

For Hitler, the Soviet capital was secondary, and he believed the only way to bring the Soviet Union to its knees was to defeat it economically. He felt this could be accomplished by seizing the economic resources of Ukraine east of Kiev. When

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Other counterattacks further slowed the German offensive. The 2nd Army, which was operating to the north of Guderian's forces with the aim of encircling the Bryansk Front, had come under strong Red Army pressure assisted by air support.

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and the standards of the various military fronts march to. Musical support during the parade is always provided by the Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison, which includes various military bands in the Western Military District, The

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The Red Army's winter counter-offensive drove the Wehrmacht from Moscow, but the city was still considered to be threatened, with the front line relatively close. Because of this, the Moscow theater remained a priority for Stalin.

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By 15 November 1941, the ground had finally frozen, solving the mud problem. The armored Wehrmacht spearheads, consisting of 51 divisions, could now advance, with the goal of encircling Moscow and linking up near the city of

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and other winter equipment to the front. Even Hitler seemed to surrender to the idea of a long struggle, since the prospect of sending tanks into such a large city without heavy infantry support seemed risky after the costly

2017:. Up to two million German troops were committed to the operation, along with 1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns and 14,000 guns. German aerial strength, however, had been severely reduced over the summer's campaign; the 2707: 2674: 2655: 2393:

By late October, the German forces were worn out, with only a third of their motor vehicles still functioning, infantry divisions at third- to half-strength, and serious logistics issues preventing the delivery of

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The encircled Soviet forces continued to fight, and the Wehrmacht had to employ 28 divisions to eliminate them, using troops which could have supported the offensive towards Moscow. The remnants of the Soviet

5463: 1828:, and nearly surrounded three German armies. It was a major setback for the Germans, and the end of their belief in a swift German victory over the USSR. As a result of the failed offensive, Field Marshal 5468: 2608:, the only foreign formation of the Wehrmacht that took part in the advance on Moscow, went into action near the village of Diutkovo. On 2 December, a reconnaissance battalion came to the town of 2346:, capturing all except Tula by 14 October. Encouraged by these initial successes, the Germans launched a frontal assault against the fortified line, taking Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets on 18 October, 2990:

who delivers a speech during the event. Prior to the start of the parade, an historical reenactment of the Battle of Moscow is performed by young students, volunteers, and historical enthusiasts.

8923: 1898:. This delayed the German advance on Moscow. When that advance resumed on 30 September 1941, German forces had been weakened, while the Soviets had raised new forces for the defence of the city. 3283:

Both sources use Luftwaffe records. The often quoted figures of 900–1,300 do not correspond with recorded Luftwaffe strength returns. Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W.

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on 21 October, and Volokolamsk on 27 October after intense fighting. Because of the increasing danger of flanking attacks, Zhukov was forced to fall back, withdrawing his forces east of the

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The parade commands are always given by a high ranking veteran of the armed forces (usually with a billet of a Colonel) who gives the orders for the march past from the grandstand near the

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With the end of summer, Hitler redirected his attention to Moscow and assigned Army Group Centre to this task. The forces committed to Operation Typhoon included three infantry armies (the

2935:, "Rout of the German Troops near Moscow"), was made during the battle and rapidly released in the Soviet Union. It was taken to America and shown at the Globe in New York in August 1942. 2219:

as his deputy. On 12 October, Zhukov ordered the concentration of all available forces on a strengthened Mozhaisk line, a move supported by General Vasilevsky of the General Staff. The

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The weather began to change, hampering both sides. On 7 October, the first snow fell and quickly melted, turning roads and open areas into muddy quagmires, a phenomenon known as

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Group. The Soviet defenses, still under construction, were overrun, and spearheads of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma on 10 October 1941. Four Soviet armies (the

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Meanwhile, the Soviet offensive continued in the north. The offensive liberated Kalinin and the Soviets reached Klin on 7 December, overrunning the headquarters of the

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2 had only 549 serviceable machines, including 158 medium and dive-bombers and 172 fighters, available for Operation Typhoon. The attack relied on standard

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admitted to amputating the hands of boys who tried this 'self-shooting' idea to escape fighting, to protect them from immediate execution via punishment squad.

2901: 8646: 7325: 7012: 6139: 4640: 2056:, commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, wrote that some of his destroyed tanks had not been replaced, and there were fuel shortages at the start of the operation. 1853:, the German invasion plan, called for the capture of Moscow within four months. On 22 June 1941, Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, destroyed most of the 7628: 6991: 6293: 5918: 6634: 6580: 5766: 2230:

On 15 October, Stalin ordered the evacuation of the Communist Party, the General Staff and various civil government offices from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now

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The defense of Moscow became a symbol of Soviet resistance against the invading Axis forces. To commemorate the battle, Moscow was awarded the title of "

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hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, General Andrei Getman's 112th Tank Division, an armoured brigade and a battalion of BM-13

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and Tula, where renewed German offensives were expected, Soviet defenses remained relatively thin. Nevertheless, Stalin ordered several preemptive

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The Initial Period of War on the Eastern Front, 22 June – August 1941: Proceedings of the Fourth Art of War Symposium, Garmisch, FRG, October 1987

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along with support from the air force against the Wehrmacht. The cavalrymen of the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, which was primarily armed with the

6533: 5835: 5400: 2713: 2605: 1498: 8539: 2604:, the German offensive stalled and was driven back four days later in the ensuing Soviet counteroffensive. On the same day, the French-manned 2487:, linking up with the northern pincer at Noginsk. The German 4th Field Army in the centre were to "pin down the troops of the Western Front." 7332: 7295: 7272: 6786: 5708: 5678: 4858: 3086: 2691: 1494: 888: 7047: 7425: 7281: 7265: 7237: 6478: 5685: 2471:, east of the capital. To achieve this objective, the German Third and Fourth Panzer Groups needed to concentrate their forces between the 95: 8182: 7249: 7161: 7105: 7068: 6343: 2520:—the last major obstacle before Moscow—and stood less than 35 km (22 mi) from the Kremlin; but a powerful counterattack by the 1706:

was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km (370 mi) sector of the

7154: 5879: 4566:"Movie Review: Moscow Strikes Back (1942) 'Moscow Strikes Back,' Front-Line Camera Men's Story of Russian Attack, Is Seen at the Globe" 1683: 1062: 8660: 7288: 5671: 5629: 4600: 3037: 5454: 5362: 2950: 2831:, operating from better prepared bases and benefiting from interior lines, grew stronger. On 4 January, the skies cleared. The 2767:

on 15 December. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed".

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groups rushing deep into Soviet formations and executing double-pincer movements, pocketing Red Army divisions and destroying them.

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Beyda, Oleg (7 August 2016). "'La Grande Armée in Field Gray': The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism, 1941".

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took place the same day, and both commanders agreed the current front line could not be held. On 14 December, Halder and

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Western Front, one of the three main groups of resistance against the Nazi storm. The Germans were capable of seizing

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and Bock, the action was inconsequential; their primary worry was resistance from within the pocket, not outside it.

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The Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November, Solnechnogorsk as well by 24 November and

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The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow That Changed the Course of World War II

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stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army.

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Hill, Alexander (2009)."British Lend-Lease Tanks and the Battle of Moscow, November–December 1941 – Revisited."

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ordered a halt to all offensive operations until increasingly severe logistical problems were resolved and the

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Heinz Guderian, Воспоминания солдата (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of

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destroyed 299 motor vehicles and 23 tanks around Tula, hampering the Red Army's pursuit of the German Army.

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and the Far East after learning that Imperial Japan had no plans to invade the USSR in the near future from

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and smaller-scale offensive operations forced the German armies back to the positions around the cities of

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mounting large-scale air raids on the city. The air raids caused only limited damage because of extensive

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of Soviet infantry contained their advance, Soviet armor attacked from both flanks and savaged the German

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would be open for the 2nd Panzer Group. In an attempt to halt the onslaught of the 2nd Panzer Group, the

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in Russia. German armored groups were greatly slowed, allowing Soviet forces to fall back and regroup.

1805: 1405: 1367: 1133: 536: 8873: 8420: 8337: 8122: 7982: 7954: 7787: 7692: 7482: 6915: 5982: 5636: 4842:. Vol. IV. Translated by Dean S. McMurry; Ewald Osers; Louise Willmot. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2979: 2615: 2279: 1887: 1727: 1610: 1546: 1504: 1400: 1008: 976: 951: 708: 66: 6180: 4540:

the enemy could concentrate such a mass of ... forces and commit them on the first day ...

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Armies). Three rifle and two tank divisions were transferred from East Siberia with more to follow.

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Roberts, Cynthia A. (December 1995). "Planning for war: the Red Army and the catastrophe of 1941".

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waterworks reservoir dam on 24 November 1941. On 28 November 1941, the water was drained into the

8913: 8908: 8581: 8525: 8395: 8255: 7940: 7593: 7489: 7395: 6963: 6824: 6794: 6758: 6743: 6615: 6507: 6485: 6431: 6417: 6399: 6063: 5844: 5572: 5521: 3479:. Cass series on Soviet military theory and practice. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. p. 67. 3023: 2971: 2887: 2629:

The European Winter of 1941–42 was the coldest of the twentieth century. On 30 November, General

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had contributed enormously to the survival of Army Group Centre. Between 17 and 22 December the

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front in two, separating the 16th Army from the 30th. Several days of intense combat followed.

2430: 2400: 2271: 1801: 1575: 1524: 1273: 1246: 1123: 966: 419: 4083:"The Severe Winter in Europe 1941–42: The large scale circulation, cut-off lows, and blocking" 3056:

There are also significant differences in figures from various sources. John Erickson, in his

2306:—nearly destroyed after its encirclement near Vyazma—was being recreated almost from scratch. 2189:

499,001 (permanent as well as temporary) were calculated by the Soviet command. On 9 October,

8822: 8764: 8487: 8330: 8226: 8196: 8152: 7892: 7857: 7850: 7773: 7671: 7112: 7089: 6936: 6540: 6077: 5817: 5803: 5486: 3472: 3322: 2324: 1580: 1251: 1240: 991: 6375: 5340:

The Drive on Moscow, 1941: Operation Taifun and Germany's First Great Crisis of World War II

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and bomber groups flew 537 sorties, destroying some 440 vehicles and 150 artillery pieces.

2212: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1850: 1845: 1782: 1735: 1595: 1482: 1306: 1188: 1139: 945: 598: 593: 588: 370: 288: 119: 2792: 2779: 2770: 2633:

claimed in a report to Berlin that the temperature was −45 °C (−49 °F). General

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and pushing towards storming formidably towards Kashira. Should Kashira fall, the road to

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Red Army soldiers celebrating after the successful Soviet counteroffensive, December 1941

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The Viaz'ma Catastrophe, 1941 The Red Army's Disastrous Stand Against Operation Typhoon

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Soviet forces were able to counterattack in some cases. For example, on 6 October the

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To stiffen the resolve of the Red Army and boost civilian morale, Stalin ordered the

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Moscow: The Turning Point? The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42

4834:; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (1998). 4616:"Anniversary of the 1941 October Revolution Day Parade in Russia / November 7, 2016" 324: 8609: 8602: 8546: 8210: 7975: 7961: 7864: 7752: 7565: 7418: 7365: 7175: 7126: 7040: 6263: 6240: 5773: 4975: 4522: 4202: 4102: 4029: 2928: 2882: 2803: 2247: 1917: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1797: 1644: 1600: 1534: 1514: 1432: 1426: 1415: 1388: 1324: 1232: 1085: 1074: 1047: 1018: 961: 548: 472: 5782: 5080:. Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Anthem Press. 4033: 3701:

Geoffrey Jukes, The Second World War – The Eastern Front 1941–1945, Osprey, 2002,

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The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979). 2010 The Gale Group, Inc.

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Soldiers transferred from Siberia on a troop train bound for Moscow, October 1941

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German divisions which were trying to make their way through the fortifications.

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on 6 October, took charge of Moscow's defense and the combined Western and

1714:, between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated 8639: 8175: 8101: 6146: 6005: 4919: 4345:

RETREAT FROM MOSCOW : a new history of germany's winter campaign 1941-1942

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German soldiers tend to a wounded comrade near Moscow, November–December 1941.

26:"Operation Typhoon" redirects here. For the 1943 German landing on Leros, see 8867: 8849: 8836: 8450: 6368: 6217: 6056: 4873: 4744: 4698: 3344: 2852: 2828: 2756: 2551:

German mechanized forces move through a hamlet towards Moscow, December 1941.

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on 22 November 1941 and surrounding a Soviet rifle division stationed there.

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Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"

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The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 – 7 May 1942

2541: 2347: 2343: 2255: 2161: 2011: 1963: 1959: 1774: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1101: 778:

Initial aircraft: 936 (545 serviceable); at time of counteroffensive: 1,376

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Retreat from Moscow: A New History of Germany's Winter Campaign, 1941–1942

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Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943

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Operational overview of military activities on Western Front in year 1941

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was quickly reinforced, as Hitler hoped it would save the situation. The

2634: 2263: 2160:

tanks were concealed in the woods as German armor rolled past them; as a

2040:

were three Soviet fronts forming a defensive line based on the cities of

1958:

of the Army, supported a direct thrust to Moscow, he was told that "only

1731: 500: 468: 456: 4589:

Rodric Braithwaite, "Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War", p. 345.

2070: 7743: 7496: 7475: 6361: 5694: 5622: 5257: 4615: 3136:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

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limply in the cold from gallows that were rickety, but strong enough".

2609: 2434: 2414: 2351: 2216: 2199: 2129: 1859: 1450: 382: 5167:

Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945

4534: 4343: 3323:"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава V. ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА" 8006: 7411: 7208: 7019: 6810: 6765: 5343: 5263:

The Wages of Destruction: The making and breaking of the Nazi economy

3597:

Clark Chapter 8,"The Start of the Moscow Offensive", p. 156 (diagram)

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advanced towards Moscow. By July 1941, Army Group Centre crossed the

1117: 694: 6286: 2795:

finally gave permission for a limited withdrawal to the west of the

757:

Initial aircraft: 549 serviceable; at time of counter offensive: 599

6270: 5998: 2998: 2983: 2954:

2001 Russian stamp for the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow

2533: 2447: 2275: 2242: 1857:(VVS) on the ground, and advanced deep into Soviet territory using 4796:

Collection of legislative acts related to State Awards of the USSR

3674: 2577: 2524:

drove them back. Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached

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and Mozhaysk, then proceed past the Soviet 30th Army to Klin and

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German armored column advances on the Moscow front, October 1941.

2153: 2045: 1872: 1825: 1677: 5208: 5201:

Razgrom Nemetsko-Fashistskikh Voisk pod Moskvoi (with map album)

3114: 2982:, which usually numbers to close to 3,000 soldiers, cadets, and 2734:

reservoirs), as well as from Ivankovo Reservoir using dams near

873: 8924:

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front

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Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II

4142:

Glantz, ch.6, subchapter "December counteroffensive", pp. 86ff.

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uniforms carrying the standards of the military fronts of the

2596:

defenses. After meeting determined resistance from the Soviet

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Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945

2844: 2827:

had virtually vanished from the skies over Moscow, while the

2815:, protecting Guderian's Second Panzer Army's southern flank. 2735: 1817: 3615:

Glantz, chapter 6, sub-ch. "Viaz'ma and Briansk", pp. 74 ff.

3021:

by the parade commander, the parade begins with the tune of

2421:

vividly demonstrating the symbolic significance of the event

4724:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 107, 126–27, 292. 4108:

10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0271:TSWIET>2.0.CO;2

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By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk

2157: 1895: 1812:. As the German offensives were halted, a Soviet strategic 19:

This article is about the 1941 battle. For other uses, see

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Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia

2384:

Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December)

2099:) were encircled in a large pocket just west of the city. 5128: 4454: 4452: 3523:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 89. 3521:

Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941

3166:

Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941

2966:. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995. 1938: Encirclement and battle of Kiev to 9 September 1941 4829: 3369: 2417:, Friday, 7 November 1941, depicted in 1949 painting by 2237: 5469:

Map (detailed): Battle of Moscow 1941. German offensive

5061:. Translated by Britton Stuart. West Midlands: Helion. 5008:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. 1921:

The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow:

6140:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

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On the Russian side, discipline became ferocious. The

2891:

German soldiers surrender: still from the documentary

2619:

Red Army ski troops in Moscow. Still from documentary

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Map: Deployment of troops before the battle of Moscow

4859:"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies" 4169: 3244: 8919:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

4924:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

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Glantz, chapter 6, sub-ch. "To the Gates", pp. 80ff.

3437:

Alan F. Wilt. "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".

3289:

German Orders of Battle, Statistics of Quarter Years

3038:

Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment

2021:

had lost 1,603 aircraft and 1,028 had been damaged.

1863:

tactics to destroy entire Soviet armies. The German

5121:Flitton, Dave (director, producer, writer) (1994). 4763:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

4423:"Walther von Brauchitsch | German military officer" 4138: 4136: 3998:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

3444: 2223:still controlled the sky wherever it appeared, and 5337: 5323:. Center of Military History, United States Army. 5140:. New York: USAF: Historical Division, Arno Press. 5099: 4641:"Russia marks anniversary of 1941 military parade" 3680: 3120: 1944: Final Wehrmacht advance – to 5 December 1941 1902:Initial German advance (30 September – 10 October) 5021:The Second World War: The Eastern Front 1941–1945 4255:Central Archive of the Soviet Ministry of Defence 3441:, Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1981), pp. 187–91 8865: 4601:"Russia re-enacts historic WW2 parade in Moscow" 4388:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin 4133: 3800: 3736: 3625: 3623: 3621: 2059: 1926: Initial Wehrmacht advance – to 9 July 1941 1785:advanced directly towards Moscow from the west. 827:: 581,000 killed, missing, wounded and captured. 8889:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War 5057:Lopukhovsky, Lev (2013). Britton Stuart (ed.). 4813:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 4408: 4406: 4087:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 2847:arrived from refitting in Germany, whilst four 1932: Subsequent advances – to 1 September 1941 5152: 4341: 3312:Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Kindle. 3299: 3297: 2580:, as well as the mechanized troops possessing 5494: 5338:Zetterling, Niklas; Frankson, Anders (2012). 4197: 4195: 4193: 3618: 3394:Shirer, William L. "24, Swedish (Book III)". 3189: 3126: 3087:German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow 2375: 1836:, with Hitler replacing him in the position. 1466: 889: 833:: (30 September 1941 to 5 December 1941) 5302:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945 4664: 4662: 4403: 4257:, Stock 208 inventory 2511 case 1039, p. 112 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3757: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3219:Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 5447:Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow 5198: 5056: 4914: 4680: 4678: 4559: 4557: 4385: 4227: 3955: 3953: 3777:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. 7, 19. 3686: 3665: 3499: 3378: 3294: 3287:, parts 6/I and II; U.S National Archives, 3261: 3259: 3196:. Cambridge University Press. p. 339. 2741: 2370:who attacked from Tula. On 31 October, the 5501: 5487: 5399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5299: 5280: 5161: 4214: 4190: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3555: 3315: 3169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 3132: 2986:reenactors. The parade is presided by the 2851:(Transport Groups) with a strength of 102 2778:On 8 December, Hitler had signed his 2074:German offensives during Operation Typhoon 1832:was dismissed as supreme commander of the 1473: 1459: 896: 882: 8894:Battles of World War II involving Germany 5242:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4990:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4900:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4810: 4782:Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War 4659: 4494:William L Shirer, Part 3,chapter 24, p275 4394: 4222:"Flooding north of Moscow Oblast in 1941" 4162: 4160: 4106: 3908: 3730: 3600: 3183: 3153: 1788:Initially, the Soviet forces conducted a 1749:, one to the north of Moscow against the 150: 5199:Sokolovskii, Vasilii Danilovich (1964). 5094: 4960: 4926:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4675: 4554: 3962: 3950: 3851:Marshal Zhukov's Greatest Battles p. 50. 3256: 2992: 2949: 2900: 2886: 2769: 2745: 2614: 2576:semi-automatic battle rifle and Cossack 2546: 2494: 2405: 2329: 2241: 2175: 2069: 1916: 1480: 5223:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 5135: 5120: 5037: 4940: 4760: 4613: 4512: 4150: 4148: 4080: 3818: 3727:Glantz, When Titans Clashed p. 336 n15. 3470: 3455: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3250: 2600:and flank counterattacks staged by the 2453:From 31 October to 13–15 November, the 8866: 7355: 7333:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5406: 5318: 5237: 5215: 4288:. Marshall Cavendish". pp. 29–32. 4175: 4157: 4061: 4022:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 3772: 3514: 3221:. Tempus Publishing Ltd. p. 141. 3216: 3159: 2962:" in 1965, on the 20th anniversary of 2327:and effective civilian fire brigades. 2152:'s 4th Tank Brigade, near the city of 1741:The German Strategic Offensive, named 1722:, the capital and largest city of the 8204:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7636:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7282:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7238:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6336:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5482: 5360: 5304:. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press. 5256: 5144: 5018: 4988:The Red Army and the Second World War 4896:Erickson, John; Dilks, David (1994). 4801: 4719: 4244: 4069:Chronology of World War II Day by Day 4019: 3591: 3510: 3508: 3466: 3464: 2314:armory, a clock factory manufactured 2238:Mozhaisk defense line (13–30 October) 1962:brains could think of such an idea". 1454: 877: 847:: (5 December 1941 to 7 January 1942) 794:: (1 October 1941 to 10 January 1942) 8805: 7326:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6351:Rape during the liberation of France 5453:(2015); via the official channel of 5075: 4985: 4856: 4784:. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2006. 4563: 4145: 4048: 3426: 3396:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 3031:holding wartime symbols such as the 2974:. The parade includes troops of the 80:2 October 1941 – 7 January 1942 5153:Prokhorov, A. M., ed. (1973–1978). 4898:Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies 4670:Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies 4224:, Private blog, 2 October 2007 3995: 3058:Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies 2598:1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division 63:Soviet anti-aircraft gunners on the 13: 7552:German invasion of the Netherlands 5825:Weather events during World War II 5364:Воспоминания и размышления. В 2 т. 5106:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4972:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 3505: 3461: 3393: 2933:Разгром немецких войск под Москвой 751:1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns 124:Beginning of Soviet counterattacks 14: 8935: 8183:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5427: 5187:. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1992. 4802:Belov, Pavel Alekseevich (1963). 4747:, "The Second World War". pg. 283 4485:Glantz and House 1995, pp. 91–97. 4446:Glantz and House 1995, pp. 88–90. 4056:The Story of the Second World War 3082:Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen 2362:whose flanks were secured by the 2286:, the 43rd Army of Major General 903: 21:Battle of Moscow (disambiguation) 8814: 8786: 8743: 5508: 5285:(in Russian). Moscow: Progress. 5283:Дело всей жизни (Lifelong cause) 4857:Chew, Allen F. (December 1981). 4840:Germany and the Second World War 4738: 4713: 4687: 4633: 4607: 4592: 4583: 4545: 4506: 4497: 4235:"Moscow flood in 1941: new data" 4203:"Moscow flood in autumn of 1941" 2490: 2337:in a Moscow street, October 1941 1913:Battle of Moscow order of battle 1726:. Moscow was one of the primary 1530:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 972:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 542: 530: 518: 506: 494: 482: 462: 450: 438: 426: 413: 400: 388: 376: 364: 351: 337: 318: 306: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 233: 219: 206: 193: 168: 152: 57: 5078:A History of Russia: Since 1855 4868:(5). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4440: 4415: 4379: 4370: 4335: 4326: 4301: 4292: 4286:History of the Second World War 4278: 4269: 4260: 4181: 4124: 4115: 4074: 4013: 4004: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3941: 3932: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3809: 3791: 3748: 3721: 3712: 3695: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3546: 3537: 3387: 3351: 3333: 3306: 3277: 3092:8th Guards Motor Rifle Division 2789:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 2388: 1886:On 16 July 1941, German forces 1804:, and bringing troops from the 864: 818: 82:(3 months and 5 days) 16:World War II campaign in Russia 8430:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6133:Territorial changes of Germany 6041:Indonesian National Revolution 5147:Большая советская энциклопедия 5127:(television documentary). US: 3681:Zetterling & Frankson 2012 3268: 3235: 3210: 3121:Zetterling & Frankson 2012 2855:transports were deployed from 2146:1st Guards Special Rifle Corps 1810:Far Eastern Military Districts 1765:, and another to the south of 1761:, simultaneously severing the 1: 7830:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7781:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7545:German invasion of Luxembourg 5919:Mediterranean and Middle East 5409:The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov 5138:Luftwaffe versus Russia, 1941 4815:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 4798:(1984), Moscow, ed. Izvestia. 4034:10.1080/13518046.2016.1200393 3775:Marshal of Victory, Volume II 3047: 2446:occurred west of Moscow near 2302:protected Kaluga. The entire 2195:German Ministry of Propaganda 2060:Battles of Vyazma and Bryansk 1839: 1730:and political objectives for 7737:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7426:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6737:Independent State of Croatia 5165:; Newton, Steven H. (2009). 4811:Bergström, Christer (2007). 4603:. BBC News. 7 November 2019. 3475:. In David M. Glantz (ed.). 3107: 2876: 1736:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 8721:End of World War II in Asia 8561:Western invasion of Germany 8068:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8045:Second Battle of El Alamein 7615:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7587:Battle of the Mediterranean 7440:Italian invasion of Albania 5607:Air warfare of World War II 5300:Williamson, Murray (1983). 4963:Erinnerungen eines Soldaten 4941:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). 4765:. New York: Vintage Books. 4467:Bergström 2007, pp. 112–13. 3075: 2532:'s full strength—left in a 2427:traditional military parade 2140:fell into an ambush set by 10: 8940: 8647:Naval bombardment of Japan 8015:First Battle of El Alamein 7934:Battle of Christmas Island 7879:Japanese invasion of Burma 7643:Italian invasion of Greece 7559:German invasion of Belgium 7531:German invasion of Denmark 7504:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7373:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5630:Comparative military ranks 5281:Vasilevsky, A. M. (1981). 4836:Attack on the Soviet Union 4754: 4551:Zhukov, tome 2, pp. 43–44. 3905:Zhukov, tome 2, pp. 23–25. 3579:Bergström 2007, pp. 90–91. 3027:, to which the historical 2880: 2310:factory was turned into a 2250:around their city in 1941. 2063: 1910: 1843: 792:German strategic offensive 25: 18: 8736: 8568:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8508: 8499:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8236: 8123:Allied invasion of Sicily 8077: 7983:Aleutian Islands campaign 7955:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7902: 7893:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7788:Second Battle of Changsha 7693:German invasion of Greece 7661: 7538:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7513: 7451: 7346: 7227: 6953: 6863: 6704: 6407: 6398: 6156: 5981: 5873:North and Central Pacific 5834: 5596: 5589: 5516: 5266:. London: Penguin Books. 5155:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 5136:Plocher, Hermann (1968). 5038:Liedtke, Gregory (2016). 4980:10.1080/13518040903355794 4945:. Naval Institute Press. 4527:10.1080/09668139508412322 3878:Braithwaite, pp. 184–210. 3217:Glantz, David M. (2001). 3139:. Abc-Clio. p. 105. 2980:Western Military District 2945: 2932: 2570:Katyusha rocket launchers 2298:under Lieutenant General 1883:, on the path to Moscow. 1867:moved towards Leningrad, 1800:, deploying newly raised 1495:German declaration of war 1492: 913: 851:139,586 killed or missing 837:514,338 killed or missing 785: 736: 709:Operational Group Ermakov 557: 182: 143: 72: 56: 44: 39: 8884:1942 in the Soviet Union 8879:1941 in the Soviet Union 8160:Allied invasion of Italy 8137:Solomon Islands campaign 7886:Third Battle of Changsha 7483:First Battle of Changsha 7389:Second Sino-Japanese War 6322:German military brothels 6188:United States war crimes 5319:Ziemke, Earl F. (1987). 5145:Prokhorov, A. M. (ed.). 5076:Moss, Walter G. (2005). 5019:Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). 4986:Hill, Alexander (2017), 4965:. Heidelberg: Vowinckel. 4961:Guderian, Heinz (1951). 4081:Lejenäs, Harald (1989). 3744:. Knopf. pp. 83–91. 3274:Williamson 1983, p. 132. 2742:Soviet counter-offensive 2372:German Army high command 2360:1st Guards Cavalry Corps 2066:Battle of Bryansk (1941) 1906: 1763:Moscow–Leningrad railway 815:: 174,194 KIA, WIA, MIA 8582:Second Guangxi campaign 8437:Philippines (1944–1945) 7941:Battle of the Coral Sea 7844:Fall of the Philippines 7490:Battle of South Guangxi 7396:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6795:Italian Social Republic 5474:WW2DB: Battle of Moscow 5346:: Casemate Publishers. 4761:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 4720:Jones, Michael (2009). 4564:T.S. (17 August 1942). 4476:Bergström 2003, p. 299. 4458:Bergstrom 2003, p. 297. 4427:Encyclopædia Britannica 4342:STAHEL, DAVID. (2020). 4054:Henry Steele Commager, 3773:Zhukov, Georgy (1974). 3570:Bergström 2007, p. 118. 3500:Glantz & House 1995 3303:Bergström 2007, p. 111. 3024:Song of the Soviet Army 2606:638th Infantry Regiment 2215:, with Colonel General 1952:Walther von Brauchitsch 1830:Walther von Brauchitsch 748:1,184,000–1,929,406 men 313:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb 226:Walther von Brauchitsch 8167:Armistice of Cassibile 7969:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7920:Battle of the Java Sea 7823:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7723:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7716:Battle of South Shanxi 7686:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7469:Battle of the Atlantic 7083:Korean Liberation Army 6789:(until September 1943) 6746:(until September 1944) 6724:(until September 1944) 5407:Zhukov, G. K. (1971). 5238:Stahel, David (2015). 5157:. New York: Macmillan. 5042:. Helion and Company. 4386:Bergström", Christer. 4275:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 37. 3968:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 30. 3959:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 28. 3947:Klink, pp. 574, 590–92 3938:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 27. 3896:Guderian, pp. 329–330. 3887:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 24. 3869:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 22. 3860:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 18. 3842:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 17. 3797:Zhukov, tome 2, p. 10. 3742:Last Train from Berlin 3692:Bergström 2007, p. 91. 3561:Hardesty, 1991, p. 61. 3552:Guderian, pp. 307–309. 3515:Stahel, David (2014). 3471:Niepold, Gerd (1993). 3190:Stahel, David (2011). 3010: 2972:Day of Military Honour 2955: 2906: 2898: 2775: 2751: 2626: 2552: 2500: 2455:Wehrmacht high command 2422: 2376: 2338: 2325:anti-aircraft defenses 2272:Konstantin Rokossovsky 2251: 2181: 2112:defending Moscow (the 2075: 1946: 1796:by constructing three 420:Konstantin Rokossovsky 183:Commanders and leaders 8331:Second Battle of Guam 8227:Bengal famine of 1943 8197:Second Battle of Kiev 8153:Battle of the Dnieper 7858:Battle of Wake Island 7730:East African campaign 7672:Battle of South Henan 7317:atrocities by Germans 7090:Korean Volunteer Army 6064:Occupation of Germany 5818:Music in World War II 5451:The Battle for Moscow 5433:"Operation Typhoon": 5405:(English translation 5361:Жуков, Г. К. (2002). 5240:The Battle for Moscow 5203:. Moscow: VoenIzdat. 5149:(in Russian). Moscow. 4780:Braithwaite, Rodric. 4376:Guderian, pp. 363–64. 4332:Guderian, pp. 360–61. 4187:Guderian, pp. 354–55. 3815:Bergström 2007, p. 93 3806:Plocher 1968, p. 231. 3543:Bergstöm 2007, p. 90. 3265:Bergström 2007 p. 90. 3241:Glantz (1995), p. 78. 2996: 2953: 2904: 2890: 2773: 2749: 2668:from six reservoirs ( 2618: 2550: 2498: 2409: 2333: 2274:guarded Volokolamsk, 2245: 2179: 2073: 2064:Further information: 1985:) supported by three 1920: 1911:Further information: 1844:Further information: 786:Casualties and losses 764:As of 1 October 1941: 743:As of 1 October 1941: 8617:Surrender of Germany 8095:Battle of West Hubei 8052:Guadalcanal campaign 8022:Battle of Stalingrad 7948:Battle of Madagascar 6715:Albania protectorate 6502:(formerly Swaziland) 6211:Wehrmacht war crimes 6027:Expulsion of Germans 5811:Art and World War II 5709:British contribution 5658:Governments in exile 5321:Moscow to Stalingrad 5124:The Battle of Russia 4806:. Moscow: Voenizdat. 4239:Moscow Volga channel 4154:Moss (2005), p. 298. 4067:Christopher Argyle, 3383:. pp. 298, 299. 3102:Perimilovsky Heights 3017:. On the command of 2997:Soldiers dressed in 2921:A documentary film, 2839:(Bomber Groups) II./ 2429:on 7 November ( 2413:by Soviet troops on 2304:Soviet Western Front 2282:under Major General 1851:Operation Barbarossa 1846:Operation Barbarossa 1689:Air war 22 june 1941 1559:Advance on Leningrad 1484:Operation Barbarossa 371:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 120:Operation Barbarossa 8846: / 8707:Potsdam Declaration 8596:Italy (Spring 1945) 8359:Liberation of Paris 7816:Siege of Sevastopol 6827:(until August 1944) 6730:Wang Jingwei regime 6552:from September 1943 6512:from September 1944 6450:from September 1944 6310:Romanian war crimes 6301:Persecution of Jews 6287:Croatian war crimes 6257:Japanese war crimes 6071:Occupation of Japan 6020:First Indochina War 5732:Military production 5644:Declarations of war 4883:on 14 February 2017 4515:Europe-Asia Studies 4166:Chew (1981), p. 33. 4130:Raus (2009), p. 89. 4121:Chew (1981), p. 34. 4099:1989BAMS...70..271L 3668:When Titans Clashed 3629:Vasilevsky, p. 139. 3381:When Titans Clashed 3347:on 25 October 2012. 3133:Mercatante (2012). 3062:When Titans Clashed 2924:Moscow Strikes Back 2894:Moscow Strikes Back 2639:6th Panzer Division 2637:, commander of the 2622:Moscow Strikes Back 2566:STAVKA High Command 2335:Anti-tank obstacles 2138:4th Panzer Division 1989:(tank) Groups (the 1179:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1080:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 8700:Surrender of Japan 8533:Battle of Iwo Jima 8382:Belgrade offensive 7795:Siege of Leningrad 7679:Battle of Shanggao 7608:British Somaliland 7573:Dunkirk evacuation 7524:Norwegian campaign 7462:Invasion of Poland 7289:Japanese prisoners 6250:Italian war crimes 6181:British war crimes 6096:Soviet occupations 5880:South-West Pacific 5767:Allied cooperation 5725:Military equipment 5381:on 21 January 2021 5183:Reinhardt, Klaus. 5023:. Oxford: Osprey. 4920:House, Jonathan M. 4866:Leavenworth Papers 4701:on 25 October 2012 4647:on 4 February 2019 4570:The New York Times 4309:"Battle of Moscow" 4241:, 23 February 2015 4220:Mikhail Arkhipov, 3670:. pp. 80, 81. 3647:Clark, pp. 165–66. 3398:. pp. 275–87. 3011: 2956: 2938:The New York Times 2907: 2899: 2776: 2752: 2627: 2553: 2518:Moscow-Volga Canal 2501: 2433:) to be staged in 2423: 2339: 2288:Konstantin Golubev 2252: 2248:anti-tank trenches 2182: 2144:'s hastily formed 2142:Dmitri Leliushenko 2076: 1968:Army General Staff 1956:Commander-in-Chief 1947: 1552:Roslavl–Novozybkov 1374:Western Carpathian 1314:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 1284:1st Jassy–Kishinev 1269:Leningrad–Novgorod 1264:Dnieper–Carpathian 407:Boris Shaposhnikov 8904:Conflicts in 1942 8899:Conflicts in 1941 8850:55.750°N 37.633°E 8774: 8773: 8732: 8731: 8575:Battle of Okinawa 8474:Burma (1944–1945) 8308:Mariana and Palau 8088:Tunisian campaign 7913:Fall of Singapore 7837:Fall of Hong Kong 7580:Battle of Britain 7433:Operation Himmler 7342: 7341: 7006:Dutch East Indies 6642:Southern Rhodesia 6394: 6393: 6294:Genocide of Serbs 6197:German war crimes 6174:Soviet war crimes 6167:Allied war crimes 6013:Division of Korea 5992:Chinese Civil War 5790:Strategic bombing 5702:Manhattan Project 5418:978-0-224-61924-0 5374:978-5-224-03195-5 5367:(in Russian). М. 5353:978-1-61200-120-3 5311:978-1-58566-010-0 5292:978-0-7147-1830-9 5273:978-0-14-100348-1 5176:978-0-7867-3970-7 5169:. Da Capo Press. 5113:978-0-7432-8110-2 5087:978-1-84331-034-1 5068:978-1-908916-50-1 5030:978-1-84176-391-0 4997:978-1-1070-2079-5 4952:978-1-61251-098-9 4933:978-0-7006-0717-4 4907:978-0-7486-0504-0 4849:978-0-19-822886-8 4822:978-1-85780-270-2 4772:978-0-375-72471-8 4503:Guderian, p. 365. 4412:Guderian, p. 359. 4355:978-1-250-75816-3 4298:Guderian, p. 354. 4201:Iskander Kuzeev, 3986:Guderian, p. 340. 3977:Guderian, p. 345. 3666:David M. Glantz. 3656:Guderian, p. 318. 3638:Guderian, p. 316. 3517:Operacja "Tajfun" 3473:"Plan Barbarossa" 3379:David M. Glantz. 3033:Banner of Victory 3009:, 7 November 2018 2813:German XXXV Corps 2793:Günther von Kluge 2443:counteroffensives 2401:capture of Warsaw 2246:Moscow women dig 1888:captured Smolensk 1877:Army Group Centre 1814:counter-offensive 1790:strategic defence 1759:4th Panzer Armies 1747:pincer offensives 1745:, called for two 1743:Operation Typhoon 1697: 1696: 1448: 1447: 872: 871: 772:1,044–3,232 tanks 568:Army Group Centre 395:Semyon Timoshenko 277:Günther von Kluge 139: 138: 8931: 8874:Battle of Moscow 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8827: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8807: 8801:Battle of Moscow 8791: 8790: 8789: 8782: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8750:World portal 8748: 8747: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8610:Prague offensive 8605: 8603:Battle of Berlin 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8547:Vienna offensive 8542: 8535: 8528: 8526:Battle of Manila 8521: 8501: 8492: 8483: 8476: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8416: 8407: 8400: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8310: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8276: 8269: 8267:Korsun–Cherkassy 8262: 8251: 8229: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8109:Bombing of Gorky 8104: 8097: 8090: 8070: 8063: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7976:Battle of Midway 7971: 7964: 7962:Battle of Gazala 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7872:Battle of Borneo 7867: 7865:Malayan campaign 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7809:Bombing of Gorky 7804: 7802:Battle of Moscow 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7654: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7566:Battle of France 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7419:Munich Agreement 7414: 7407: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7375: 7368: 7353: 7352: 7335: 7328: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7304:Soviet prisoners 7298: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7244:German prisoners 7240: 7220: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6773:French Indochina 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6697: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6620:from August 1944 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6503: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6405: 6404: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6346: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6264:Nanjing Massacre 6259: 6252: 6243: 6241:Nuremberg trials 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5974: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5845:Asia and Pacific 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5774:Mulberry harbour 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5582: 5575: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5422: 5411:. 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368: 360: 356: 355: 342: 341: 323: 322: 311: 310: 299: 298: 287: 286: 275: 274: 263: 262: 251: 250: 242: 238: 237: 228: 224: 223: 211: 210: 198: 197: 174: 172: 171: 162: 158: 156: 155: 74: 73: 61: 40:Battle of Moscow 37: 36: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8864: 8863: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8820: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8806:sister projects 8803:at Knowledge's 8797: 8787: 8785: 8777: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8742: 8740: 8728: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8666: 8661:Atomic bombings 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8504: 8497: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8419: 8410: 8403: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8364: 8357: 8352:Eastern Romania 8350: 8345:Warsaw Uprising 8343: 8338:Tannenberg Line 8336: 8329: 8324:Western Ukraine 8322: 8313: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8254: 8245: 8232: 8225: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8116:Battle of Kursk 8114: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8073: 8066: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7927:St Nazaire Raid 7925: 7918: 7911: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7751: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7709:Anglo-Iraqi War 7707: 7700:Battle of Crete 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7657: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7629:Eastern Romania 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7447: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7371: 7364: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7264: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7223: 7216: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7190:Western Ukraine 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7134:Northeast China 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6833:Slovak Republic 6831: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6804:Empire of Japan 6802: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6713: 6700: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6349: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6316:Sexual violence 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6039: 6034:Greek Civil War 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5977: 5970: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5859:South-East Asia 5857: 5850: 5843: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5718:Military awards 5716: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5612: 5605: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5430: 5419: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5375: 5354: 5331: 5312: 5293: 5274: 5250: 5231: 5230:978-03742-49526 5177: 5114: 5088: 5069: 5050: 5031: 5004:Hardesty, Von. 4998: 4953: 4934: 4908: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4861: 4850: 4832:Förster, Jürgen 4823: 4773: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4684:Glantz, Table B 4683: 4676: 4668:John Erickson, 4667: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4233:Igor Kuvyrkov, 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4200: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3771: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3619: 3614: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3392: 3388: 3377: 3370: 3363:militera.lib.ru 3357: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3078: 3050: 3015:Lenin Mausoleum 2988:Mayor of Moscow 2976:Moscow Garrison 2948: 2885: 2879: 2744: 2727: 2716: 2705: 2694: 2683: 2672: 2653: 2493: 2473:Volga Reservoir 2419:Konstantin Yuon 2391: 2386: 2292:Maloyaroslavets 2240: 2209:Leningrad Front 2150:Mikhail Katukov 2068: 2062: 2029:tactics, using 2007: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1909: 1904: 1848: 1842: 1798:defensive belts 1779:2nd Panzer Army 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1510:Białystok–Minsk 1488: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1449: 1444: 1438:Prague uprising 1421:Bratislava–Brno 1411:Moravia–Ostrava 1301:Lvov–Sandomierz 1129:Rzhev–Sychyovka 957:Białystok–Minsk 909: 904: 902: 862: 857: 854:231,369 wounded 843: 840:143,941 wounded 816: 810: 807:January: 23,131 798:October: 62,870 781: 760: 732: 605: 584:4th Panzer Army 579:3rd Panzer Army 574:2nd Panzer Army 553: 541: 529: 525:Mikhail Katukov 517: 505: 493: 489:Nikolai Vatutin 481: 473: 461: 449: 445:Semyon Budyonny 437: 425: 412: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 350: 349: 336: 329: 317: 305: 293: 281: 269: 257: 245: 232: 231: 218: 217: 205: 192: 169: 167: 153: 151: 130:fails to seize 102: 81: 64: 62: 31: 28:Battle of Leros 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8937: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8914:1942 in Moscow 8911: 8909:1941 in Moscow 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8855:55.750; 37.633 8829: 8828: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8680: 8677:South Sakhalin 8673: 8672: 8671: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8477: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8417: 8408: 8401: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8311: 8304: 8295: 8286: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8156: 8149: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8102:Battle of Attu 8098: 8091: 8083: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7993: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7908: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7851:Battle of Guam 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7774:Battle of Kiev 7770: 7763: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7392: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7285: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273:United Kingdom 7269: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7241: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670:British Empire 6663:United Kingdom 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6479:Czechoslovakia 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6376:Rape of Manila 6372: 6365: 6358: 6347: 6332: 6325: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6253: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6214: 6207: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6147:United Nations 6143: 6136: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6006:Decolonization 6002: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5952: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5679:United Kingdom 5675: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5525: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5429: 5428:External links 5426: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5335: 5330:978-0880292948 5329: 5316: 5310: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5254: 5249:978-1107087606 5248: 5235: 5229: 5213: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5142: 5133: 5118: 5112: 5092: 5086: 5073: 5067: 5054: 5049:978-1910777756 5048: 5035: 5029: 5016: 5002: 4996: 4983: 4974:, 22: 574–87. 4968: 4957: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4912: 4906: 4893: 4854: 4848: 4827: 4821: 4808: 4804:Za nami Moskva 4799: 4793: 4778: 4771: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4737: 4731:978-0719569265 4730: 4712: 4686: 4674: 4658: 4632: 4606: 4591: 4582: 4553: 4544: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4448: 4439: 4414: 4402: 4393: 4390:. p. 245. 4378: 4369: 4354: 4334: 4325: 4300: 4291: 4277: 4268: 4266:Goldman p. 177 4259: 4243: 4226: 4213: 4211:, 30 June 2008 4208:Echo of Moscow 4189: 4180: 4178:, p. 317. 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4073: 4060: 4047: 4012: 4010:Belov, p. 106. 4003: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3784:978-1781592915 3783: 3756: 3747: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3694: 3685: 3683:, p. 100. 3673: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3617: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3529: 3504: 3502:, p. 293. 3492: 3486:978-0714633756 3485: 3460: 3443: 3425: 3423:, p. 240. 3413: 3411:, p. 243. 3401: 3386: 3368: 3350: 3332: 3314: 3305: 3293: 3276: 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. 148. 3243: 3234: 3228:978-0739417973 3227: 3209: 3203:978-1139503600 3202: 3182: 3176:978-1107035126 3175: 3152: 3146:978-0313395932 3145: 3125: 3123:, p. 253. 3112: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3097:Russian Winter 3094: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3049: 3046: 2947: 2944: 2878: 2875: 2743: 2740: 2631:Fedor von Bock 2522:1st Shock Army 2492: 2489: 2477:Solnechnogorsk 2431:Revolution Day 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2312:submachine gun 2300:Ivan Zakharkin 2284:Leonid Govorov 2239: 2236: 2213:Reserve Fronts 2156:. Newly built 2109:Reserve Fronts 2061: 2058: 2054:Heinz Guderian 1966:, head of the 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1841: 1838: 1802:reserve armies 1792:of the Moscow 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401:East Pomerania 1398: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1092:Toropets–Kholm 1089: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 941: 940: 936: 935: 930: 925: 919: 918: 914: 911: 910: 901: 900: 893: 886: 878: 870: 869: 856: 855: 852: 848: 842: 841: 838: 834: 831:Moscow Defense 828: 809: 808: 805: 802: 799: 795: 788: 787: 783: 782: 780: 779: 776: 773: 770: 766: 761: 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 745: 739: 738: 734: 733: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 699: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 665: 664: 663: 657: 651: 649:1st Shock Army 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 608: 606: 604: 603: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 563: 560: 559: 558:Units involved 555: 554: 552: 551: 539: 527: 515: 513:Vasily Chuikov 503: 491: 479: 459: 447: 435: 433:Leonid Govorov 423: 409: 397: 385: 373: 361: 347: 332: 330: 328: 327: 325:Hermann Göring 315: 303: 291: 289:G.H. Reinhardt 279: 267: 255: 253:Heinz Guderian 243: 240:Fedor von Bock 229: 215: 203: 188: 185: 184: 180: 179: 164: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134: 125: 122: 108: 104: 103: 90: 88: 84: 83: 78: 70: 69: 54: 53: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8936: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8862: 8859: 8825: 8824: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8794: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684:Kuril Islands 8681: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451:Syrmian Front 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397:Market Garden 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8256:Monte Cassino 8253: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622:Baltic states 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7266:United States 7263: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202:Quốc dân Đảng 7199: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902:Liechtenstein 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6854:Collaboration 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679:United States 6676: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6369:Comfort women 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6353: / 6352: 6348: 6345: 6342: / 6341: 6338: / 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329:Camp brothels 6326: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218:The Holocaust 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204:forced labour 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6057:Marshall Plan 6054: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5910:Eastern Front 5907: 5904: 5903:Western Front 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797:Puppet states 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5739:Naval history 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5686:United States 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441:, lecture by 5440: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217:Stahel, David 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5193:0-85496-695-1 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5014:1-56098-071-0 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4830:Boog, Horst; 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790:1-86197-759-X 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4746: 4745:Antony Beevor 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4621: 4617: 4614:AnydayGuide. 4610: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4409: 4407: 4397: 4389: 4382: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4338: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093:(3): 271–81. 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4028:(3): 500–18. 4027: 4023: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3833:Jukes, p. 32. 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3718:Jukes, p. 31. 3715: 3708: 3707:1-84176-391-8 3704: 3698: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3161:Stahel, David 3156: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 3003:Eastern Front 3000: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853:Junkers Ju 52 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:Red Air Force 2826: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2757:Richard Sorge 2748: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2666:Sestra Rivers 2663: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2497: 2491:Failed pincer 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396:warm clothing 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2203:in the east. 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2191:Otto Dietrich 2186: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2005: 2001:) and by the 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1919: 1914: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1881:Dnieper River 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771:Western Front 1768: 1767:Moscow Oblast 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Kalinin Front 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1718:'s attack on 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Eastern Front 1705: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1635:Donbas–Rostov 1633: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159:Little Saturn 1156: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1146:Velikiye Luki 1144: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 947: 943: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 917:Naval warfare 916: 915: 912: 907: 906:Eastern Front 899: 894: 892: 887: 885: 880: 879: 876: 866: 860: 853: 850: 849: 846: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 814: 806: 803: 800: 797: 796: 793: 790: 789: 784: 777: 774: 771: 769:1,252,591 men 768: 767: 765: 762: 756: 753: 750: 747: 746: 744: 741: 740: 735: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 706: 705: 704: 703:Bryansk Front 700: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 670: 669:Reserve Front 666: 661: 660:Cavalry Group 658: 655: 654:Cavalry Group 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 614: 613:Western Front 610: 609: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 550: 545: 540: 538: 533: 528: 526: 521: 516: 514: 509: 504: 502: 497: 492: 490: 485: 480: 478: 476: 470: 465: 460: 458: 453: 448: 446: 441: 436: 434: 429: 424: 421: 416: 410: 408: 403: 398: 396: 391: 386: 384: 379: 374: 372: 367: 362: 359: 358:Georgy Zhukov 354: 348: 346: 345: 344:Joseph Stalin 340: 334: 333: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314: 309: 304: 302: 301:Adolf Strauss 297: 292: 290: 285: 280: 278: 273: 268: 266: 261: 256: 254: 249: 244: 241: 236: 230: 227: 222: 216: 214: 209: 204: 202: 201: 196: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 178: 177: 165: 163: 161: 148: 147: 142: 133: 129: 126: 123: 121: 117: 116: 115: 113: 109: 106: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92:Moscow Oblast 89: 86: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 60: 55: 52: 48: 47:Eastern Front 43: 38: 33: 29: 22: 8831: 8826:from Commons 8821: 8800: 8793:Soviet Union 8758:Bibliography 8741: 8554:Project Hula 8519:Vistula–Oder 8488: 8421: 8412: 8396: 8366: 8315: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8247: 8144: 8059: 8035: 8005: 7801: 7756: 7649: 7594:North Africa 7296:Soviet Union 7250:Soviet Union 7176:Soviet Union 6944:Vatican City 6847:Vichy France 6752:German Reich 6649:Soviet Union 6635:South Africa 6628:Sierra Leone 6581:Newfoundland 6400:Participants 6383:Marocchinate 6087: 6078: 6048: 5926:North Africa 5887:Indian Ocean 5746:Nazi plunder 5637:Cryptography 5510:World War II 5456: 5450: 5446: 5445:, author of 5443:David Stahel 5408: 5383:. Retrieved 5379:the original 5363: 5339: 5320: 5301: 5282: 5262: 5239: 5220: 5200: 5184: 5166: 5163:Raus, Erhard 5154: 5146: 5137: 5123: 5101: 5077: 5058: 5039: 5020: 5005: 4987: 4971: 4962: 4942: 4923: 4897: 4885:. Retrieved 4878:the original 4865: 4835: 4812: 4803: 4795: 4781: 4762: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4699:the original 4689: 4672:, table 12.4 4669: 4649:. Retrieved 4645:the original 4635: 4623:. Retrieved 4619: 4609: 4598:For example 4594: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4569: 4547: 4538: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4442: 4432:28 September 4430:. Retrieved 4426: 4417: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4372: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4318:28 September 4316:. 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PICADOR. 4176:Stahel 2019 3327:rus-sky.com 2964:Victory Day 2728: [ 2717: [ 2706: [ 2703:Pestovskoye 2695: [ 2692:Pyalovskoye 2684: [ 2673: [ 2654: [ 2635:Erhard Raus 2463:offensive. 2264:Volokolamsk 2036:Facing the 1834:German Army 1732:Axis forces 1623:1st Kharkov 1611:Sea of Azov 1201:Gorky Blitz 1196:3rd Kharkov 1112:2nd Kharkov 1014:1st Kharkov 1009:Sea of Azov 861:: 1,029,234 754:14,000 guns 501:Issa Pliyev 469:Lev Dovator 457:Pavel Belov 8868:Categories 8589:West Hunan 8422:Pointblank 7758:Silver Fox 7744:Summer War 7497:Winter War 7476:Phoney War 7257:Azerbaijan 7218:Yugoslavia 7113:Luxembourg 6955:Resistance 6695:Yugoslavia 6560:Luxembourg 6362:Sook Ching 6158:War crimes 5760:Technology 5753:Opposition 5695:Lend-Lease 5672:Australian 5665:Home front 5623:Blitzkrieg 5573:Casualties 5564:Commanders 5536:Operations 5385:27 October 4651:3 February 4625:23 October 4364:1132236223 3048:Casualties 3040:, and the 3007:Red Square 2881:See also: 2586:KV-1 tanks 2435:Red Square 2415:Red Square 2380:subsided. 2377:rasputitsa 2352:Nara river 2294:, and the 2217:Ivan Konev 2200:Lebensraum 2130:rasputitsa 2027:blitzkrieg 2023:Luftflotte 2013:Luftflotte 1860:blitzkrieg 1840:Background 1662:1st Rostov 1650:Sevastopol 1645:1st Crimea 1596:Petrikowka 1515:1st Baltic 1325:2nd Baltic 1320:Dukla Pass 1307:Doppelkopf 1279:2nd Crimea 1223:2nd Donbas 1213:1st Donbas 1190:Polar Star 1140:Stalingrad 1024:Sevastopol 1019:1st Crimea 962:1st Baltic 946:Barbarossa 923:Baltic Sea 775:7,600 guns 383:Ivan Konev 8654:Manchuria 8540:Indochina 8316:Bagration 7767:Lithuania 7412:Anschluss 7209:Viet Minh 7106:Lithuania 7048:Hong Kong 6811:Manchukuo 6766:Azad Hind 6425:Australia 6225:Aftermath 6088:Paperclip 5983:Aftermath 5783:Total war 5651:Diplomacy 5614:In Europe 5395:cite book 5344:Havertown 4874:0195-3451 4042:148469794 3193:Kiev 1941 3108:Footnotes 2960:Hero City 2877:Aftermath 2867:Luftwaffe 2863:Luftwaffe 2833:Luftwaffe 2825:Luftwaffe 2820:Luftwaffe 2797:Oka river 2780:directive 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