Battle of Novi (1799)

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Clausel and Partouneaux to the assistance of Grouchy, while Saint-Cyr sent Colli's brigade from the right wing to help Lemoine. Moreau took charge of the French center in the contest against Ott. In this phase of the battle Joubert was fatally hit while leading a counterattack by the 26th Light Demi Brigade. Despite mounting losses, the Austrian infantry bravely and repeatedly struggled forward in columns. As they reached the top of the slope and tried to redeploy into line, they were struck by French counterattacks and forced back. At last, Ott's columns were overthrown by the 26th Light and 105th Line and Kray's entire wing fell back to the bottom of the heights to reform.

6181: 6113: 2527: 2609:

Mittrowsky's brigade on the left and the grenadier battalions on the right, to help the Russians against Watrin as directed; Melas would instruct Lusignan's brigade to attack to the east of Novi in conjunction with Derfelden, while Loudon's brigade made a wider sweep eastwards toward the heights with Mittrowsky. Loudon and Mittrowsky headed that way due to pressure from the Austro-Russian commander in chief, who directed them to be moved from the east bank, thus only Nobili's brigade remained there, going to Serravalle. At the same time Melas himself with Lusignan's brigade and Liechtenstein's cavalry joined the Russian left flank.

2510: 2561: 625: 2104: 2523:

on the right and Ott on the left. Seckendorf on the far right aimed for the place where the Riasco stream emerged from its ravine. The crackle of muskets began at 3:20 am as the Austrian columns bumped into French picket lines. This provoked a great racket in the French camps as their surprised troops rushed into formation. At first light, the Allies saw that the heights were crowned by the blue lines of French infantry. Instead of striking the flank of an enemy army on the move, the Austrians of the right wing were making a frontal attack on a strong position.

2649:

captured. Pérignon was also taken prisoner after suffering three wounds including a deep saber cut above his left eye. Colli and at least 2,000 other French soldiers and 21 artillery pieces were captured, mostly in the bottleneck at Pasturana. As night fell, the French army streamed away and the exhausted Allies stopped. Near midnight, some of Gardanne's men were discovered hiding out in Novi and the Russians went through the town again. Having accomplished their purpose, they began looting and Suvorov ordered his drummers to beat assembly to stop the pillage.

2621:

Lusignan's grenadiers made three frontal attacks on Watrin without breaking through. Meanwhile, Loudon's grenadiers approached Watrin's right flank and Mittrowsky's command threatened an even deeper envelopment. In the face of the new attacks, Watrin's division crumbled. Saint-Cyr threw the 106th Line Demi Brigade into a counterattack which stopped the Austrians and captured Lusignan, who was wounded. By 5:00 pm, Watrin and the 106th were finally beaten by superior numbers and retreated. On the opposite flank Kray attacked again between 3:00 and 4:00 pm.

2299: 2658: 5987: 2596: 1459: 2155: 5645: 480: 469: 458: 447: 436: 418: 400: 387: 366: 168: 195: 2731:. Saint-Cyr was unable to dislodge the Austrians with Dombrowski's men and finally shoved Nobili out of the way by using Watrin's division. Suvorov brought up Rosenberg's corps to the battlefield but did not launch a pursuit. The Russian commander in chief still planned to evict the French from Genoa and the Italian Riviera, but orders soon arrived sending troops elsewhere. Klenau's command to the southeast of Genoa was diverted to secure Austrian control of Tuscany. A French offensive seized 1435: 1483: 1471: 1507: 1423: 1519: 1548: 1495: 1447: 1531: 1411: 2703:, 11,000 were killed on the French side, and 9,000 on the Allied side. Micheal Clodfelter estimated Allied losses at 8,750, of which 6,050 Austrians were lost including captured, and the Russians lost 2,700 men. The French losses Clodfelter assessed at 9,663, of which 6,663 men were KIA and WIA, and about 3,000 were taken captive. 37 guns were lost. According to David Eggenberger, the Coalition lost 8,000 men in the attack, while the French lost 11,000. According to 1373: 1380: 2082:

Both Pérignon and Saint-Cyr counseled retreat, but Joubert put off a final decision until the next day. Meanwhile, Suvorov assumed that the French army would soon descend into the plains. When the French came forward, Kray and 27,000 soldiers would cut into their left flank while Bagration's 5,700-man Russian advance guard would turn their right flank. With luck the two forces would link hands behind the French. Once the turning movements were well developed,

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two halves which were not reunited until three days later. As the French left started to pull back, the Allies closed in for the kill, unleashing their cavalry. Earlier, Bellegarde had posted a battalion and four squadrons near Pasturana on the far right. Now, as the French retreated they had to negotiate the streets of Pasturana, the Braghena Gorge immediately to the south and Bellegarde's small force.

1752:. While suffering losses of 4,000 killed and wounded and 2,000 captured, Kray's Austrians inflicted casualties of 3,500 killed and wounded and captured 4,500 men, 18 artillery pieces and seven colors from the French. Two days later, a distraught Schérer begged to be relieved of command, but before that happens, he would be defeated again in the small battle with 2483:'s brigade counted the 18th Light and 21st Line Demi Brigades. Watrin's division had between 4,535 and 6,040 soldiers in 10 battalions including the attached 25th Chasseurs à Cheval of two squadron strength. André Calvin's advanced guard counted the 8th, 15th and 27th Light and 2nd Line, Antoine Arnaud's brigade consisted of the 12th and 30th Light and 2604:

Novi as ordered by Suvorov's sent adjutant Colonel Lavrov. Instead of a full-fledged frontal attack on the right of the Novi position, he carefully reconnoitered the ground and also decided to head out east of this strong position—on the distant right flank. The Austrian sent Nobili's two battalions and two squadrons south along the east bank of the

2715:, general irretrievable and sanitary losses of the French reached 20,000 soldiers and officers (also including the retreat that followed; i.e. those who deserted, stragglers, died under various circumstances, taken prisoner, battle-wounded and sick who were hospitalized, etc.). Bagration was awarded the 2522:

on the left. In the center, Novi was surrounded by a wall and ditch dating to the Middle Ages. One weakness of the position was that the deep ravines of the Riasco and Braghena streams cut across the rear, obstructing any retreat. Kray had the Allied right wing in movement before dawn with Bellegarde

2644:

Grenadier Battalion drove Colli's 68th Line from the crest near Novi. The troops of Derfelden and Melas broke into Novi at about the same time, driving out most of Gardanne's men. Laboissière's division managed to follow Watrin's men in their escape. But at about this time the French army split into

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Dragoons. Partouneaux was among those captured. After the repulse of his second attack, Kray massed a 40-gun battery with which he bombarded any French troops who dared to line the crest. But the Austrian general refused to launch more attacks until the rest of the army joined the fight. Suvorov had

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On the extreme French right, Dombrowski's division blockaded the Austrians in Serravalle Castle. Next in line was Watrin's division which was still deployed in the low ground to the east of Novi. Gardanne's brigade held Novi while the rest of Laboissière's division lined the heights behind the town.

1854:

A day after defeating MacDonald along the Trebbia River, the Allies captured the 17th Light Demi Brigade, 1,099 men, six guns and three colors. On 22 June Suvorov halted pursuit by his army, exhausted by continuous marching and fighting. At first a division was allowed to follow the French, but this

2081:

moved down from the hills in the direction of Tortona, giving every indication that the French offensive was still in full swing. Joubert had hoped that he was facing only 8,000 enemies. But he was stunned to see that he was facing at least 36,000 enemies including Kray's corps in the plains below.

1909:

insisted that the Italian fortresses must first be captured. In fact the emperor and Thugut were suspicious of Russian designs on Genoa and Tuscany, areas which they considered to be in Austria's sphere of influence. For his part, Suvorov was annoyed with Viennese officials for trying to direct the

1715:

was gravely weakened. Cavalry proved ineffective in such terrain and was hardly used by either the Allied or French sides. The Russo-Austrians deployed it en masse only to pursue. However, the Coalition planners proceeded to throw away their advantage by sending Suvorov's Russians to Switzerland, a

2608:

River toward the Serravalle Castle to prevent any French threat from that direction. Nobili was aided by Lieutenant Colonel Dworschak and the garrison of Serravalle Castle, which made a sortie into the town. The remainder of the left wing, the main force, moved down the west bank of the river with

2603:

In due course, Derfelden's division arrived at the front and was hurled into a new attack near Novi. Kray's wing attacked once more and his attack stalled. Around 11:30 am Suvorov directed the Allied left wing under Melas to advance. However, Melas, shortly after Derfelden left, declined to attack

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who were concealed in the vineyards and farm buildings. The Russians ran into Quesnel's brigade of Laboissière's division defending the heights; it held back the Russians. As the Russians pushed forward, they were attacked in flank by Gardanne's men from Novi and even by Watrin's division from the

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including a cavalry squadron and two battalions of the 1st (Italian) Cisalpine. Colli commanded from 3,878 to 4,260 men consisting of two battalions each of the 14th, 24th and 68th Line plus a battalion of Poles. The infantry reserve had 2,420 soldiers in four battalions of the 3rd and 106th Line.

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stated that one Austrian account admitted a sum of 799 killed, 3,670 wounded and 1,259 missing, though this adds up to less than the 5,754 reported total. Kray's wing alone had 710 killed, 3,260 wounded and 1,175 missing. The Russians suffered 2,496 casualties. The two sets of figures add up to a

2620:

Grenadiers advanced half way up the slopes, but recoiled in the face of a fire at point blank range. They were saved from destruction by Suvorov, who ordered them to veer to the right, and then fall back downhill. By this time Watrin had positioned his division on the heights to the east of Novi.

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The entire French left wing had to squeeze through the blockage. The Russians took no prisoners, killing every Frenchman that they caught. If a French soldier survived as a prisoner, it was because he was taken by Kray's Austrians. In the melee Grouchy tried to rally his men but was cut down and

2538:

At the foot of the plateau, Ott and Bellegarde deployed from marching columns into lines. At first their assault enjoyed some success against their sleep-groggy opponents. However, the slopes were steep and obstructed by vineyards, forcing the Austrians to redeploy into column. Pérignon brought

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Suvorov realized that every man must be thrown into the battle. Bagration's command belatedly attacked Novi at 10:00 am. As the Russians moved forward they were subjected to an intense artillery barrage. Bagration's troops were able to press back the French skirmish lines through the outlying

2542:

By 9:00 am Kray and his officers managed to reorganize their troops when an order arrived from Suvorov to renew the attack. Once more the Austrians attacked the heights and once more they were defeated with loss. While Clausel and Richepanse helped repulse Bellegarde's division, Partouneaux

2414:

According to one authority Joubert's army numbered 32,843 infantry and 2,087 cavalry for a total of 34,930 men. Saint-Cyr stated the army was 34,000-strong but in another place gave a strength of 35,487 foot and 1,765 horse, or a total of 37,252 men not counting artillery. According to

1795:(Battle of San Giuliano) on 16 May. At Cassano, the Allies suffered 2,000 casualties while the French sustained losses of 2,500 killed and wounded plus 5,000 soldiers, 27 guns and three colors captured; the next day a 3,000-man French division was trapped and surrendered at 2076:

Kray's troops reached Alessandria on 12 June and Suvorov planned to launch them into an attack on Pérignon's wing early on the 14th. This proved to be impossible, but Kray managed to join Bellegarde's force and he promised to attack on 15 August. Meanwhile, the division of

2871:

According to one count, 32,843 infantrymen and 2,087 cavalrymen (34,930). According to another, 35,487 infantry and 1,765 cavalry (37,252). Due to the terrain and the Coalition's superiority in horsepower, the cavalry was not very vigorous and, moreover, was ineffective.

2036:. Joubert's generals wished to wait for Championnet's army to come up on their left around 20 August before advancing. However, Joubert believed that his orders to attack from the Directory were imperative and refused to delay. Saint-Cyr's wing moved north through the 2726:

Once the soldiers of the French left wing got clear of the Braghena Gorge, they quickly left the battlefield far behind. The right wing, however, was in a difficult spot because it was unable to withdraw through Gavi and Nobili's command blocked its escape route via

2419:, the total French force amounted 35,000. The French supply arrangements had collapsed and the troops were tired, thirsty and starving. Some soldiers were reduced to eating grass and leaves. Pérignon's wing consisted of the infantry divisions of Grouchy and 1702:

and ordered him to take the offensive. Accordingly, the French army moved north across the mountain crests and assembled on high ground at Novi Ligure on 14 August. To Joubert's dismay, it was clear that large Coalition forces were nearby. The next morning

1957:. Not only was Joubert a talented general, but he was believed to be lacking political ambitions and thus not a threat to the government. When Joubert arrived in the theater on 4 August, Moreau gracefully stepped aside and offered his assistance. 2586:

grenadiers succeeded in containing Gardanne's thrusts from Novi, but every Russian assault on the French center came to grief. Bagration's Cossacks found employment by luring French skirmishers into the plain and then killing or capturing them.

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called Novi, "one of the bloodiest battles of the era" and the casualties bear this out. Smith claimed that the Allies sustained about 900 killed, 4,200 wounded and 1,400 captured or missing (6,500 totally), plus three guns. Russian generals

2475:, a strong independent brigade under Louis Léonard Colli-Ricci, plus infantry and cavalry reserves. Laboissière's division numbered between 3,645 and 3,976 men in six battalions and had the three squadron strong 6th Hussar Regiment attached. 1988:

was watching the southeast side of Genoa. Kray was ordered to join the main army as quickly as possible. The rest of Suvorov's army was deployed in the area of Alessandria and Tortona. In the meantime, Chasteler was seriously wounded by a

2711:, — together with the dispersed, the losses amounted to only 15,100, but it is based on the assumptions of some, as stated by the author; by the same estimate 6,500 were killed or wounded and 4,600 captured (11,100 totally). According to 1871:. Bellegarde withdrew to the west after suffering 2,260 casualties but Moreau soon scampered back to the safety of the Apennines after hearing news of the Trebbia. French casualties numbered 1,000 killed and wounded in this encounter. 1613:

immediately took overall command of the French forces. After a prolonged and bloody struggle, the Austro-Russians broke through the French defenses and drove their enemies into a disorderly retreat, while French division commanders

2072:

on 13 August, but Suvorov declined to attack, hoping to lure the French into the plains where his superior cavalry and artillery might prove decisive. That same day contact was established with Pérignon's approaching troops.

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consisted of the 93rd and 99th Line Demi Brigades. Lemoine's 6,410-strong division included a first brigade under Louis Garreau with the 26th Line and 80th Line and one battalion of the 5th Light and a second brigade under

1997:. Despite the pain of his injury, Chasteler produced a new plan for ousting the French from the Ligurian mountains. This plan was put on indefinite hold when the news of the impending French offensive became known. 2517:

Joubert did not plan on fighting at Novi Ligure, but the position that his troops held was well-suited for a defensive battle. Facing north, the French held an arc of high ground from Serravalle on the right to

2194:

Hussar Regiment Nr. 2. This force numbered 11,796 foot and 1,724 horse or a strength of 13,520 troops. To Bellegarde's right was a screening force under Seckendorff which was made up of two battalions of the

2742:

and the Austrians directed Suvorov to take command of a new Russian army assembling in Switzerland. This army would be formed by joining the Russian troops in Italy to another Russian army in Germany under

2119:, Ferdinand Minckwitz and Alexander Friedrich von Seckendorff. Except for the last-named, it is not clear in which division the brigadiers served. Ott's left division included three battalions each of the 7333: 2203:

Grenz and three squadrons of the Hussar Regiment Nr. 5. The screening force counted 2,491 infantry and 524 cavalry or a total of 3,015 soldiers. Kray wielded a total of 27,420 troops in his large corps.

1823:(Battle of Cascina Grossa) took place, where the Austrians suffered a setback. Nevertheless, Coalition forces successfully besieged a number of key fortresses in the meantime. Peschiera fell on 6 May, 1819:

on 12 June. The Allies suffered 5,500 casualties at the Trebbia, while inflicting 16,500 on the French including the taking of 7,000 prisoners. On 20 June, just as the battle of the Trebbia ended, the

2364:

Dragoon Regiment Nr. 4, 840 horse. Altogether, the 5,705-man Advance Guard counted 2,917 infantry and 2,788 cavalry. Derfelden's 6,127-strong infantry division included two battalions each of the

272: 4647: 1045: 6310: 2682:, Tyrtov and Chubarov were wounded. The French lost 1,500 killed, 5,500 wounded and 4,500 prisoners — 11,500 totally. The Allies also captured 37 guns, 40 munition wagons and eight colors. 2493: 1783:

On 15 April 1799, the veteran Russian field marshal Alexander Suvorov formally took command of the combined Austro-Russian army in Italy. On 27 April Suvorov defeated the French, now under

7410: 2738:

On 25 August, Suvorov's hopes to conquer Liguria were dashed forever when fresh instructions from Emperor Francis reached him. A new strategy put forward by the British and approved by

2707:, Coalition losses amounted to 8,000 men, and French casualties, including those soldiers who fled after the battle, totaled 16,000 and all the wagons. According to another version, — 1554: 6009: 2755:

immediately moved north into Germany with the main Austrian army. The strategy's timing failed. Charles left Switzerland too early and Suvorov reached Switzerland too late.

2669:"What can you say of a general so resolute to a superhuman degree, and who would perish himself and let his army perish to the last man rather than retreat a single pace." 1038: 2487:

brigade had the 62nd and 78th Line. Dombrowski's division counted between 2,130 and 2,340 troops in seven battalions. Dombrowski's units were the 17th and 55th Line, the

1780:, the demoralized French commander ordered his crippled army to withdraw. As the soldiers fell back, the skies opened up and turned the retreat into a sodden nightmare. 2484: 6995: 2695:

asserted that both sides lost 7,000 killed and wounded, while the Allies had 2,000 missing or prisoners and the French had 4,000 prisoners or missing plus 37 guns.

2535:

Farther to the left was Lemoine's division and then Grouchy's division on the far left. The left was braced by the reserves of Clausel, Partouneaux and Richepanse.

2398:

Musketeer Regiments. The strength of Suvorov's Austro-Russian army was 44,347 foot and 7,200 horse, a total of 51,547 soldiers, not counting gunners and sappers.

1711:' Austrian corps to attack the French right flank. Kray's troops suffered heavy losses but by evening the French army was badly beaten and the French hold on the 1031: 5876: 4218: 2704: 2574:

French right flank, which was eager to gain its revenge for the defeat on the Trebbia. Miloradovich's division was sent into the fray to assist Bagration: the

2052:'s 2,100-man Russian advance guard as recently as 9 August. Pérignon's wing had farther to march. This French column pushed some of Bellegarde's troops out of 675: 6250: 2086:'s 9,850 Russians and Melas' 8,800 Austrians would join the battle. Farther north, Johann Baptist Alcaini's 5,260-strong force besieged Tortona, covered by 7040: 2543:

counterattacked Ott. Encouraged by his success, Partouneaux unwisely charged down into the plain where his troops were scattered by four squadrons of the

7385: 7272: 4362: 6662: 5563: 5518: 5425: 5372: 5303: 5173: 5147: 5064: 4961: 4888: 1055: 995: 28: 7365: 6970: 267: 6198: 1906: 1707:'s Austrian corps assaulted the French left flank and the battle was on. After a delay, Suvorov committed a Russian corps to attack the center and 2569:

ditches, gardens and suburbs of Novi, but were foiled when they encountered Novi's city wall. Moving to their right, they were easy marks for the

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strength: 64,700 (89 battalions, 52 squadrons, 6 Cossack regiments—41,000 Austrians, 23,700 Russians/Cossacks; not all of them were involved).

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counting the 20th Light and 34th Line. The three squadron strong 1st Hussar Regiment was attached to Lemoine. The 4,875-man reserve included

6397: 6193: 6589: 6531: 6320: 4406: 4134: 7020: 6377: 5716: 668: 2211:'s 8,575-strong Austrian division. The division consisted of more than 3,660 grenadiers in nine battalions, six squadrons each of the 6143: 624: 6975: 6427: 6330: 3855:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

2687:

total Allied loss of 8,250. Duffy gave French losses as 6,500 to 6,643; evidently this is only the killed and wounded. Statistician

4597: 2228: 640: 6554: 4225: 7323: 6392: 6305: 5766: 2842:

44,347 infantry, 7,200 cavalry (incl. 1,948 Cossack cavalrymen); however, due to the terrain, the cavalry was not very effective.

5961: 7390: 7231: 7005: 6722: 4330: 1886: 1831:

fell on 20 June after a nine-day siege. Suvorov and his Austrian allies had evicted the French from almost all of Italy, while

7400: 6133: 6072: 6030: 5861: 4314: 3993: 3774: 3748: 661: 86: 7035: 6579: 6087: 4639: 2735:

in southwest Switzerland, routing some of Hadik's troops. Suvorov detached Kray to the north with 10,000 Austrians to help.

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Modern map of Alessandria Province in Italy shows the locations of Novi Ligure, Alessandria, Tortona, Gavi and Acqui Terme.

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arrived to take command of the Austrian army from Kray on 9 April. Hearing that 12,000 Austrians were approaching from the

1749: 5786: 2432: 7010: 6965: 6138: 5290: 5051: 4306: 6511: 6465: 2440: 7375: 7328: 7318: 6082: 5388: 5038: 3862: 2488: 2366: 974: 186: 6707: 5918: 5893: 2013: 1615: 404: 7380: 6702: 6043: 6004: 5550: 5181: 4211: 4162: 3970: 3947: 3883: 3840: 3818: 3796: 3724: 3278: 2752: 2232: 2116: 1832: 1004: 988: 5751: 2476: 6697: 6604: 5938: 4414: 4354: 3743:. Vol. 1. Translated by Murray, Nicholas; Pringle, Christopher. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2306:

Derfelden's 15,552-man Russian corps was divided into a division under Derfelden himself, a second division led by

2256: 2112: 307: 7132: 6920: 6847: 4012:(in Russian). Vol. XXI. Нибелунги — Нэффцер. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (Leipzig), Ilya A. Efron (St. Petersburg) 2464: 484: 7073: 6782: 5721: 4183: 4155: 4127: 4088: 4076: 3931: 2708: 2496:

cavalry reserve numbered 425 sabers in five squadrons of the 16th and 19th Dragoons and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval.

2456:'s brigade with the 105th Line and one battalion of the 26th Light. Richepanse commanded 1,002 sabers in the 2nd 1272: 1091: 914: 769: 6915: 6812: 6402: 5396: 3738: 1950: 1811:

from 17 to 20 June where Suvorov's 37,000-strong Austro-Russian army (only up to 32,656 troops involved) mauled

1606: 371: 7308: 6910: 6687: 5380: 4518: 4370: 1902: 1255: 1218: 967: 739: 699: 6315: 7313: 5836: 5311: 5155: 5134: 5072: 4992: 4855: 4590: 4510: 4475: 2552:

planned to encircle a French army in motion. The unexpected circumstances threw the Allied plan out of gear.

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had two battalions each except where otherwise noted. Grouchy's 5,620-man division had a first brigade under

1864: 1193: 869: 80: 5746: 5736: 4423: 2844:

According to the other version, 51,200 men took part in the battle. It also says 34,900 French participated.

7025: 6712: 6609: 6100: 6077: 6022: 5908: 5851: 4738: 4670: 2480: 2087: 1458: 1294: 981: 844: 462: 6017: 4820: 1863:

of enemy forces. On 20 June, Moreau and 14,000 French troops left the security of the mountains to defeat

7127: 6752: 6647: 6526: 6506: 6417: 6346: 6168: 5666: 5433: 5126: 4979: 4467: 2782: 2612:

Around 3:00 pm the most recent Austro-Russian attack was repulsed from the line of heights. According to

1984:

with 11,000 more to observe the alpine passes into Switzerland to the north. Klenau with 5,000 troops at

1981: 1976:

on 30 July. These important events released 30,000 Coalition troops for field operations. Suvorov placed

1800: 1639: 1506: 1422: 1362: 1331: 1304: 1250: 939: 904: 854: 734: 685: 32: 6950: 6802: 5816: 5711: 4949: 2000: 1940: 1379: 7405: 7360: 7262: 6817: 5796: 5020: 4969: 4901: 4801: 4585: 4494: 4281: 4120: 4026: 2276: 1372: 1203: 952: 340: 6797: 6559: 5691: 1661:. It was damaged in many places, there were breaks, but the French had barricaded all these breaches. 7277: 6862: 6594: 6437: 6292: 6095: 5658: 5534: 5457: 5335: 5319: 2716: 2133: 2017: 1643: 1326: 1178: 1101: 1062: 948: 894: 884: 874: 859: 804: 714: 451: 7172: 6717: 6549: 6325: 5706: 1922: 1023: 6985: 6832: 6787: 6117: 6112: 5856: 5686: 5676: 5489: 5473: 5351: 5266: 5113: 5097: 5000: 4774: 4338: 2777: 2339: 1977: 1930: 1868: 1820: 1808: 1788: 1784: 1681: 1677: 1610: 1518: 1482: 1266: 1245: 1168: 1076: 924: 919: 834: 764: 729: 392: 6412: 2460:, 12th Dragoon, and the 1st, 3rd and 18th Cavalry Regiments. Each regiment counted two squadrons. 7395: 6837: 6792: 6501: 6382: 6059: 5881: 5505: 5412: 5080: 4896: 4839: 4754: 4459: 4298: 2792: 2787: 2760: 2310:

and an Advance Guard led by Bagration. The Advance Guard consisted of two battalions each of the

1918: 1816: 1792: 1725: 1547: 1494: 1260: 1230: 1213: 819: 814: 809: 759: 719: 318: 6842: 6737: 5791: 3767:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

3546:

Smith (1998), p. 163. Smith provided the numbers of battalions and squadrons in the French army.

2208: 495: 329: 6627: 6460: 6064: 5756: 5741: 5614: 5481: 5359: 5105: 5025: 4694: 4569: 4561: 4451: 2879: 2439:

Demi Brigades and one battalion of the 26th Light Infantry Demi Brigade. The second brigade of

2048:

they besieged a castle held by four companies of Austrians. This position had been captured by

1973: 1945: 1860: 1840: 1698: 1470: 1348: 1277: 958: 774: 754: 5571: 3873: 2386:

Grenadier Regiment. Miloradovich's 3,720-man infantry division had two battalions each of the

1649:

Novi was a strong defensive position situated on steep heights. An old fortress wall from the

7167: 6481: 6432: 6367: 5898: 5781: 5771: 5649: 5644: 5542: 5250: 5197: 5015: 5005: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4686: 4542: 4190: 3806: 2692: 2472: 1745: 1602: 1434: 1316: 1289: 1148: 1118: 929: 899: 864: 824: 789: 479: 468: 457: 446: 435: 417: 399: 386: 365: 172: 167: 5226: 2457: 7106: 6980: 6742: 6564: 6486: 6335: 5943: 5933: 5726: 5441: 5258: 5205: 5010: 4793: 4104: 2802: 2629: 2307: 2029: 1096: 829: 799: 749: 744: 256: 6422: 5903: 5821: 4974: 4919: 2797: 1081: 8: 7182: 7112: 6960: 6890: 6747: 6727: 6692: 6667: 6599: 6300: 5826: 5210: 5089: 4847: 4759: 4534: 4526: 4502: 4261: 4003: 3734: 2720: 1846: 1777: 1208: 1153: 1138: 1112: 879: 839: 709: 422: 6867: 6822: 2526: 2318: 1933:

to the post of Minister of War. There were two major forces in Italy, the 19,000-strong

1658: 6642: 6407: 6372: 6223: 6185: 6180: 5928: 5846: 5841: 5587: 5579: 5274: 5234: 5046: 4939: 4703: 4678: 4622: 4605: 4443: 4030: 4007: 3268: 2772: 2756: 2744: 2445: 2424: 2065: 2045: 2021: 1836: 1796: 1685: 1669: 1321: 1240: 1173: 1158: 944: 889: 49: 6990: 6807: 6569: 6442: 5999: 5953: 4290: 2468: 2078: 1815:'s 33,000-man French army, which had earlier broken through Austrian positions in the 473: 7219: 7152: 7142: 7122: 6228: 5526: 5465: 5449: 5242: 4322: 4176: 4143: 3989: 3966: 3943: 3879: 3858: 3850: 3836: 3814: 3792: 3784: 3770: 3744: 3720: 3712: 3274: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2453: 2416: 2083: 1856: 1812: 1761: 1753: 1737: 1733: 1708: 1693: 1673: 1598: 1587: 1530: 1410: 1343: 1337: 1235: 1163: 1086: 934: 909: 724: 704: 534: 355: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 296: 291: 280: 234: 222: 160: 155: 121: 6777: 6476: 4766: 4666: 4613: 2406: 2151:

Regiment Nr. 3. Ott commanded 9,979 infantry and 906 cavalry for a total of 10,885.

7287: 7147: 6940: 6935: 6925: 6657: 6584: 6521: 6491: 6263: 6233: 6128: 5831: 5681: 5606: 5343: 5327: 5282: 5218: 5189: 4984: 4863: 4746: 4711: 4253: 4204: 4197: 4063: 4057: 2739: 2449: 2360: 2033: 1935: 1914: 1619: 1446: 1310: 1299: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1143: 1128: 1011: 849: 794: 784: 376: 7066: 4169: 3913: 7212: 7000: 6677: 6672: 6637: 6387: 5991: 5986: 5888: 5811: 5701: 5671: 5030: 4906: 4631: 4577: 4378: 2953: 2884: 2822: 2728: 2061: 2053: 2049: 1894: 1765: 1712: 1223: 1106: 426: 408: 245: 6857: 3959:Генералиссимус Александр Васильевич Суворов: Жизнь и полководческая деятельность 3740:

Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland

1672:

in 1796. The French troops in Italy were badly defeated at the major battles of

7282: 7224: 7030: 6852: 6632: 6352: 6215: 6210: 6160: 6155: 5975: 5163: 4397: 3264: 2748: 2141: 2041: 2037: 1994: 1883: 1804: 1631: 1591: 1133: 1123: 544: 262: 251: 240: 229: 216: 199: 149: 144: 125: 3242:

Smith (1998), p. 163. Smith gave the Austrian regiment numbers and brigadiers.

653: 7354: 7296: 7267: 7137: 6955: 6732: 6574: 6470: 6362: 5923: 5866: 4035:(in Russian). Vol. XVII. Нитроглицерин — Патруль. Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина 3909: 3245: 2688: 2436: 2420: 1993:

on 17 July during the siege of Alessandria and replaced by another Austrian,

1990: 1595: 440: 101: 88: 6762: 7303: 7248: 7162: 7117: 6945: 6827: 6619: 5776: 5761: 5731: 2428: 1650: 2111:

Kray's corps was divided into two Austrian divisions under Bellegarde and

7157: 7015: 6905: 6682: 6652: 5801: 5121: 4914: 3828: 2674: 2069: 2057: 1969: 1926: 1875: 1623: 72: 7255: 7061: 6900: 6516: 5871: 4346: 4029:; Schwarz, Aleksey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schulz, Gustav von (1914). 2699:

rounded the casualties to 8,000 Allied and 11,000 French. According to

2691:

noticed 11,000 Frenchmen out of 35,000 and 9,000 allies out of 50,000.

2640:

Around 5:30 pm the entire French position started to disintegrate. The

2570: 1665: 6768: 3128: 3126: 6895: 6541: 6452: 6035: 5404: 2519: 2509: 2479:'s brigade included the 17th Light and 63rd Line Demi Brigades while 2115:. The brigade commanders were Friedrich Joseph Anton von Bellegarde, 1741: 1704: 1053: 285: 4112: 2624: 2595: 1874:

By 27 June, Suvorov moved his main army west to cover the sieges of

1696:. A new French government placed Joubert in command of the reformed 7243: 7238: 7177: 7056: 6930: 5696: 3123: 2657: 2298: 2025: 1654: 1627: 76: 4240: 1960: 4064:"Position of the troops after the Battle of Novi, 17 August 1799" 2661:

André Massena's victory at Zurich ruined the new Allied strategy.

2605: 2355: 2148: 1985: 1879: 40: 2560: 2219:

Nr. 14 Dragoon Regiments, 1,258 sabers, three battalions of the

2162:

Bellegarde's division consisted of three battalions each of the

4071: 4024: 3251: 2732: 2223:

Infantry Regiment Nr. 36, 2,081 men, and two battalions of the

2103: 1898: 1882:

while Kray was still reducing Mantua. Suvorov and his Austrian

1773: 1769: 1729: 6311:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

1889:

planned to evict the weakened and battered French forces from

6245: 3900:

Latimer, Jon (December 1999). "War of the Second Coalition".

3113: 3111: 3109: 2665:

Years later when Moreau was asked about Suvorov, he replied:

1890: 1828: 1824: 1757: 1689: 1635: 3789:

Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799

3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 2883:

strength: ~45,000 (by the end of July 1799 referring to the

1772:

River on 12 April. Leaving 12,000 troops in the fortress of

7411:

Battles during War of the Second Coalition involving Poland

3963:

Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov: Life and military activity

2154: 6285: 3106: 2358:

Regiments, 1,948 horse, and six squadrons of the Austrian

2227:

Infantry Regiment Nr. 18, 1,576 troops. One brigadier was

1913:

Repeated military defeats shook the public's faith in the

6125: 3942:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Тип. Тренке и Фюсно. 3651: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3147: 3082: 3036: 3034: 2759:

wrecked the Allied plan when he defeated Korsakov at the

3588: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 1980:

with 14,000 Austrians to guard the west of Piedmont and

3940:

Analysis of Suvorov's military actions in Italy in 1799

3213: 3211: 2555: 3805: 3769:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 3166: 3031: 2994: 2992: 2170:

Nr. 39 Infantry Regiments, two battalions each of the

1953:

to retrieve the situation as the new commander of the

1664:

In 1799, Russian and Austrian forces swept across the

3936:Разбор военных действий Суворова в Италии в 1799 году 3185: 2463:

Saint-Cyr's wing comprised the infantry divisions of

2231:, though the troops under his command are not given. 1855:

was soon reduced to an Austrian advanced guard under

7041:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

4002: 3663: 3332: 3208: 3132: 7273:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

4363:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3070: 3019: 2989: 1728:, a series of costly but indecisive clashes around 3783: 3711: 2291:infantry battalions and two more squadrons of the 2287:Dragoons while Johann Benedikt Nobili led the two 2190:Dragoon Regiment Nr. 1 and eight squadrons of the 1634:a distance of 58 kilometres (36 mi) north of 16:1799 Battle during the War of the Second Coalition 3270:The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 2964:MacDonald was injured there with two sabre blows. 2452:'s brigade with the 29th Light and 74th Line and 2131:Nr. 40 Infantry Regiments, two battalions of the 1803:on 12 May. After the battle of Cassano, the next 7352: 6199:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 2186:Nr. 45 Infantry Regiments, six squadrons of the 1968:The Allies successfully wrapped up the siege of 1907:Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron of Thugut 1768:to the north, Schérer abandoned the line of the 3915:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) 3813:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. 2337:Combined Grenadier Battalions, 1,728 foot, the 2199:Nr. 15 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the 2137:Nr. 48 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the 1901:squelching any notion of offensive operations. 683: 4241:Significant civil and political events by year 3986:The art of military leadership of A.V. Suvorov 3099: 3097: 2982: 2980: 2382:Musketeer Regiments and two battalions of the 1799:, however, the Russians subsequently lost the 4128: 2283:infantry battalions and two squadrons of the 1657:wall served as a good defense for the French 1609:. As soon as Joubert fell during the battle, 1039: 669: 631: 7294: 7253: 7229: 7210: 6194:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 3918:(in German). Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern 3899: 3827: 3542: 3540: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2874:Another source claims as high as 40,000 men. 2747:. The army was to invade France through the 1949:. The French government placed its hopes on 1586:(15 August 1799) saw a combined army of the 4881: 4009:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 3871: 3635: 3633: 3614: 3612: 3572: 3570: 3530: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3394: 3392: 3117: 3094: 2977: 7386:Battles of the War of the Second Coalition 6398:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 4135: 4121: 4095:French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns 3979: 3764: 3733: 3657: 3160: 2012:was fortunate in having capable generals. 1897:. However, instructions soon arrived from 1724:The 1799 campaign in Italy began with the 1046: 1032: 676: 662: 39: 6663:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 6321:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 6144:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 3537: 3223: 3046: 2635: 2144:Regiment Nr. 4, and six squadrons of the 7366:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars 7095: 4379:Nationalization of the Church properties 3956: 3669: 3630: 3609: 3567: 3525: 3511: 3497: 3481: 3422: 3410: 3389: 3263: 3040: 2943:It was the first battle of Novi in 1799. 2751:. When Korsakov arrived in Switzerland, 2656: 2623: 2594: 2559: 2525: 2508: 2423:plus a two-brigade infantry reserve and 2405: 2297: 2229:Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein 2153: 2102: 1999: 1959: 1845: 7324:Historiography of the French Revolution 6595:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 6306:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 3988:] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. 3965:] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. 427: 409: 7353: 6331:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 6286:Other significant figures and factions 3982:Полководческое искусство А.В. Суворова 3908: 3849: 3791:. Chicago, Ill.: The Emperor's Press. 3202: 3179: 3009: 3007: 2862:The number of artillerymen is unknown. 2833:The number of artillerymen is unknown. 1887:Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles 7199: 7094: 6378:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 6284: 6134:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 6073:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 6031:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 5634: 4880: 4511:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 4239: 4142: 4116: 3930: 3811:The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon 3594: 3338: 3217: 3088: 3076: 3025: 2998: 2020:directed the right wing. Both became 1716:change of strategy that ended badly. 1027: 657: 7371:Battles involving the Russian Empire 6532:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 5944:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 5635: 4731:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 2556:Bagration and Miloradovich in battle 2207:On the Allied left, Melas commanded 2028:along with Joubert's chief of staff 7200: 6139:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 3014: 3004: 1668:valley, recapturing lands taken by 13: 7329:Influence of the French Revolution 7319:Symbolism in the French Revolution 6083:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 6044:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 4299:Convocation of the Estates General 2590: 14: 7422: 6971:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 6703:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 6005:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 5787:François Christophe de Kellermann 5026:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 4048: 3980:Bogolyubov, Aleksandr N. (1939). 3717:Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars 2887:; not all of them were involved). 2753:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 2433:Charles Louis Dieudonné Grandjean 2233:Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan 2117:Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim 1921:occurred on 18 June which pushed 1833:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1638:. The battle occurred during the 6698:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 6605:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 6575:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 6466:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 6244: 6209: 6179: 6154: 6111: 5985: 5862:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 5643: 4415:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 4070: 4058:"Battle of Novi, 15 August 1799" 3878:. New York: Dover Publications. 3273:. Greenhill Books. p. 200. 3133:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1897 2441:Henri François Marie Charpentier 2257:Johann Ludwig Alexius von Loudon 1929:into leading roles and elevated 1546: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1409: 1385: 1378: 1371: 630: 623: 543: 533: 514: 508: 489: 478: 467: 456: 445: 434: 416: 398: 385: 364: 354: 345: 334: 323: 312: 301: 290: 279: 261: 250: 239: 228: 215: 193: 180: 166: 154: 143: 7036:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 6783:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 6708:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 5919:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 5914:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 5894:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 5722:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 4640:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 4006:; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1897). 3693: 3684: 3675: 3642: 3621: 3600: 3579: 3558: 3549: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3401: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3257: 3138: 2958: 2946: 2937: 2912: 2890: 2865: 2856: 2846:Other sources claim 50,000 men. 2836: 2504: 2014:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 1750:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 1616:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 7309:Women in the French Revolution 6911:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 6088:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 5752:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 5381:French invasion of Switzerland 2827: 2815: 2628:Plan of the battle of Novi by 2477:François Jean Baptiste Quesnel 2401: 2098: 1219:Fall of the Republic of Venice 1: 7391:1799 in the Habsburg monarchy 7314:Incroyables and merveilleuses 7133:Pierre Claude François Daunou 6921:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 6052:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 6023:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 5320:Naval Engagement off Brittany 5073:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 5047:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 4856:Constitution of the Year VIII 4591:Committee of General Security 4476:National Legislative Assembly 4331:National Constituent Assembly 3932:Orlov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich 3833:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 3719:. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan. 2971: 2494:François Guérin d'Etoquigny's 2465:Pierre Garnier de Laboissière 2435:made up of the 39th and 92nd 2068:. Saint-Cyr arrived alone at 1865:Count Heinrich von Bellegarde 1719: 1576: Napoleon not in command 7401:Military history of Piedmont 7232:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7026:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 6916:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 6813:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 6713:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 6403:Charles Malo François Lameth 6078:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 5909:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 5852:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 5052:Second Battle of Wissembourg 4739:Constitution of the Year III 2088:Andrei Grigorevich Rosenberg 1951:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert 1867:and 11,000 Austrians in the 1607:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert 593: 569: 452:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 7: 7128:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 6753:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 6688:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 6648:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 6527:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 6512:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 6507:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 6316:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 6169:William V, Prince of Orange 5039:First Battle of Wissembourg 4996:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 4712:Closing of the Jacobin Club 4581:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 4538:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 4398:Abolition of the Parlements 4371:Women's March on Versailles 4032:Sytin Military Encyclopedia 3872:Eggenberger, David (1985). 2793:Battle of the Gotthard Pass 2766: 2719:while Derfelden earned the 2321:Regiments, 1,189 foot, the 2113:Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz 1982:Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak 1859:which went on to clear the 1827:was captured on 24 May and 1684:. Subsequently, French and 1640:War of the Second Coalition 1363:War of the Second Coalition 687:War of the Second Coalition 33:War of the Second Coalition 10: 7427: 7263:French Republican calendar 6818:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 6443:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 5797:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 5747:Charles François Dumouriez 5737:Jacques François Dugommier 5551:League of Armed Neutrality 5384:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 5336:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 5159:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 5138:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 4802:Second Congress of Rastatt 4586:Committee of Public Safety 4573:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 3957:Rostunov, Ivan I. (1989). 3875:An Encyclopedia of Battles 3705: 2986:Duffy (1999), pp. 137, 138 2652: 2277:Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky 1653:surrounded the city. This 607:4,000 prisoners, missings. 583:2,000 prisoners, missings. 7376:Battles involving Austria 7278:Cult of the Supreme Being 7206: 7195: 7101: 7090: 7049: 6883: 6876: 6761: 6618: 6540: 6451: 6438:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 6344: 6293:Patriotic Society of 1789 6291: 6280: 6242: 6207: 6177: 6152: 6109: 6096:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 6018:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 5983: 5974: 5952: 5657: 5641: 5630: 5599: 5562: 5535:Convention of Alessandria 5517: 5424: 5371: 5302: 5172: 5146: 5063: 4960: 4887: 4876: 4832: 4821:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 4813: 4786: 4723: 4659: 4554: 4487: 4436: 4390: 4282:What Is the Third Estate? 4273: 4246: 4235: 4150: 3690:Duffy (1999), pp. 152–153 3639:Duffy (1999), pp. 148–149 3508:Duffy (1999), pp. 144–145 3494:Duffy (1999), pp. 136–137 3478:Duffy (1999), pp. 134–135 3442:Duffy (1999), pp. 130–131 3419:Duffy (1999), pp. 114–115 3329:Smith (1998), pp. 152–153 3293:Smith (1998), pp. 149–150 3144:Duffy (1999), pp. 148–149 3067:Rothenberg (1980), p. 249 2717:Order of Alexander Nevsky 2499: 2255:Grenadier Battalions and 2093: 2018:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1905:and his foreign minister 1644:French Revolutionary Wars 1570: Napoleon in command 1072: 1064:French Revolutionary Wars 695: 618: 561: 520: 501: 351:Alexander von Seckendorff 208: 136: 55: 38: 26: 21: 7381:Battles involving France 6986:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 6951:Joséphine de Beauharnais 6833:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 6803:François-Nicolas Vincent 6788:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 5962:Charles-Alexandre Linois 5857:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 5837:François Séverin Marceau 5817:François Joseph Lefebvre 5712:Jean-Étienne Championnet 5687:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 5682:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 5677:Alexandre de Beauharnais 5667:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 5389:French Invasion of Egypt 5267:Second Battle of Bassano 5001:Battle of Kaiserslautern 4775:Conspiracy of the Equals 4468:The Constitution of 1791 4339:Storming of the Bastille 4089:Battle of Cascina Grossa 3555:Duffy (1999), p. 132 map 3377:Rothenberg (1980), p. 43 2808: 2485:Pierre Étienne Petitot's 2427:'s cavalry reserve. All 2056:then swung east through 2016:led the left wing while 1978:Konrad Valentin von Kaim 1941:Jean Étienne Championnet 1931:Jean Baptiste Bernadotte 1910:war from long distance. 1869:Second Battle of Marengo 1821:Second Battle of Marengo 1785:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 1611:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 6966:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 6838:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 6798:Antoine-François Momoro 6793:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 6610:François de Neufchâteau 6560:Charles-François Lebrun 6502:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 6383:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 6259:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 6065:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 6060:Karl Mack von Leiberich 5692:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 5506:Second Battle of Zurich 5397:Irish Rebellion of 1798 5243:First Battle of Bassano 5081:Second Battle of Boulou 4882:Revolutionary campaigns 4840:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 4755:Council of Five Hundred 4543:First republic declared 4479:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 4460:Declaration of Pillnitz 4184:Constitutional monarchy 3765:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3699:Chandler (1979), p. 496 3648:Chandler (1979), p. 318 3103:Chandler (1979), p. 318 2761:Second Battle of Zurich 2481:Gaspard Amédée Gardanne 2032:and division commander 1919:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 1793:First Battle of Marengo 319:Heinrich von Bellegarde 7295: 7254: 7230: 7211: 6723:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 6718:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 6628:Maximilien Robespierre 6461:Jacques Pierre Brissot 6326:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 5757:Louis-Charles de Flers 5742:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 5707:Jean François Carteaux 5482:First Battle of Zurich 5445:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 5400:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 5360:Treaty of Campo Formio 5106:Glorious First of June 5034:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 4993:Expedition to Sardinia 4671:Desmoulins guillotined 4606:Assassination of Marat 4598:Fall of the Girondists 4570:Revolutionary Tribunal 4562:Execution of Louis XVI 4452:Champ de Mars massacre 4355:Abolition of Feudalism 4098:Battle of Novi (1799) 4025:Velichko, Konstantin; 3807:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 2803:Battle of the Muotatal 2763:on 26 September 1799. 2671: 2662: 2636:Coalition breakthrough 2632: 2600: 2565: 2531: 2514: 2411: 2303: 2275:Grenadier Battalions. 2159: 2108: 2005: 1965: 1943:and 40,713 men of the 1923:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès 1861:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1851: 1841:First Battle of Zurich 1839:'s French army at the 1688:troops retreated into 1642:which was part of the 1626:is in the province of 968:Mediterranean Campaign 644:Location within Europe 209:Commanders and leaders 7168:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 6433:Jean-Charles Pichegru 6413:Jean-François Rewbell 5899:Jean-Charles Pichegru 5782:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 5772:Jacques Maurice Hatry 5543:Battle of Hohenlinden 5416:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 5251:Battle of Emmendingen 5198:Battle of Castiglione 5085:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 5016:Battle of Hondschoote 4687:Thermidorian Reaction 4651:(throughout the year) 4424:Fête de la Fédération 4350:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 4334:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 4318:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 4079:at Wikimedia Commons 3835:. London: Greenhill. 2798:Battle of the Klöntal 2693:Gunther E. Rothenberg 2667: 2660: 2627: 2598: 2563: 2529: 2512: 2473:Jean Henri Dombrowski 2409: 2301: 2157: 2106: 2003: 1963: 1849: 1809:Battle of the Trebbia 562:Casualties and losses 485:Pierre de Laboissière 405:Dominique de Pérignon 22:Battle of Novi (1799) 7096:Influential thinkers 6843:Jean-François Varlet 6743:Jean-Lambert Tallien 6738:Jean Bon Saint-André 6565:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 6487:Marquis de Condorcet 6336:Nicolas de Condorcet 6101:Dagobert von Wurmser 5934:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 5877:Pierre-Jacques Osten 5792:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 5727:Louis-Nicolas Davout 5717:Chapuis de Tourville 5259:Battle of Schliengen 5206:Battle of Theiningen 5127:Battle of Aldenhoven 5011:Battle of Wattignies 4980:Battle of Neerwinden 4794:Coup of 18 Fructidor 4307:Death of the Dauphin 4105:Battle of Krabbendam 4004:Arsenyev, Konstantin 3735:Clausewitz, Carl von 3681:Duffy (1999), p. 150 3618:Duffy (1999), p. 147 3606:Duffy (1999), p. 146 3585:Duffy (1999), p. 143 3576:Duffy (1999), p. 142 3564:Duffy (1999), p. 139 3534:Duffy (1999), p. 137 3522:Duffy (1999), p. 138 3469:Duffy (1999), p. 133 3460:Duffy (1999), p. 132 3451:Duffy (1999), p. 123 3433:Duffy (1999), p. 129 3407:Smith (1998), p. 160 3398:Duffy (1999), p. 113 3386:Duffy (1999), p. 112 3368:Smith (1998), p. 159 3359:Smith (1998), p. 156 3350:Smith (1998), p. 154 3302:Smith (1998), p. 151 3252:Velichko et al. 1914 3091:, pp. 267, 280. 2783:Battle of Bassignana 2705:Aleksandr Bogolyubov 2630:Antoine-Henri Jomini 2308:Mikhail Miloradovich 2279:directed two of the 2209:Michael von Fröhlich 2107:Mikhail Miloradovich 2030:Louis Gabriel Suchet 1801:Battle of Bassignana 1732:on 26 March. At the 1564: current battle 641:class=notpageimage| 604:7,000 dead, wounded; 580:7,000 dead, wounded; 330:Michael von Fröhlich 257:Mikhail Miloradovich 102:44.76167°N 8.79056°E 7183:Mary Wollstonecraft 6961:Jean Sylvain Bailly 6748:Pierre Louis Prieur 6693:Jean-Henri Voulland 6668:Jacques-Louis David 6600:Jean Joseph Mounier 6301:Jean Sylvain Bailly 5939:Belgrand de Vaubois 5827:Jean-Antoine Marbot 5767:Emmanuel de Grouchy 5572:Treaty of Lunéville 5211:Battle of Neresheim 5156:Siege of Luxembourg 5135:Siege of Luxembourg 5090:Battle of Tourcoing 5021:Siege of Bellegarde 4848:Coup of 18 Brumaire 4760:Council of Ancients 4535:National Convention 4527:September Massacres 4503:Brunswick Manifesto 4495:France declares war 4262:Assembly of Vizille 3597:, pp. 297–298. 3320:Duffy (1999), p. 53 3311:Duffy (1999), p. 47 2721:Order of St. Andrew 2090:'s 8,270 Russians. 1972:on 21 July and the 1843:on 4–6 June. 1778:Peschiera del Garda 1744:triumphed over the 1605:army under General 1113:Montenotte Campaign 423:Emmanuel de Grouchy 98: / 7021:Loménie de Brienne 6996:Madame de Lamballe 6931:Napoléon Bonaparte 6728:Prieur de la Marne 6643:Camille Desmoulins 6497:Marie Jean Hérault 6373:Jean-Sifrein Maury 6368:Arnaud de La Porte 6224:Alexander Korsakov 6010:Count of Clerfayt 5929:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 5842:Auguste de Marmont 5697:Napoléon Bonaparte 5588:Algeciras campaign 5580:Treaty of Florence 5458:Battle of Stockach 5291:Ireland expedition 5275:Battle of Calliano 5235:Battle of Rovereto 5227:Battle of Würzburg 4679:Law of 22 Prairial 4648:Anti-clerical laws 4623:The Death of Marat 4444:Flight to Varennes 3851:Tucker, Spencer C. 3785:Duffy, Christopher 3713:Chandler, David G. 2773:Capture of Brescia 2745:Alexander Korsakov 2663: 2633: 2601: 2566: 2532: 2515: 2513:Jean Victor Moreau 2458:Chasseurs à Cheval 2446:Jean Mathieu Seras 2425:Antoine Richepanse 2412: 2410:Dominique Pérignon 2304: 2160: 2109: 2046:Serravalle Scrivia 2022:Marshals of France 2006: 2004:Barthélemy Joubert 1966: 1852: 1797:Verderio Superiore 1791:, and then in the 1776:and 1,600 more in 1670:Napoleon Bonaparte 596:other calculations 572:other calculations 395: 374: 372:Barthélemy Joubert 225: 191: • 178: • 50:Alexander Kotzebue 7406:Alexander Suvorov 7361:Conflicts in 1799 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7220:Cockade of France 7191: 7190: 7153:Antoine Lavoisier 7143:Benjamin Franklin 7123:Anacharsis Cloots 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7006:Louis de Breteuil 6848:Theophile Leclerc 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6229:Alexander Suvorov 5970: 5969: 5904:Józef Poniatowski 5822:Étienne Macdonald 5626: 5625: 5527:Battle of Marengo 5490:Battle of Trebbia 5474:Battle of Cassano 5466:Battle of Magnano 5450:Battle of Ostrach 5352:Battle of Neuwied 5114:Battle of Fleurus 5098:Battle of Tournay 4975:War in the Vendée 4911:Royalist Revolts 4872: 4871: 4429: 4405:Abolition of the 4323:Tennis Court Oath 4315:National Assembly 4144:French Revolution 4111: 4110: 4101:Succeeded by 4075:Media related to 3995:978-5-4484-0277-7 3776:978-0-7864-7470-7 3750:978-0-7006-3025-7 2952:4 August 1799 by 2851:Allied Field Army 2821:4 August 1799 by 2778:Battle of Cassano 2701:Spencer C. Tucker 2697:David G. Chandler 2684:Christopher Duffy 2680:Aleksey Gorchakov 2599:Michael von Melas 2454:Louis Partouneaux 2417:Spencer C. Tucker 2302:Laurent Saint-Cyr 2084:Wilhelm Derfelden 1857:Johann von Klenau 1850:Alexander Suvorov 1813:Jacques MacDonald 1789:Battle of Cassano 1762:Michael von Melas 1754:Alexander Suvorov 1746:Republican French 1738:Habsburg Austrian 1734:Battle of Magnano 1709:Michael von Melas 1694:Ligurian Republic 1686:Cisalpine Italian 1603:Republican French 1599:Alexander Suvorov 1592:Imperial Russians 1588:Habsburg monarchy 1357: 1356: 1057:Italian Campaigns 1021: 1020: 982:Italian and Swiss 975:Egyptian Campaign 652: 651: 529:50,000 to 51,547 391: 370: 297:Michael von Melas 235:Wilhelm Derfelden 223:Alexander Suvorov 221: 161:Habsburg monarchy 132: 131: 107:44.76167; 8.79056 29:Italian campaigns 7418: 7300: 7288:Temple of Reason 7259: 7235: 7216: 7197: 7196: 7148:Thomas Jefferson 7092: 7091: 7011:de Chateaubriand 6941:Joseph Bonaparte 6936:Lucien Bonaparte 6926:Marie Antoinette 6881: 6880: 6868:Sylvain Maréchal 6823:François Hanriot 6658:Louis Philippe I 6585:Louis Philippe I 6580:Philippe Égalité 6522:Olympe de Gouges 6492:Charlotte Corday 6482:Étienne Clavière 6282: 6281: 6264:Antonio Ricardos 6249: 6248: 6234:Andrei Rosenberg 6214: 6213: 6184: 6183: 6159: 6158: 6129:Ralph Abercromby 6116: 6115: 6091: 6068: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6026: 6013: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5980: 5885: 5832:Marcellin Marbot 5655: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5636:Military leaders 5632: 5631: 5619: 5611: 5607:Treaty of Amiens 5592: 5584: 5576: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5510: 5509:(25–26 Sep 1799) 5502: 5494: 5493:(17–20 Jun 1799) 5486: 5478: 5477:(27–28 Apr 1799) 5470: 5462: 5454: 5453:(20–21 Mar 1799) 5446: 5438: 5434:Second Coalition 5417: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5344:Treaty of Leoben 5340: 5332: 5331:(14–15 Jan 1797) 5328:Battle of Rivoli 5324: 5316: 5312:Italian campaign 5295: 5287: 5286:(15–17 Nov 1796) 5283:Battle of Arcole 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5219:Battle of Amberg 5215: 5202: 5194: 5190:Battle of Lonato 5186: 5182:Italian campaign 5160: 5139: 5131: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5077: 5056: 5055:(26–27 Dec 1793) 5043: 5035: 4997: 4989: 4985:Battle of Famars 4953: 4878: 4877: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4798: 4779: 4771: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4447:(20–21 Jun 1791) 4427: 4419: 4411: 4402: 4383: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4266: 4258: 4254:Day of the Tiles 4237: 4236: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4085:Preceded by 4082: 4081: 4074: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4027:Novitsky, Vasily 4021: 4019: 4017: 3999: 3976: 3953: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3905: 3902:Military History 3896: 3894: 3892: 3868: 3846: 3824: 3802: 3780: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3730: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3523: 3520: 3509: 3506: 3495: 3492: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3221: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3164: 3158: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3118:Eggenberger 1985 3115: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2996: 2987: 2984: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2916: 2910: 2894: 2888: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2788:Battle of Modena 2450:Bertrand Clausel 2034:Emmanuel Grouchy 1936:Army of the Alps 1915:French Directory 1817:Battle of Modena 1736:on 5 April, the 1726:Battle of Verona 1620:Emmanuel Grouchy 1575: 1569: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1311:Marengo campaign 1067: 1065: 1058: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1024: 1012:Marengo Campaign 996:Italian Campaign 795:Vlieter incident 690: 688: 678: 671: 664: 655: 654: 634: 633: 627: 557:34,930 to 40,000 548: 547: 538: 537: 494: 493: 492: 483: 482: 472: 471: 463:Gaspard Gardanne 461: 460: 450: 449: 439: 438: 429: 421: 420: 411: 403: 402: 390: 389: 381: 369: 368: 359: 358: 350: 349: 341:Anton Mittrowsky 339: 338: 328: 327: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 284: 283: 276: 266: 265: 255: 254: 244: 243: 233: 232: 220: 219: 198: 197: 196: 185: 184: 183: 171: 170: 159: 158: 148: 147: 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 57: 56: 43: 19: 18: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7338: 7213:La Marseillaise 7202: 7201:Cultural impact 7187: 7097: 7078: 7045: 7001:Madame du Barry 6991:Catherine Théot 6981:Thérésa Tallien 6872: 6863:Gracchus Babeuf 6808:François Chabot 6765: 6757: 6678:Georges Couthon 6673:Marquis de Sade 6638:Jean-Paul Marat 6614: 6570:Bertrand Barère 6536: 6447: 6428:Boissy d'Anglas 6423:Madame de Staël 6388:Antoine Barnave 6356: 6349: 6340: 6287: 6268: 6243: 6238: 6208: 6203: 6178: 6173: 6153: 6148: 6110: 6105: 6089: 6066: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6024: 6011: 6000:József Alvinczi 5984: 5966: 5948: 5889:Nicolas Oudinot 5879: 5812:Claude Lecourbe 5807:Charles Leclerc 5702:Guillaume Brune 5672:Pierre Augereau 5642: 5637: 5622: 5617: 5615:Treaty of Paris 5609: 5595: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5420: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5298: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5168: 5158: 5142: 5137: 5129: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5059: 5054: 5041: 5033: 5031:Siege of Toulon 4995: 4987: 4970:First Coalition 4956: 4947: 4883: 4868: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4828: 4823: 4809: 4804: 4796: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4632:Law of Suspects 4626: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4580: 4578:Reign of Terror 4572: 4564: 4550: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4432: 4417: 4409: 4400: 4386: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4358:(4–11 Aug 1789) 4357: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4291:Réveillon riots 4285: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4242: 4231: 4146: 4141: 4102: 4097: 4086: 4051: 4038: 4036: 4015: 4013: 3996: 3973: 3950: 3921: 3919: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3865: 3843: 3821: 3799: 3777: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3727: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3658:Bogolyubov 1939 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3512: 3507: 3498: 3493: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3265:Griffith, Paddy 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3186: 3182:, p. 1008. 3178: 3167: 3161:Clodfelter 2017 3159: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3047: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954:Julian calendar 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2917: 2913: 2895: 2891: 2885:Julian calendar 2876: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823:Julian calendar 2820: 2816: 2811: 2769: 2729:Arquata Scrivia 2655: 2638: 2593: 2591:Melas' movement 2578:Jaeger and the 2558: 2545:Archduke Joseph 2507: 2502: 2469:François Watrin 2404: 2192:Archduke Joseph 2158:Baron Paul Kray 2101: 2096: 2079:François Watrin 2066:Capriata d'Orba 2062:Rivalta Bormida 2050:Pyotr Bagration 1974:Siege of Mantua 1903:Emperor Francis 1895:Italian Riviera 1722: 1713:Italian Riviera 1622:were captured. 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1224:Veronese Easter 1102:Monte Settepani 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1022: 1017: 963: 691: 686: 684: 682: 648: 647: 646: 645: 643: 637: 636: 635: 613: 611: 610: 599: 592: 587: 586: 575: 568: 554: 542: 532: 490: 488: 487: 477: 476: 474:François Watrin 466: 465: 455: 454: 444: 443: 433: 432: 415: 414: 397: 396: 384: 383: 377: 363: 353: 352: 344: 343: 333: 332: 322: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 270: 260: 259: 249: 248: 246:Pyotr Bagration 238: 237: 227: 226: 214: 204: 194: 192: 181: 179: 173:French Republic 165: 153: 152: 142: 106: 104: 100: 97: 92: 89: 87: 85: 84: 83: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:1799 in France 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7283:Cult of Reason 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7227: 7225:Flag of France 7222: 7217: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7031:Jacques Necker 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Claire Lacombe 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6778:Jacques Hébert 6774: 6772: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Georges Danton 6630: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6477:Henri Grégoire 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6418:Camille Jordan 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6062: 6057: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5652: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5503: 5498:Battle of Novi 5495: 5487: 5485:(4–7 Jun 1799) 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5280: 5278:(6–7 Nov 1796) 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5195: 5193:(3–4 Aug 1796) 5187: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5164:Peace of Basel 5161: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Siege of Mainz 5003: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4942: 4937: 4935:Siege of Mainz 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4767:13 Vendémiaire 4764: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4744: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4619: 4614:Levée en masse 4611: 4603: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4575: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4524: 4519:10th of August 4516: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4420: 4412: 4403: 4401:(Feb–Jul 1790) 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4092: 4077:Battle of Novi 4068: 4067: 4061: 4050: 4049:External links 4047: 4046: 4045: 4022: 4000: 3994: 3977: 3971: 3954: 3948: 3928: 3910:Bodart, Gaston 3906: 3897: 3884: 3869: 3864:978-1851096725 3863: 3847: 3841: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3797: 3781: 3775: 3762: 3749: 3731: 3725: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3662: 3660:, p. 118. 3650: 3641: 3629: 3620: 3608: 3599: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3510: 3496: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3421: 3409: 3400: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3341:, p. 182. 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3279: 3256: 3244: 3222: 3220:, p. 301. 3207: 3205:, p. 340. 3184: 3165: 3163:, p. 109. 3146: 3137: 3135:, p. 252. 3122: 3120:, p. 314. 3105: 3093: 3081: 3079:, p. 270. 3069: 3045: 3043:, p. 200. 3030: 3028:, p. 280. 3018: 3003: 3001:, p. 303. 2988: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2889: 2864: 2855: 2835: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2749:Jura Mountains 2654: 2651: 2637: 2634: 2592: 2589: 2557: 2554: 2530:Peter Karl Ott 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2403: 2400: 2259:commanded the 2142:Grenz Infantry 2121:Deutschmeister 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2038:Bocchetta Pass 1995:Anton von Zach 1884:chief of staff 1721: 1718: 1632:Northern Italy 1584:Battle of Novi 1572: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1005:Dutch Campaign 1001: 1000: 999: 992: 989:Swiss Campaign 978: 971: 962: 961: 956: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 696: 693: 692: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 650: 649: 639: 638: 629: 628: 622: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 609: 608: 605: 600: 589: 585: 584: 581: 576: 564: 563: 559: 558: 555: 553: 552: 551: 550: 540: 526: 523: 522: 518: 517: 511: 504: 503: 502:Units involved 499: 498: 361: 211: 210: 206: 205: 203: 202: 200:Lombard Legion 189: 175: 163: 150:Russian Empire 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 119: 115: 114: 71: 69: 65: 64: 63:15 August 1799 61: 53: 52: 46:Battle of Novi 36: 35: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7423: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7349: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297:Sans-culottes 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Metric system 7266: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7093: 7089: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7067:Panthéon Club 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Joachim Murat 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:Gilbert Romme 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:de Cambacérès 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6471:Madame Roland 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:André Chénier 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Grace Elliott 6361: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Joseph Souham 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:Joachim Murat 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:André Masséna 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5618:(25 Jun 1802) 5616: 5613: 5610:(25 Mar 1802) 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5589: 5586: 5583:(18 Mar 1801) 5581: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5541: 5538:(15 Jun 1800) 5536: 5533: 5530:(14 Jun 1800) 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5504: 5501:(15 Aug 1799) 5499: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5461:(25 Mar 1799) 5459: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5443: 5442:Siege of Acre 5440: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5414: 5413:Peasants' War 5411: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5363:(17 Oct 1797) 5361: 5358: 5355:(18 Apr 1797) 5353: 5350: 5347:(17 Apr 1797) 5345: 5342: 5339:(25 Jan 1797) 5337: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5323:(13 Jan 1797) 5321: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5262:(26 Oct 1796) 5260: 5257: 5254:(19 Oct 1796) 5252: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5222:(24 Aug 1796) 5220: 5217: 5214:(11 Aug 1796) 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5117:(26 Jun 1794) 5115: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5101:(22 May 1794) 5099: 5096: 5093:(18 May 1794) 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5076:(24 Apr 1794) 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5042:(13 Oct 1793) 5040: 5037: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4988:(23 May 1793) 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4862: 4859:(24 Dec 1799) 4857: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4843:(18 Jun 1799) 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4824:(11 May 1798) 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4742:(22 Aug 1795) 4740: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4715:(11 Nov 1794) 4713: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4699:(28 Jul 1794) 4696: 4693: 4690:(27 Jul 1794) 4688: 4685: 4682:(10 Jun 1794) 4680: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4646: 4643:(16 Oct 1793) 4641: 4638: 4635:(17 Sep 1793) 4633: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4617:(23 Aug 1793) 4615: 4612: 4609:(13 Jul 1793) 4607: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4565:(21 Jan 1793) 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4546:(22 Sep 1792) 4544: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522:(10 Aug 1792) 4520: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4506:(25 Jul 1792) 4504: 4501: 4498:(20 Apr 1792) 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4463:(27 Aug 1791) 4461: 4458: 4455:(17 Jul 1791) 4453: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4428:(14 Jul 1790) 4426: 4425: 4421: 4418:(12 Jul 1790) 4416: 4413: 4410:(23 Jun 1790) 4408: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4366:(26 Aug 1789) 4364: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4342:(14 Jul 1789) 4340: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4326:(20 Jun 1789) 4324: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4310:(4 June 1789) 4308: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294:(28 Apr 1789) 4292: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4265:(21 Jul 1788) 4263: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4170:Ancien Régime 4167: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3972:5-203-00046-8 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3949:9785998994289 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3887: 3885:0-486-24913-1 3881: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842:1-85367-276-9 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3820:0-253-31076-8 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3798:1-883476-18-6 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3726:0-02-523670-9 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3670:Rostunov 1989 3666: 3659: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3280:1-85367-335-8 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3254:, p. 24. 3253: 3248: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041:Griffith 1998 3037: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880:Army of Italy 2868: 2859: 2852: 2839: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2757:André Masséna 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713:Ivan Rostunov 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:Gaston Bodart 2685: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2597: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2564:Louis Lemoine 2562: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2511: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2489:Polish Legion 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2437:Line Infantry 2434: 2430: 2429:demi brigades 2426: 2422: 2421:Louis Lemoine 2418: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269:Schiaffinatti 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146:Archduke John 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Army of Italy 2002: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991:canister shot 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1955:Army of Italy 1952: 1948: 1947: 1946:Army of Italy 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837:André Masséna 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760:on 26 April. 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699:Army of Italy 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1596:Field Marshal 1593: 1589: 1585: 1555: 1549: 1532: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1381: 1374: 1364: 1350: 1349:Porto Ferrajo 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1312: 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Trebbia 1624:Novi Ligure 1273:2nd Marengo 1256:1st Marengo 1169:2nd Bassano 1164:1st Bassano 1149:Castiglione 1092:2nd Saorgio 1077:1st Saorgio 930:Hohenlinden 910:3rd Marengo 900:Iller River 825:Linth River 790:Callantsoog 770:2nd Marengo 740:1st Marengo 614:4 standards 567:8,000–9,000 515:French Army 509:Allied Army 393:Jean Moreau 271: [ 105: / 73:Novi Ligure 7355:Categories 7062:Cordeliers 6976:Talleyrand 6901:Louis XVII 6763:Hébertists 6517:Jean Debry 6347:Feuillants 5976:Opposition 5872:Michel Ney 5294:(Dec 1796) 4902:Thionville 4805:(Dec 1797) 4778:(May 1796) 4770:5 Oct 1795 4747:Directoire 4627:(painting) 4530:(Sep 1792) 4514:(Jun 1792) 4347:Great Fear 4286:(Jan 1789) 4177:Revolution 3595:Orlov 1892 3339:Orlov 1892 3218:Orlov 1892 3089:Orlov 1892 3077:Orlov 1892 3026:Orlov 1892 2999:Orlov 1892 2972:References 2673:Historian 2388:Jung-Baden 2380:Baranovsky 2353:Semernikov 2295:Regiment. 2184:Lattermann 2129:Mittrowsky 1720:Background 1332:Montebello 1278:2nd Mantua 1251:Bassignana 1194:1st Mantua 940:Copenhagen 905:Montebello 870:Hohentwiel 830:Muottental 820:2nd Zurich 800:Krabbendam 755:1st Zurich 750:Winterthur 745:Frauenfeld 735:Bassignana 90:44°45′42″N 6896:Louis XVI 6891:Charles X 6542:The Plain 6453:Girondins 6393:Lafayette 6054:(Walloon) 6036:Pál Kray 6012:(Walloon) 5554:(1800–02) 5405:Quasi-War 4864:Consulate 4750:(1795–99) 4205:Consulate 4198:Directory 2740:Czar Paul 2618:Rosenberg 2614:Gryazev's 2580:Lomonosov 2520:Pasturana 2384:Rosenberg 2327:Lomonosov 2323:Dendrygin 2312:Bagration 2293:Lobkowitz 2285:Lobkowitz 2261:Hohenfeld 2213:Lobkowitz 1787:, at the 1742:Paul Kray 1705:Paul Kray 1659:chasseurs 1601:attack a 1327:Chiusella 1322:Fort Bard 1204:Valvasone 1154:Peschiera 1139:Borghetto 945:Algeciras 915:Höchstädt 895:Chiusella 890:Fort Bard 880:Messkirch 840:Castricum 710:Feldkirch 601:Details: 577:Details: 308:Peter Ott 286:Paul Kray 93:8°47′26″E 7256:Panthéon 7244:Muscadin 7239:Marianne 7178:Voltaire 7057:Jacobins 7050:Factions 6590:Mirabeau 6046:(French) 4940:Jemappes 4924:Dauphiné 4407:Nobility 4219:Journals 4212:Glossary 4191:Republic 4163:Timeline 3934:(1892). 3912:(1908). 3904:: 62–69. 3853:(2009). 3831:(1998). 3809:(1980). 3787:(1999). 3737:(2020). 3715:(1979). 3267:(1998). 2767:See also 2361:Karaczay 2265:Goeschen 2235:led the 2217:Levenehr 2201:Szluiner 2178:Nr. 10, 2139:Szluiner 2026:Napoleon 1893:and the 1807:was the 1748:army of 1740:army of 1692:and the 1666:Po River 1655:medieval 1628:Piedmont 1305:3rd Novi 1295:2nd Novi 1179:Caldiero 1174:Calliano 1159:Rovereto 1119:2nd Dego 1097:1st Dego 885:Biberach 860:Wiesloch 855:3rd Novi 845:2nd Novi 805:Mannheim 521:Strength 77:Piedmont 68:Location 7138:Diderot 6884:Figures 6769:Enragés 6475:Father 6186:Prussia 6118:Britain 6067:(Saxon) 6025:(Swiss) 5992:Austria 4039:28 June 3891:28 June 3706:Sources 2709:Orlov's 2653:Results 2606:Scrivia 2392:Dalheim 2372:Förster 2356:Cossack 2340:Denisov 2335:Kalemin 2249:Pertusi 2197:Oranien 2174:Nr. 8, 2168:Nádasdy 2164:Sztáray 2149:Dragoon 2123:Nr. 4, 1986:Sarzana 1880:Tortona 1678:Cassano 1674:Magnano 1400:Marengo 1395:30miles 1344:Pozzolo 1338:Marengo 1267:Trebbia 1246:Cassano 1241:Brescia 1236:Magnano 1087:Epierre 1082:Méribel 1061:of the 925:Ampfing 920:Neuburg 835:Alkmaar 765:Trebbia 730:Cassano 725:Magnano 705:Ostrach 612:37 guns 549:≤15,552 539:≤35,995 425: ( 407: ( 379:† 128:victory 126:Russian 31:in the 6877:Others 6216:Russia 5650:France 5315:(1797) 5185:(1796) 4920:Vendée 4897:Verdun 4724:1795–6 4667:Danton 4226:Museum 4156:Causes 4053:Maps: 4016:30 May 3992: 3969: 3946: 3922:27 May 3882: 3861: 3839: 3817: 3795: 3773: 3756:6 June 3747: 3723: 3277: 2932:12,000 2929:11,500 2926:11,100 2923:11,000 2877:Total 2849:Total 2733:Valais 2584:Sanaev 2576:Miller 2549:Kaiser 2500:Battle 2376:Tyrtov 2349:Grekov 2345:Sychov 2331:Sanaev 2316:Miller 2289:Stuart 2241:Morzin 2225:Stuart 2188:Kaiser 2180:Gyulai 2094:Forces 2024:under 1939:under 1917:. The 1899:Vienna 1774:Mantua 1770:Mincio 1730:Verona 1594:under 1574: 1568: 1562: 1537:Verona 1300:Genola 1261:Modena 1231:Verona 1214:Tarvis 1199:Faenza 1189:Rivoli 1184:Arcole 1144:Lonato 1129:Fombio 935:Mincio 850:Genola 810:Bergen 785:Amsteg 775:Mantua 760:Modena 720:Verona 588:3 guns 375: 122:Austro 118:Result 7334:Films 6251:Spain 5884:] 4952:] 4945:Namur 4930:Lille 4907:Valmy 3984:[ 3961:[ 3938:[ 2920:9,663 2907:9,000 2904:8,750 2901:8,250 2898:8,000 2809:Notes 2319:Jäger 2253:Weber 2176:Kheul 2125:Terzy 2054:Terzo 2044:. At 1891:Genoa 1835:beat 1829:Turin 1825:Milan 1766:Tyrol 1758:Lecco 1690:Genoa 1636:Genoa 1367:Italy 1317:Genoa 1209:Tyrol 1107:Loano 865:Genoa 700:Corfu 275:] 81:Italy 48:, by 6766:and 6350:and 5600:1802 5564:1801 5519:1800 5426:1799 5373:1798 5304:1797 5174:1796 5148:1795 5065:1794 4962:1793 4889:1792 4833:1799 4814:1798 4787:1797 4669:and 4660:1794 4555:1793 4488:1792 4437:1791 4391:1790 4274:1789 4247:1788 4041:2023 4018:2023 3990:ISBN 3967:ISBN 3944:ISBN 3924:2023 3893:2023 3880:ISBN 3859:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3815:ISBN 3793:ISBN 3771:ISBN 3758:2023 3745:ISBN 3721:ISBN 3275:ISBN 3015:maps 3013:See 2642:Paar 2582:and 2471:and 2394:and 2378:and 2351:and 2333:and 2314:and 2271:and 2251:and 2245:Paar 2172:Huff 2064:and 2042:Gavi 2040:and 2008:The 1925:and 1878:and 1680:and 1618:and 1590:and 1582:The 1393:50km 1290:Gavi 1284:Novi 1134:Lodi 1124:Ceva 780:Novi 513:See 507:See 60:Date 6126:Sir 1756:at 1630:in 953:2nd 949:1st 428:POW 410:POW 7357:: 5882:fr 4950:fr 3632:^ 3611:^ 3569:^ 3539:^ 3527:^ 3513:^ 3499:^ 3483:^ 3424:^ 3412:^ 3391:^ 3225:^ 3210:^ 3187:^ 3168:^ 3149:^ 3125:^ 3108:^ 3096:^ 3048:^ 3033:^ 3006:^ 2991:^ 2979:^ 2723:. 2467:, 2390:, 2374:, 2370:, 2347:, 2343:, 2329:, 2325:, 2267:, 2263:, 2247:, 2243:, 2239:, 2060:, 1676:, 1646:. 1429:10 1417:11 1405:12 951:• 273:ru 79:, 75:, 4136:e 4129:t 4122:v 4066:. 4060:; 4043:. 4020:. 3998:. 3975:. 3952:. 3926:. 3895:. 3867:. 3845:. 3823:. 3801:. 3779:. 3760:. 3729:. 3672:. 3283:. 1542:1 1525:2 1513:3 1501:4 1489:5 1477:6 1465:7 1453:8 1441:9 1365:: 1047:e 1040:t 1033:v 955:) 947:( 677:e 670:t 663:v 594:… 570:… 431:) 413:) 124:-

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Knowledge

Battle of Novi (1799)

Index