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assistance. Newcastle agreed, with several conditions: namely that his troops in
Yorkshire would be paid, provisioned and billeted at the cost of the Yorkshire Royalists, and that when Henrietta Maria returned, he could withdraw from Yorkshire to protect her without breaching the agreement. Once the deal was agreed, Newcastle did not march south until he had finished training his troops. In late November, Newcastle began his advance from
138:
183:
1234:, to the north east of the bridge, from where they could weaken the enemy defences around the bridge. Howard's dragoons led the assault through the village, which lay to the north of the bridge. According to the Battlefields Trust, it is likely that Hotham had placed some of his men in the village, hidden in the buildings and gardens, which the dragoons drove back. The bridge itself was
1214:
successful their recruitment had been. As a result, infantry regiments could include as few as 500 men. Dragoon regiments similarly varied, and could include as many as 1,000 men. The modern historian P. R. Newman is not confident that enough historical evidence exists to know whether Howard's dragoons formed a regiment: he settles on describing them as a "force".
1131:, on the border between County Durham and Yorkshire, Newcastle would have to use the bridge on his march south, especially as winter made the river itself impassable. To defend against Newcastle's advance, Hotham placed a force of around 580 men (400 infantry and 180 cavalry) with two cannons on the southern side of the bridge.
1047:, the methods of recruitment being used to raise forces, and disbanded the forces already raised within the county. It also called for all of Yorkshire to unite to repel any external force which entered the county. Although it was signed by twelve prominent leaders, neither the Hothams (Sir John Hotham and his son,
1178:: long wooden shafts tipped with steel points, which were typically 15â18 feet (4.6â5.5 m) in length. By the time of the English Civil War, pikemen were predominantly defensive units to protect the musketeers from cavalry attacks. Dragoons were mounted infantry, armed with muskets, who were typically used as
1245:
Behind the dragoons, Lambton's infantry followed. A combined assault of dragoons, infantry and artillery continued for several hours, during which Howard was killed. Despite claiming to suffer only minimal casualties, the
Parliamentarians retreated; according to the Battlefields Trust, concentrations
1126:
Fairfax, who had been named in
September as the commander of Parliament's forces in Yorkshire, was aware of the build-up of troops to the north, and on 9 November he sent Captain John Hotham into the North Riding to rally the local troops against Newcastle. Hotham forced the Royalists in the area to
1289:
The 16th-century bridge remains in place, although it was widened in the 18th century to allow more traffic to cross. The
Battlefields Trust suggest that the village of Piercebridge is probably not much larger than it was at the time of the battle, and that earthworks located above Cliffe might be
1102:
Despite peace overtures being made by
Fairfax, by late September several of the leading Yorkshire Royalists felt threatened by the Parliamentarian forces which surrounded York on three sides, and fearing that they would not be able to repel an attack, they requested that Newcastle come to their
1034:
In the immediate aftermath of the King's departure in August, several of the gentry sought to dampen the escalation towards war within the county, even while continuing to consolidate their power; raising troops and establishing garrisons. Lord
Fairfax arranged a meeting with some of the local
930:
in an assault on the bridge, and after three hours of heavy fighting, Hotham and his men retreated, allowing the
Royalists to continue on to York. The introduction of Newcastle's army into Yorkshire gave the Royalists a numerical advantage in the county, and led the Parliamentarians to rely on
925:
Newcastle sent an advance guard under the command of Sir Thomas Howard to take the crossing. The
Royalists placed their ten artillery pieces on a hill to the north east of the bridge, allowing them to soften up the Parliamentarian defences. Howard, who was killed during the engagement, led his
1213:
into
Piercebridge; Sir William Lambton's Regiment of Foot and Sir Thomas Howard's Regiment of Dragoons. It is unknown how many men this constituted; notionally, an infantry regiment could include up to 1,200 men, but this varied depending upon both the whim of the commanding officer, and how
1262:. With his path clear, Newcastle continued into York, where he arrived on 4 December. His advance had split the Parliamentarian forces, which maintained strongholds in Hull in the East Riding, and in the West Riding towns. He initially pressed his advantage by defeating Fairfax at the
1281:
and holding too much land, and instead wearing the
Royalists down with a series of smaller assaults. Over the longer-term, the Parliamentarian tactics, which Carpenter attributed to Fairfax's "far keener strategic vision", led to their decisive victory over the Royalists at the
1051:) nor Cumberland were signatories, which the modern historian Stanley D. M. Carpenter cites as "ensuring its ultimate failure". Parliament rejected the treaty, while the Hothams rebelled against it, and attacked
1082:. Unlike the disputed state of Yorkshire, Newcastle was able to establish control of the four counties for the Royalists by the middle of October. In February, Charles's wife
231:
1895:
1186:
due to their mobility. They rode into battle, but dismounted to fight. The cavalry remained mounted to fight, generally on larger horses than dragoons. Most were
1238:, and covered by the Parliamentarian's two light artillery pieces, which were either placed on the bridge, or further south on higher ground near the village of
1273:
In the short-term, the balance of power in the county had shifted towards the Royalists; Newcastle had the numerical advantage, which forced Fairfax to adopt a
2025:
1965:
1201:
At Piercebridge, Hotham commanded three troops of cavalry; his own, Wray's and Hatcher's, each consisting of 60 men. The infantry was made up of Sir
224:
75:
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firing mechanism. They were accurate to a range of around 150 yards (140 m), and took about a minute to reload. Most muskets had a steel-lined
1008:
1996:
217:
2194:
1222:
On 1 December, Newcastle ordered the vanguard into Piercebridge under the command of Howard. The Royalists adopted tactics used by the
1266:
on 6 December, and capturing both Leeds and Pontefract Castle, but then his campaign was checked. The Royalists were rebuffed from
1063:
887:
153:
175:
1004:
196:
2159:
2149:
1953:
1932:
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in March. The King twice attempted to take Hull in 1642 without success, and subsequently returned south to Nottingham. The
967:, traitors. That action had been the culmination of religious, fiscal and legislative tensions going back over fifty years.
1805:
952:
1270:, where the general population rose against them, and Newcastle soon stopped campaigning and settled down for the winter.
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in early October. By the middle of the month, Lord Fairfax renounced the treaty and resumed military operations.
1020:
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1090:
to obtain a supply of weapons, and alongside his regional command, Newcastle had also been tasked with securing
444:
1039:. The treaty, which it was hoped could be used as a model for the whole country to adopt, suspended both the
818:
684:
535:
351:
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assumed command of the King's forces in Yorkshire. The Parliamentarians did not have a unified command:
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withdraw north, and camped at Piercebridge on 23 November. As the main crossing point on the
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ports to facilitate her return. He was also responsible for protecting her once she arrived.
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8:
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Cavalier Generals: King Charles I and His Commanders in the English Civil War 1642â46
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near Newcastle upon Tyne two years earlier, and placed their ten artillery pieces on
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399:
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1982:
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1992:"The Papers of the Hothams, Governors of Hull During the Civil War: Introduction"
1943:
1874:
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so that they could be used as a club in close-combat. Pikemen were equipped with
932:
841:
812:
727:
603:
598:
578:
514:
364:
1963:
Hopper, Andrew (2008) . "Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord Fairfax of Cameron".
1075:
732:
2034:
2023:
Hulse, Lynn (2011) . "Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne".
2014:
1991:
1974:
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1175:
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875:
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90:
77:
1812:. Vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600â1800. Detroit:
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towards Yorkshire, with an army of around 6,000 men; this comprised 4,000
209:
42:
1223:
1079:
1179:
1128:
1067:
956:
907:
2057:. (Doctoral Thesis). York: Department of History, University of York.
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Battlefield Yorkshire: From the Romans to the English Civil Wars
1679:
1677:
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1479:
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The Parliamentarians retreated south through Yorkshire towards
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984:
1737:
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the remains of the Parliamentarian's artillery emplacement.
1035:
Royalists which was held on 29 September, and they signed a
1246:
of lead shot found suggest that they continued to lay down
1143:
Reenactors in period outfits demonstrating the firing of a
1000:
979:
was a key area in the conflict. After Charles attempted to
895:
1782:
The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638â1661
1605:
1578:
1566:
1428:
1416:
1328:
1326:
1903:. The Authors & Heritage Lottery Fund. Archived from
1593:
1382:
1380:
1343:
1341:
970:
1948:. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
1945:
Black Tom: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution
1834:
Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642â1651
1725:
1638:
1554:
1440:
1166:, which at this early stage of the war typically used a
1650:
1508:
1506:
1323:
2142:
A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642â1649
1897:
The First Great Civil War in the Tees Valley 1642â1646
1464:
1392:
1377:
1353:
1338:
1158:, which could vary greatly in size, consisted of both
1662:
1542:
1299:
47:
The 16th-century bridge over the Tees at Piercebridge
2104:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638â1660
1855:
The Civil War in Yorkshire: Fairfax Versus Newcastle
1713:
1701:
1689:
1530:
1503:
1452:
1365:
987:started openly taking sides and preparing for war.
2158:
1632:
1491:
995:for Parliament the same month, and after fleeing
2181:
2052:"The Royalist Army in Northern England: 1642â45"
1804:Bleiberg, Edward; Soergel, Philip, eds. (2005).
1404:
1086:(formally known as Queen Mary) had travelled to
2085:Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry
1803:
1317:
2123:Soldiers of the English Civil War (2): Cavalry
1066:, had been appointed as Royalist commander of
225:
2139:
2029:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1997:Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series
1969:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1893:
1683:
1611:
1587:
1572:
1524:
1485:
1422:
2160:"Battle of Piercebridge, 1st December 1642"
239:
232:
218:
41:
2013:
1925:The English Civil War: A Military History
1830:
1743:
1386:
1347:
1194:, and carried a sword, two pistols and a
975:Even before the formal start of the war,
890:was advancing with an army of 6,000 from
2140:Wanklyn, Malcolm; Jones, Frank (2014) .
1162:and pikemen. Musketeers were armed with
1138:
2082:
2026:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1966:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1778:
1759:
1644:
1548:
1434:
1305:
2182:
2120:
2049:
1989:
1962:
1941:
1879:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
1858:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
1764:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
1719:
1668:
1656:
1599:
1512:
1497:
1398:
1371:
1359:
1205:'s regiment, possibly split into four
1190:, who were armoured with a helmet and
971:State of the war in North East England
2101:
2022:
1922:
1872:
1851:
1837:. London & New York: Frank Cass.
1731:
1707:
1695:
1560:
1536:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1410:
1332:
213:
18:Battle of the First English Civil War
1894:Daniels, Robin; Philo, Phil (2018).
1810:Arts and Humanities Through the Eras
1064:William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle
906:defended the main crossing over the
182:
1015:; Sir John Hotham held most of the
13:
1134:
999:, the King established himself at
14:
2216:
2195:Battles of the English Civil Wars
1831:Carpenter, Stanley D. M. (2005).
981:arrest five members of parliament
874:was fought on 1 December 1642 in
200:Piercebridge within County Durham
1009:Ferdinando Fairfax, Lord Fairfax
983:in January 1642, members of the
181:
174:
136:
125:
2164:UK Battlefields Resource Centre
1752:
1011:commanded their forces in the
947:was in its fourth month since
935:for the next eighteen months.
1:
1293:
938:
902:. Aware of his approach, the
2043:UK public library membership
1983:UK public library membership
1253:
7:
1318:Bleiberg & Soergel 2005
1192:plate armour on their torso
10:
2221:
1097:
2015:10.1017/S0960116311000029
1217:
251:
169:
147:
118:
51:
40:
32:
27:
2166:. The Battlefields Trust
2006:Royal Historical Society
1927:. London: I. B. Taurus.
1806:"The English Civil Wars"
1779:Bennett, Martyn (2005).
1684:Daniels & Philo 2018
1612:Daniels & Philo 2018
1588:Daniels & Philo 2018
1573:Daniels & Philo 2018
1525:Daniels & Philo 2018
1486:Daniels & Philo 2018
1423:Wanklyn & Jones 2014
918:, around 580 troops had
2205:First English Civil War
2144:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2102:Royle, Trevor (2005) .
2083:Roberts, Keith (1989).
1990:Hopper, Andrew (2011).
1942:Hopper, Andrew (2007).
945:First English Civil War
914:. Under the command of
898:to reinforce the local
884:First English Civil War
243:First English Civil War
35:First English Civil War
2070:Cite journal requires
2050:Newman, P. R. (1978).
1760:Barratt, John (2004).
1633:The Battlefields Trust
1284:Battle of Marston Moor
1151:
943:In December 1642, the
872:battle of Piercebridge
148:Commanders and leaders
28:Battle of Piercebridge
2121:Tincey, John (1990).
2035:10.1093/ref:odnb/4946
1975:10.1093/ref:odnb/9081
1923:Gaunt, Peter (2014).
1873:Cooke, David (2006).
1852:Cooke, David (2004).
1746:, pp. 59, 63â64.
1209:. Newcastle sent his
1142:
634:Gunnislake New Bridge
1816:. pp. 344â348.
1224:Scottish Covenanters
1062:North of Yorkshire,
1045:commissions of array
1037:Treaty of Neutrality
197:class=notpageimage|
91:54.53480°N 1.67583°W
1734:, pp. 126â127.
1602:, pp. 4â5, 11.
1563:, pp. 193â194.
1449:, pp. 159â160.
1437:, pp. 161â165.
1335:, pp. 128â132.
1320:, pp. 344â348.
1264:Battle of Tadcaster
1105:Newcastle upon Tyne
1049:Captain John Hotham
963:, and by extension
916:Captain John Hotham
892:Newcastle upon Tyne
159:Sir William Lambton
87: /
2125:. Oxford: Osprey.
2106:. London: Abacus.
2087:. Oxford: Osprey.
1910:on 13 January 2021
1152:
1023:had a garrison in
1021:Sir Hugh Cholmeley
1005:Earl of Cumberland
708:Scarborough Castle
510:2nd Wardour Castle
410:1st Wardour Castle
96:54.53480; -1.67583
2200:Conflicts in 1642
2151:978-0-582-77281-6
2041:(Subscription or
1981:(Subscription or
1955:978-0-7190-7108-9
1934:978-1-8488-5881-7
1823:978-0-787-65697-3
1686:, pp. 14â16.
1659:, pp. 21â27.
1647:, pp. 14â15.
1527:, pp. 12â13.
1488:, pp. 14â15.
1473:, pp. 18â20.
1401:, pp. 27â28.
1362:, pp. 26â27.
1277:; avoiding large
1228:Battle of Newburn
1041:Militia Ordinance
959:and declared the
888:Earl of Newcastle
865:
864:
788:Sherburn in Elmet
659:Montgomery Castle
569:Stourbridge Heath
208:
207:
157:Sir Thomas Howard
154:Earl of Newcastle
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1250:as they did so.
904:Parliamentarians
837:Stow-on-the-Wold
793:3rd Basing House
748:2nd Lathom House
698:High Ercall Hall
609:2nd Basing House
554:1st Lathom House
500:1st Basing House
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110:Royalist victory
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1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1279:pitched battles
1275:Fabian strategy
1256:
1220:
1203:Matthew Boynton
1184:advanced guards
1137:
1135:Opposing forces
1100:
1084:Henrietta Maria
989:Sir John Hotham
973:
951:had raised the
941:
868:
867:
866:
861:
624:Cropredy Bridge
480:Aldbourne Chase
430:Chalgrove Field
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71:, County Durham
59:1 December 1642
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2072:|journal=
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2020:
1987:
1960:
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1939:
1933:
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1828:
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1801:
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1770:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:Carpenter 2005
1736:
1724:
1712:
1710:, p. 126.
1700:
1698:, p. 133.
1688:
1673:
1671:, p. 508.
1661:
1649:
1637:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1539:, p. 194.
1529:
1517:
1502:
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1475:
1463:
1461:, p. 132.
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1387:Carpenter 2005
1376:
1364:
1352:
1348:Carpenter 2005
1337:
1322:
1310:
1308:, p. xii.
1297:
1295:
1292:
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1252:
1219:
1216:
1182:or as part of
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1099:
1096:
1076:Northumberland
972:
969:
953:Royal Standard
940:
937:
933:Fabian tactics
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
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808:Shelford House
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556:
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530:2nd Middlewich
527:
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520:Bramber Bridge
517:
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370:1st Middlewich
367:
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316:Farnham Castle
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266:Marshall's Elm
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2132:0-85045-940-0
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:0-349-11564-8
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2094:0-85045-903-6
2090:
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2077:
2064:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
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2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
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1988:
1984:
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1968:
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1888:
1886:1-84415-424-6
1882:
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1877:
1871:
1867:
1865:1-84415-076-3
1861:
1857:
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1846:
1844:0-714-65544-9
1840:
1836:
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1829:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1796:0-203-98180-4
1792:
1788:
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1777:
1773:
1771:1-84415-128-X
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1745:
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1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 15.
1721:
1716:
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1629:
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1614:, p. 15.
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1590:, p. 12.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1575:, p. 13.
1574:
1569:
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1551:, p. 22.
1550:
1545:
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1514:
1509:
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1424:
1419:
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1389:, p. 62.
1388:
1383:
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1374:, p. 27.
1373:
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1350:, p. 61.
1349:
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1260:Knaresborough
1251:
1249:
1248:covering fire
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Carlbury Hill
1229:
1225:
1215:
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1199:
1197:
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1188:harquebusiers
1185:
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1088:the continent
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1057:Cawood Castle
1054:
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961:Earl of Essex
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905:
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889:
885:
882:, during the
881:
877:
876:County Durham
873:
858:
857:2nd Worcester
855:
853:
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845:
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811:
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803:Denbigh Green
801:
799:
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461:
458:
456:
455:Roundway Down
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Burton Bridge
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Adwalton Moor
433:
431:
428:
426:
425:1st Worcester
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Seacroft Moor
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Braddock Down
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Turnham Green
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:Powick Bridge
284:
282:
279:
277:
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267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
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245:
235:
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198:
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123:
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70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2141:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2063:cite journal
2024:
2001:
1995:
1964:
1944:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1896:
1875:
1854:
1833:
1809:
1781:
1761:
1753:Bibliography
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1664:
1652:
1645:Roberts 1989
1640:
1607:
1595:
1568:
1556:
1549:Roberts 1989
1544:
1532:
1520:
1493:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1435:Barratt 2004
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1367:
1355:
1313:
1306:Bennett 2005
1301:
1288:
1272:
1257:
1244:
1221:
1200:
1154:An infantry
1153:
1125:
1101:
1061:
1033:
1029:North Riding
974:
942:
924:
922:the bridge.
912:Piercebridge
871:
869:
847:2nd Aberdeen
819:
817:
783:Rowton Heath
685:
683:
654:1st Aberdeen
629:Marston Moor
614:Tipton Green
536:
534:
495:Olney Bridge
465:Gainsborough
440:2nd Bradford
405:Sourton Down
395:Ripple Field
375:Hopton Heath
352:
350:
341:1st Bradford
336:Muster Green
321:Piercebridge
320:
291:Kings Norton
281:Babylon Hill
254:
189:Piercebridge
119:Belligerents
69:Piercebridge
33:Part of the
20:
15:
1914:29 February
1720:Hopper 2011
1669:Newman 1978
1657:Tincey 1990
1600:Tincey 1990
1513:Hopper 2007
1498:Hopper 2008
1399:Hopper 2007
1372:Hopper 2007
1360:Hopper 2007
1226:during the
1180:skirmishers
1080:Westmorland
1025:Scarborough
1017:East Riding
1013:West Riding
827:Bovey Heath
778:2nd Chester
773:Philiphaugh
768:2nd Bristol
723:3rd Taunton
713:2nd Taunton
679:2nd Newbury
669:1st Taunton
664:1st Chester
644:Lostwithiel
564:Boldon Hill
505:Heptonstall
485:1st Newbury
460:1st Bristol
164:John Hotham
94: /
2184:Categories
2045:required.)
2004:. London:
1985:required.)
1785:. London:
1732:Gaunt 2014
1708:Gaunt 2014
1696:Cooke 2006
1561:Royle 2005
1537:Royle 2005
1471:Cooke 2004
1459:Cooke 2006
1447:Royle 2005
1411:Hulse 2011
1333:Cooke 2006
1294:References
1236:barricaded
1160:musketeers
1129:River Tees
1119:, and ten
1068:Cumberland
965:Parliament
957:Nottingham
939:Background
920:barricaded
908:River Tees
852:Lagganmore
842:3rd Oxford
832:Torrington
798:Annan Moor
728:2nd Oxford
693:Inverlochy
649:Tippermuir
599:1st Oxford
584:Lyme Regis
470:Gloucester
346:Chichester
331:1st Exeter
271:Portsmouth
79:54°32â˛05âłN
1787:Routledge
1286:in 1644.
1254:Aftermath
1207:companies
1168:matchlock
1145:matchlock
1121:artillery
1092:North Sea
1027:, in the
977:Yorkshire
949:Charles I
900:Royalists
733:Leicester
549:Newcastle
450:Lansdowne
420:Wakefield
390:Lichfield
385:Camp Hill
326:Tadcaster
306:Brentford
301:Aylesbury
132:Royalists
82:1°40â˛33âłW
1268:Bradford
1211:vanguard
1156:regiment
1123:pieces.
1117:dragoons
1111:, 2,000
1109:infantry
1043:and the
928:dragoons
758:Hereford
753:Langport
718:Auldearn
703:Weymouth
674:Carlisle
639:Ormskirk
619:Oswestry
574:Cheriton
544:Nantwich
475:2nd Hull
415:Stratton
296:Edgehill
276:Plymouth
261:1st Hull
162:Captain
64:Location
2170:13 July
1196:carbine
1164:muskets
1113:cavalry
1098:Prelude
991:seized
880:England
763:Kilsyth
594:Lincoln
525:Arundel
490:Winceby
400:Reading
2148:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2039:
1979:
1952:
1931:
1883:
1862:
1841:
1820:
1793:
1768:
1240:Cliffe
1218:Battle
1148:musket
1072:Durham
1019:; and
997:London
985:gentry
886:. The
813:Newark
743:Alford
738:Naseby
604:Bolton
559:Newark
107:Result
2055:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1176:pikes
1053:Selby
910:, at
579:Selby
515:Alton
365:Leeds
2172:2020
2146:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2076:help
1950:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1916:2020
1881:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1814:Gale
1791:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1172:butt
1115:and
1078:and
1055:and
1001:York
993:Hull
896:York
870:The
820:1646
686:1645
589:York
537:1644
353:1643
255:1642
56:Date
2031:doi
2010:doi
1971:doi
1242:.
955:in
894:to
2186::
2162:.
2067::
2065:}}
2061:{{
2008:.
2002:39
2000:.
1994:.
1808:.
1789:.
1676:^
1619:^
1580:^
1505:^
1478:^
1379:^
1340:^
1325:^
1198:.
1074:,
1070:,
1031:.
878:,
2174:.
2154:.
2135:.
2116:.
2097:.
2078:)
2074:(
2037:.
2033::
2018:.
2012::
1977:.
1973::
1958:.
1937:.
1918:.
1889:.
1868:.
1847:.
1826:.
1799:.
1774:.
1635:.
1500:.
1413:.
1150:.
233:e
226:t
219:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
