Battle of Passchendaele

1843:, followed by pursuit and exploitation. Haig had reservations and on 6 January Nivelle agreed to a proviso that if the first two parts of the operation failed to lead to a breakthrough, the operations would be stopped and the British could move their forces north for the Flanders offensive, which was of great importance to the British government. On 23 January, Haig wrote that it would take six weeks to move British troops and equipment to Flanders and on 14 March, noted that the Messines Ridge operation could begin in May. On 21 March, he wrote to Nivelle that it would take two months to prepare the offensive from Messines to Steenstraat but that the Messines operation could be ready in five or six weeks. The main French attack took place from 9 April to 9 May and failed to achieve a breakthrough. On 16 May, Haig wrote that he had divided the Flanders operation into two parts, one to take Messines Ridge and the main attack several weeks later. British determination to clear the Belgian coast took on more urgency after the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare on 1 February 1917. On 1 May 1917, Haig wrote that the Nivelle Offensive had weakened the German army but that an attempt at a decisive blow would be premature. The wearing-out process would continue on a front where the Germans had no room to retreat. Even limited success would improve the tactical situation in the Ypres salient, reducing the exceptional wastage, even in quiet periods. In early May, Haig set the date for the Flanders offensive, the attack on Messines Ridge to begin on 7 June. 3824:

impression that OHL operated in a rational manner, when Ludendorff imposed another defensive scheme on 7 October. Boff wrote that this narrative was facile and that it avoided the problem faced by the Germans in late 1917. OHL had issued orders to change tactics again days before Loßberg was blamed for giving new orders to the 4th Army. Boff also doubted that all of the divisions in Flanders could act on top-down changes. The 119th Division was in the front line from 11 August to 18 October and replied that new tactics were difficult to implement due to lack of training. The tempo of British attacks and the effect of attrition meant that although six divisions were sent to the 4th Army by 10 October, they were either novice units deficient in training or veteran formations with low morale after earlier defeats; good divisions had been diluted with too many replacements. Boff wrote that the Germans consciously sought tactical changes for an operational dilemma for want of an alternative. On 2 October, Rupprecht had ordered the 4th Army HQ to avoid over-centralising command, only to find that Loßberg had issued an artillery plan detailing the deployment of individual batteries.

2976:, German tactics were changed. After another defeat on 26 September, the German commanders made more tactical changes to counter the more conservative form of limited attacks adopted by the British. German counter-attacks in September had been "assaults on reinforced field positions", due to the restrained nature of British infantry advances. The fine weather in early September had greatly eased British supply difficulties, especially in ammunition and the British made time to establish a defence in depth on captured ground, protected by standing artillery barrages. The British attacked in dry, clear conditions, with more aircraft over the battlefield for counter-attack reconnaissance, contact patrol and ground-attack operations. Systematic defensive artillery-fire was forfeited by the Germans, due to uncertainty over the position of their infantry, just when the British infantry benefited from the opposite. German counter-attacks were costly failures and on 28 September, Thaer wrote that the experience was "awful" and that he did not know what to do. 3620:

observers on the Gheluvelt spur. Heavy artillery bombarded the ruins of Polderhoek Château and the pillboxes in the grounds to mislead the defenders and the attack was made in daylight as a ruse to surprise the Germans, who would be under cover sheltering from the routine bombardments. Smoke and gas bombardments on the Gheluvelt and Becelaere spurs on the flanks and the infantry attack began at the same time as the "routine" bombardment. The ruse failed, some British artillery-fire dropped short on the New Zealanders and the Germans engaged the attackers with small-arms fire from Polderhoek Spur and Gheluvelt ridge. A strong west wind ruined the smoke screens and the British artillery failed to suppress the German machine-guns. New Zealand machine-gunners repulsed a counter-attack but the New Zealand infantry were 150 yd (140 m) short of the first objective; another attempt after dark was cancelled because of the full moon and the arrival of German reinforcements.

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armies conducted a bombardment to simulate a general attack as a deception. Poelcappelle was captured but the attack at the junction between the 34th and 35th divisions was repulsed. German counter-attacks pushed back the 35th Division in the centre but the French attack captured all its objectives. Attacking on ground cut up by bombardments and soaked by rain, the British had struggled to advance in places and lost the ability to move quickly to outflank pillboxes. The 35th Division reached the fringe of Houthulst Forest but was outflanked and pushed back in places. German counter-attacks made after 22 October, were at an equal disadvantage and were costly failures. The German 4th Army was prevented from transferring troops away from the Fifth Army and from concentrating its artillery-fire on the Canadians as they prepared for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October – 10 November 1917).

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either the British should retire to the west side of the Gheluvelt Plateau or advance to broaden the salient towards Westroosebeke. Expanding the salient would make the troops in it less vulnerable to German artillery-fire and provide a better jumping off line for a resumption of the offensive in the spring of 1918. The British attacked towards Westroozebeke on the night of 1/2 December but the plan to mislead the Germans by not bombarding the German defences until eight minutes after the infantry began their advance came undone. The noise of the British assembly and the difficulty of moving across muddy and waterlogged ground had also alerted the Germans. In the moonlight, the Germans had seen the British troops when they were still 200 yd (180 m) away. Some ground was captured and about

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thoughts and ordered I Anzac Corps to push on to the Keiberg spur, with support from the II Anzac Corps. The II Anzac Corps commander wanted to advance north-east towards Passchendaele village but the I Anzac Corps commander preferred to wait until artillery had been brought up and supply routes improved. The X Corps commander proposed an attack northward from In de Ster into the southern flank of the Germans opposite I Anzac Corps. The 7th Division commander objected, due to uncertainty about the situation and the many casualties suffered by the 21st Division on the right flank and Plumer changed his mind again. During the morning, Gough had told the Fifth Army corps commanders to push on but when reports arrived of a repulse at 19 Metre Hill, the order was cancelled.

2893: 2708: 2474: 2447:, Director of Operations at GHQ, wrote in a memorandum that there was "ambiguity as to what was meant by a step-by-step attack with limited objectives" and suggested reverting to a 1,750 yd (1,600 m) advance on the first day to increase the concentration of British artillery. Gough stressed the need to plan to exploit opportunities to take ground left temporarily undefended, more likely in the first attack, which would have the benefit of long preparation. This had not been done in earlier battles and vacant ground, there for the taking, had been re-occupied by the Germans. At the end of June, Haig added a division to II Corps (Lieutenant-General 2647:(German third line), from Polygon Wood to Langemarck, was to be captured and the Steenbeek crossed further north. In the II Corps area, the disappointment of 10 August was repeated, with the infantry managing to advance, then being isolated by German artillery and forced back to their start line by German counter-attacks, except in the 25th Division area near Westhoek. Attempts by the German infantry to advance further were stopped by British artillery-fire with many casualties. The advance further north in the XVIII Corps area retook and held the north end of St Julien and the area south-east of Langemarck, while XIV Corps captured Langemarck and the 3510: 3157: 248: 4088:

On 12 April, the VIII Corps HQ ordered the infantry retirement to begin that night and the 59th Division was replaced by part of the 41st Division and transferred south. The II Corps had begun to withdraw its artillery at the same time as VIII Corps, on the night of 11/12 April and ordered the 36th (Ulster) and 30th divisions to conform to the VIII Corps retirement, which was complete by 13 April, with no German interference. On 13 April, Plumer agreed to a retirement in the south side of the salient to a line from Mt Kemmel to Voormezeele , White Château and Pilckem Ridge. The 4th Army diary recorded that the withdrawal was discovered at

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Flanders from the armies further south and placed opposite the Gheluvelt Plateau. Plumer continued the tactical evolution of the Fifth Army during its slow and costly progress in August. After a pause of about three weeks, Plumer intended to capture the plateau in four steps, with six-day intervals to bring forward artillery and supplies. The Second Army attacks were to remain limited and infantry brigade tactics were changed to attack the first objective with a battalion each and the final one with two battalions, the opposite of the Fifth Army practice on 31 July, to adapt to the dispersed defences being encountered between the

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depth than on 31 July, like the Fifth Army attacks in August. The shorter and quicker advances possible once the ground dried were intended to be consolidated on tactically advantageous ground, especially on any reverse slopes in the area, with the infantry still in contact with the artillery and aircraft, ready to repulse counter-attacks. The faster tempo of operations was intended to add to German difficulties in replacing tired divisions through the railway bottlenecks behind the German front. The pause in British attacks misled some of the German commanders and Albrecht von Thaer, the chief of staff of

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that was costly to both sides. Gough laid down a new infantry formation of skirmish lines to be followed by "worms" on 24 August and Cavan noted that pillboxes should be attacked on a broad front, to engage them simultaneously. Another general offensive intended for 25 August, was delayed by the failure of the preliminary attacks and then postponed due to more bad weather. On 27 August, II Corps tried a combined tank and infantry attack but the tanks bogged, the attack failed and Haig called a halt to operations until the weather improved.

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advance the next day began with uncertainty as to the security of its right flank; the attack of the depleted 98th Brigade was delayed and only managed to reach Black Watch Corner, 1,000 yd (910 m) short of its objectives. Reinforcements moved into the 5th Australian Division area and attacked south-westwards at noon as a silent (without artillery support) frontal attack was made from Black Watch Corner, because British troops were known to be holding out in the area. The attack succeeded by

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Another German attack failed and the German troops dug in behind some old German barbed wire; after dark, more German attacks around Cameron Covert failed. North of the covert near Polygon Wood, deep mud smothered German shells before they exploded but they still caused many casualties. Communication with the rear was lost and the Germans attacked all day but British SOS rockets remained visible and the attacks took no ground; after dark German attacks were repulsed by another three SOS barrages.

188: 172: 4105: 3397: 263: 2409: 233: 2682: 3015:) a day or two after and for spoiling attacks as the British reorganised. More tactical changes were ordered on 30 September; operations to increase British infantry losses were to continue and gas bombardments were to be increased, weather permitting. Every effort was to be made to induce the British to reinforce their forward positions with infantry for the German artillery to bombard them. Between 26 September and 3 October, the Germans attacked at least 2111:

gave the area the most efficient supply system of the BEF. Several plans and memoranda for a Flanders offensive were produced between January 1916 and May 1917, in which the writers tried to relate the offensive resources available to the terrain and the likely German defence. In early 1916, the importance of the capture of the Gheluvelt plateau for an advance further north was emphasised by Haig and the army commanders. On 14 February 1917, Colonel

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advance, German counter-attacks recovered most of the ground lost opposite Passchendaele, except for an area on the right of the Wallemolen spur. North of Poelcappelle, the XIV Corps of the Fifth Army advanced along the Broembeek some way up the Watervlietbeek and the Stadenrevebeek streams and the Guards Division captured the west end of the Vijwegen spur, gaining observation over the south end of Houthulst Forest. There were

7888: 7843: 7796: 1578:. Haig was sceptical of a coastal operation, believing that a landing from the sea would be far more difficult than anticipated and that an advance along the coast would require so much preparation, that the Germans would have ample warning. Haig preferred an advance from Ypres, to bypass the flooded area around the Yser and the coast, before attempting a coastal attack to clear the coast to the Dutch border. 54: 460: 2433:(third line), a second-day objective in earlier plans, was added to the two objectives due to be taken on the first day. A fourth objective, the red line was also given for the first day, to be attempted by fresh troops, at the discretion of divisional and corps commanders, in places where the German defence had collapsed. The attack was not planned as a breakthrough operation and 1995:. In 1914, the woods usually had undergrowth but by 1917, artillery bombardments had reduced the woods to tree stumps, shattered tree trunks tangled with barbed wire and more wire festooning the ground, which was full of shell-holes; fields in the gaps between the woods were 800–1,000 yd (730–910 m) wide and devoid of cover. The main road to Ypres from 3558:

exceptional German resistance. The 3rd Canadian Division captured Vapour Farm on the corps boundary, Furst Farm to the west of Meetcheele and the crossroads at Meetcheele but remained short of its objective. During a seven-day pause, the Second Army took over another section of the Fifth Army front adjoining the Canadian Corps. Three rainless days from

4096:, the Germans attacked from Houthulst Forest, north-east of Ypres and captured Kippe but were forced out by Belgian counter-attacks, supported by the II Corps artillery. On the afternoon of 27 April, the south end of the Second Army outpost line was driven in near Voormezeele and another British outpost line was established north-east of the village. 2605:, by taking reservoir Hill (Hill 65) and Hill 70. The attacks were conducted earlier than planned to use heavy and siege artillery before it was transferred to Ypres, the Souchez operation being cut back and the attack on Hill 70 postponed. The Battle of Hill 70, 30 mi (48 km) south of Ypres, eventually took place from 15 to 25 August. The 2090:, Messines ridge is well-balanced soil and the ground around Ypres is sandy soil. The ground is drained by many streams, canals and ditches, which need regular maintenance. Since 1914 much of the drainage had been destroyed, though some parts were restored by land drainage companies from England. The British considered the area drier than 4061:

Teal Cottage, supported by a smoke and shrapnel barrage, killed many of the garrison and took six prisoners for one man wounded. A German attack on 11 March was repulsed; after that the Germans made no more attacks, keeping up frequent artillery bombardments and machine-gun fire instead. When the German armies further south began the

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coast with a combined amphibious landing. If manpower and artillery were insufficient, only the first part of the plan might be fulfilled. On 30 April, Haig told Gough, the Fifth Army commander, that he would lead the Northern Operation and the coastal force, although Cabinet approval for the offensive was not granted until 21 June.

1362:), were to have reached Bruges and then the Dutch frontier. Although a general withdrawal had seemed inevitable in early October, the Germans were able to avoid one due to the resistance of the 4th Army, unusually wet weather in August, the beginning of the autumn rains in October and the diversion of British and French resources to 2335:(point of main effort) of the German defensive system. Pilckem Ridge deprived the British of ground observation over the Steenbeek Valley, while the Germans could see the area from Passchendaele Ridge, allowing German infantry to be supported by observed artillery-fire. Loßberg's judgement was accepted and no withdrawal was made. 1875:, to honour the agreement struck with the Allies at the Chantilly meeting of 15 to 16 November 1916. After a brief period of success from 1 to 19 July, the Russian offensive was contained by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, which counter-attacked and forced the Russian armies to retreat. On the 3376:

The French First Army and British Second and Fifth armies attacked on 9 October, on a 13,500 yd (7.7 mi; 12.3 km) front, from south of Broodseinde to St Jansbeek, to advance half of the distance from Broodseinde ridge to Passchendaele, on the main front, which led to many casualties on

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As news arrived of the great success of the attack, the head of GHQ Intelligence went to the Second Army headquarters to discuss exploitation. Plumer declined the suggestion, as eight fresh German divisions were behind the battlefield, with another six beyond them. Later in the day, Plumer had second

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German troops massed near the Menin road. The German attack was defeated by small-arms fire and the British artillery, whose observers had seen the SOS rockets. The British were forced out of Cameron Covert and counter-attacked but a German attack began at the same time and the British were repulsed.

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plan. A week after the Battle of Messines Ridge, Haig gave his objectives to his army commanders, the wearing out of the enemy, securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier by capturing Passchendaele ridge, followed by an advance on Roulers and Operation Hush, an attack along the

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On 9 February, Rawlinson, commander of the Fourth Army, suggested that Messines Ridge could be taken in one day and that the capture of the Gheluvelt plateau should be fundamental to the attack further north. He suggested that the southern attack from St Yves to Mont Sorrel should come first and that

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Preparations for operations in Flanders began in 1915, with the doubling of the Hazebrouck–Ypres rail line and the building of a new line from Bergues to Proven, which was doubled in early 1917. Progress on roads, rail lines, railheads and spurs in the Second Army zone was continuous and by mid-1917,

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and converging artillery bombardments. An occupier also has the advantage that artillery deployments and the movement of reinforcements, supplies and stores can be screened from view. The ridge had woods from Wytschaete to Zonnebeke giving good cover, some being of notable size, like Polygon Wood and

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Minor operations took place in the Ypres salient in 1916, some being German initiatives to distract the Allies from their preparations for the offensive at Verdun and later attempts to divert Allied resources from the Battle of the Somme. Other operations were begun by the British to regain territory

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Memorial to the Missing commemorates those of all Commonwealth nations (except New Zealand and Newfoundland) who died in the Ypres Salient and have no known grave. In the case of the United Kingdom only casualties before 16 August 1917 are commemorated on the memorial. United Kingdom and New Zealand

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On 23 March, Haig ordered Plumer to make contingency plans to shorten the line and release troops for the other armies. Worn-out divisions from the south had been sent to Flanders to recuperate closer to the coast. On 11 April, Plumer authorised a withdrawal of the southern flank of the Second Army.

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tracks. Conditions in the salient improved with the completion of transport routes and the refurbishment of German pillboxes. Both sides raided and the British used night machine-gun fire and artillery barrages to great effect. On the evening of 3 March 1918, two companies of the 8th Division raided

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The area to the east and south of the ruins of Passchendaele village was held by posts, those to the east being fairly habitable, unlike the southern ones; from Passchendaele as far back as Potijze, the ground was far worse. Each brigade spent four days in the front line, four in support and four in

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The second stage began on 30 October, to complete the previous stage and gain a base for the final assault on Passchendaele. The attackers on the southern flank quickly captured Crest Farm and sent patrols beyond the final objective into Passchendaele. The attack on the northern flank again met with

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casualties, fewer than a third of the German total. The Germans had to withdraw from their remaining positions on the Chemin des Dames to the north of the Ailette Valley early in November. Haig was pleased with the French success but regretted the delay, which had lessened its effect on the Flanders

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at the same time. The British attacked along a 14,000 yd (8.0 mi; 13 km) front and as the I Anzac Corps divisions began their advance towards Broodseinde Ridge, men were seen rising from shell-holes in no man's land and more German troops were found concealed in shell-craters. Most of

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to recapture the Tokio Spur from Zonnebeke south to Molenaarelsthoek at the eastern edge of Polygon Wood on 3 October. The attacking infantry from the 45th Reserve and the 4th Guard divisions were commanded by Major Freiherr von Schleinitz in the north and Lieutenant-Colonel Rave in the south. After

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German troops emerged from the mist on an 800 yd (730 m) front. The attack was supported by flame-throwers and German infantry throwing smoke- and hand-grenades. The British replied with small-arms fire and bombs, forcing the Germans to retreat in confusion but a post was lost south of the

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guns and howitzers, more than double the quantity of artillery available at the Battle of Pilckem Ridge. Aircraft were to be used for systematic air observation of German troop movements, to avoid the failures of previous battles, where too few aircrews had been burdened with too many duties and had

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Plumer arranged for the medium and heavy artillery reinforcements reaching Flanders to be added to the creeping bombardment, which had been impossible with the amount of artillery available to the Fifth Army. The tactical changes ensured that more infantry attacked on narrower fronts, to a shallower

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had held on to the Gheluvelt Plateau in August but its casualties worsened the German manpower shortage. Haig transferred the main offensive effort to the Second Army on 25 August and moved the northern boundary of the Second Army closer to the Ypres–Roulers railway. More heavy artillery was sent to

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and because of a German attack at Verdun from 28 to 29 June, which captured some of the French jumping-off points. A French counter-attack on 17 July re-captured the ground, the Germans regained it on 1 August, then took ground on the east bank on 16 August. The French attacked on 20 August and by 9

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in places. The coastal strip is sandy but a short way into the hinterland, the ground rises towards the Vale of Ypres, which before 1914 was a flourishing market garden. Ypres is 66 ft (20 m) above sea level; Bixschoote 4 mi (6.4 km) to the north is at 28 ft (8.5 m). To

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operation. The experience of the failure to contain the British attacks at Ypres and the drastic reduction in areas of the western front that could be considered "quiet" after the tank and artillery surprise at Cambrai, left the OHL with little choice but to return to a strategy of decisive victory

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On the higher ground, the Germans continued to inflict many losses on the British divisions beyond Langemarck but on 19 August, after two fine dry days, XVIII Corps conducted a novel infantry, tank, aircraft and artillery operation. German strongpoints and pillboxes along the St Julien–Poelcappelle

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the initial attack. As the infantry advanced over the far edge of the ridge, German artillery and machine-guns east of the ridge opened fire and the British artillery was less able to suppress them. The attack removed the Germans from the dominating ground on the southern face of the Ypres salient,

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the east the land is at 66–82 ft (20–25 m) for several miles, with the Steenbeek river at 49 ft (15 m) near St Julien. There is a low ridge from Messines, 260 ft (80 m) at its highest point, running north-east past Clapham Junction at the west end of Gheluvelt plateau (

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On 18 November the VIII Corps on the right and II Corps on the left (northern) side of the Passchendaele Salient took over from the Canadian Corps. The area was subjected to constant German artillery bombardments and its vulnerability to attack led to a suggestion by Brigadier C. F. Aspinall, that

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were overrun or retreated through the British barrage, then the Australians attacked pillboxes one-by-one and captured the village of Zonnebeke north of the ridge. When the British barrage began on Broodseinde Ridge, the Keiberg Spur and Waterdamhoek, some of the German forward headquarters staffs

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pushed forward to the line of the Steenbeek (black line) to consolidate and sent fresh troops towards the green line and on the XIX Corps front to the red line, for an advance of about 4,000 yd (3,700 m). Group Ypres counter-attacked the flanks of the British break-in, supported by every

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is in a defile, easily observed from the ridge. Roads in the area were unpaved, except for the main ones from Ypres, with occasional villages and houses dotted along them. The lowland west of the ridge was a mixture of meadows and fields, with high hedgerows dotted with trees, cut by streams and a

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system kept moving until November, because the BEF had developed a workable system of offensive tactics, against which the Germans ultimately had no answer. A decade later, Jack Sheldon wrote that relative casualty figures were irrelevant, because the German army could not afford the losses or to

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At a conference on 13 October, Haig and the army commanders agreed that attacks would stop until the weather improved and roads could be extended, to carry more artillery and ammunition forward. The offensive was to continue, to reach a suitable line for the winter and to keep German attention on

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divisions found the British already dug in, with the German forward battle zone and its weak garrison gone beyond recapture. In August, German front-line divisions had two regiments deployed in the front line, with the third regiment in reserve. The front battalions had needed to be relieved much

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The section predicted the warm weather and thunderstorms of 7 to 14 June; in a letter to the press of 17 January 1958, Gold wrote that the facts of the Flanders climate contradicted Charteris. In 1989, Philip Griffiths examined August weather in Flanders for the thirty years before 1916 and found

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were captured. On 22 August, more ground was gained by XIX and XVIII corps but the tactical disadvantage of being overlooked by the Germans continued. A II Corps attack on the Gheluvelt Plateau from 22 to 24 August, to capture Nonne Bosschen, Glencorse Wood and Inverness Copse, failed in fighting

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official historians, many of whom were former staff officers, wrote of the tactical changes after 26 September and their scrapping after the Battle of Broodseinde on 4 October, as the work of Loßberg. By blaming an individual, the rest of the German commanders were exculpated, which gave a false

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in April 1915. The Canadian operation was to be three limited attacks, on 26 October 30 October and 6 November. On 26 October, the 3rd Canadian Division captured its objective at Wolf Copse, then swung back its northern flank to link with the adjacent division of the Fifth Army. The 4th Canadian

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Forest. The attack was supported by a regiment of the French 1st Division on the left flank of the 35th Division and was intended to obstruct a possible German counter-attack on the left flank of the Canadian Corps as it attacked Passchendaele and the ridge. The artillery of the Second and Fifth

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divisions as they advanced. All of the German divisions holding front zones were relieved and an extra division brought forward, because the British advances had lengthened the front line. Without the divisions necessary for a counter-offensive south of the Gheluvelt Plateau towards Kemmel Hill,

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batteries of artillery, four times the usual amount for a division. The German infantry managed to advance on the flanks, about 100 yd (91 m) near the Menin road and 600 yd (550 m) north of the Reutelbeek. The infantry were supported by artillery-observation and ground-attack

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along Passchendaele ridge, meeting the old front line in the north near Langemarck and Armentières in the south. Such a withdrawal would avoid a hasty retreat from Pilckem Ridge and force the British into a time-consuming redeployment. Loßberg disagreed, believing that the British would launch a

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In his 1977 work, Terraine wrote that the German figure ought to be increased because their statistics were incomplete and because their data omitted some lightly wounded men, who would have been included under British casualty criteria, revising the German figure by twenty per cent, which made

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later wrote that the return of heavy rain and mud sloughs was the main cause of the failure to hold captured ground. Kuhl concluded that the fighting strained German fighting power to the limit but that the German forces managed to prevent a breakthrough, although it was becoming much harder to

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After rain delays from 2 August, II Corps attacked again on 10 August, to capture the rest of the black line (second objective) on the Gheluvelt plateau. The infantry advance succeeded but German artillery-fire and infantry counter-attacks isolated the infantry of the 18th (Eastern) Division in

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After mutinies had begun in the French armies, the British cabinet felt compelled to endorse the Flanders offensive, in the hope that more refusals to fight could be "averted by a great success". Haig wrote that if the Allies could win the war in 1917, "the chief people to suffer would be the

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attacked the low ridge, from which German observers could view the area from Cameron Covert to the north and the Menin road to the south-west. A New Zealand advance of 600 yd (550 m) on a 400 yd (370 m) front, would shield the area north of the Reutelbeek stream from German

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casualties from 9 to 12 October and had to be relieved by the 238th Division. Ludendorff became optimistic that Passchendaele Ridge could be held and ordered the 4th Army to stand fast. On 18 October, Kuhl advocated a retreat as far to the east as possible; Armin and Loßberg wanted to hold on,

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The First Battle of Passchendaele on 12 October was another Allied attempt to gain ground around Passchendaele. Heavy rain and mud again made movement difficult and little artillery could be brought closer to the front. Allied troops were exhausted and morale had fallen. After a modest British

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Plumer ordered the attack due on 26 September to go ahead but reduced the objectives of the 33rd Division. The 98th Brigade was to advance and cover the right flank of the 5th Australian Division and the 100th Brigade was to re-capture the lost ground further south. The 5th Australian Division

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visibility were to the advantage of the defenders. After the dry spell in early September, British advances had been much quicker and the final objective was reached a few hours after dawn, which confounded the German counter-attack divisions. Having crossed 2 mi (3.2 km) of mud, the

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Careful investigation of records of more than eighty years showed that in Flanders the weather broke early each August with the regularity of the Indian monsoon: once the Autumn rains set in difficulties would be greatly enhanced....Unfortunately, there now set in the wettest August for thirty

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After setting objectives 1–2 mi (1.6–3.2 km) distant on 31 July, the British attempted shorter advances of approximately 1,500 yd (1,400 m) in August but were unable to achieve these lesser objectives in the south of the battlefield, because the rain soaked ground and poor

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the ridge is 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) distant and recedes to 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) at Polygon Wood. Wytschaete is about 150 ft (46 m) above the plain; on the Ypres–Menin road at Hooge, the elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) and 70 ft

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until early evening, all of which failed to gain ground or made only a temporary penetration of the new British positions. The German defence had failed to stop a well-prepared attack made in good weather. Minor attacks took place after 20 September, as both sides jockeyed for position and

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included more emphasis on the use of heavy and medium artillery to destroy German concrete pill-boxes and machine-gun nests, which were more numerous in the battle zones being attacked, than behind the original July front line and to engage in more counter-battery fire. The British had

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of 1938, Lloyd George wrote, "Passchendaele was indeed one of the greatest disasters of the war ... No soldier of any intelligence now defends this senseless campaign ...". In 1939, G. C. Wynne wrote that the British had eventually reached Passchendaele Ridge and captured

3474:). The artillery preparation started on 17 October and on 23 October, the German defenders were swiftly defeated and the French advanced up to 3.7 mi (6.0 km), capturing the village and fort of La Malmaison, gaining control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. The Germans lost 1804:

fronts, by the first fortnight of February 1917. A meeting in London of the Admiralty and the General Staff urged that the Flanders operation be undertaken in 1917 and Joffre replied on 8 December, agreeing to a Flanders campaign after the spring offensive. The plan for a year of

4123:. There is a New Zealand Memorial marking where New Zealand troops fought at Gravenstafel Ridge on 4 October, located on Roeselarestraat. There are numerous tributes and memorials in Australia and New Zealand to Anzac soldiers who died in the battle, including plaques at the 4142:

memorial, commemorating the Scottish contribution to the fighting in Flanders during the Great War. This memorial is on Frezenberg Ridge where the 9th (Scottish) Division and the 15th (Scottish) Division fought during the Third Battle of Ypres. The monument was dedicated by

1756:) with the II Anzac, IX, X and VIII corps, held the Western Front in Flanders from Laventie to Boesinghe, with eleven divisions and up to two in reserve. There was much trench mortaring, mining and raiding by both sides and from January to May, the Second Army suffered 2957:

more frequently than expected due to the power of British attacks, constant artillery-fire and the weather. Replacement units became mixed up with ones holding the front and reserve regiments had failed to intervene quickly, leaving front battalions unsupported until

3187:

on 26 September, five layers of barrage fired by British artillery and machine-guns began. Dust and smoke thickened the morning mist and the infantry advanced using compass bearings. Each of the three German ground-holding divisions attacked on 26 September had an

1518:(OHL, supreme army command), ordered an attack towards Dunkirk and Calais, followed by a turn south behind the Allied armies, to gain a decisive victory. On 16 October, the Belgians and some French reinforcements began the defence of western Belgium and the French 2442:

The Fifth Army plan was more ambitious than the plans devised by Rawlinson and Plumer, which had involved an advance of 1,000–1,750 yd (910–1,600 m) on the first day, by compressing their first three attacks into one day instead of three. Major-General

2640:

the Fifth Army headquarters was influenced by the effect that delay would have on Operation Hush, which needed the high tides due at the end of August or it would have to be postponed for a month. Gough intended that the rest of the green line, just beyond the

4001:

casualties and agreed that German losses were at least equal to and probably greater than British, owing to the strength of British artillery and the high number of German counterattacks; he did not accept Edmonds' calculation that German losses were as high

7208:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3809:. The German submarine bases on the coast had not been captured but the objective of diverting the Germans from the French further south, while they recovered from the Nivelle Offensive in April, had succeeded. In 1997, Paddy Griffith wrote that the 2858:

On the left bank, close to the Meuse, one division had failed ... and yet both here and in Flanders everything possible had been done to avoid failure ... The French army was once more capable of the offensive. It had quickly overcome its

2929:, wrote that it was "almost boring". Kuhl doubted that the offensive had ended but had changed his mind by 13 September; two divisions, thirteen heavy artillery batteries, twelve field batteries, three fighter squadrons and four other units of the 1983:) Spur and on the east side, the Oosttaverne Spur, which is also parallel to the main ridge. The general aspect south and east of Ypres, is one of low ridges and dips, gradually flattening northwards beyond Passchendaele, into a featureless plain. 2372:

had been filled with nearly 1,000,000 lb (454 t) of explosives. The Germans knew the British were mining and had taken counter-measures but they were surprised at the extent of the British effort. Two of the mines failed to detonate but

3138:

and later in the afternoon, the 100th Brigade re-took the ground lost north of the Menin road. Casualties in the 33rd Division were so great that it was relieved on 27 September by the 23rd Division, which had only been withdrawn on the night of

3072:

On 20 September, the Allies attacked on a 14,500 yd (8.2 mi; 13.3 km) front and by mid-morning had captured most of their objectives, to a depth of about 1,500 yd (1,400 m). The Germans made many hasty counter-attacks

2985:(ground holding divisions) to reinforce their front garrisons; all machine-guns, including those of the support and reserve battalions were sent into the forward zone, to form a cordon of four to eight guns every 250 yd (230 m). The 1907:

on the Eastern Front by late 1917. Haig wished to exploit the diversion of German forces in Russia for as long as it continued and urged the British War Cabinet to commit the maximum amount of manpower and munitions to the battle in Flanders.

3939:(Medical Report, 1934), Edmonds may not have included these data as they did not fit his case, using the phrases "creative accounting" and "cavalier handling of the facts". Sheldon wrote that the German casualties could only be brought up to 1405:(BEF), did not receive approval for the Flanders operation from the War Cabinet until 25 July. Matters of dispute by the participants, writers and historians since 1917 include the wisdom of pursuing an offensive strategy in the wake of the 3450:

On 22 October the 18th (Eastern) Division of XVIII Corps attacked the east end of Poelcappelle as XIV Corps to the north attacked with the 34th Division between the Watervlietbeek and Broenbeek streams and the 35th Division northwards into

3084:

reorganised their defences. A mutually-costly attack by the Germans on 25 September, recaptured pillboxes at the south western end of Polygon Wood. Next day, the German positions near the wood were swept away in the Battle of Polygon Wood.

3377:

both sides. Advances in the north of the attack front were retained by British and French troops but most of the ground taken in front of Passchendaele and on the Becelaere and Gheluvelt spurs was lost to German counter-attacks. General

3129:

pillboxes, near Black Watch Corner, at the south-western edge of Polygon Wood. German attempts to reinforce the attacking troops failed, due to British artillery observers isolating the advanced German troops with artillery barrages.

2613:

in the operation. The capture of Hill 70 was a costly success in which three Canadian divisions inflicted many casualties on the German divisions opposite and pinned down troops reserved for the relief of tired divisions in Flanders.

4377:

For British losses, Edmonds used data based on figures submitted by the Adjutant-General's Department to the Allied Supreme War Council on 25 February 1918; Edmonds also showed weekly returns to GHQ, giving a slightly lower total of

2740:

only the first part of which was quoted by Lloyd George (1934), Liddell Hart (1934) and Leon Wolff (1959); in a 1997 essay, John Hussey called the passage by Charteris "baffling". The BEF had set up a Meteorological Section under

3174:

so that each attacking division could be concentrated on a 1,000 yd (910 m) front. Roads and light railways were extended to the new front line, to allow artillery and ammunition to be moved forward. The artillery of

3303:

On 4 October, the British began the Battle of Broodseinde to complete the capture of the Gheluvelt Plateau and occupy Broodseinde Ridge. By coincidence, the Germans sought to recapture their defences around Zonnebeke with a

1779:

was also ordered to plan an attack from the Ypres Salient on 4 February; planning continued but the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme took up the rest of the year. In November, Haig, the French commander-in-chief

3354:

divisions were organised to intervene as swiftly as possible once an attack commenced, despite the risk of British artillery-fire. Counter-battery fire to suppress the British artillery was to be increased, to protect the

4159:

joined the ceremonies, which started in the evening of 30 July with the service at Menin Gate, followed by ceremonies at the Market Square. On the following day, a ceremony was held at Tyne Cot cemetery, headed by the

3885:

Various casualty figures have been published for the Third Battle of Ypres, sometimes with acrimony; the highest estimates for British and German casualties appear to be discredited but the British claim to have taken

3566:. In less than three hours, many units reached their final objectives and Passchendaele was captured. The Canadian Corps attacked on 10 November to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village near 2801:

The month was overcast and windless, which much reduced evaporation. Divided into two ten-day and an eleven-day period, there were 53.6, 32.4 and 41.3 mm (2.11, 1.28 and 1.63 in) of rain; in the

7246: 6836:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 3194:

division in support, twice the ratio of 20 September. No ground captured by the British was lost and German counter-attacks managed only to reach ground to which survivors of the front-line divisions had retired.

3814:

lose the initiative by being compelled to fight another defensive battle on ground of the Allies' choosing. The Third Battle of Ypres had pinned the German army to Flanders and caused unsustainable casualties.

6874:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 2844:

Petain had committed the French Second Army to an attack at Verdun in mid-July, in support of the Flanders offensive. The attack was delayed, partly due to mutinies in the French army after the failure of the

8038:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 6934:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 4273:

Page 2 of the Official History gives Bacon's rank as Vice-Admiral. His Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article states that he was promoted to this rank late in 1916 and that he was knighted (KCVO) in

2359:

The first stage in the British plan was a preparatory attack on the German positions south of Ypres at Messines Ridge. The Germans on the ridge had observation over Ypres and unless it was captured, observed

1966:

heights are subtle and resemble a saucer lip around the city. The main ridge has spurs sloping east and one is particularly noticeable at Wytschaete, which runs 2 mi (3.2 km) south-east to Messines

2422:

Haig selected Gough to command the offensive on 30 April, and on 10 June Gough and the Fifth Army headquarters took over the Ypres salient north of Messines Ridge. Gough planned an offensive based on the

8015:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: 6855:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1232: 3554:

Division captured its objectives but was forced slowly to retire from Decline Copse, against German counter-attacks and communication failures between the Canadian and Australian units to the south.

2102:

published in 1989, showed that August was more often dry than wet, that there was a trend towards dry autumns (September–November) and that average rainfall in October had decreased since the 1860s.

7101:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 2553:

German infantry attacked behind a smokescreen and recaptured all but the north-west corner of the wood; only the 25th Division gains on Westhoek Ridge to the north were held. Lieutenant-Colonel

4390:

which was close to what Edmonds believed to be the "true" number for German Somme casualties (582,919). The Bavarian Official History had put British casualties at the Third Battle of Ypres at

2830:

per day. Hussey wrote that the wet weather in August 1917 was exceptional and that Haig had been justified in expecting little rain and that it would be dried swiftly by sunshine and breezes.

4408:

Edmonds wrote that this did not include units which served only briefly in the 4th Army or units that were not part of it. Edmonds wrote that German divisions had an average strength of

3423:

Flanders, with a French attack due on 23 October and the Third Army operation south of Arras scheduled for mid-November. The battle was also costly for the Germans, who lost more than

2653:

north of the Ypres–Staden railway, near the Kortebeek stream. The French First Army conformed, pushing up to the Kortebeek and St Jansbeck stream west of the northern stretch of the

742: 9696: 1617: 2127:

After discussions with Rawlinson and Plumer and the incorporation of Haig's changes, Macmullen submitted his memorandum on 14 February. With amendments the memorandum became the

9711: 2618:, chief of staff of Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht, wrote later that it was a costly defeat and wrecked the plan for relieving fought-out (exhausted) divisions in Flanders. 9895: 4151:, during the late summer of 2007, the 90th anniversary of the battle. In July 2017 a two-day event was organised in Ypres to mark the centenary of the battle. Members of the 3227:

Menin road, then retaken by an immediate counter-attack. SOS rockets were not seen in the mist and the British artillery remained silent. The Germans were repulsed again at

10368: 4056:. In January, spells of freezing cold were followed by warmer periods, one beginning on 15 January with torrential rain and gale-force winds, washing away plank roads and 2293:, the sixth position (incomplete). Between the German defences lay villages such as Zonnebeke and Passchendaele, which were fortified and prepared for all-round defence. 1427:

to conduct the offensive, and debates over the nature of the opening attack and between advocates of shallow and deeper objectives. Also debated are the time between the

104: 10383: 2439:, the fourth German defensive position, lay 10,000–12,000 yd (5.7–6.8 mi; 9.1–11.0 km) behind the front line and was not an objective on the first day. 9793: 6819:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. 6640: 4229:

the Battle of Broodseinde (4 October), the Battle of Poelcappelle (9 October), the First Battle of Passchendaele (12 October) and the Second Battle of Passchendaele

9430: 8601: 2427:

plan and the instructions he had received from Haig. Gough held meetings with his corps commanders on 6 and 16 June, where the third objective, which included the

9872: 4404:

Edmonds considered that 30 per cent needed to be added to German figures, to make them comparable to British casualty recording criteria, which would amount to

1554:

Large British offensive operations in Flanders were not possible in 1915, due to a lack of resources. The Germans conducted their own Flanders offensive at the

10363: 9900: 8414: 3362:

Rupprecht began to plan for a slow withdrawal from the Ypres Salient, even at the risk of uncovering German positions further north and on the Belgian coast.

3111:

aircraft; a box-barrage was fired behind the British front-line, which isolated the British infantry from reinforcements and ammunition. Return-fire from the

2491:

on 31 July; the attack was to commence at dawn but a layer of unbroken low cloud meant that it was still dark when the infantry advanced. The main attack, by

10358: 10088: 9815: 9507: 8472: 3869:

In fear that Italy might be put out of the war, the French and British governments offered reinforcements. British and French troops were swiftly moved from

3470:

After numerous requests from Haig, Petain began the Battle of La Malmaison, a long-delayed French attack on the Chemin des Dames, by the Sixth Army (General

735: 3348:

On 7 October, the 4th Army again dispersed its troops in the front defence zone. Reserve battalions moved back behind the artillery protective line and the

2511:

and the French First Army, both of which advanced 2,500–3,000 yd (1.4–1.7 mi; 2.3–2.7 km) to the line of the Steenbeek river. In the centre,

10195: 1705: 1610: 3593:

were taken but the attack on the redoubts failed and observation over the heads of the valleys on the east and north sides of the ridge was not achieved.

10373: 10333: 10103: 9858: 8053: 518: 10098: 9788: 9739: 9654: 7251:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (2nd corr. online scan ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 2141: 2972:) divisions had conducted an "advance to contact during mobile operations", which had given the Germans several costly defensive successes. After the 1546:, for a combined operation to re-occupy the Belgian coast but were obliged to conform to French strategy and participate in offensives further south. 1442:

influenced the British, the effect of the exceptional weather, the decision to continue the offensive in October and the human costs of the campaign.

10353: 10338: 9942: 7123:. Document (United States. War Department) No. 905. Washington D.C.: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 3003:

divisions, which were moved into the artillery protective line behind the forward battle zone, to counter-attack sooner. The other regiments of the

10348: 10343: 2887: 1650: 972: 728: 4343:

German troops engaged were from the 239th, 39th, 4th, 44th Reserve, 7th, 11th, 11th Bavarian, 238th, 199th, 27th, 185th, 111th and 40th divisions.

4052:

reserve. The area was quiet apart from artillery-fire and in December the weather turned cold and snowy, which entailed a great effort to prevent

3537:

to maintain pressure on the Germans and support the French attack at La Malmaison, while the Canadian Corps prepared for a series of attacks from

2403: 9783: 9148: 7170:. Vol. IV (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2668: 1603: 1034: 591: 2601:

in late June near Gavrelle and Oppy, along the Souchez river. The objective was to eliminate a German salient between Avion and the west end of

3334: 8579: 8162: 2822:

with less than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rain. Three days were sunless and one had six minutes of sunshine; from 1 to 27 August there were

2520:

artillery piece and aircraft within range, around noon. The Germans were able to drive the three British brigades back to the black line with

8641: 3329: 2944: 1809:

offensives on the Western Front, with the main effort to be made in the summer by the BEF, was scrapped by the new French Commander-in-Chief

7713: 3831:) scheme for an attack in mid-November was discussed. Byng wanted the operations at Ypres continued, to hold German troops in Flanders. The 10378: 9843: 9773: 9412: 8631: 8542: 7922: 7732: 4294: 3209: 2495:

across the Ghelveult Plateau to the south, confronted the principal German defensive concentration of artillery, ground-holding divisions (

615: 6893:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2839: 1720:

or to evict the Germans from ground overlooking their positions. Engagements took place on 12 February at Boesinghe and on 14 February at

9867: 8765: 8219: 4394:

which Edmonds believed raised "suspicion" that this was the number of German casualties. Edmonds wrote that the German Official Account (

2115:

of GHQ proposed that the plateau be taken by a massed tank attack, reducing the need for artillery; in April a reconnaissance by Captain

193: 8442: 4065:

on 21 March 1918, "good" divisions in Flanders were sent south; the 29th Division was withdrawn on 9 April and transferred to the Lys.

3286:, warning the artillery to be ready to commence defensive bombardments. A contact patrol aircraft was arranged to fly over the area at 3929:"a proportion slightly better than the Somme". In 2007, Jack Sheldon wrote that although German casualties from 1 June to 10 November 8772: 2263:

east of Menin northwards to Moorslede was also begun. From July 1917, the area east of Ypres was defended by the front position, the

1640: 1483: 1402: 955: 8424: 10093: 10025: 9863: 9850: 9807: 9716: 9442: 9251: 9158: 9060: 8818: 8465: 2854:

Sporadic fighting continued into October, adding to the German difficulties on the Western Front and elsewhere. Ludendorff wrote

511: 10217: 10207: 10075: 3828: 3242:

began from the Reutelbeek north to Polygon Wood and Black Watch Corner; by coincidence a Second Army practice barrage began at

2369: 2196:

divisions were stationed behind the Menin and Passchendaele ridges. About 5 mi (8.0 km) further back, were four more

689: 2059:

miles from Ypres at 160 ft (50 m) declining from there to a plain further north. Gradients vary from negligible, to

9989: 9923: 9760: 9639: 9312: 8338: 8194: 8141: 8122: 8103: 8084: 8065: 8043: 8024: 8001: 7982: 7818: 7652: 7633: 7610: 7591: 7572: 7553: 7531: 7498: 7474: 7455: 7436: 7417: 7398: 7379: 7360: 7341: 7318: 7299: 7280: 7232: 7213: 7194: 7175: 7156: 7106: 7087: 7064: 7045: 7026: 7007: 6988: 6939: 6917: 6898: 6879: 6860: 6841: 6802: 6780: 6761: 6714: 6678: 6652: 6620: 6598: 4322: 4314: 3312: 3099: 6952:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Dreizehnter Band, Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917

2364:

artillery-fire could be fired against a British attack from the salient further north. Since mid-1915, the British had been

2349: 10164: 9584: 8376: 7669:

McRandle, J. H.; Quirk, J. (3 July 2006). "The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I".

4306: 3378: 1776: 323: 9935: 8894: 8399: 4031: 2780:

rainless days and monthly rainfall of 17, 28, 22 and 96 mm (0.67, 1.10, 0.87 and 3.78 in);

2452: 2160:, composed of a corps headquarters and a varying complement of divisions; Group Staden, based on the headquarters of the 358: 10149: 10134: 9424: 8833: 8591: 6817:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

3612: 3562:

eased preparation for the next stage, which began on the morning of 6 November, with the 1st Canadian Division and the

2210: 2075: 504: 375: 3419:

whom were dead or stranded in the mud of no-man's-land; it was one of the worst days in New Zealand military history.

2098:

and Plugstreet Wood further south. A study of weather data recorded at Lille, 16 mi (26 km) from Ypres from

820: 10009: 9703: 9519: 8798: 8269: 7963: 4161: 3583: 1559: 1471: 1390: 1291: 773: 649: 10318: 9261: 9196: 8234: 7484: 4131:

railway stations. The Canadian Corps' participation in the Second Battle of Passchendaele is commemorated with the

3276:) on 1 October, the attack was put back to 4 October, rehearsals taking place from 2 to 3 October. On the night of 2564: 1189: 452: 3780:

In a German General Staff publication, it was written that "Germany had been brought near to certain destruction (

3102:

attacked on a 1,800 yd (1,600 m) front, either side of the Reutelbeek stream, supported by aircraft and

2172:

divisions, Group Ypres held 6 mi (9.7 km) from Pilckem to Menin Road with three front divisions and two

1986:

Possession of the higher ground to the south and east of Ypres, gives an army ample scope for ground observation,

1879:

coast from 1 to 5 September 1917, the Germans attacked with their strategic reserve of six divisions and captured

10260: 10065: 10045: 9832: 9768: 9591: 9460: 8371: 8291: 8229: 6957:

The World War 1914 to 1918 Military Land Operations Volume Thirteen, The Warfare in the Summer and Autumn of 1917

891: 8932: 6932:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

10060: 10055: 10050: 10040: 9734: 8386: 8361: 8259: 3504: 3112: 3040: 2973: 2300:, the First Quartermaster General, suggested to Crown Prince Rupprecht that Group Ypres should withdraw to the 1945:). The high point of the ridge is at Wytschaete, 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) from Ypres, while at 1801: 1567: 1470:

as a sovereign and neutral state after the secession of the southern provinces of the Netherlands in 1830. The

1394: 644: 598: 20: 3921:

wrote in 1972 that no one believed Edmonds' "farcical calculations". Taylor put British wounded and killed at

2794:

There were 127 mm (5.0 in) of rain in August 1917 and 84 mm (3.3 in) of the total fell on

1343:. Once Passchendaele Ridge had been captured, the Allied advance was to continue to a line from Thourout (now 10035: 10030: 9994: 9928: 9820: 9666: 9256: 9108: 8646: 8574: 8505: 8274: 8244: 8239: 7353:

Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17

7119:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

6834:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

4318: 4310: 3602: 3391: 1410: 913: 654: 632: 473: 2045:

miles from Ypres at 213 ft (65 m) and Gheluvelt, above 160 ft (50 m) to Passchendaele, (

837: 9984: 9611: 9551: 9448: 9353: 9123: 8909: 8613: 8452: 8351: 6872:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

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along the southern edge of Polygon Wood to the north, forced the attackers under cover around some of the

2712:

Royal Field Artillery gunners hauling an 18-pounder field gun out of the mud near Zillebeke, 9 August 1917

2384:. The final objectives were largely gained before dark and the British had fewer losses than the expected 1461: 10222: 9659: 9644: 9502: 9454: 9226: 8777: 8651: 8564: 8559: 8328: 8316: 8311: 4302: 4298: 3530: 3176: 3093: 2742: 2627: 2598: 1925:

in the south-west and from the east by a line of low hills running south-west to north-east. Wytschaete (

1852: 1822: 1793: 1675: 1424: 1398: 1363: 1312: 1212: 1184: 1164: 997: 752: 704: 603: 576: 350: 41: 8838: 6981:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2892: 2707: 2473: 854: 10323: 10202: 10159: 9436: 9201: 9186: 9088: 8957: 8525: 8437: 8394: 7851: 6950: 4027: 3873:

but the diversion of resources from the BEF forced Haig to conclude the Third Battle of Ypres short of

3509: 3170:

The Second Army altered its Corps frontages soon after the attack of 20 September, for the next effort

3156: 2516: 2508: 1655: 1645: 1498:, reciprocal attempts by the French and German armies to turn their opponents' northern flank, through 1159: 1149: 1127: 1061: 977: 967: 940: 768: 4382:

Edmonds wrote that whereas the true figure for British casualties on the Somme had been approximately

1574:, who emphasised the importance of obtaining control of the Belgian coast, to end the threat posed by 699: 10144: 9912: 9496: 9484: 9246: 9231: 8952: 8843: 8537: 8515: 8264: 8254: 8187: 7733:"Battle of Passchendaele Centenary: Prince Charles Honours 'Courage and Bravery' of British Soldiers" 3445: 3180: 3045: 2524:

casualties; the German advance was stopped at the black line by mud, artillery and machine-gun fire.

2492: 2344: 2206: 1888: 1665: 1575: 1570:

as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF on 19 December. A week after his appointment, Haig met Rear-Admiral

1439: 1428: 1207: 1179: 1134: 1117: 1073: 987: 908: 864: 859: 709: 637: 541: 9098: 2818:

on 4 August, there was another 63 mm (2.5 in) of rain. August 1917 had three dry days and

10328: 10119: 9606: 9596: 9525: 9478: 9466: 9406: 9221: 9216: 9138: 8547: 8520: 8224: 7021:(pbk. facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Thos. Nelson & Sons. 4082: 3832: 3120: 3116: 2903: 2676: 2610: 1895:. The British and French commanders on the Western Front had to reckon on the German western army ( 1872: 1670: 1417: 1371: 1340: 1174: 1112: 1088: 992: 918: 586: 379: 296: 283: 8013:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March – April: Continuation of the German Offensives

7143:

Hussey, John (1997). "The Flanders Battleground and the Weather in 1917". In Liddle, P. H. (ed.).

4416:

As Crown Prince Rupprecht recorded 88 German divisions fighting in the battle and after deducting

1381:

A campaign in Flanders was controversial in 1917 and has remained so. The British Prime Minister,

1378:

of 1918, were fought before the Allies occupied the Belgian coast and reached the Dutch frontier.

10190: 10182: 10124: 9884: 9579: 9342: 9176: 9171: 8962: 8947: 8942: 8922: 8803: 8680: 8036:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: 26th September–11th November The Advance to Victory

6959:] (in German). Vol. XIII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag E. S. Mittler und Sohn. 6644: 4074: 4062: 2672: 2468: 2116: 1938: 1467: 1435: 1139: 1100: 928: 869: 795: 581: 564: 238: 9143: 6891:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April, Continuation of the German Offensives

1760:

In May, reinforcements began arriving in Flanders from the south; the II Corps headquarters and

9957: 9681: 9616: 9472: 9206: 9133: 9083: 9068: 9050: 9023: 8937: 8904: 8569: 8530: 8510: 8321: 8214: 7148: 4132: 3465: 3371: 3151: 3031:(methodical counter-attack), to recapture the area around Zonnebeke was planned for 4 October. 2784:...during the summers preceding the Flanders campaign August days were more often dry than wet. 2758:...there is no reason to suggest that the weather broke early in the month with any regularity. 2444: 2414: 2209:, with an advance to the Tower Hamlets spur beyond the north end of Messines Ridge. On 9 June, 1660: 1555: 1154: 1122: 1083: 1051: 982: 950: 923: 896: 805: 684: 627: 610: 7488: 6486: 2538: 2223:

was appointed Chief of Staff of the 4th Army. Loßberg rejected the proposed withdrawal to the

2164:

was added later. Group Dixmude held 12 mi (19 km) with four front divisions and two

1595: 1315:, from July to November 1917, for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of 933: 9947: 9601: 9490: 9266: 9236: 9166: 9113: 9035: 9003: 8977: 8927: 8858: 8760: 8713: 8497: 8366: 8249: 7804: 7333: 3891: 3563: 3550: 3298: 3239: 2184:

held a similar length of front south of the Menin road, with three front divisions and three

1987: 1785: 1745: 1680: 1531: 1513: 1375: 1304: 1169: 1144: 1002: 884: 788: 679: 622: 549: 402: 311: 253: 7873: 7828: 7781: 7714:"Duke of Cambridge leads Commemorations on 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele" 1979:(Plugstreet to the British) and Hill 63. West of Messines Ridge is the parallel Wulverghem ( 1370:

captured Passchendaele, apart from local attacks in December and early in the new year. The

1323:, as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. 10297: 10212: 8899: 8873: 8823: 8180: 8157: 6812: 4174: 4152: 4138:

One of the newest monuments to be dedicated to the fighting contribution of a group is the

3616: 3607:

The attack on the Polderhoek Spur on 3 December 1917, was a local operation by the British

3162: 2588: 2161: 1721: 1700: 1507: 1503: 1056: 674: 63: 8848: 2220: 1354:

Further operations and a British supporting attack along the Belgian coast from Nieuport (

362: 8: 10279: 9418: 9282: 9241: 9118: 9078: 9073: 9018: 8701: 8695: 8596: 6498: 6474: 4148: 3858: 3183:

on the southern flank, simulated preparations for attacks on Zandvoorde and Warneton. At

2602: 2533: 2479: 2478:

German prisoners and British wounded cross the Yser Canal near Boesinghe, 31 July 1917. (

2381: 2146: 1591: 1355: 1066: 1022: 1017: 832: 810: 569: 10232: 7930: 7806:

The Infantry cannot do with a Gun Less: The Place of the Artillery in the BEF, 1914–1918

7117: 3970:

casualties was the BEF total for the second half of 1917, Wolff had neglected to deduct

3549:

on 18 October and found that the front line was mostly the same as that occupied by the

10239: 10154: 9513: 9377: 9359: 9324: 9288: 9128: 9093: 9045: 9030: 8917: 8868: 8707: 8666: 8346: 7761:

A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2nd December 1917

7694: 7242: 7076: 6750: 6729: 3316:

only realised that they were under attack when British and Australian troops appeared.

2554: 2095: 1856: 1523: 1382: 1039: 879: 800: 7887: 7842: 7795: 3914:

and wrote that equivalent German figures were not available, estimating German losses

2205:

The Germans were anxious that the British would attempt to exploit the victory of the

1482:

against Germany. British military operations in Belgium began with the arrival of the

778: 10272: 10266: 10227: 10129: 9962: 9545: 9400: 9383: 9191: 9013: 8993: 8828: 8813: 8743: 8731: 8432: 8409: 8356: 8137: 8118: 8099: 8080: 8061: 8039: 8020: 7997: 7978: 7959: 7861: 7814: 7769: 7698: 7686: 7648: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7587: 7568: 7549: 7527: 7494: 7470: 7451: 7432: 7413: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7337: 7314: 7295: 7276: 7252: 7228: 7209: 7190: 7171: 7152: 7124: 7102: 7083: 7060: 7041: 7022: 7003: 6984: 6960: 6935: 6913: 6894: 6875: 6856: 6837: 6820: 6798: 6790: 6776: 6757: 6736: 6710: 6693: 6674: 6648: 6616: 6594: 4120: 4093: 4078: 2846: 2592: 2365: 2167: 1826: 1806: 1539: 1406: 1105: 1046: 849: 7902: 9330: 9300: 9294: 9211: 9040: 9008: 8998: 8737: 8661: 8656: 8584: 8404: 8304: 7975:

To Do the Work of Men: An Operational History of the 21st Division in the Great War

7678: 4201:

Report of 1922 called the Flanders Offensive of 1917 "The Battle of Messines 1917"

3907: 3222:

German artillery began a bombardment between the Menin road and the Reutelbeek. At

2615: 2579:

on the Somme in 1916 and that German troop morale was higher than the year before.

2313: 2297: 2112: 1976: 1884: 1733: 1587: 1563: 1259: 1007: 783: 371: 8167: 8158:

Passchendaele – Canada's Other Vimy Ridge, Norman Leach, Canadian Military Journal

7520: 7374:(pbk. facs. repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). Edinburgh: Wm. Blackwood. 6634: 4877: 4436:

Edmonds wrote "there seems every probability that the Germans lost about 400,000".

3519: 3280:

the German commanders had doubts about the attack but decided to proceed with the

3246:

The British front line was cut off and German infantry attacked in three waves at

2329:

was easy to defend and that the Menin road ridge could be held if it was made the

2150:

The British front line and the German defences in the area east of Ypres, mid-1917

1416:

Remaining controversial are the choice of Flanders, its climate, the selection of

10139: 9979: 9318: 8878: 8853: 8552: 8460: 8299: 6586: 4334:

195th, 16th, 4th Bavarian, 18th, 227th, 240th, 187th and 22nd Reserve divisions).

3947:

who were sick or treated at regimental aid posts for "minor cuts and wounds" but

3918: 3836: 3433: 2897:

Derelict tank used as the roof of a dug out, Zillebeke, 20 September 1917 (Q6416)

2091: 1930: 1519: 1495: 1300: 1202: 874: 45: 7546:

The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability

7168:

The War in the Air Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

6265: 3997:

casualties. In his 1963 biography of Haig, Terraine accepted Edmonds' figure of

3514:

Terrain through which the Canadian Corps advanced at Passchendaele, in late 1917

2681: 1831:

Nivelle planned preliminary offensives to pin German reserves by the British at

1788:. The commanders agreed on a strategy of simultaneous attacks, to overwhelm the 9972: 9952: 9623: 9336: 9181: 8972: 8863: 8719: 8623: 8606: 7490:

The New Zealand Division 1916–1919: A Popular History Based on Official Records

6724: 6709:(repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Medici Society. 6608: 6078: 3854: 3546: 2722: 2631: 2606: 2507:

divisions. The attack had most success on the northern flank, on the fronts of

2219:

line east of Messines. Construction of defences began but was terminated after

2012: 1992: 1980: 1950:(21 m) at Passchendaele. The rises are slight, apart from the vicinity of 1810: 1789: 1768: 1753: 1571: 1386: 1367: 1359: 1245: 945: 815: 694: 393: 177: 7393:(Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Waterlow & Sons. 3545:

from Lens, to capture Passchendaele and the ridge. The Canadians relieved the

2202:

divisions and 7 mi (11 km) beyond them, another two in OHL reserve.

1327:

lies on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8 km) from Roulers (now

10312: 10083: 9371: 9365: 8808: 8725: 8636: 7865: 7773: 7690: 7541: 7515: 7128: 7038:

Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939

6964: 6824: 6740: 6697: 4144: 4135:

at site of the Crest Farm on the south-west fringe of Passchendaele village.

3963: 3844: 3542: 3250:

Two determined German attacks were repulsed south of Cameron Covert, then at

1840: 1781: 1695: 1487: 1474:

on 4 August 1914, in violation of Article VII of the treaty, was the British

1320: 1308: 827: 669: 483: 412: 337: 120: 106: 97: 7256: 6458: 4104: 3524:

Terrain at Passchendaele near where the Canadian Corps advanced, spring 2015

3396: 9533: 8967: 6671:

Haig's Enemy: Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany's War on the Western Front

6630: 5800: 4139: 4124: 3874: 3471: 3339:

British soldiers moving forward during the Battle of Broodseinde. Photo by

2769: 2408: 1934: 1892: 1420: 1339:

railway. The station at Roulers was on the main supply route of the German

366: 354: 67: 7853:

The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

7682: 4420:

casualties from 15 June to 30 July, the Germans must have suffered around

2451:) from the Second Army and next day, after meeting with Gough and General 2257:, would run west of Menin, northwards to Passchendaele. Construction of a 496: 9744: 9649: 9347: 8782: 8203: 6927: 5550: 5477: 4156: 4053: 3983: 3835:

began on 20 November and the British breached the first two parts of the

3009:

divisions were to be held back and used for a methodical counter-attack (

2448: 2071: 2000: 1477: 268: 8115:

Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

8060:(pbk. facs. repr. Gyan Books, New Delhi ed.). London: John Murray. 4115: 1942: 1926: 1922: 1876: 1741: 1543: 1324: 93: 7647:(Greenwood Press, Westport, CT ed.). Cambridge: Clarendon Press. 5505: 1526:. When the German offensive failed, Falkenhayn ordered the capture of 9539: 9306: 7273:

To Play a Giant's Part: The Role of the British Army at Passchendaele

4109:

Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing

4057: 3541:

The four divisions of the Canadian Corps had been transferred to the

3452: 2389:

which the 4th Army had held since the First Battle of Ypres in 1914.

1996: 1951: 1946: 1348: 1328: 479: 223: 59: 4352:

German casualties were counted in ten-day periods. A discrepancy of

4209:

The battles are known to the British as the Battle of Messines 1917

3611:(renamed from the Second Army on 8 November). Two battalions of the 9799: 5013: 4448: 3203: 2361: 2017:

The progression of the battle and the general disposition of troops

1861: 1491: 1336: 7759: 7206:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai

6422: 6026: 1975:

westwards. Further south, is the muddy valley of the River Douve,

8011:

Davies, C. B.; Edmonds, J. E.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1995) .

6889:

Edmonds, J. E.; Davies, C. B.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1995) .

5679: 5677: 4245:) (Battle of Flanders) in five periods, First Battle of Flanders 4128: 4119:

servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at

3877:; the last substantial British attack took place on 10 November. 1499: 1344: 318: 6795:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

6335: 3401:

Aerial view of Passchendaele village before and after the battle

3050:

Wounded men at the side of a road after the Battle of Menin Road

2154:

The 4th Army held a front of 25 mi (40 km) with three

720: 8096:

Far from Suitable? Haig, Gough and Passchendaele: A Reappraisal

6410: 6364: 6362: 5030: 5028: 3827:

At a British conference on 13 October, the Third Army (General

2776:

of August days were dry and that from 1913 to 1916, there were

2239:(Flanders Position) along Passchendaele Ridge, in front of the 1625: 1332: 208: 8172: 6298: 6296: 6054: 5929: 5927: 5713: 5674: 4649: 2725:, the BEF Chief of Intelligence from 1915 to 1918, wrote that 1274: 53: 9967: 7869: 7824: 7777: 1968: 1832: 1772: 1527: 1316: 7958:(pbk. facs. repr. Gyan Books, New Delhi ed.). Cassell. 6615:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: John Murray. 6359: 6094: 5888: 5725: 5689: 5249: 5076: 5025: 4865: 4464: 4400:) put German 4th Army casualties (21 July – 31 December) at 8016: 8010: 7410:

Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities

6888: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6434: 6386: 6313: 6311: 6293: 6181: 6145: 6106: 6004: 6002: 5924: 5900: 5864: 5840: 5788: 5764: 5638: 5401: 5399: 5374: 5372: 4721: 3951:; Sheldon wrote "it is hard to see any merit" in doing so. 3840: 3069:

flown in bad weather, which made their difficulties worse.

2027: 2023: 1880: 1836: 1280: 7391:

The Thirty-Third Division in France and Flanders 1915–1919

6593:. Vol. III (repr. ed.). New York: Enigma Books. 6446: 6323: 6205: 6123: 6121: 5626: 5566: 5538: 5411: 5357: 5321: 5213: 5201: 5153: 5129: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5088: 4953: 4745: 4733: 4637: 4553: 2597:

Attacks to threaten Lens and Lille were to be made by the

2368:

under the German positions on the ridge and by June 1917,

1271: 8136:(pbk. repr. Penguin, London ed.). New York: Viking. 6398: 6281: 6157: 6066: 5987: 5467: 5465: 5309: 5285: 5225: 5064: 4805: 4757: 4589: 3857:), attacked the Italian Second Army on the Isonzo at the 1767:

In January 1916, Plumer began to plan offensives against

1502:, Artois and Flanders. On 10 October, Lieutenant-General 1268: 6775:(repr. Pen & Sword ed.). London: Peter Nevill. 6308: 6241: 6193: 6133: 6014: 5999: 5975: 5939: 5816: 5493: 5452: 5450: 5396: 5369: 4929: 4905: 4893: 4853: 4565: 4541: 3218:

on 30 September, a thick mist covered the ground and at

2872:

No German counter-attack was possible because the local

1813:

in favour of a return to a strategy of decisive battle.

7603:

Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War

7187:

Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres

7145:

Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres

6853:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: Appendices

6217: 6118: 5963: 5951: 5828: 5754: 5752: 5662: 5650: 5590: 5423: 5333: 5141: 5100: 4977: 4817: 4601: 3954:

Leon Wolff, writing in 1958, gave German casualties as

2417:

battery taking up new positions near Boesinghe, 31 July

7412:(reprint ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing. 5912: 5614: 5462: 5384: 5345: 5237: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5052: 5040: 5001: 4829: 4793: 4709: 4685: 4661: 4625: 4507: 4505: 4503: 3270:

the costly failure of the methodical counter-attack (

3087: 2686:

British anti-aircraft gun at Morbecque, 29 August 1917

2659:, where it crossed to the east side of the Kortebeek. 8033: 7019:

The Story of 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds

6641:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918

6374: 6347: 6169: 5852: 5602: 5447: 5297: 5273: 5261: 4989: 4965: 4841: 4781: 4769: 4697: 4673: 4577: 4517: 4178:, a 2008 Canadian film with the battle as a backdrop. 3848:

in 1918. On 24 October, the Austro-German 14th Army (

2768:

From 1901 to 1916, records from a weather station at

2123:

Mont Sorrel to Steenstraat should be attacked within

1991:

those later named Battle Wood, Shrewsbury Forest and

1871:

The Russian army conducted the Kerensky Offensive in

1292: 7768:(PhD thesis). Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 6522: 6253: 6229: 6042: 5876: 5776: 5749: 5737: 5701: 5578: 5435: 4941: 4917: 4386:

Germans had announced that the British had suffered

3978:

from which he quoted or "normal wastage", averaging

3817:

In 2018, Jonathan Boff wrote that after the war the

3577: 3427:

The German 195th Division at Passchendaele suffered

3231:

but German artillery-fire continued during the day.

1706:

Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge

1283: 1277: 1265: 478:

Passchendaele (Passendale) a Belgian village in the

10369:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

7977:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion. 7645:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

5528: 5526: 5524: 4613: 4529: 4500: 4488: 4476: 2810:on 31 July, 12.5 mm (0.49 in) fell. From 2323:broad front offensive, that the ground east of the 1262: 8034:Edmonds, J. E.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1993) . 7621: 7519: 7313:(Leo Cooper ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 7116: 7075: 6749: 6728: 4239:) (The Battle of the Wijtschate Salient) and the ( 4011:Prior and Wilson, in 1997, gave British losses of 2004:network of drainage ditches emptying into canals. 10384:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada) 6974:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek. 6673:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6643:. Vol. IV (online scan ed.). Canberra: 4424:The average German battalion strength dropped to 3498: 3034: 2229:line and ordered that the front line east of the 10310: 7388: 6558: 6464: 6428: 5521: 4412:and tended to be relieved after suffering about 3596: 3385: 3204:German counter-attacks, 30 September – 4 October 1901:) being strengthened by reinforcements from the 184: 9149:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 6546: 6534: 1887:(September–October 1917), the Germans took the 1530:to gain a local advantage. By 18 November, the 8163:Passchendaele, original reports from The Times 7991: 6510: 2459:commander, Haig endorsed the Fifth Army plan. 2119:found that the area was unsuitable for tanks. 1839:, then a French breakthrough offensive on the 274: 244: 10364:Battles of World War I involving South Africa 8188: 7668: 7099:Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918 6636:The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917 6271: 2312:. On 30 June, the army group Chief of Staff, 2142:German defensive preparations: June–July 1917 1971:) with a gentle slope on the east side and a 1611: 1409:, rather than waiting for the arrival of the 736: 512: 229: 10359:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 7923:"Tribute to Scots Soldiers at Passchendaele" 7813:(PhD). New York: Columbia University Press. 7429:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 6850: 4643: 4395: 4363: 4357: 4240: 4234: 3966:in a 1977 publication. Despite writing that 3934: 3849: 3818: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3781: 3432:because the ground beyond the Passchendaele 3356: 3349: 3305: 3281: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3189: 3124: 3074: 3055:The British plan for the battle fought from 3026: 3020: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2967: 2958: 2951: 2930: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2878:divisions had been transferred to Flanders. 2873: 2693: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2558: 2502: 2496: 2434: 2428: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2155: 1902: 1896: 1724:and Sanctuary Wood. There were actions from 1511: 84:(3 months, 1 week and 3 days) 9632: 7903:"New Zealand Memorial (Gravenstafel ridge)" 7522:The First World War. An Illustrated History 7327: 7225:Pessimism and British War Policy, 1916–1918 7040:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 6704: 6440: 6416: 6392: 5794: 5560: 5082: 5070: 5034: 3323: 2966:In July and August, German counter-attack ( 2563:(Group Wytschaete, the headquarters of the 2543:German defensive system, Flanders, mid-1917 2354:German trench destroyed by a mine explosion 1627:Local operations, December 1915 – June 1916 1558:(22 April – 15 May 1915), making the Ypres 1475: 1366:. The campaign ended in November, when the 526: 214: 10374:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 10334:Battles of World War I involving Australia 8195: 8181: 7369: 7000:The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition 5719: 5683: 4432:reinforcements per battalion", suggesting 3786:) by the Flanders battle of 1917". In his 2938: 2462: 1958:From Hooge and further east, the slope is 1752:In January 1917, the Second Army (General 1618: 1604: 743: 729: 519: 505: 438:including 24,065 prisoners (disputed, see 8052: 7953: 7426: 7407: 7241: 7073: 7059:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6747: 6723: 6585: 6505:Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995 6493:Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995 6481:Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995 6404: 6287: 6084: 6072: 6060: 5378: 5255: 4983: 4959: 4871: 4607: 4470: 4197:is the common English title. The British 3459: 3365: 3145: 2888:The British set-piece attack in late 1917 2636:The Battle of Langemarck was fought from 1835:and the French between the Somme and the 328: 10354:Battles of World War I involving Germany 10339:Battles of World War I involving Belgium 9431:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 8168:Battles: The Third Battle of Ypres, 1917 7757: 7581: 7562: 7540: 7289: 7275:. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. 7096: 6948: 6770: 6705:Boraston, J. H.; Bax, C. E. O. (1999) . 6687: 6607: 6368: 6317: 6275: 6151: 6127: 6100: 6020: 6008: 5981: 5945: 5894: 5731: 5596: 5556: 5429: 5339: 5147: 5046: 4823: 4727: 4691: 4667: 4655: 4595: 4547: 4103: 4041: 3974:for the Battle of Cambrai, given in the 3933:a figure available in Volume III of the 3861:and in 18 days, inflicted casualties of 3518: 3508: 3395: 3333: 3292: 3210:Actions of 30 September – 4 October 1917 3155: 3044: 2891: 2706: 2680: 2537: 2472: 2407: 2404:The British set-piece attack in mid-1917 2348: 2145: 2011: 1860: 1534:had also ended in failure, at a cost of 1385:, opposed the offensive, as did General 1358:), combined with an amphibious landing ( 302: 199: 10349:Battles of World War I involving France 10344:Battles of World War I involving Canada 9808:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 8112: 7972: 7858:British Library e Theses Online Service 7849: 7811:British Library e Theses Online Service 7586:(2nd repr. ed.). London: Cassell. 7483: 7464: 7445: 7292:Attrition: Fighting the First World War 7222: 6869: 6831: 6811: 6789: 6341: 6302: 6223: 6187: 6139: 6112: 6088: 6036: 5969: 5957: 5933: 5906: 5870: 5846: 5834: 5810: 5770: 5695: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5572: 5544: 5511: 5483: 5471: 5417: 5390: 5363: 5351: 5327: 5243: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5135: 5123: 5094: 5058: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4971: 4947: 4883: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4799: 4751: 4739: 4715: 4703: 4583: 4559: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4458: 4454: 3902:In the History of the Great War volume 3439: 2621: 259: 10311: 8131: 8093: 7802: 7514: 7350: 7308: 7248:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 7184: 7142: 7054: 7035: 7016: 6997: 6851:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (2010) . 6468: 6452: 6329: 6211: 6175: 5918: 5608: 5487: 5456: 5405: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5231: 5111: 4887: 4811: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4679: 3962:Wolff's British figure was refuted by 3839:, in the first successful mass use of 3263:(Operation High Storm) was planned by 2745:in 1915, which by the end of 1917 had 2527: 9761:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 9104:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 8176: 8074: 7642: 7624:In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign 7619: 7600: 7270: 7203: 7165: 7078:Passchendaele: the Sacrificial Ground 6978: 6926: 6907: 6528: 6380: 6353: 6235: 6163: 5993: 5858: 5584: 5515: 5499: 5441: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4631: 4619: 4571: 4494: 4482: 4321:, 187th Division, 195th Division and 2338: 1846: 1764:had arrived by the end of the month. 1599: 724: 500: 459: 10165:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 7115: 7057:Douglas Haig and the First World War 6752:A History of the Great War 1914–1918 6668: 6629: 6259: 6247: 6199: 6048: 6032: 5882: 5822: 5806: 5782: 5758: 5743: 5707: 5532: 2963:divisions arrived some hours later. 2935:were transferred from the 4th Army. 2881: 2609:fought four divisions of the German 2582: 1933:are to the east of Verbrandenmolen, 1438:, 31 July), the extent to which the 16:1917 campaign of the First World War 10379:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade 10094:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 8895:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7996:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7731: 7002:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6756:(repr. ed.). London: Granada. 6564: 4046: 3982:month in "quiet" periods. In 1959, 3330:German defensive changes: late 1917 3198: 3088:German counter-attack, 25 September 2945:German defensive changes: late 1917 1466:Belgium had been recognised in the 13: 8834:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7947: 7921: 7907:New Zealand First World War Trails 7860:(PhD). London: London University. 7712: 7584:Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier 6797:. Cambridge, MS: Belknap Harvard. 6552: 6540: 6495:, pp. 299–300, 319, 316, 326. 2135: 2076:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2074:, sand and silt; according to the 1816: 14: 10395: 8151: 7992:Connelly, M.; Goebel, S. (2018). 7901: 7493:. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. 7450:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 6983:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 6949:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1956) . 6516: 4261:and the Fifth Battle of Flanders 4147:, the Minister for Europe of the 4038:which seemed about right to him. 4034:guessed that both sides suffered 3584:Night action of 1/2 December 1917 3578:Night action of 1/2 December 1917 1434:and the first Allied attack (the 1391:Chief of Staff of the French Army 1374:(Fourth Battle of Ypres) and the 750: 9197:Second Battle of the Piave River 8819:Russian invasion of East Prussia 7929:. 24 August 2007. Archived from 7886: 7841: 7794: 7448:The German Army at Passchendaele 6748:Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. (1982) . 6707:Eighth Division in War 1914–1918 4371: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4205:and "The Battles of Ypres 1917" 4099: 4068: 3890:has not been disputed. In 1940, 3533:undertook minor operations from 3165:gas masks, Ypres, September 1917 2662: 2316:, suggested a withdrawal to the 2105: 2022:In Flanders, sands, gravels and 1916: 1258: 458: 451: 411: 401: 392: 330: 317: 304: 290: 276: 261: 246: 231: 216: 201: 186: 170: 52: 10261:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 9461:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 8202: 7671:The Journal of Military History 7638:– via Archive Foundation. 7536:– via Archive Foundation. 7330:Passchendaele: The Untold Story 7138:– via Archive Foundation. 7092:– via Archive Foundation. 6766:– via Archive Foundation. 6743:– via Archive Foundation. 4890:, pp. 119–122, 92–93, 146. 4287: 4277: 4267: 4221:the Battle of Menin Road Ridge 4019:In 1997, Heinz Hagenlücke gave 3436:was untenable, even in winter. 2567:), noted that casualties after 2306:, leaving only outposts in the 1311:. The battle took place on the 1242:Troisième Bataille des Flandres 439: 430: 10084:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 9943:Deportations from East Prussia 9740:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 8134:Haig's Command: A Reassessment 7389:Seton Hutchinson, G. (2005) . 7328:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (1996). 6692:(2nd ed.). London: Dent. 6613:The Seventh Division 1914–1918 6591:The Origins of the War of 1914 4362:could not be explained by the 4199:Battles Nomenclature Committee 4188: 3505:Second Battle of Passchendaele 3499:Second Battle of Passchendaele 3041:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge 3035:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge 2974:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge 2397: 1775:and Houthulst Forest. General 21:Passchendaele (disambiguation) 1: 9995:Ukrainian Canadian internment 7677:(3). Lexington, VA: 667–701. 7567:. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. 7469:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 7311:Plumer: The Soldier's General 7189:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6690:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 6573: 6507:, pp. 337–338, 342, 443. 6483:, pp. 113–114, 245, 275. 4020: 3880: 3603:Action on the Polderhoek Spur 3597:Action on the Polderhoek Spur 3392:First Battle of Passchendaele 3386:First Battle of Passchendaele 2213:proposed a withdrawal to the 2007: 1538:casualties. In December, the 1445: 149: 10150:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 9449:Estonian War of Independence 9124:Southern Palestine offensive 8077:Passchendaele: A New History 7074:Hart, P.; Steel, N. (2001). 6609:Atkinson, Christopher Thomas 5022:, pp. 126–127, 431–432. 4442: 4236:Kampf um den Wijtschatebogen 4213:the Battle of Pilckem Ridge 3949:not struck off unit strength 3623: 3098:Two regiments of the German 2487:The British attack began at 1784:and the other Allies met at 1490:on 22 August. Operations in 1411:American Expeditionary Force 66:, 29 October 1917. Photo by 62:track in Château Wood, near 7: 10104:USA against Austria-Hungary 9503:Turkish War of Independence 9455:Latvian War of Independence 9187:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 8778:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7526:. New York: Perigee Trade. 7372:The 23rd Division 1914–1919 7370:Sandilands, H. R. (2003) . 4356:casualties recorded in the 4233:In German works it is the ( 4231:(26 October – 10 November). 4225:the Battle of Polygon Wood 4167: 3628: 3572: 3094:Action of 25 September 1917 2826:of sunshine, an average of 2628:Battle of Langemarck (1917) 1853:Eastern Front (World War I) 1823:Western Front (World War I) 1542:began discussions with the 1484:British Expeditionary Force 1450: 1403:British Expeditionary Force 1213:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 10400: 10187:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 9735:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 9202:Second Battle of the Marne 9089:Second battle of the Aisne 8958:Second Battle of Champagne 8799:German invasion of Belgium 7467:The German Army at Cambrai 6771:Davidson, Sir J. (2010) . 4263:(22 October – 5 December). 4257:Fourth Battle of Flanders 4255:(20 September – 8 October) 4249:Second Battle of Flanders 4227:(26 September – 3 October) 4072: 4015:German casualties at just 3958:and British casualties as 3871:10 November to 12 December 3600: 3581: 3539:26 October to 10 November. 3502: 3463: 3443: 3389: 3369: 3327: 3296: 3207: 3172:(26 September – 3 October) 3149: 3091: 3038: 2942: 2885: 2837: 2721:(1929), Brigadier-General 2702: 2666: 2625: 2586: 2531: 2466: 2401: 2392: 2342: 2233:line be held rigidly. The 2139: 1954:, which has a gradient of 1911: 1850: 1820: 1585: 1472:German invasion of Belgium 1459: 82:31 July – 10 November 1917 18: 10293: 10252: 10173: 10112: 10074: 10018: 10007: 9968:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 9911: 9883: 9831: 9753: 9727: 9679: 9572: 9565: 9497:Irish War of Independence 9393: 9275: 9247:Armistice of Villa Giusti 9232:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 9157: 9059: 8986: 8887: 8844:First Battle of the Marne 8791: 8753: 8688: 8679: 8622: 8496: 8485: 8451: 8423: 8385: 8337: 8290: 8283: 8210: 8094:Ridley, Nicholas (2024). 7294:. London: Little, Brown. 7097:Henniker, A. M. (2009) . 6773:Haig: Master of the Field 6688:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 6272:McRandle & Quirk 2006 4253:Third Battle of Flanders 4217:the Battle of Langemarck 3446:Action of 22 October 1917 3311:the German troops of the 3161:Australian infantry with 3019:and Operation High Storm 2833: 2549:Glencorse Wood. At about 2345:Battle of Messines (1917) 1866:The Eastern Front in 1917 1633: 1299:), was a campaign of the 760: 710:The Menin Road (painting) 538: 446: 421: 385: 344: 160: 74: 51: 39: 32: 10120:Constantinople Agreement 9413:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 9276:Co-belligerent conflicts 9252:Second Romanian campaign 9222:Third Transjordan attack 8933:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 8839:Battle of Grand Couronné 7758:LoCicero, M. S. (2011). 7605:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 7565:Business in Great Waters 7351:Rogers, D., ed. (2010). 6870:Edmonds, J. E. (1991) . 6832:Edmonds, J. E. (1993) . 6344:, pp. 313–315, 319. 4644:Edmonds & Wynne 2010 4325:took part in the battle. 4207:(31 July – 10 November). 4182: 4083:Battle of the Lys (1918) 3324:German defensive changes 2677:Action of 22 August 1917 2026:predominate, covered by 616:30 September – 4 October 380:Friedrich Sixt von Armin 58:Australian gunners on a 10319:Battle of Passchendaele 10183:Modus vivendi of Acroma 10135:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 9443:Greater Poland Uprising 9343:National Protection War 9227:Meuse–Argonne offensive 9177:German spring offensive 9172:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8948:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 8923:Second Battle of Artois 8804:Battle of the Frontiers 7973:Clayton, Derek (2023). 7927:The Scottish Government 7431:. London: Aurum Press. 7408:Sheffield, G. (2002) . 6910:The Great War 1914–1918 6731:Field Marshal Earl Haig 6645:Australian War Memorial 6441:Boraston & Bax 1999 6417:Boraston & Bax 1999 6393:Prior & Wilson 1996 5795:Prior & Wilson 1996 5561:Prior & Wilson 1996 5083:Prior & Wilson 1996 5071:Prior & Wilson 1996 5035:Prior & Wilson 1996 4075:German Spring Offensive 3910:put British casualties 3904:Military Operations.... 3613:2nd New Zealand Brigade 3121:5th Australian Division 3117:15th Australian Brigade 2991:were reinforced by the 2979:Ludendorff ordered the 2939:German tactical changes 2719:Field Marshal Earl Haig 2673:Action of the Cockcroft 2469:Battle of Pilckem Ridge 2463:Battle of Pilckem Ridge 2117:Giffard LeQuesne Martel 2070:Underneath the soil is 1921:Ypres is overlooked by 1581: 1562:more costly to defend. 1549: 1468:Treaty of London (1839) 1455: 1436:Battle of Pilckem Ridge 1254:Battle of Passchendaele 1238:Dritte Flandernschlacht 1101:German spring offensive 530:Flanders Offensive 1917 35:(Third Battle of Ypres) 33:Battle of Passchendaele 10208:Paris Peace Conference 10196:Ukraine–Central Powers 9990:Massacres of Albanians 9958:Late Ottoman genocides 9765:Bulgarian occupations 9473:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9437:Hungarian–Romanian War 9262:Naval Victory Bulletin 9257:Armistice with Germany 9207:Hundred Days Offensive 9134:Battle of La Malmaison 9084:Second battle of Arras 9051:Battle of Transylvania 8905:Second Battle of Ypres 8773:Sarajevo assassination 8662:South African Republic 8117:. Stroud: Spellmount. 8113:Simpson, Andy (2006). 7954:Charteris, J. (1931). 7643:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 7582:Terraine, J. (2005) . 7548:. London: Leo Cooper. 7427:Sheffield, G. (2011). 7227:. London: Frank Cass. 7185:Liddle, P. H. (1997). 7166:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 7055:Harris, J. P. (2008). 7036:Harris, J. P. (1995). 6979:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 4658:, pp. 31, 55, 94. 4402:approximately 217,000. 4396: 4364: 4358: 4241: 4235: 4133:Passchendaele Memorial 4111: 3935: 3851:General der Infanterie 3850: 3819: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3782: 3526: 3516: 3478:killed or missing and 3466:Battle of La Malmaison 3460:Battle of La Malmaison 3411:casualties, including 3403: 3372:Battle of Poelcappelle 3366:Battle of Poelcappelle 3357: 3350: 3345: 3306: 3282: 3272: 3265: 3260:Unternehmen Hohensturm 3259: 3190: 3167: 3152:Battle of Polygon Wood 3146:Battle of Polygon Wood 3125: 3075: 3052: 3027: 3022:Unternehmen Hohensturm 3021: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2968: 2959: 2952: 2931: 2925: 2915: 2909: 2899: 2874: 2870: 2792: 2766: 2738: 2714: 2694: 2688: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2559: 2545: 2503: 2497: 2484: 2435: 2429: 2419: 2356: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2302: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2211:Crown Prince Rupprecht 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2166: 2156: 2151: 2019: 1962:near Hollebeke, it is 1903: 1897: 1868: 1556:Second Battle of Ypres 1512: 1476: 1249: 1241: 1237: 559:Battles of Ypres, 1917 345:Commanders and leaders 10218:Treaty of St. Germain 10191:Russia–Central Powers 10145:Sykes–Picot Agreement 9973:Pontic Greek genocide 9948:Destruction of Kalisz 9924:Eastern Mediterranean 9485:Polish–Lithuanian War 9267:Armistice of Belgrade 9237:Armistice of Salonica 9167:Operation Faustschlag 9114:Third Battle of Oituz 9036:Baranovichi offensive 9004:Lake Naroch offensive 8978:Battle of Robat Karim 8953:Vistula–Bug offensive 8928:Battles of the Isonzo 8859:First Battle of Ypres 7683:10.1353/jmh.2006.0180 7601:Vance, J. F. (1997). 7563:Terraine, J. (1999). 7334:Yale University Press 7290:Philpott, W. (2014). 7271:Perry, R. A. (2014). 6465:Seton Hutchinson 2005 6429:Seton Hutchinson 2005 5809:, pp. 837, 847; 4984:Hart & Steel 2001 4960:Hart & Steel 2001 4608:Hart & Steel 2001 4323:45th Reserve Division 4315:19th Reserve Division 4303:6th Bavarian Division 4299:4th Bavarian Division 4247:(31 July – 9 August), 4215:(31 July – 2 August), 4107: 4042:Subsequent operations 4024: 217,000 German 3892:C. R. M. F. Cruttwell 3806:Flandern III Stellung 3797:but beyond them were 3564:2nd Canadian Division 3551:1st Canadian Division 3522: 3512: 3399: 3337: 3313:45th Reserve Division 3299:Battle of Broodseinde 3293:Battle of Broodseinde 3240:hurricane bombardment 3159: 3100:50th Reserve Division 3048: 2997:(shock) regiments of 2895: 2856: 2782: 2756: 2727: 2710: 2692:road in front of the 2684: 2571:in the line averaged 2541: 2476: 2411: 2352: 2290:Flandern III Stellung 2287:(fifth position) and 2260:Flandern III Stellung 2149: 2015: 1864: 1746:Battle of Mont Sorrel 1532:First Battle of Ypres 1514:Oberste Heeresleitung 1460:Further information: 1376:Fifth Battle of Ypres 1331:), a junction of the 1252:), also known as the 1228:Third Battle of Ypres 550:Capture of Wytschaete 422:Casualties and losses 10213:Treaty of Versailles 9929:Mount Lebanon famine 9844:in the United States 9812:Russian occupations 9526:Turkish–Armenian War 9467:Polish–Ukrainian War 9407:Ukrainian–Soviet War 9354:Central Asian Revolt 9144:Armistice of Focșani 8874:Battle of Sarikamish 8824:Battle of Tannenberg 8220:Military engagements 8132:Winter, D. (1992) . 7850:Simpson, A. (2001). 7803:Marble, S. (2003) . 7628:. New York: Viking. 7465:Sheldon, J. (2009). 7446:Sheldon, J. (2007). 7355:. Solihull: Helion. 7309:Powell, G. (2004) . 7223:Millman, B. (2001). 7151:. pp. 140–158. 7017:Gillon, S. (2002) . 6274:, pp. 667–701; 6087:, pp. 320–325; 6063:, pp. 312, 314. 5698:, pp. 301, 302. 5514:, pp. 190–191; 5486:, pp. 294–295; 4473:, pp. 414, 504. 4307:10th Ersatz Division 4153:British royal family 3800:Flandern II Stellung 3617:New Zealand Division 3440:Action of 22 October 3163:small box respirator 3079:), beginning around 2850:September had taken 2622:Battle of Langemarck 2589:Capture of Oppy Wood 2557:, Chief of Staff of 2284:Flandern II Stellung 2254:Flandern II Stellung 2251:and a new position, 2178:divisions and Group 2162:Guards Reserve Corps 1891:at the mouth of the 1701:Hooge in World War I 1651:Hohenzollern Redoubt 1504:Erich von Falkenhayn 1440:French Army mutinies 1208:French Army mutinies 1203:1914 Christmas truce 973:Hohenzollern Redoubt 700:Nieuport, 10–11 July 675:Hooge in World War I 474:class=notpageimage| 376:Rupprecht of Bavaria 121:50.90028°N 3.02111°E 19:For other uses, see 10280:They shall not pass 10203:Treaty of Bucharest 10160:Treaty of Bucharest 10099:USA against Germany 10076:Declarations of war 9780:German occupations 9693:British casualties 9552:Soviet–Georgian War 9479:Egyptian Revolution 9419:Armeno-Georgian War 9283:Somaliland campaign 9242:Armistice of Mudros 9119:Battle of Caporetto 9109:Battle of Mărășești 9079:Zimmermann telegram 9074:February Revolution 9019:Battle of the Somme 8943:Bug-Narew Offensive 8918:Battle of Gallipoli 8910:Sinking of the RMS 8702:Scramble for Africa 8696:Franco-Prussian War 8352:Sinai and Palestine 8098:. Warwick: Helion. 7243:Nicholson, G. W. L. 7204:Miles, W. (1991) . 7082:. London: Cassell. 6998:French, D. (1995). 6912:. London: Perigee. 6735:. London: Cassell. 6455:, pp. 180–183. 6419:, pp. 167–168. 6371:, pp. 344–345. 6332:, pp. 181–182. 6305:, pp. 360–365. 6250:, pp. 935–936. 6214:, pp. 124–125. 6202:, pp. 181–182. 6190:, pp. 313–317. 6166:, pp. 214–215. 6115:, pp. 304–314. 6103:, pp. 155–338. 6091:, pp. 311–312. 5996:, pp. 475–486. 5936:, pp. 345–346. 5909:, pp. 341–344. 5897:, pp. 287–288. 5873:, pp. 228–229. 5849:, pp. 315–317. 5825:, pp. 858–859. 5813:, pp. 304–307. 5773:, pp. 303–304. 5734:, pp. 410–412. 5722:, pp. 200–204. 5686:, pp. 198–199. 5647:, pp. 286–287. 5635:, pp. 282–284. 5575:, pp. 238–239. 5547:, pp. 184–186. 5502:, pp. 307–308. 5420:, pp. 236–242. 5366:, pp. 119–120. 5330:, pp. 380–383. 5318:, pp. 149–151. 5294:, pp. 147–148. 5258:, pp. 272–273. 5234:, pp. 162–167. 5222:, pp. 130–134. 5210:, pp. 202–205. 5162:, pp. 189–202. 5138:, pp. 219–230. 5126:, pp. 112–113. 5097:, pp. 185–187. 4938:, pp. 286–287. 4914:, pp. 282–283. 4902:, pp. 297–298. 4874:, pp. 227–231. 4814:, pp. 147–148. 4766:, pp. 140–158. 4754:, pp. 129–131. 4742:, pp. 128–129. 4730:, pp. 290–297. 4574:, pp. 533–534. 4562:, pp. 163–245. 4434:364,320 casualties. 4422:337,000 casualties. 4406:289,000 casualties. 4388:600,000 casualties, 4155:and Prime Minister 4149:Scottish Parliament 4036:260,000 casualties, 4030:wrote in 2002 that 3976:Official Statistics 3906:published in 1948, 3859:Battle of Caporetto 3794:Flandern I Stellung 3635: 3057:20 to 25 September, 2988:Stellungsdivisionen 2982:Stellungsdivisionen 2840:Verdun, August 1917 2534:Capture of Westhoek 2528:Capture of Westhoek 2498:Stellungsdivisionen 2436:Flandern I Stellung 2382:British Summer Time 2319:Flandern I Stellung 2281:(fourth position), 2278:Flandern I Stellung 2269:(second position), 2248:Flandern I Stellung 2245:line, would become 2088:well-balanced soils 1941:and Passchendaele ( 1688:Associated articles 1592:Battle of the Somme 1401:, commander of the 1250:Derde Slag om Ieper 1197:Associated articles 914:Hartmannswillerkopf 774:Invasion of Belgium 664:Associated articles 116: / 10240:Treaty of Lausanne 10155:Paris Economy Pact 10089:UK against Germany 10019:Entry into the war 9985:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 9704:Ottoman casualties 9514:Franco-Turkish War 9394:Post-War conflicts 9378:Russian Revolution 9360:Invasion of Darfur 9325:Kelantan rebellion 9313:Kurdish rebellions 9289:Mexican Revolution 9129:October Revolution 9094:Kerensky offensive 9069:Capture of Baghdad 9046:Monastir offensive 9031:Brusilov offensive 8869:Battle of Kolubara 8708:Russo-Japanese War 8079:. London: Viking. 8075:Lloyd, N. (2017). 8058:Plumer of Messines 7933:on 3 February 2013 7874:uk.bl.ethos.367588 7829:uk.bl.ethos.391793 7782:uk.bl.ethos.545631 7766:etheses.bham.ac.uk 7620:Wolff, L. (1958). 6908:Falls, C. (1959). 6154:, pp. xix–xx. 4428:despite "allowing 4295:4th Guard Division 4223:(20–25 September), 4112: 4007:German casualties 3783:sicheren Untergang 3634:German casualties 3633: 3527: 3517: 3404: 3346: 3168: 3053: 2900: 2715: 2689: 2555:Albrecht von Thaer 2546: 2485: 2420: 2377:off on 7 June, at 2357: 2339:Battle of Messines 2275:(third position), 2207:Battle of Messines 2152: 2020: 1869: 1857:Kerensky Offensive 1847:Kerensky offensive 1758:20,000 casualties. 1524:Battle of the Yser 1462:Belgian neutrality 1429:Battle of Messines 1383:David Lloyd George 1347:) to Couckelaere ( 10324:Conflicts in 1917 10306: 10305: 10289: 10288: 10273:The Golden Virgin 10267:Mutilated victory 10248: 10247: 10228:Treaty of Trianon 10223:Treaty of Neuilly 10130:Damascus Protocol 10003: 10002: 9963:Armenian genocide 9920:Allied blockades 9892:Belgian refugees 9675: 9674: 9585:Strategic bombing 9561: 9560: 9546:Franco-Syrian War 9520:Greco-Turkish War 9508:Anglo-Turkish War 9491:Polish–Soviet War 9425:German Revolution 9401:Russian Civil War 9384:Finnish Civil War 9217:Battle of Megiddo 9192:Battle of Goychay 9139:Battle of Cambrai 9099:Battle of Mărăști 9014:Battle of Jutland 8994:Erzurum offensive 8849:Siege of Przemyśl 8829:Siege of Tsingtao 8814:Battle of Galicia 8744:Second Balkan War 8732:Italo-Turkish War 8689:Pre-War conflicts 8675: 8674: 8565:Portuguese Empire 8481: 8480: 8443:German New Guinea 8425:Asian and Pacific 8143:978-0-14-007144-3 8124:978-1-86227-292-7 8105:978-1-915113-65-8 8086:978-0-241-00436-4 8067:978-4-00-608977-1 8045:978-0-89839-192-3 8026:978-0-89839-223-4 8003:978-0-1987-1337-1 7984:978-1-80451-233-3 7820:978-0-231-50219-1 7654:978-0-8371-5029-1 7635:978-0-14-014662-2 7612:978-0-7748-0600-8 7593:978-0-304-35319-4 7574:978-1-84022-201-2 7555:978-0-436-51732-7 7533:978-0-399-50260-6 7500:978-1-84342-408-6 7476:978-1-84415-944-4 7457:978-1-84415-564-4 7438:978-1-84513-691-8 7419:978-0-7472-7157-4 7400:978-1-84342-995-1 7381:978-1-84342-641-7 7362:978-1-906033-76-7 7343:978-0-300-07227-3 7320:978-1-84415-039-7 7301:978-1-4087-0355-7 7282:978-1-78331-146-0 7234:978-0-7146-5079-1 7215:978-0-89839-162-6 7196:978-0-85052-588-5 7177:978-1-84342-415-4 7158:978-0-85052-588-5 7108:978-1-84574-765-7 7089:978-0-304-35975-2 7066:978-0-521-89802-7 7047:978-0-7190-4814-2 7028:978-1-84342-265-5 7009:978-0-19-820559-3 6990:978-0-521-04436-3 6941:978-0-89839-180-0 6919:978-0-399-50100-5 6900:978-0-89839-223-4 6881:978-0-89839-166-4 6862:978-1-84574-733-6 6843:978-0-89839-185-5 6804:978-0-674-01880-8 6782:978-1-84884-362-2 6763:978-0-586-08398-7 6716:978-1-897632-67-3 6680:978-0-19-967046-8 6669:Boff, J. (2018). 6654:978-0-7022-1710-4 6622:978-1-84342-119-1 6600:978-1-929631-33-9 6431:, pp. 79–80. 5490:, pp. 45–58. 5114:, pp. 45–58. 5085:, pp. 90–95. 5037:, pp. 72–75. 4962:, pp. 41–44. 4862:, pp. 17–19. 4634:, pp. 38–39. 4598:, pp. 14–15. 4550:, pp. 12–13. 4414:4,000 casualties. 4121:Tyne Cot Cemetery 4094:Battle of Merckem 4092:Next day, at the 4079:Operation Michael 3972:75,681 casualties 3943:by including the 3925:German losses at 3833:Battle of Cambrai 3778: 3777: 3535:20 to 22 October, 3488:720 machine-guns, 3480:12,000 prisoners, 3234:On 1 October, at 2926:Gruppe Wijtschate 2882:September–October 2852:10,000 prisoners. 2847:Nivelle Offensive 2778:26, 23, 23 and 21 2669:Gheluvelt Plateau 2593:Battle of Hill 70 2583:Battle of Hill 70 2560:Gruppe Wijtschate 2221:Fritz von Loßberg 1827:Nivelle Offensive 1726:14 to 15 February 1716: 1715: 1540:British Admiralty 1494:began during the 1413:(AEF) in France. 1407:Nivelle Offensive 1372:Battle of the Lys 1221: 1220: 1047:Nivelle offensive 821:Trouée de Charmes 718: 717: 645:2nd Passchendaele 633:1st Passchendaele 592:Gheluvelt Plateau 495: 494: 363:François Anthoine 156: 155: 126:50.90028; 3.02111 10391: 10233:Treaty of Sèvres 10125:Treaty of London 10016: 10015: 9794:Northeast France 9725: 9724: 9697:Parliamentarians 9630: 9629: 9592:Chemical weapons 9570: 9569: 9331:Senussi campaign 9301:Muscat rebellion 9295:Maritz rebellion 9212:Vardar offensive 9041:Battle of Romani 9009:Battle of Asiago 8999:Battle of Verdun 8963:Kosovo offensive 8738:First Balkan War 8686: 8685: 8585:Russian Republic 8494: 8493: 8288: 8287: 8230:Economic history 8197: 8190: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8147: 8128: 8109: 8090: 8071: 8049: 8030: 8007: 7988: 7969: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7846: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7799: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7702: 7658: 7639: 7627: 7616: 7597: 7578: 7559: 7537: 7525: 7516:Taylor, A. J. P. 7511: 7509: 7507: 7480: 7461: 7442: 7423: 7404: 7385: 7366: 7347: 7324: 7305: 7286: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7238: 7219: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7122: 7112: 7093: 7081: 7070: 7051: 7032: 7013: 6994: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6945: 6923: 6904: 6885: 6866: 6847: 6828: 6808: 6786: 6767: 6755: 6744: 6734: 6720: 6701: 6684: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6626: 6604: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6306: 6300: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4452: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4242:Flandernschlacht 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4192: 4091: 4063:Spring Offensive 4047:Winter 1917–1918 4037: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988:240,000 British, 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3945:182,396 soldiers 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3888:24,065 prisoners 3872: 3868: 3864: 3853: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3636: 3632: 3592: 3569: 3561: 3540: 3536: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3430: 3426: 3425:1,000 prisoners. 3418: 3414: 3410: 3382:replace losses. 3379:William Birdwood 3360: 3353: 3309: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3199:October–November 3193: 3186: 3173: 3142: 3141:24/25 September. 3137: 3128: 3109: 3105: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2971: 2962: 2955: 2934: 2932:Luftstreitkräfte 2928: 2918: 2912: 2910:Albrechtstellung 2877: 2868: 2853: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2796:1, 8, 14, 26 and 2790: 2779: 2775: 2764: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2697: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2638:16 to 18 August; 2616:Hermann von Kuhl 2578: 2574: 2573:1,500–2,000 men, 2570: 2565:IX Reserve Corps 2562: 2552: 2523: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2438: 2432: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2314:General von Kuhl 2311: 2309:Albrechtstellung 2305: 2298:Erich Ludendorff 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2266:Albrechtstellung 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2236:Flandernstellung 2228: 2218: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2159: 2126: 2113:Norman MacMullen 2101: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 1977:Ploegsteert Wood 1974: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1906: 1900: 1885:Operation Albion 1763: 1759: 1751: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1628: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1588:Battle of Verdun 1564:Sir Douglas Haig 1537: 1517: 1481: 1433: 1303:, fought by the 1295: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1235: 1160:St Quentin Canal 755: 745: 738: 731: 722: 721: 533: 531: 521: 514: 507: 498: 497: 482:municipality of 462: 461: 455: 416: 415: 406: 405: 397: 396: 372:Erich Ludendorff 340: 336: 334: 333: 322: 321: 314: 310: 308: 307: 295: 294: 293: 286: 282: 280: 279: 271: 267: 265: 264: 256: 252: 250: 249: 241: 237: 235: 234: 226: 222: 220: 219: 211: 207: 205: 204: 196: 192: 190: 189: 176: 174: 173: 140: 139: 137: 136: 135: 133: 128: 127: 122: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 76: 75: 56: 30: 29: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10329:1917 in Belgium 10309: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10285: 10244: 10176: 10169: 10140:Treaty of Darin 10108: 10070: 10026:Austria-Hungary 10012: 9999: 9980:Rape of Belgium 9907: 9879: 9827: 9821:Western Armenia 9816:Eastern Galicia 9749: 9723: 9687: 9686:Civilian impact 9685: 9671: 9628: 9557: 9389: 9319:Ovambo Uprising 9271: 9153: 9055: 8982: 8900:Battle of Łomża 8883: 8879:Christmas truce 8854:Race to the Sea 8787: 8749: 8671: 8642:Austria-Hungary 8618: 8553:Empire of Japan 8490: 8488: 8477: 8461:U-boat campaign 8447: 8419: 8381: 8333: 8279: 8260:Popular culture 8206: 8201: 8154: 8144: 8125: 8106: 8087: 8068: 8046: 8027: 8004: 7985: 7966: 7950: 7948:Further reading 7945: 7936: 7934: 7912: 7910: 7885: 7878: 7876: 7840: 7833: 7831: 7821: 7793: 7786: 7784: 7741: 7739: 7722: 7720: 7655: 7636: 7613: 7594: 7575: 7556: 7534: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7477: 7458: 7439: 7420: 7401: 7382: 7363: 7344: 7321: 7302: 7283: 7261: 7259: 7235: 7216: 7197: 7178: 7159: 7133: 7131: 7109: 7090: 7067: 7048: 7029: 7010: 6991: 6969: 6967: 6942: 6920: 6901: 6882: 6863: 6844: 6805: 6783: 6764: 6717: 6681: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6623: 6601: 6576: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6142:, p. xiii. 6138: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035:, p. 930; 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5720:Sandilands 2003 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5684:Sandilands 2003 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559:, p. 278; 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5522: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838:, pp. 3–4. 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457:, p. iii; 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4359:Sanitätsbericht 4353: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4219:(16–18 August), 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4170: 4162:Prince of Wales 4110: 4102: 4089: 4085: 4071: 4049: 4044: 4035: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999:244,897 British 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3968:448,614 British 3967: 3959: 3955: 3944: 3940: 3936:Sanitätsbericht 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919:A. J. P. Taylor 3915: 3911: 3900:400,000 German. 3899: 3898:casualties and 3896:300,000 British 3895: 3887: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3837:Hindenburg Line 3631: 3626: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3567: 3560:3 to 5 November 3559: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3448: 3442: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3388: 3374: 3368: 3344: 3332: 3326: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3277: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236:5:00 a.m., 3235: 3228: 3224:5:15 a.m., 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3184: 3171: 3166: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3126:Wilhelmstellung 3107: 3103: 3096: 3090: 3080: 3065: 3064:and medium and 3061: 3056: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3016: 2947: 2941: 2916:Wilhelmstellung 2898: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2762: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2713: 2705: 2695:Wilhelmstellung 2687: 2679: 2665: 2656:Wilhelmstellung 2650:Wilhelmstellung 2644:Wilhelmstellung 2637: 2634: 2626:Main articles: 2624: 2595: 2587:Main articles: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2551:7:00 p.m., 2550: 2544: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2488: 2483: 2471: 2465: 2430:Wilhelmstellung 2418: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2355: 2347: 2341: 2303:Wilhelmstellung 2272:Wilhelmstellung 2190:divisions. The 2144: 2138: 2136:German defences 2125:48 to 72 hours. 2124: 2108: 2099: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2018: 2010: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1919: 1914: 1867: 1859: 1851:Main articles: 1849: 1829: 1819: 1817:Allied strategy 1777:Henry Rawlinson 1761: 1757: 1749: 1742:St Eloi Craters 1737: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1685: 1666:Gas: Wulverghem 1629: 1626: 1624: 1594: 1586:Main articles: 1584: 1568:Sir John French 1552: 1535: 1496:Race to the Sea 1464: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1431: 1301:First World War 1293: 1261: 1257: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1194: 998:Vimy Ridge 1916 875:Race to the Sea 843:1st St. Quentin 765: 756: 751: 749: 719: 714: 661: 655:Polderhoek Spur 556: 534: 529: 527: 525: 491: 490: 489: 488: 487: 476: 470: 469: 468: 467: 463: 437: 436:217,000–400,000 429:(disputed, see 428: 427:240,000–448,614 417:77–83 divisions 410: 400: 399: 391: 378: 374: 365: 361: 357: 353: 331: 329: 316: 315: 305: 303: 301: 291: 289: 277: 275: 262: 260: 247: 245: 232: 230: 217: 215: 202: 200: 187: 185: 181: 180: 171: 169: 131: 129: 125: 123: 119: 118: 115: 110: 107: 105: 103: 102: 101: 83: 57: 46:First World War 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10397: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10300: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10264: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10185: 10179: 10177: 10175:Peace treaties 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10061:United Kingdom 10058: 10053: 10051:Ottoman Empire 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10013: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9955: 9953:Sack of Dinant 9950: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9917: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9901:United Kingdom 9898: 9889: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9861: 9855:POW locations 9853: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9729: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9706: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9690: 9688: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9655:United Kingdom 9652: 9650:Ottoman Empire 9647: 9642: 9636: 9634: 9627: 9626: 9624:Trench warfare 9621: 9620: 9619: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9576: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9340: 9337:Volta-Bani War 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Zeebrugge Raid 9179: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8973:Battle of Loos 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8864:Black Sea raid 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8766:Historiography 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8720:Bosnian Crisis 8717: 8714:Tangier Crisis 8711: 8705: 8699: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8647:Ottoman Empire 8644: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8624:Central Powers 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8607:British Empire 8602:United Kingdom 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8580:Russian Empire 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8498:Entente Powers 8491: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8466:North Atlantic 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8377:Central Arabia 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8339:Middle Eastern 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8314: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8296: 8294: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8240:Historiography 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8200: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8153: 8152:External links 8150: 8149: 8148: 8142: 8129: 8123: 8110: 8104: 8091: 8085: 8072: 8066: 8050: 8044: 8031: 8025: 8008: 8002: 7989: 7983: 7970: 7964: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7919: 7909:. 20 June 2016 7893: 7892: 7847: 7819: 7800: 7749: 7748: 7729: 7704: 7703: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7640: 7634: 7617: 7611: 7598: 7592: 7579: 7573: 7560: 7554: 7538: 7532: 7512: 7499: 7481: 7475: 7462: 7456: 7443: 7437: 7424: 7418: 7405: 7399: 7386: 7380: 7367: 7361: 7348: 7342: 7332:. Cumberland: 7325: 7319: 7306: 7300: 7287: 7281: 7268: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7195: 7182: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7140: 7113: 7107: 7094: 7088: 7071: 7065: 7052: 7046: 7033: 7027: 7014: 7008: 6995: 6989: 6976: 6946: 6940: 6924: 6918: 6905: 6899: 6886: 6880: 6867: 6861: 6848: 6842: 6829: 6813:Edmonds, J. E. 6809: 6803: 6791:Doughty, R. A. 6787: 6781: 6768: 6762: 6745: 6721: 6715: 6702: 6685: 6679: 6666: 6653: 6631:Bean, C. E. W. 6627: 6621: 6605: 6599: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6471:, p. 186. 6467:, p. 80; 6457: 6445: 6443:, p. 171. 6433: 6421: 6409: 6407:, p. 216. 6405:Sheffield 2002 6397: 6395:, p. 195. 6385: 6383:, p. 303. 6373: 6358: 6356:, p. 259. 6346: 6334: 6322: 6320:, p. 372. 6307: 6292: 6290:, p. 442. 6288:Cruttwell 1982 6280: 6278:, p. 133. 6264: 6262:, p. 936. 6252: 6240: 6228: 6226:, p. 312. 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6085:Nicholson 1964 6077: 6075:, p. 320. 6073:Nicholson 1964 6065: 6061:Nicholson 1964 6053: 6051:, p. 929. 6041: 6039:, p. 347. 6025: 6023:, p. 279. 6013: 6011:, p. 307. 5998: 5986: 5984:, p. 305. 5974: 5972:, p. 233. 5962: 5960:, p. 236. 5950: 5948:, p. 130. 5938: 5923: 5921:, p. 285. 5911: 5899: 5887: 5885:, p. 887. 5875: 5863: 5861:, p. 309. 5851: 5839: 5837:, p. 316. 5827: 5815: 5799: 5797:, p. 135. 5787: 5785:, p. 858. 5775: 5763: 5761:, p. 847. 5748: 5746:, p. 846. 5736: 5724: 5712: 5710:, p. 837. 5700: 5688: 5673: 5671:, p. 293. 5661: 5659:, p. 284. 5649: 5637: 5625: 5623:, p. 165. 5613: 5611:, p. 366. 5601: 5599:, p. 261. 5589: 5587:, p. 181. 5577: 5565: 5563:, p. 135. 5549: 5537: 5520: 5518:, p. 307. 5504: 5492: 5476: 5474:, p. 184. 5461: 5459:, p. 168. 5446: 5444:, p. 303. 5434: 5432:, p. 257. 5422: 5410: 5395: 5393:, p. 237. 5383: 5381:, p. 308. 5379:Nicholson 1964 5368: 5356: 5354:, p. 230. 5344: 5342:, p. 235. 5332: 5320: 5308: 5306:, p. 148. 5296: 5284: 5282:, p. 153. 5272: 5270:, p. 155. 5260: 5256:Charteris 1929 5248: 5246:, p. 208. 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5198:, p. 203. 5188: 5186:, p. 201. 5176: 5174:, p. 194. 5164: 5152: 5150:, p. 234. 5140: 5128: 5116: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5061:, p. 440. 5051: 5039: 5024: 5012: 5010:, p. 127. 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4926:, p. 284. 4916: 4904: 4892: 4886:, p. 61; 4876: 4872:Sheffield 2011 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4826:, p. 273. 4816: 4804: 4802:, p. 125. 4792: 4790:, p. 142. 4780: 4778:, p. 141. 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 234. 4708: 4696: 4684: 4682:, p. 169. 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4526:, p. 137. 4516: 4499: 4497:, p. 104. 4487: 4485:, p. 102. 4475: 4471:Albertini 2005 4463: 4461:, p. xiv. 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4370: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4286: 4276: 4266: 4259:(9–21 October) 4251:(9–25 August), 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4166: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4090:4:40 a.m. 4070: 4067: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4032:Richard Holmes 4028:Gary Sheffield 4017:under 200,000. 3995:260,000 German 3882: 3879: 3855:Otto von Below 3776: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3601:Main article: 3598: 3595: 3582:Main article: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3547:II Anzac Corps 3523: 3513: 3503:Main article: 3500: 3497: 3464:Main article: 3461: 3458: 3444:Main article: 3441: 3438: 3400: 3390:Main article: 3387: 3384: 3370:Main article: 3367: 3364: 3338: 3328:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3297:Main article: 3294: 3291: 3288:7:30 a.m. 3252:7:00 p.m. 3248:5:30 a.m. 3244:5:15 a.m. 3229:6:00 a.m. 3220:4:30 a.m. 3216:4:00 a.m. 3208:Main article: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3185:5.50 a.m. 3160: 3150:Main article: 3147: 3144: 3136:2:00 p.m. 3092:Main article: 3089: 3086: 3081:3:00 p.m. 3049: 3039:Main article: 3036: 3033: 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2896: 2886:Main article: 2883: 2880: 2861: 2838:Main article: 2835: 2832: 2816:6:00 p.m. 2814:on 31 July to 2812:6:00 p.m. 2808:6:00 p.m. 2786: 2760: 2732: 2723:John Charteris 2711: 2704: 2701: 2685: 2664: 2661: 2632:Operation Hush 2623: 2620: 2607:Canadian Corps 2584: 2581: 2542: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2489:3:50 a.m. 2477: 2467:Main article: 2464: 2461: 2453:Herbert Plumer 2412: 2402:Main article: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2386:50 per cent in 2379:3:10 a.m. 2353: 2343:Main article: 2340: 2337: 2326:Sehnenstellung 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2107: 2104: 2078:categories of 2067:at Zonnebeke. 2016: 2009: 2006: 1993:Sanctuary Wood 1981:Spanbroekmolen 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1865: 1848: 1845: 1818: 1815: 1811:Robert Nivelle 1790:Central Powers 1769:Messines Ridge 1754:Herbert Plumer 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1600: 1583: 1580: 1576:German U-boats 1572:Reginald Bacon 1551: 1548: 1536:160,000 German 1522:ports, at the 1508:Chief of Staff 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1387:Ferdinand Foch 1368:Canadian Corps 1360:Operation Hush 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1193: 1192: 1190:Lys and Escaut 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1044: 1037: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 937: 936: 926: 921: 919:Neuve Chapelle 916: 911: 900: 899: 894: 892:Winter actions 889: 888: 887: 882: 872: 867: 862: 857: 855:Grand Couronné 852: 847: 846: 845: 840: 835: 825: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 793: 792: 791: 786: 781: 771: 761: 758: 757: 748: 747: 740: 733: 725: 716: 715: 713: 712: 707: 702: 697: 695:Operation Hush 692: 690:Messines mines 687: 682: 677: 672: 660: 659: 658: 657: 652: 642: 641: 640: 630: 625: 620: 619: 618: 608: 607: 606: 596: 595: 594: 589: 584: 574: 573: 572: 555: 554: 553: 552: 539: 536: 535: 524: 523: 516: 509: 501: 493: 492: 477: 472: 471: 465: 464: 457: 456: 450: 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 434: 424: 423: 419: 418: 408: 388: 387: 383: 382: 369: 359:Herbert Plumer 347: 346: 342: 341: 326: 300: 299: 287: 272: 257: 242: 227: 212: 197: 194:United Kingdom 178:British Empire 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 146: 142: 141: 92: 90: 86: 85: 80: 72: 71: 49: 48: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10396: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10066:United States 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10006: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9678: 9668: 9667:United States 9665: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9617:Convoy system 9615: 9614: 9613: 9612:Naval warfare 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9372:Kaocen revolt 9370: 9367: 9366:Easter Rising 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8938:Great Retreat 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8809:Battle of Cer 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8726:Agadir Crisis 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8614:United States 8612: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8531:French Empire 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8484: 8474: 8473:Mediterranean 8471: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8453:Naval warfare 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8329:Italian Front 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8317:Eastern Front 8315: 8313: 8312:Western Front 8310: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8270:Puppet states 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8054:Harington, C. 8051: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7965:4-00-003314-X 7961: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7738: 7737:The Telegraph 7734: 7730: 7719: 7718:The Telegraph 7715: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7656: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6725:Charteris, J. 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6587:Albertini, L. 6584: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6531:, p. 66. 6530: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6369:Terraine 1977 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6318:Terraine 2005 6314: 6312: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6276:Boraston 1920 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6238:, p. 15. 6237: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6178:, p. 71. 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6152:Terraine 1977 6148: 6141: 6136: 6130:, p. 96. 6129: 6128:Foerster 1956 6124: 6122: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6101:LoCicero 2011 6097: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6021:Philpott 2014 6017: 6010: 6009:Terraine 1977 6005: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5982:Terraine 1977 5978: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5946:Boraston 1920 5942: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5895:Terraine 1977 5891: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5732:Atkinson 2009 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5597:Terraine 1977 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5558: 5557:Terraine 1977 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5430:Terraine 1977 5426: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5340:Terraine 1977 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5148:Terraine 1977 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5073:, p. 89. 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5049:, p. 29. 5048: 5047:Davidson 2010 5043: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4998:, p. 87. 4997: 4992: 4986:, p. 55. 4985: 4980: 4974:, p. 23. 4973: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4850:, p. 25. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4824:Henniker 2009 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4728:Terraine 1977 4724: 4717: 4712: 4706:, p. 24. 4705: 4700: 4694:, p. 84. 4693: 4692:Terraine 1977 4688: 4681: 4676: 4670:, p. 15. 4669: 4668:Terraine 1999 4664: 4657: 4656:Terraine 1977 4652: 4646:, p. 14. 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4622:, p. 21. 4621: 4616: 4610:, p. 30. 4609: 4604: 4597: 4596:Terraine 1977 4592: 4586:, p. 31. 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4548:Terraine 1977 4544: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4418:15,000 German 4398: 4397:Der Weltkrieg 4374: 4366: 4360: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4324: 4320: 4319:20th Division 4316: 4312: 4311:16th Division 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4280: 4270: 4243: 4237: 4200: 4196: 4195:Passchendaele 4191: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4175:Passchendaele 4172: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:Linda Fabiani 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4106: 4100:Commemoration 4097: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069:Retreat, 1918 4066: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4039: 4033: 4029: 3985: 3977: 3965: 3964:John Terraine 3952: 3950: 3937: 3931:were 217,194, 3920: 3909: 3908:James Edmonds 3905: 3893: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3845:combined arms 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3811:bite and hold 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3784: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3594: 3591:150 prisoners 3585: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543:Ypres Salient 3532: 3521: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3492:14,000 French 3473: 3467: 3457: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3409:13,000 Allied 3398: 3393: 3383: 3380: 3373: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3342: 3341:Ernest Brooks 3336: 3331: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3290: 3284: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3241: 3232: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3178: 3164: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113:33rd Division 3101: 3095: 3085: 3077: 3070: 3047: 3042: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2831: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663:Local attacks 2660: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:John Davidson 2440: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2390: 2383: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2351: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2158: 2148: 2143: 2133: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2106:British plans 2103: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2063:at Hooge and 2029: 2025: 2014: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1988:enfilade fire 1984: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917:Ypres salient 1909: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782:Joseph Joffre 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1755: 1750:2 to 13 June. 1747: 1743: 1740:April at the 1738:27 March – 16 1735: 1723: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696:Ypres Salient 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Field Marshal 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:-(Brugge)-to- 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Passchendaele 1322: 1321:West Flanders 1318: 1314: 1313:Western Front 1310: 1309:German Empire 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1288: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:Meuse-Argonne 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079:Passchendaele 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 963: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 941:2nd Champagne 939: 935: 932: 931: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:1st Champagne 907: 906: 905: 904: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828:Great Retreat 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 764: 759: 754: 753:Western Front 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 727: 726: 723: 711: 708: 706: 705:Tactics, 1917 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 670:Ypres Salient 668: 667: 666: 665: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 617: 614: 613: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565:Pilckem Ridge 563: 562: 561: 560: 551: 548: 547: 546: 545: 544: 543: 537: 532: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 502: 499: 485: 484:West Flanders 481: 475: 466:Passchendaele 454: 445: 441: 435: 432: 426: 425: 420: 414: 409: 404: 395: 390: 389: 384: 381: 377: 373: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 348: 343: 339: 327: 325: 320: 313: 298: 288: 285: 273: 270: 258: 255: 243: 240: 228: 225: 213: 210: 198: 195: 183: 182: 179: 165: 164: 159: 151: 147: 144: 143: 138: 99: 98:Ypres Salient 95: 94:Passchendaele 91: 88: 87: 81: 78: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 42:Western Front 38: 31: 26: 22: 10278: 10271: 10259: 9866: / 9798: 9633:Conscription 9597:Cryptography 9534:Iraqi Revolt 9103: 8968:Siege of Kut 8911: 8489:participants 8438:German Samoa 8372:South Arabia 8133: 8114: 8095: 8076: 8057: 8035: 8012: 7993: 7974: 7955: 7935:. Retrieved 7931:the original 7926: 7911:. Retrieved 7906: 7895: 7894: 7877:. Retrieved 7857: 7852: 7832:. Retrieved 7810: 7805: 7785:. Retrieved 7765: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7740:. Retrieved 7736: 7721:. Retrieved 7717: 7706: 7705: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7661: 7644: 7623: 7602: 7583: 7564: 7545: 7542:Terraine, J. 7521: 7504:. Retrieved 7489: 7466: 7447: 7428: 7409: 7390: 7371: 7352: 7329: 7310: 7291: 7272: 7260:. Retrieved 7247: 7224: 7205: 7186: 7167: 7144: 7132:. Retrieved 7118: 7098: 7077: 7056: 7037: 7018: 6999: 6980: 6968:. Retrieved 6956: 6951: 6931: 6909: 6890: 6871: 6852: 6833: 6816: 6794: 6772: 6751: 6730: 6706: 6689: 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6635: 6612: 6590: 6579: 6578: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6349: 6342:Sheldon 2007 6337: 6325: 6303:Edmonds 1991 6283: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6224:Sheldon 2009 6219: 6207: 6195: 6188:Sheldon 2007 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6140:Edmonds 1991 6135: 6113:Stewart 2014 6108: 6096: 6089:Sheldon 2007 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6037:Edmonds 1991 6028: 6016: 5989: 5977: 5970:Sheldon 2007 5965: 5958:Sheldon 2007 5953: 5941: 5934:Edmonds 1991 5914: 5907:Edmonds 1991 5902: 5890: 5878: 5871:Sheldon 2007 5866: 5854: 5847:Edmonds 1991 5842: 5835:Edmonds 1991 5830: 5818: 5811:Edmonds 1991 5802: 5790: 5778: 5771:Edmonds 1991 5766: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5696:Edmonds 1991 5691: 5669:Edmonds 1991 5664: 5657:Edmonds 1991 5652: 5645:Edmonds 1991 5640: 5633:Edmonds 1991 5628: 5621:Sheldon 2007 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5573:Edmonds 1991 5568: 5552: 5545:Sheldon 2007 5540: 5512:Sheldon 2007 5507: 5495: 5484:Edmonds 1991 5479: 5472:Sheldon 2007 5437: 5425: 5418:Edmonds 1991 5413: 5391:Edmonds 1991 5386: 5364:Sheldon 2007 5359: 5352:Edmonds 1991 5347: 5335: 5328:Doughty 2005 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5244:Edmonds 1991 5239: 5227: 5220:Simpson 2001 5215: 5208:Edmonds 1991 5203: 5196:Edmonds 1991 5191: 5184:Edmonds 1991 5179: 5172:Edmonds 1991 5167: 5160:Edmonds 1991 5155: 5143: 5136:Edmonds 1991 5131: 5124:Edmonds 1991 5119: 5095:Edmonds 1991 5090: 5078: 5066: 5059:Edmonds 1991 5054: 5042: 5020:Edmonds 1991 5015: 5008:Edmonds 1991 5003: 4996:Edmonds 1991 4991: 4979: 4972:Sheldon 2007 4967: 4955: 4950:, p. 1. 4948:Sheldon 2007 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4884:Millman 2001 4879: 4867: 4860:Edmonds 1991 4855: 4848:Edmonds 1991 4843: 4836:Edmonds 1991 4831: 4819: 4807: 4800:Edmonds 1991 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4752:Edmonds 1925 4747: 4740:Edmonds 1925 4735: 4723: 4716:Edmonds 1991 4711: 4704:Edmonds 1991 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4584:Edmonds 1993 4579: 4567: 4560:Edmonds 1993 4555: 4543: 4538:, p. 1. 4536:Edmonds 1993 4531: 4524:Doughty 2005 4519: 4514:, p. 2. 4512:Edmonds 1993 4490: 4478: 4466: 4459:Sheldon 2007 4455:Edmonds 1991 4450: 4384:420,000, the 4373: 4365:Reichsarchiv 4354:27,000 fewer 4348: 4339: 4330: 4289: 4284:socialists". 4279: 4269: 4211:(7–14 June), 4198: 4194: 4190: 4173: 4140:Celtic Cross 4137: 4125:Christchurch 4113: 4086: 4050: 4026:casualties. 3991:8,525 French 3975: 3953: 3948: 3903: 3884: 3875:Westrozebeke 3826: 3820:Reichsarchiv 3816: 3810: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3606: 3587: 3556: 3529:The British 3528: 3495:operations. 3472:Paul Maistre 3469: 3449: 3421: 3415:Zealanders, 3405: 3375: 3347: 3318: 3307:Gegenangriff 3302: 3283:Gegenangriff 3278:3/4 October, 3273:Gegenangriff 3266:Gruppe Ypern 3257: 3233: 3213: 3169: 3132: 3097: 3071: 3054: 3028:Gegenangriff 3012:Gegenangriff 2978: 2965: 2948: 2921: 2901: 2871: 2865: 2864:Ludendorff: 2857: 2843: 2793: 2783: 2772:showed that 2770:Cap Gris Nez 2767: 2757: 2739: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2690: 2635: 2596: 2575:compared to 2547: 2486: 2441: 2424: 2421: 2358: 2296:On 25 June, 2295: 2230: 2204: 2153: 2128: 2121: 2109: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2021: 1985: 1973:1:10 decline 1939:Polygon Wood 1920: 1893:Gulf of Riga 1870: 1830: 1766: 1762:17 divisions 1730:1 to 4 March 1718: 1687: 1686: 1671:Kink Salient 1661:Gas: Hulluch 1641:Gas: Wieltje 1635: 1553: 1465: 1421:Hubert Gough 1415: 1399:Douglas Haig 1380: 1353: 1307:against the 1253: 1227: 1225: 1196: 1195: 1155:Saint-Mihiel 1123:Belleau Wood 1106: 1094: 1093: 1084:La Malmaison 1078: 1040: 1028: 1027: 993:Kink Salient 961: 960: 956:Gas: Wieltje 902: 901: 762: 663: 662: 650:1/2 December 628:Poelcappelle 611:Polygon Wood 604:25 September 558: 557: 540: 528: 398:50 divisions 367:Louis Ruquoy 355:Hubert Gough 351:Douglas Haig 284:Newfoundland 254:South Africa 161:Belligerents 68:Frank Hurley 40:Part of the 25: 9896:Netherlands 9873:Switzerland 9754:Occupations 9745:Spanish flu 9522:(1919–1922) 9516:(1918–1921) 9510:(1918–1923) 9499:(1919–1921) 9493:(1919–1921) 9487:(1919–1920) 9463:(1918–1920) 9457:(1918–1920) 9451:(1918–1920) 9433:(1918–1920) 9415:(1918–1920) 9409:(1917–1921) 9403:(1917–1921) 9350:(1916-1918) 9348:Arab Revolt 9339:(1915–1917) 9333:(1915–1917) 9321:(1914-1917) 9315:(1914–1917) 9309:(1914–1921) 9303:(1913–1920) 9291:(1910–1920) 9285:(1900–1920) 8783:July Crisis 8704:(1880–1914) 8367:Mesopotamia 8245:Home fronts 8204:World War I 7956:At G. H. Q. 7937:22 December 7485:Stewart, H. 6469:Gillon 2002 6453:Gillon 2002 6330:Taylor 1972 6212:Harris 1995 6176:Liddle 1997 5919:Liddle 1997 5609:Harris 2008 5488:Liddle 1997 5457:Rogers 2010 5406:Marble 2003 5316:Hussey 1997 5304:Hussey 1997 5292:Hussey 1997 5280:Hussey 1997 5268:Hussey 1997 5232:Rogers 2010 5112:Liddle 1997 4888:French 1995 4812:Liddle 1997 4788:Liddle 1997 4776:Liddle 1997 4764:Liddle 1997 4680:Powell 2004 4368:historians. 4203:(7–14 June) 4157:Theresa May 4054:trench foot 4013:275,000 and 4004:as 400,000. 3984:Cyril Falls 3923:300,000 and 3916:at 400,000. 3867:3,000 guns. 3863:650,000 men 3829:Julian Byng 3609:Fourth Army 3482:along with 2859:depression. 2824:178.1 hours 2774:65 per cent 2747:16 officers 2743:Ernest Gold 2522:70 per cent 2513:XVIII Corps 2457:Second Army 2449:Claud Jacob 2398:July–August 2332:Schwerpunkt 2231:Oosttaverne 2084:sandy soils 2072:London clay 2001:Vlamertinge 1923:Kemmel Hill 1478:casus belli 1432:(7–14 June) 1175:2nd Cambrai 1013:Boar's Head 1003:Mont Sorrel 685:Celtic Wood 623:Broodseinde 407:6 divisions 239:New Zealand 124: / 10313:Categories 10113:Agreements 9913:War crimes 9789:Luxembourg 9682:Casualties 8560:Montenegro 8395:South West 8275:Technology 8265:Propaganda 8255:Opposition 7879:16 January 7707:Newspapers 7262:21 October 7149:Leo Cooper 7147:. London: 6574:References 6529:Vance 1997 6381:Falls 1959 6354:Wolff 1958 6236:Miles 1991 6164:Wynne 1976 5994:Perry 2014 5859:Wynne 1976 5585:Jones 2002 5516:Wynne 1976 5500:Wynne 1976 5442:Wynne 1976 4936:Wynne 1976 4924:Wynne 1976 4912:Wynne 1976 4900:Wynne 1976 4632:Falls 1992 4620:Falls 1992 4572:Falls 1992 4495:Foley 2007 4483:Foley 2007 4410:12,000 men 4116:Menin Gate 4073:See also: 3986:estimated 3980:35,000 per 3912:at 244,897 3881:Casualties 3695:21–30 Sept 3687:11–20 Sept 3647:21–31 July 3531:Fifth Army 3476:38,000 men 3177:VIII Corps 3076:Gegenstoße 2799:27 August. 2667:See also: 2599:First Army 2415:18-pounder 2181:Wijtschate 2100:1867–1916, 2008:Topography 1943:Passendale 1927:Wijtschate 1821:See also: 1676:Vimy Ridge 1566:succeeded 1544:War Office 1446:Background 1425:Fifth Army 1356:Nieuwpoort 1240:; French: 988:Wulverghem 951:3rd Artois 929:2nd Artois 897:1st Artois 680:Wurst Farm 638:22 October 599:Menin Road 577:Langemarck 440:Casualties 431:Casualties 132:Passendale 130: ( 10010:Diplomacy 9717:Olympians 9640:Australia 9607:Logistics 9540:Vlora War 9469:(1918–19) 9445:(1918–19) 9439:(1918–19) 9427:(1918–19) 9374:(1916–17) 9356:(1916–17) 9307:Zaian War 9297:(1914–15) 9024:first day 8912:Lusitania 8740:(1912–13) 8734:(1911–12) 8722:(1908–09) 8716:(1905–06) 8698:(1870–71) 8487:Principal 8347:Gallipoli 8250:Memorials 8235:Geography 8225:Aftermath 8056:(2017) . 7913:10 August 7866:557496951 7834:10 August 7774:784568126 7742:10 August 7723:10 August 7699:159930725 7691:0899-3718 7487:(2014) . 7245:(1964) . 7129:565067054 6965:257129831 6930:(1992) . 6928:Falls, C. 6825:220044986 6741:874765434 6698:633614212 6633:(1941) . 6611:(2009) . 6589:(2005) . 6260:Bean 1941 6248:Bean 1941 6200:Boff 2018 6049:Bean 1941 6033:Bean 1941 5883:Bean 1941 5823:Bean 1941 5807:Bean 1941 5783:Bean 1941 5759:Bean 1941 5744:Bean 1941 5708:Bean 1941 5533:USWD 1920 5408:, App 22. 4443:Footnotes 4058:duckboard 3894:recorded 3759:11–31 Dec 3743:21–30 Nov 3735:11–20 Nov 3719:21–31 Oct 3711:11–20 Oct 3679:1–10 Sept 3671:21–31 Aug 3663:11–21 Aug 3624:Aftermath 3453:Houthulst 3434:watershed 3413:2,735 New 3238:a German 3066:720 field 3062:575 heavy 2828:6.6 hours 2789:Griffiths 2763:Griffiths 2735:Charteris 2577:4,000 men 2517:XIX Corps 2509:XIV Corps 1997:Poperinge 1964:1:75; the 1952:Zonnebeke 1947:Hollebeke 1807:attrition 1786:Chantilly 1734:The Bluff 1681:Mt Sorrel 1646:The Bluff 1486:(BEF) at 1349:Koekelare 1329:Roeselare 1233:‹See Tfd› 1170:5th Ypres 1150:2nd Somme 1128:2nd Marne 1118:3rd Aisne 1067:The Hills 1062:2nd Aisne 1023:Fromelles 1018:1st Somme 968:The Bluff 934:Hébuterne 924:2nd Ypres 885:1st Ypres 865:1st Aisne 860:1st Marne 833:Le Cateau 811:Charleroi 796:Frontiers 587:22 August 582:19 August 486:province. 480:Zonnebeke 224:Australia 108:50°54′1″N 100:, Belgium 60:duckboard 10298:Category 9885:Refugees 9851:Italians 9840:Germans 9800:Ober Ost 9580:Aviation 8681:Timeline 8652:Bulgaria 8433:Tsingtao 8410:Togoland 8357:Caucasus 8292:European 8284:Theatres 7896:Websites 7663:Journals 7544:(1977). 7518:(1972). 7257:59609928 6815:(1925). 6793:(2005). 6727:(1929). 6565:DT 2017a 4392:400,000, 4380:238,313. 4168:See also 4009:260,400. 3960:448,688. 3927:200,000, 3751:1–10 Dec 3727:1–10 Nov 3703:1–10 Oct 3655:1–10 Aug 3629:Analysis 3573:December 3568:Hill 52. 3490:against 3484:200 guns 3358:Eingreif 3351:Eingreif 3191:Eingreif 3181:IX Corps 3115:and the 3108:20 heavy 3104:44 field 3017:24 times 3006:Eingreif 3000:Eingreif 2969:Eingreif 2960:Eingreif 2953:Eingreif 2913:and the 2904:4th Army 2875:Eingreif 2862:— 2804:61 hours 2787:— 2761:— 2733:— 2611:6th Army 2504:Eingreif 2493:II Corps 2425:GHQ 1917 2413:British 2370:21 mines 2362:enfilade 2242:Flandern 2226:Flandern 2216:Flandern 2199:Eingreif 2193:Eingreif 2187:Eingreif 2175:Eingreif 2168:Eingreif 2129:GHQ 1917 2096:Givenchy 1960:1:60 and 1898:Westheer 1744:and the 1492:Flanders 1451:Flanders 1423:and the 1341:4th Army 1337:Kortrijk 1296:-ən-dayl 1236:German: 1180:Courtrai 1135:Soissons 1074:Messines 1041:Alberich 850:Maubeuge 806:Ardennes 801:Lorraine 769:Moresnet 570:Westhoek 542:Messines 442:section) 433:section) 386:Strength 297:Rhodesia 150:Analysis 111:3°1′16″E 89:Location 10036:Germany 9936:Germany 9864:Germany 9784:Belgium 9769:Albania 9728:Disease 9708:Sports 9660:Ireland 9573:Warfare 9566:Aspects 8761:Origins 8754:Prelude 8657:Senussi 8637:Germany 8632:Leaders 8570:Romania 8511:Belgium 8506:Leaders 8405:Kamerun 8387:African 8322:Romania 8300:Balkans 8215:Outline 7787:20 July 7506:20 July 7134:22 July 6970:29 June 6660:21 July 6553:DT 2017 6541:SG 2007 4430:100 men 4426:640 men 4129:Dunedin 3956:270,713 3941:399,590 3788:Memoirs 3773:217,000 3722:20,500 3714:12,000 3706:35,000 3698:13,500 3690:25,000 3674:12,500 3666:24,000 3658:16,000 3650:30,000 3615:of the 3119:of the 2866:Memoirs 2820:14 days 2806:before 2751:82 men. 2703:Weather 2569:14 days 2393:Battles 2375:19 went 2157:Gruppen 2054:⁄ 2040:⁄ 1931:Hill 60 1912:Prelude 1904:Ostheer 1889:islands 1873:Galicia 1802:Italian 1798:Eastern 1794:Western 1792:on the 1656:St Eloi 1636:Actions 1560:salient 1520:Channel 1510:of the 1500:Picardy 1418:General 1345:Torhout 1145:Ailette 1113:The Lys 1107:Michael 1089:Cambrai 983:Hulluch 978:St Eloi 870:Antwerp 338:Germany 324:Belgium 152:section 44:of the 10056:Russia 10031:France 9859:Canada 9774:Serbia 9645:Canada 9602:Horses 9554:(1921) 9548:(1920) 9542:(1920) 9536:(1920) 9528:(1920) 9481:(1919) 9475:(1919) 9421:(1918) 9386:(1918) 9380:(1917) 9368:(1916) 9362:(1916) 9327:(1915) 8746:(1913) 8728:(1911) 8710:(1905) 8667:Darfur 8592:Serbia 8575:Russia 8538:Greece 8526:France 8516:Brazil 8362:Persia 8305:Serbia 8140: 8121: 8102: 8083: 8064: 8042: 8023: 8000: 7981: 7962: 7872: 7864: 7827: 7817: 7780: 7772: 7752:Theses 7697: 7689: 7651: 7632: 7609: 7590: 7571: 7552: 7530: 7497: 7473: 7454: 7435: 7416: 7397: 7378: 7359: 7340: 7317: 7298: 7279: 7255: 7231: 7212: 7193: 7174: 7155: 7127: 7105: 7086: 7063: 7044: 7025: 7006: 6987: 6963: 6938: 6916: 6897: 6878: 6859: 6840: 6823: 6801: 6779: 6760: 6739: 6713: 6696: 6677: 6651: 6619: 6597: 6517:NZG nd 4081:, and 3762:2,500 3754:4,000 3746:4,500 3738:4,000 3730:9,500 3682:4,000 3417:845 of 2834:Verdun 2754:that, 2730:years. 2675:, and 2501:) and 2482:Q5726) 2455:, the 2366:mining 1929:) and 1877:Baltic 1506:, the 1389:, the 1333:Bruges 1305:Allies 1185:Sambre 1140:Amiens 1008:Verdun 838:Étreux 784:Dinant 335: 312:France 309: 281: 266: 251: 236: 221: 209:Canada 206: 191: 175: 145:Result 10253:Other 10046:Japan 10041:Italy 9868:camps 9712:Rugby 8548:Japan 8543:Italy 8521:China 8415:North 7994:Ypres 7870:EThOS 7825:EThOS 7778:EThOS 7695:S2CID 6955:[ 6580:Books 4274:1916. 4183:Notes 3843:in a 3841:tanks 3768:Total 3639:Date 3429:3,325 2028:silts 2024:marls 1969:Mesen 1956:1:33. 1935:Hooge 1883:. In 1841:Aisne 1833:Arras 1773:Lille 1748:from 1722:Hooge 1528:Ypres 1364:Italy 1317:Ypres 1246:Dutch 1052:Arras 1035:Ancre 789:Namur 779:Liège 269:India 64:Hooge 9833:POWs 9159:1918 9061:1917 8987:1916 8888:1915 8792:1914 8597:Siam 8400:East 8138:ISBN 8119:ISBN 8100:ISBN 8081:ISBN 8062:ISBN 8040:ISBN 8021:ISBN 8017:HMSO 7998:ISBN 7979:ISBN 7960:ISBN 7939:2014 7915:2019 7881:2017 7862:OCLC 7836:2019 7815:ISBN 7789:2017 7770:OCLC 7744:2019 7725:2019 7687:ISSN 7649:ISBN 7630:ISBN 7607:ISBN 7588:ISBN 7569:ISBN 7550:ISBN 7528:ISBN 7508:2017 7495:ISBN 7471:ISBN 7452:ISBN 7433:ISBN 7414:ISBN 7395:ISBN 7376:ISBN 7357:ISBN 7338:ISBN 7315:ISBN 7296:ISBN 7277:ISBN 7264:2022 7253:OCLC 7229:ISBN 7210:ISBN 7191:ISBN 7172:ISBN 7153:ISBN 7136:2017 7125:OCLC 7103:ISBN 7084:ISBN 7061:ISBN 7042:ISBN 7023:ISBN 7004:ISBN 6985:ISBN 6972:2021 6961:OCLC 6936:ISBN 6914:ISBN 6895:ISBN 6876:ISBN 6857:ISBN 6838:ISBN 6821:OCLC 6799:ISBN 6777:ISBN 6758:ISBN 6737:OCLC 6711:ISBN 6694:OCLC 6675:ISBN 6662:2017 6649:ISBN 6617:ISBN 6595:ISBN 4293:The 4127:and 4114:The 3993:and 3865:and 3803:and 3642:No. 3486:and 3179:and 3106:and 3025:, a 2994:Stoß 2902:The 2749:and 2630:and 2603:Lens 2591:and 2515:and 2092:Loos 2086:and 2080:sand 2065:1:33 2061:1:60 1881:Riga 1855:and 1837:Oise 1825:and 1800:and 1728:and 1590:and 1582:1916 1550:1915 1488:Mons 1456:1914 1397:Sir 1294:PASH 1226:The 1095:1918 1057:Vimy 1029:1917 962:1916 946:Loos 903:1915 880:Yser 816:Mons 763:1914 148:See 79:Date 7679:doi 3214:At 2717:In 2480:IWM 1999:to 1732:at 1351:). 1319:in 10315:: 8019:. 7925:. 7905:. 7868:. 7856:. 7823:. 7809:. 7776:. 7764:. 7735:. 7716:. 7693:. 7685:. 7675:70 7673:. 7336:. 6647:. 6639:. 6361:^ 6310:^ 6295:^ 6120:^ 6001:^ 5926:^ 5751:^ 5676:^ 5523:^ 5464:^ 5449:^ 5398:^ 5371:^ 5102:^ 5027:^ 4502:^ 4317:, 4313:, 4309:, 4305:, 4301:, 4297:, 4164:. 4077:, 4021:c. 2919:. 2671:, 2094:, 2082:, 1937:, 1796:, 1771:, 1736:, 1393:. 1281:eɪ 1275:ən 1248:: 1244:; 96:, 9684:/ 8196:e 8189:t 8182:v 8146:. 8127:. 8108:. 8089:. 8070:. 8048:. 8029:. 8006:. 7987:. 7968:. 7941:. 7917:. 7883:. 7838:. 7791:. 7746:. 7727:. 7701:. 7681:: 7657:. 7615:. 7596:. 7577:. 7558:. 7510:. 7479:. 7460:. 7441:. 7422:. 7403:. 7384:. 7365:. 7346:. 7323:. 7304:. 7285:. 7266:. 7237:. 7218:. 7199:. 7180:. 7161:. 7111:. 7069:. 7050:. 7031:. 7012:. 6993:. 6944:. 6922:. 6903:. 6884:. 6865:. 6846:. 6827:. 6807:. 6785:. 6719:. 6700:. 6683:. 6664:. 6625:. 6603:. 6567:. 6555:. 6543:. 6519:. 5535:. 3343:. 3073:( 2056:2 2052:1 2049:+ 2047:5 2042:2 2038:1 2035:+ 2033:2 1967:( 1619:e 1612:t 1605:v 1287:/ 1284:l 1278:d 1272:ʃ 1269:æ 1266:p 1263:ˈ 1260:/ 1256:( 1230:( 744:e 737:t 730:v 520:e 513:t 506:v 134:) 70:. 23:.

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Knowledge

Battle of Passchendaele

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