131:
3201:
193:
162:
151:
119:
3076:
3135:
205:
174:
3087:
1090:, who had written several articles to bring attention on the condition of native Algerians, was appalled by the horrific massacre of European children, and completely rejected the FLN as terrorists. As he later wrote: "If I can understand and admire freedom fighters, I have only disgust for murderers of women and children".
974:
among the Pied-Noir community, some of soon started seeing every Muslim as a potential attacker. Fearing for their safety, armed vigilantes fired at any Muslim whose behavior they deemed suspicious, killing or wounding many innocents. In one incident a group of Pieds-Noir vigilantes got involved in a
705:
device. As the mob arrived in the city, Europeans in the streets were murdered on sight. However, the reaction of police forces and French army paratroopers was swift and the insurrection was soon defeated. 14 police officers were killed during this crackdown. Once the assault was over, the bodies of
995:
The death toll of French retaliations remains heavily disputed. French authorities gave an official figure of 1,273 native
Algerians killed, which is widely considered to be underestimated. The FLN claimed that as many as 12,000 were killed by French repression. French historian and Colonial Algeria
1008:
The events of 20 August 1955 are widely considered to be a major turning point in the
Algerian War. Just as Zighoud intended, the massacre of the Pieds-Noirs, followed by the violent French reprisals, created an irreparable divide between the European and the native communities. The peaceful "third
640:
in
Philippeville, told Aussaresses that he used to sell, on average, a sack of flour every three days, but was now selling two tons of flour every day to men whom he did not know and who paid only cash. From this, Aussaresses deduced that the spike in flour sales must have been because the FLN was
920:
center by the French army. Due to the nature of the assault (mainly conducted by civilians without uniforms), the French army rounded up a large number of
Algerian males present in the streets during the attack, without attempting to distinguish uninvolved inhabitants from insurgents guilty of
987:
The total death toll of the late August
Constantinois attacks is uncertain. On the day of the attacks, French authorities gave an official figure of 71 European civilians, 21 native Algerian civilians and 31 law enforcement officers killed by insurgents during the FLN's actions. However, many
879:
arrived at El-Halia a few hours after the attack, they rounded up about 80 Algerian men present on the site and shot them without any further investigation. At El Khroub, 60 insurgents captured during the attack were shot on the same day, while many other men were arrested based on
742:, children had their throats slit, and babies were slammed against walls. Some of the local Muslim inhabitants who had initially watched without reacting eventually joined the excited mob, as it massacred Europeans under chants of 'Allah Akabar' that blended with Algerian women's
831:, such as what happened to Bernadette Mello, a 5-day old newborn, was cut into pieces in front of her mother whose belly then was opened to stuff the pieces back inside. In reality, the infant was killed when her head was crushed but she was never cut up. In
1013:
was thus considered a great success by
Zighoud despite the failure to take the much-needed weapons from the targeted military outposts and police stations, and despite the relatively small number of Europeans killed in comparison to the Algerian death toll.
3689:
766:
in order to take over the heavy weapons and ammunitions stock. The attack was repulsed without any French casualties, while 12 uniform-wearing FLN members, 15 civilian men, 19 women, and 11 children or teenagers were killed.
3427:
3415:
1044:
Three weeks after the event, a group of sixty-one prominent
Algerian Muslim politicians, who had thus far adopted moderate positions and who used to believe it was possible for Algerians to become French by adopting the
992:, and some later died of their wounds. Historian Roger Vétillard gave a total figure of 117 European civilians, 42 Algerian civilians and 47 law enforcers who ultimately died as a result of the 20 August FLN's attacks.
965:
of
Philippeville Paul-Dominique Benquet-Crevaux armed the militias, which soon started exercising random reprisals upon indigenous Algerians, killing dozens. After the funerals of the victims ended, seven Algerians were
730:, or knives, and was led by 25 FLN members. They arrived at about 11 am, when most of the Pied Noir men were working in the mine while women and children were at home. A bloody massacre ensued; European women were
1632:
1075:
by his visit at the El-Halia mine after the attacks. After the events of late August 1955, he became convinced that no negotiation was possible with 'FLN terrorists', and would keep getting increasingly
1029:
notably criticized his decision to send barely armed
Algerian civilians with almost no weapons to a certain death for a result of less than 100 Europeans killed. Ramdane also condemned the murder and
3403:
3694:
3422:
3410:
2559:
313:, which resulted in the death of several thousand Muslim Algerians. The events of late August 1955 in the Constantinois region are considered to be a major turning point of the Algerian War.
3750:
3471:
3398:
342:
2258:
970:
in the streets. The fact that some of the anti-European atrocities had been committed by trusted Muslim neighbors, alongside whom the victims had lived for years, created widespread
532:
2652:
1057:
who now believed in the "idée nationale algérienne" ("Algerian national ideal"). By late 1955, the number of FLN fighters in the
Constantine region had increased by a threefold.
580:
with the enemies of the homeland. The only negotiation is war!" The French adopted an increasingly aggressive policy in Algeria and in early March 1955 the French government of
1053:
of Algerian Muslims to be a failure, and wrote that, in the wake of the blind and bloody repression against Muslims in Philippeville, the vast majority of Algerians had become
3123:
722:
town, where about 130 Europeans and 2,000 Muslims lived and worked together. The mob was composed of hundreds of Muslims, both men and women, mostly armed with farming tools,
3643:
3332:
3459:
522:
197:
3638:
3476:
3483:
681:, now known as Skikda. A large mob of several thousands civilians led by FLN members launched a general assault on the city, with the aim of attacking Europeans and
625:
civilians in Algeria, with the hope that an aggressive French retaliation would break the fragile bond between French colonists and native Algerians, increasing the
3464:
3148:
542:
537:
2791:
1877:
335:
2818:
552:
3780:
3626:
2706:
547:
507:
3139:
2564:
2497:
896:
10 years earlier, the number of Algerians killed in retaliation for the initial massacre of Europeans was disproportionate. French anticolonial militant
527:
517:
3631:
758:, a crowd of a few hundred ill-armed Muslim civilians, including women and children, led by a few FLN members, launched an assault on a French military
3116:
87:
3337:
1190:
328:
2328:
3785:
3109:
3101:
2870:
3770:
1114:
900:
estimated the number of men executed in Philippeville proper at 2,000. A French military report gave a number of 750 men executed in the
2657:
3765:
3374:
3049:
1009:
way" was no longer an option, and many former moderates on both sides ended up forced to choose unambiguous positions. As such, the
827:
Smaller scale attacks on Europeans also took place in various villages of the region. Pied-noirs newspapers reported atrocities in
843:
family was stopped by the mob on a road near Ramdane Djamel. Haïm Benchetrit was forcibly pulled out of the vehicle, before being
3663:
3488:
2510:
3297:
2828:
3775:
3740:
2420:
21:
3745:
3730:
2935:
2835:
2389:
2368:
1151:
1124:
1049:, wrote a public declaration "condemning the blind repression" in Philippeville, declared the French government's policy of
669:
and the Muslim groups were directed towards various settlements of the Contantinois area in a series of coordinated raids.
3715:
2923:
2887:
921:
involvement in the initial attacks on Pied Noir civilians. These men were briefly interrogated at the stadium before being
512:
452:
3760:
3720:
2962:
2135:
1414:
1064:
263:
123:
3454:
979:
with French soldiers they had mistaken for FLN rebels, which prompted French authorities to start disarming vigilantes.
2967:
2338:
2293:
2268:
2145:
2024:
1940:
1912:
1887:
1833:
1642:
1615:
1548:
1511:
1486:
1346:
1303:
1253:
1213:
1141:
3725:
3556:
3175:
2918:
2908:
2696:
2691:
2631:
402:
3790:
3668:
2520:
795:
and a moderate local politician who had advocated for conciliation with the French government, was murdered in the
1000:
estimated the number of native Algerians killed as a result of French retaliations to be between 3,000 and 5,000.
3033:
2913:
2738:
815:
were thrown at a police station, and a movie theater and a restaurant were bombed. Several bombs exploded in the
2882:
2796:
706:
over a hundred insurgents were found in the streets, with many more captured by French forces.
3673:
3152:
2669:
2216:
816:
3131:
1678:
641:
concentrating men in the hills above Philippeville, which could only mean an operation was due to start soon.
3190:
3185:
3180:
3091:
2930:
892:. The total death toll of the French reprisals is uncertain (estimates vary from 1,200 to 12,000) but as at
3755:
3028:
432:
2580:
3504:
3228:
2063:
Brett, Michael "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: The Algerian War of Independence in Retrospect" pp. 217–235 from
888:
villages, suspected to be harbouring FLN members or to have taken part in the attacks, were razed by the
702:
606:. Popular support for the FLN was still rather low and many of the Algerian Muslim elite advocated for a
1693:
3735:
3571:
3497:
3309:
3281:
3212:
2974:
2460:
2455:
2413:
889:
467:
447:
2553:
1694:"ENS LSH - Colloque - Pour une histoire critique et citoyenne, le cas de l'histoire franco-algérienne"
1273:
3576:
3303:
3059:
2853:
2743:
2711:
1097:
on both sides became commonplace as FLN rebels and the French army became more and more radicalized.
941:
depicting the lined up bodies of executed Algerians in the stadium and published it in the newspaper
799:
he owned. Chérif Hadj-Saïd, another prominent moderate politician, was also shot but survived. Local
457:
3291:
3534:
3449:
3362:
3200:
2979:
2748:
2605:
2477:
581:
569:
462:
382:
3315:
2465:
1392:
Adam Shatz, “The Torture of Algiers,” NY Review of Books, volume 49, number 18, 21 November 2002.
1038:
437:
372:
294:
629:
for the rebellion and destroying any possibility for a conciliatory settlement of the conflict.
584:
3588:
3327:
3245:
3000:
2753:
2718:
2613:
1581:
La Guerre d'Algérie: Des promesses de paix à la guerre ouverte, Volume 2 de La Guerre d'Algérie
926:
694:
564:
The Algerian War began on the 1st of November 1954, when the FLN launched "scores of scores of
492:
487:
417:
136:
3529:
1093:
After August 1955, the brutality of the Algerian War dramatically increased in intensity, and
573:
377:
3593:
3368:
3269:
3251:
3239:
3080:
2858:
2406:
2358:
1428:
1050:
997:
666:
497:
412:
407:
302:
3233:
3561:
3350:
3321:
3170:
2875:
2786:
2502:
2091:
Avoiding The Terrorist Trap: Why Respect For Human Rights Is The Key To Defeating Terrorism
1072:
1068:
957:
by the atrocities inflicted upon European civilians, some of the Pieds-Noirs began forming
603:
422:
1021:
disregard for Algerian lives was frowned upon by several high-ranking members of the FLN.
8:
3544:
3356:
3222:
3011:
3005:
2619:
2445:
2324:
1026:
881:
788:
607:
392:
3581:
3566:
3551:
3344:
2686:
1010:
855:
in front of his wife and their three children, aged 11, 5 and 3, who were then killed.
776:
759:
595:
472:
442:
427:
397:
2534:
2131:
3611:
3379:
2781:
2701:
2625:
2385:
2364:
2360:
Jungle of Snakes: A Century of Counterinsurgency Warfare from the Philippines to Iraq
2334:
2289:
2264:
2141:
2020:
1936:
1908:
1883:
1829:
1638:
1611:
1544:
1507:
1482:
1342:
1299:
1249:
1246:
Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics During the Decolonization of Algeria
1209:
1147:
1120:
1060:
1033:
of European babies, which he feared would cause the revolution to be associated with
872:
662:
1187:
Military Occupations in the Age of Self-determination: The History Neocons Neglected
2776:
2769:
1928:
800:
654:
178:
3621:
2823:
942:
897:
746:. Thirty-seven Europeans, mostly women and children, were murdered in the attack.
3616:
3524:
3263:
3161:
2675:
2527:
2379:
1046:
938:
796:
565:
367:
255:
166:
3440:
2865:
2489:
2472:
1905:
De l'Algérie française à l'Algérie algérienne et Genèse de l'Algérie algérienne
954:
893:
832:
686:
626:
618:
155:
1970:
20 août 1955 dans le Nord-Constantinois. Un tournant dans la guerre d'Algérie?
3709:
3257:
3020:
1319:
1175:
Aussaresses, Paul The Battle of the Casbah, New York: Enigma Books, 2006 p. 2
1166:
Aussaresses, Paul The Battle of the Casbah, New York: Enigma Books, 2006 p. 1
1022:
917:
784:
735:
658:
502:
259:
36:
23:
1434:
3515:
2547:
2429:
2398:
1087:
1084:
1054:
876:
812:
804:
792:
352:
274:
60:
1777:
Quand l'Algérie s'insurgeait 1954–1962 : Un anticolonialiste témoigne
598:
had put the FLN in a very dire situation. Only one of the FLN's sections,
2984:
2540:
2515:
1077:
958:
901:
739:
633:
622:
588:
306:
298:
828:
3390:
1274:"Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer"
1143:
Empire on the Seine: The Policing of North Africans in Paris, 1925–1975
1034:
1030:
989:
611:
310:
266:
632:
The French military learned about Zighoud's plans when one of General
568:". The conflict quickly escalated, as evidenced by the remarks of the
2574:
2260:
The Algerian War Retold: Of Camus's Revolt and Postwar Reconciliation
1094:
1017:
Despite the undeniable political success of the operation, Zighoud's
844:
780:
755:
743:
577:
2164:. Vol. 48. Presses universitaires de France. 1998. p. 154.
3655:
3603:
2600:
976:
971:
934:
922:
885:
868:
852:
763:
690:
682:
290:
1454:
1018:
967:
913:
864:
848:
839:, 4 policemen and 6 European civilians were killed. The car of a
727:
282:
621:, leader of the Wilaya II, decided to conduct an attack against
1116:
Histoire de l'Algérie et de ses mémoires: Des Orignies au Hirak
884:
and shot in the following days. In the following days, several
840:
719:
715:
698:
678:
650:
599:
320:
286:
278:
204:
173:
83:
258:
launched on 20 August 1955 on various cities and towns of the
3054:
962:
930:
836:
731:
637:
270:
1716:
1714:
1227:
1225:
808:
3751:
Racially motivated violence against white people in Africa
2896:
1562:
1560:
653:
of several thousand local Muslim civilians, influenced by
2311:
Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture
2228:
2226:
2112:
1758:
1756:
1711:
723:
714:
The largest massacre of the day occurred at the El-Halia
689:'s weaponry. Only half of the insurgents were armed with
1949:
1857:
1726:
1222:
3690:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
2017:
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
1983:
1981:
1979:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1743:
1741:
1557:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
749:
2223:
2070:
1813:. Office des publications universitaires. p. 310.
1753:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
649:
On 20 August 1955, a few hundred FLN members gathered
2819:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
2180:
1355:
1067:, who had thus far defended conciliatory approach on
661:
motivations. False rumors were spread of an imminent
2238:
2192:
2168:
2045:
2033:
1976:
1783:
1738:
1587:
1367:
1610:. Presses universitaires de Provence. p. 181.
1520:
1395:
819:area of the city, killing two and wounding dozens.
948:
762:held by 150 soldiers. Their goal was to kill the
285:rebels. The raids, which mostly took the form of
3707:
1248:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 31.
907:
770:
1675:Les souffrances secrètes des Français d'Algérie
1541:Militaires et guérilla dans la guerre d'Algérie
863:After the initial shock of the attacks, French
1206:Le livre blanc de l'armée française en Algérie
594:By summer 1955, the steady pressure of French
3117:
2488:
2414:
1608:Les Juifs d'Algérie: Une histoire de ruptures
677:The main attack was conducted on the city of
336:
2428:
1296:L'Islam aux sources du nationalisme algérien
3781:Terrorist incidents in Algeria in the 1950s
2313:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142].
2162:Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains
2106:Abane Ramdane, héros de la guerre d'Algérie
1662:. Les Presses Montrichardaises. p. 60.
1231:
1203:
783:of about ten men each launched a series of
3124:
3110:
2421:
2407:
1935:. Stanford University Press. p. 158.
1720:
1634:Les vérités cachées de la Guerre d'Algérie
1605:
343:
329:
3050:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
2019:. Indiana University Press. p. 162.
1967:
1955:
1875:
1828:. Cornell University Press. p. 127.
1732:
709:
685:Muslim personalities and taking over the
2323:
2308:
2130:
2076:
1823:
1566:
1538:
1504:Le FLN, documents et histoire: 1954–1962
1243:
1041:for the cause of Algerian independence.
672:
301:. These massacres were then followed by
3664:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
3455:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
3399:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
3375:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
2377:
2232:
1927:
1853:. Oxford University Press. p. 141.
1762:
1672:
1630:
1460:
1420:
1408:
1339:Histoire intérieure du F.L.N. 1954–1962
1336:
1267:
1265:
1139:
1112:
945:, sparking national outrage in France.
617:To put the FLN in a stronger position,
3708:
3695:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
2356:
2283:
2186:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2051:
1999:
1902:
1796:
1774:
1657:
1440:
1424:
1361:
1293:
1184:
3786:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1955
3669:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
3105:
2936:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
2402:
2256:
2244:
2198:
2174:
2039:
2014:
1987:
1863:
1848:
1808:
1747:
1593:
1578:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1464:
1448:
1444:
1380:
1318:
1271:
858:
324:
3423:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
3411:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
3298:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
3140:Conflicts between France and Algeria
3086:
2210:
2002:La guerre d'Algérie et les Algériens
1691:
1660:La guerre Franco-Française d'Algérie
1262:
750:Attack on El Khroub military outpost
3771:20th-century mass murder in Algeria
1481:. NYRB Classics. pp. 120–121.
1324:1954, la guerre commence en Algérie
988:survivors were severely wounded or
13:
3199:
1972:. Riveneuve éditions. p. 270.
1907:. Editions Bouchène. p. 545.
1692:colloque, Comite scientifique du.
1543:. Editions Complexe. p. 278.
14:
3802:
3766:Wartime sexual violence in Africa
2632:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
2381:The Wars of French Decolonization
2288:. Editions Eyrolles. p. 95.
1326:. Editions Complexe. p. 146.
871:during or after the attacks were
835:, 13 Europeans were murdered. In
3133:
3085:
3075:
3074:
2108:. L’Harmattan. pp. 205–207.
2093:. World Scientific. p. 124.
1851:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1826:Albert Camus: Elements of a Life
1119:(in French). Karthala Editions.
867:began. A number of Algerian men
822:
602:II, was capable of mounting any
350:
203:
191:
172:
160:
149:
129:
117:
2378:Clayton, Anthony (2014-06-06).
2357:Arnold, James R. (2010-07-06).
2350:
2330:Introduction to Global Politics
2317:
2302:
2277:
2250:
2215:. Methuen Educational. p.
2204:
2154:
2124:
2097:
2082:
2057:
2008:
2004:. Armand Colin. pp. 44–46.
2000:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1997).
1993:
1961:
1921:
1903:Ageron, Charles-Robert (2005).
1896:
1869:
1842:
1817:
1802:
1768:
1685:
1666:
1651:
1624:
1599:
1572:
1539:Jauffret, Jean-Charles (2001).
1532:
1495:
1470:
1386:
1330:
1312:
1287:
1272:Brass, Martin (November 2001).
949:Pieds-Noirs vigilante reprisals
644:
16:1955 battle of the Algerian War
3674:Declaration of 1 November 1954
3472:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
3153:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2670:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2284:Mattéi, Jean-François (2013).
2067:, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1994 p. 218.
2065:The Journal of African History
1606:Dermenjian, Geneviève (2020).
1237:
1197:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1133:
1106:
99:
1:
3776:Terrorism in the Algerian War
3741:Massacres in the Algerian War
3191:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
3186:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
3181:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
3176:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
2792:Proposed partition of Algeria
2363:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
2286:Citations de Camus expliquées
2089:Parker, Thomas David (2019).
1583:. Temps actuels. p. 559.
1100:
982:
912:In Philippeville, the city's
908:Philippeville stadium scandal
771:Terror attacks in Constantine
316:
3746:French war crimes in Algeria
3731:August 1955 events in Africa
2883:Effects in Algerian politics
2309:Buettner, Elizabeth (2016).
2015:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005).
1824:Zaretsky, Robert D. (2011).
1698:colloque-algerie.ens-lyon.fr
1204:de Jaeghere, Michel (2001).
1003:
614:with the French government.
7:
3716:Battles of the Algerian War
3229:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
2498:Algerian popular resistance
2213:Selected political writings
1879:Aimée et souffrante Algérie
1876:Soustelle, Jacques (1956).
1244:Le Sueur, James D. (2001).
1208:. Contretemps. p. 97.
1146:. Oxford University Press.
791:. Allouah Abbas, nephew of
209:41st Parachute Demi-Brigade
10:
3807:
3761:History of Skikda Province
3721:Massacres of ethnic groups
3333:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
3310:First Battle of the Issers
3282:French conquest of Algeria
3213:French conquest of Algeria
3034:Organisation armée secrète
2975:Algerian National Movement
2697:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2456:French conquest of Algeria
2211:King, Jonathan H. (1981).
1113:Alcaraz, Emmanuel (2021).
572:Minister of the Interior,
3682:
3654:
3602:
3513:
3438:
3389:
3304:First Battle of Boudouaou
3279:
3210:
3197:
3159:
3146:
3072:
3042:
2993:
2963:National Liberation Front
2955:
2948:
2905:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2844:
2811:
2762:
2744:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2727:
2651:
2644:
2593:
2581:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2444:
2437:
1968:Vétillard, Roger (2013).
1673:Delpard, Raphaël (2007).
1337:Meynier, Gilbert (2002).
1298:. Edilivre. p. 134.
1063:, the recently appointed
693:, while the rest carried
360:
213:
184:
142:
110:
66:
58:
53:
3726:1955 in the Algerian War
3460:Battle of Naciria (1871)
3363:Second Assault of Dellys
2980:Algerian Communist Party
2968:National Liberation Army
2749:Charonne subway massacre
2606:Decolonisation of Africa
1502:Harbi, Mohammed (2004).
1477:Horne, Alistair (2006).
787:on a number of specific
610:of the conflict through
587:was replaced by that of
3791:1955 murders in Algeria
3484:Battle of Issers (1871)
3316:First Assault of Dellys
3029:Front Algérie Française
2682:Battle of Philippeville
2257:Emery, Meaghan (2019).
2104:Mameri, Khalfa (1988).
1809:Tegia, Mohamed (1971).
1775:Guérin, Daniel (1979).
1658:Moulis, Robert (1980).
1341:. Fayard. p. 280.
1294:Créspo, Gérard (2019).
1080:as the war progressed.
937:Robert Lambotte took a
636:'s informants, an Arab
612:conciliatory agreements
576:: "I will not agree to
244:Battle of Philippeville
54:Battle of Philippeville
3328:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
3246:Second Battle of Blida
3204:
3149:Ministry of Mujahideen
2614:Brazzaville Conference
1849:Evans, Martin (2012).
1631:Sévilla, Jean (2018).
1506:. Fayard. p. 45.
1185:Gannon, James (2008).
1140:Prakash, Amit (2022).
873:executed without trial
851:to death with his own
710:El-Halia mine massacre
248:Philippeville massacre
143:Commanders and leaders
3639:De Lamoricière Treaty
3450:Battle of Alma (1871)
3369:Battle of Sidi Brahim
3270:Battle of Constantine
3252:Massacre of El Ouffia
3240:First Battle of Blida
3203:
2859:French Fifth Republic
2836:Algerian independence
1579:Alleg, Henri (1981).
1479:A Savage War of Peace
1039:international support
998:Charles-Robert Ageron
673:Raid on Philippeville
293:of several dozens of
214:Casualties and losses
3505:Capture of Touggourt
3351:Battle of Beni Mered
3322:Siege of Constantine
3171:Djidjelli expedition
2876:1962 Algerian crisis
2871:Aftermath in Algeria
2787:Manifesto of the 121
2771:Communauté française
2503:Algerian nationalism
2325:Mansbach, Richard W.
1933:Revolutionary Change
1929:Johnson, Chalmers A.
1189:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1069:Algerian nationalism
585:Pierre Mendès France
246:, also known as the
37:36.87278°N 6.91000°E
3756:Algerian war crimes
3498:Capture of Palestro
3357:Battle of the Smala
3223:Shipwreck of Dellys
3012:Commandos de Chasse
3006:French Armed Forces
2620:First Indochina War
2461:Invasion of Algiers
2137:La guerre d'Algérie
2121:, pp. 205–207.
1866:, pp. 120–121.
1811:L'Algérie en guerre
1065:Governor of Algeria
925:without any proper
916:was turned into an
803:Robert Laemmel was
608:peaceful resolution
574:François Mitterrand
566:spectacular attacks
33: /
3627:De Bourmont Treaty
3345:Battle of Mazagran
3234:Battle of Staouéli
3205:
3162:Pre-1830 conflicts
2707:Week of barricades
2687:Soummam conference
2507:Attempted reforms
959:vigilante militias
859:French retaliation
596:counter-insurgency
533:2nd Ouled Bouachra
463:1st Ouled Bouachra
297:settlers known as
289:, resulted in the
260:Constantine region
221:(French historian)
3736:Massacres in 1955
3703:
3702:
3612:Desmichels Treaty
3380:Siege of Laghouat
3099:
3098:
3068:
3067:
2994:Anti-independence
2944:
2943:
2931:Martyrs' Memorial
2807:
2806:
2782:FLN football team
2702:Operation Corsica
2692:Battle of Algiers
2640:
2639:
2626:Malagasy Uprising
2589:
2588:
2391:978-1-317-89485-8
2370:978-1-60819-094-2
1677:. Lafon. p.
1153:978-0-19-265425-0
1126:978-2-8111-2359-8
1083:French Pied-Noir
1071:, was profoundly
1061:Jacques Soustelle
1035:fanatical madness
561:
560:
240:
239:
232:
227:
222:
106:
105:
88:occupied Algeria
42:36.87278; 6.91000
3798:
3647:
3635:
3572:Bab El Bekkouche
3492:
3480:
3468:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3341:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3077:
2956:Pro-independence
2953:
2952:
2894:
2893:
2800:
2777:Constantine Plan
2715:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2568:
2486:
2485:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2374:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2132:Piouffre, Gérard
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1235:
1232:de Jaeghere 2001
1229:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1027:Larbi Ben M'hidi
890:French air force
801:police inspector
468:Ath Yahia Moussa
448:Bab El Bekkouche
355:
345:
338:
331:
322:
321:
309:and Pieds-Noirs
254:was a series of
252:August Offensive
230:
225:
220:
208:
207:
196:
195:
194:
179:Paul Aussaresses
177:
176:
165:
164:
163:
154:
153:
152:
135:
133:
132:
122:
121:
120:
68:
67:
51:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3678:
3650:
3641:
3629:
3598:
3577:May 1958 crisis
3525:Toussaint Rouge
3509:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3434:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3385:
3335:
3292:Raid on Reghaïa
3275:
3264:Battle of Macta
3206:
3195:
3155:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3100:
3095:
3064:
3038:
2989:
2940:
2898:
2892:
2854:May 1958 crisis
2846:
2840:
2803:
2794:
2758:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2676:Toussaint Rouge
2662:
2655:
2636:
2610:
2585:
2562:
2535:Crémieux Decree
2528:Divide and rule
2484:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2392:
2371:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2322:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2013:
2009:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1721:Dermenjian 2020
1719:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1471:
1463:, p. 118;
1459:
1455:
1447:, p. 120;
1439:
1435:
1423:, p. 118;
1419:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1320:Harbi, Mohammed
1317:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1047:French language
1006:
985:
951:
910:
861:
825:
773:
752:
712:
703:makeshift bombs
675:
667:Egyptian troops
647:
627:popular support
562:
557:
458:May 1958 crisis
368:Toussaint Rouge
356:
351:
349:
319:
228:
223:
219:3,000 to 5,000
202:
192:
190:
171:
167:Salah Boubnider
161:
159:
158:
150:
148:
137:French Republic
130:
128:
118:
116:
90:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:Algiers putsch
3586:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3441:Mokrani Revolt
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2899:commemorations
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2866:Year of Africa
2863:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2812:End of the war
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2754:Paris massacre
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2719:Algiers putsch
2716:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
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2641:
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2571:
2570:
2569:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2521:1943 manifesto
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2490:French Algeria
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2473:Mokrani Revolt
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2340:978-1315301815
2339:
2316:
2301:
2295:978-2212194210
2294:
2276:
2270:978-1000764772
2269:
2249:
2247:, p. 123.
2237:
2235:, p. 158.
2222:
2203:
2201:, p. 121.
2191:
2189:, p. 124.
2179:
2177:, p. 142.
2167:
2153:
2147:978-2846903295
2146:
2123:
2111:
2096:
2081:
2069:
2056:
2044:
2042:, p. 162.
2032:
2026:978-0253346247
2025:
2007:
1992:
1990:, p. 122.
1975:
1960:
1958:, p. 119.
1956:Soustelle 1956
1948:
1942:978-0804711456
1941:
1920:
1914:978-2356760524
1913:
1895:
1889:978-2259265980
1888:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1835:978-0801462375
1834:
1816:
1801:
1782:
1767:
1765:, p. 281.
1752:
1750:, p. 141.
1737:
1735:, p. 266.
1733:Vétillard 2013
1725:
1723:, p. 181.
1710:
1684:
1665:
1650:
1644:978-2213674261
1643:
1623:
1617:979-1036561665
1616:
1598:
1596:, p. 559.
1586:
1571:
1569:, p. 278.
1556:
1550:978-2870278536
1549:
1531:
1519:
1513:978-2213618920
1512:
1494:
1488:978-1590172186
1487:
1469:
1467:, p. 120.
1453:
1451:, p. 118.
1443:, p. 48;
1433:
1413:
1394:
1385:
1383:, p. 146.
1366:
1364:, p. 134.
1354:
1348:978-2213613772
1347:
1329:
1311:
1305:978-2414389254
1304:
1286:
1276:. Military.com
1261:
1255:978-0812235883
1254:
1236:
1221:
1215:978-2951780903
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984:
981:
950:
947:
909:
906:
875:. When French
860:
857:
833:Ramdane Djamel
824:
821:
807:in front of a
785:terror attacks
772:
769:
751:
748:
711:
708:
687:police station
674:
671:
646:
643:
619:Youcef Zighoud
582:Prime Minister
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Ouled Rashache
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Algiers putsch
479:
478:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
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445:
440:
435:
430:
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410:
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385:
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375:
370:
361:
358:
357:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
318:
315:
238:
237:
234:
231:(French claim)
216:
215:
211:
210:
200:
187:
186:
185:Units involved
182:
181:
169:
156:Youcef Zighoud
145:
144:
140:
139:
126:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:
76:
75:
74:20 August 1955
72:
64:
63:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3803:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Évian Accords
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:Philippeville
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:Battle of Sig
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3084: /
3083:
3082:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:La Main Rouge
3018:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:Monuments and
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:Évian Accords
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:of key events
2659:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:Other factors
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:1920 petition
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2384:. Routledge.
2383:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2333:. Routledge.
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2263:. Routledge.
2262:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2085:
2079:, p. 31.
2078:
2077:Le Sueur 2001
2073:
2066:
2060:
2054:, p. 91.
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1799:, p. 90.
1798:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1779:. p. 21.
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1567:Jauffret 2001
1563:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1529:, p. 45.
1528:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1234:, p. 97.
1233:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1037:and decrease
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Abane Ramdane
1020:
1015:
1012:
1001:
999:
993:
991:
980:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:investigation
924:
919:
918:interrogation
915:
905:
903:
899:
898:Daniel Guérin
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:Other attacks
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
768:
765:
761:
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:disembowelled
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
704:
700:
696:
695:farming tools
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Philippeville
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Philippeville
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
229:1,273 killed
218:
217:
212:
206:
201:
199:
189:
188:
183:
180:
175:
170:
168:
157:
147:
146:
141:
138:
127:
125:
115:
114:
109:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
84:Philippeville
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
57:
52:
49:
46:
3617:Tafna Treaty
3582:
3545:
3539:
3516:Algerian War
3514:
3439:
3280:
3211:
3160:
3090:
3079:
3043:Other groups
3019:
3010:
2770:
2730:human rights
2728:War crimes /
2681:
2674:
2573:
2560:Legal status
2552:
2548:French Union
2533:
2478:Deportations
2430:Algerian War
2380:
2359:
2351:Bibliography
2329:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2240:
2233:Johnson 1982
2212:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2136:
2126:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1969:
1963:
1951:
1932:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1763:Meynier 2002
1728:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1540:
1534:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1478:
1472:
1461:Clayton 2014
1456:
1436:
1421:Clayton 2014
1416:
1409:Sévilla 2018
1388:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1245:
1239:
1205:
1199:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1092:
1088:Albert Camus
1085:intellectual
1082:
1059:
1055:nationalists
1043:
1016:
1007:
994:
986:
953:Shocked and
952:
911:
877:paratroopers
862:
826:
805:assassinated
793:Ferhat Abbas
779:, eight FLN
774:
753:
726:, sharpened
713:
676:
648:
645:FLN's attack
631:
616:
593:
563:
481:
480:
418:Sidi Semiane
387:
362:
353:Algerian War
287:ethnic riots
275:Algerian War
251:
247:
243:
241:
224:12,000 dead
111:Belligerents
61:Algerian War
18:
3642: [
3630: [
3594:Bab El Oued
3487: [
3475: [
3463: [
3426: [
3414: [
3402: [
3391:Allegiances
3336: [
3284:: 1837-1870
3215:: 1830-1836
2985:Oujda Group
2795: [
2710: [
2656: [
2563: [
2541:Kabyle myth
2516:Jonnart Law
2448:colonialism
2432:(1954–1962)
2187:Parker 2019
2119:Mameri 1988
2052:Arnold 2010
1797:Arnold 2010
1700:(in French)
1441:Gannon 2008
1425:Arnold 2010
1362:Créspo 2019
1078:radicalized
1073:traumatized
1051:integration
996:specialist
902:El Harrouch
777:Constantine
740:decapitated
634:Aussaresses
623:Pieds-Noirs
589:Edgar Faure
543:Ouled Sinan
538:Kef Lakhdar
498:Bab El Oued
477:(1959-1961)
433:El Menaouer
413:Oued Zeggar
408:Fellaoucene
307:French army
299:Pieds-Noirs
273:during the
226:(FLN claim)
40: /
3710:Categories
3562:Agounennda
3535:El Djorf I
2924:Tizi Ouzou
2845:Legacy and
2829:referendum
2732:violations
2653:Chronology
2466:Atrocities
2438:Background
2245:Horne 2006
2199:Horne 2006
2175:Evans 2012
2040:Ruedy 2005
1988:Horne 2006
1864:Horne 2006
1748:Evans 2012
1704:2024-03-24
1637:. Fayard.
1594:Alleg 1981
1527:Harbi 2004
1465:Horne 2006
1449:Harbi 1984
1445:Horne 2006
1427:, p.
1381:Harbi 1984
1280:2016-10-25
1101:References
1095:atrocities
1031:mutilation
983:Death toll
943:L'Humanité
939:photograph
882:suspicions
744:ululations
423:Agounennda
383:El Djorf I
317:Background
311:vigilantes
269:and armed
267:insurgents
25:36°52′22″N
3656:Documents
3546:Blue Bird
3530:Véronique
2847:aftermath
2763:Reactions
2628:(1947–49)
2622:(1946–54)
2575:Pied noir
2554:Indigénat
2530:policies
1011:operation
1004:Aftermath
977:firefight
933:. French
865:reprisals
845:castrated
781:commandos
756:El Khroub
655:religious
604:offensive
578:negotiate
570:Socialist
553:Kef Afoul
393:Blue Bird
378:Véronique
373:Boukerker
303:reprisals
198:Wilaya II
100:Aftermath
28:6°54′36″E
3604:Treaties
3583:Jumelles
3567:Bouzegza
3552:Palestro
3081:Category
2601:Cold War
2327:(2017).
2140:. Lodi.
2134:(2008).
1931:(1982).
1882:. Plon.
1322:(1984).
972:paranoia
935:reporter
923:executed
886:shepherd
869:arrested
853:genitals
829:Aïn Abid
813:Grenades
797:pharmacy
764:garrison
691:firearms
683:moderate
548:Guergour
513:Bouk’hil
508:Boutaleb
473:Jumelles
443:Timimoun
428:Bouzegza
398:Palestro
295:European
291:massacre
283:Algerian
277:between
98:See the
79:Location
59:Part of
3557:Algiers
3092:Commons
2919:El Oued
2909:Algiers
2739:Torture
2446:Settler
1019:cynical
968:lynched
955:enraged
914:stadium
789:targets
760:outpost
728:shovels
663:landing
528:Flawcen
518:Nasinsa
453:Borders
403:Algiers
305:by the
250:or the
102:section
3382:(1852)
3371:(1845)
3365:(1844)
3359:(1843)
3353:(1842)
3347:(1840)
3324:(1837)
3318:(1837)
3312:(1837)
3306:(1837)
3300:(1837)
3294:(1837)
3272:(1836)
3266:(1835)
3260:(1835)
3254:(1832)
3248:(1830)
3242:(1830)
3236:(1830)
3225:(1830)
3055:Harkis
3001:France
2949:Groups
2616:(1944)
2388:
2367:
2337:
2292:
2267:
2144:
2023:
1939:
1911:
1886:
1832:
1641:
1614:
1547:
1510:
1485:
1345:
1302:
1252:
1212:
1150:
1123:
990:maimed
961:. The
904:area.
849:choked
841:Jewish
817:Jewish
720:mining
716:pyrite
699:knives
659:racial
651:crowds
600:Wilaya
438:Essien
279:France
134:
95:Result
3683:Lists
3646:]
3634:]
3491:]
3479:]
3467:]
3430:]
3418:]
3406:]
3340:]
3060:Women
2914:Batna
2888:Films
2799:]
2714:]
2660:]
2567:]
963:mayor
931:trial
894:Setif
837:Collo
754:Near
732:raped
638:baker
493:Paris
482:1960s
363:1950s
256:raids
2386:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1025:and
847:and
809:cafe
734:and
724:axes
657:and
503:Oran
281:and
271:mobs
242:The
71:Date
2645:War
2217:252
1679:143
929:or
775:In
738:or
701:or
665:by
264:FLN
262:by
236:123
124:FLN
3712::
3644:ar
3632:ar
3489:ar
3477:ar
3465:ar
3428:ar
3416:ar
3404:ar
3338:ar
3151:-
2797:fr
2712:fr
2658:fr
2565:fr
2225:^
1978:^
1785:^
1755:^
1740:^
1713:^
1696:.
1559:^
1429:89
1397:^
1369:^
1264:^
1224:^
1191:48
811:.
697:,
591:.
86:,
3125:e
3118:t
3111:v
2422:e
2415:t
2408:v
2394:.
2373:.
2343:.
2298:.
2273:.
2219:.
2150:.
2029:.
1945:.
1917:.
1892:.
1838:.
1707:.
1681:.
1647:.
1620:.
1553:.
1516:.
1491:.
1431:.
1411:.
1351:.
1308:.
1283:.
1258:.
1218:.
1193:.
1156:.
1129:.
718:-
344:e
337:t
330:v
233:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
