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1196:) to French and Indian forces. In December 1689 Massachusetts authorized an essentially volunteer expedition against Acadia, and established committees to organize it, but the urgency to deal with it brought more public support after the raids in early 1690. Several prominent colonists were considered to lead it. One of the expedition's major proponents, the merchant
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Perrot, and removed his goods from the storehouse. It is unclear whether they removed goods belonging to either other merchants or to the government. Since only the "King's Stores" were supposedly part of the surrender agreement, Phips biographers Baker and Reid note that there is "room for doubt whether the agreed terms would thereby have been breached."
1303:
Meneval and Petit, when they reported the events, claimed that Phips, unhappy with the condition of the fort and the size of the garrison that had surrendered, used the action of the French soldiers as an excuse to terminate the agreement. However, the fact that Phips had met with
Laverdure prior to
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When Phips sent an emissary on 10 May to demand the fort's surrender, Meneval sent the local priest, Louis Petit, to negotiate terms of surrender. The basic terms he and Phips agreed included protection of the persons and personal property of the
Acadians, and preservation of their right to Catholic
480:
The aftermath of the surrender of Port Royal was unlike any of the previous military campaigns against Acadia. The violence of the plunder alienated many of the
Acadians from the New Englanders, broke their trust, and made future relations with their English-speaking neighbors more difficult. Meneval
1295:
By
English accounts, French soldiers and residents were seen removing stores from the fort (which would normally go to the victor as spoils of war) while the surrender negotiations were taking place. When Phips was made aware of this, he flew into a rage, declared the agreement void, and permitted
1299:
French accounts tell a slightly different story. Governor
Meneval supposedly did not leave detailed orders when he went to parley with Phips, and some of the garrison's soldiers began drinking. They then broke into merchant stores belonging to one of Meneval's political opponents, Francois-marie
445:
had only 70 soldiers; the unfinished enceinte remained open and its 18 cannon had not been brought into firing positions; 42 young men of Port-Royal were absent. Any resistance therefore appeared useless. Meneval surrendered without resistance not long after the New
Englanders arrived. The New
1291:
What occurred after the surrender, and the motives for it, has been a subject of historical debate, because French and
English sources disagree on a number of points. The terms of the surrendered were breached, and the English militia plundered not only the fort but the town as well, and they
37:
1374:
The expedition marked the climax of a period of steadily worsening relations between New
Englanders and the French imperial authorities, and reconfigured relations between New England and Acadia. Trade was affected, since those who wanted profitable trade with the
1270:
The French garrison consisted of fewer than 90 soldiers, and the fortifications were in a state of destruction. A military engineer had arrived in
October 1689 and had begun razing the fort in order build a new one, over the objections of Governor
1776:
A Journal of The
Proceedings In The Late Expedition To Port-Royal, On Board Their Majesties Ship, The Six Friends, The Honourable Sr. William Phipps Knight, Commander In Chief &c. A True Copy, Attested By Joshua Natstock
1311:
to have as much plunder as possible. Spoils from the expedition were expected to pay its costs, and Phips made a verbal surrender agreement as "a convenience that could be disposed with" once the surrender had been given.
1344:. Port Royal was subjected to a pirate raid not long after the Phips expedition left. The pirates captured the ship that delivered Villebon, destroyed homes and cattle, and allegedly killed some of the inhabitants.
1328:. Phips then determined to install a new government; he organized a provisional government by personally selecting French Acadian leaders to form a council. The council's government did not last long.
1800:
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1258:, Phips sailed for Port Royal, arriving near Port Royal on 9 May. Before approaching the town, he made contact with Pierre Melanson dit Laverdure, a bilingual French
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in Acadia. The merchants of Salem and Boston got up a subscription, and in the spring of 1690 the government of Massachusetts organized a campaign led by
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1332:, one of Meneval's assistants, returned to Port Royal from France in June, and reestablished French authority. He moved the capital to
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worship. Phips refused to put the terms in writing, but they were reconfirmed by multiple witnesses when Governor Meneval came to the
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approaching Port Royal, and had a presumably reliable assessment of the conditions in the town, renders this explanation unlikely.
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On 28 April 1690 Phips sailed from Boston with a fleet of five ships, carrying 446 provincial militia. His flagship, the
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1262:, early the next morning, and ascertained the condition of the town. He then weighed anchor and sailed up to the town.
1200:, was rejected because of his previous trade dealings with the French in Acadia. The command was finally given to Sir
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for defensive purposes, and to better coordinate military attacks on New England with the natives at
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in 1692 by King William. He continued to be involved in the war until he was recalled in late 1694.
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1220:(1676).) On 24 March Phips was commissioned a major general and given command of the expedition.
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Photographs of historic plaques at the Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site, Nova Scotia
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The idea for an expedition against Acadia first arose in the wake of the August 1689 fall of
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1367:. Phips retained his popularity in New England, and was appointed governor of the
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Parks Canada, Port Royal National Historic Site brochure, undated (2001 ?).
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desecrated the fort's chapel. Private property was taken and livestock killed.
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for defensive purposes, and to better coordinate military activities with the
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capitalized on turmoil in the English colonies in the aftermath of the 1688
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Photographs of the Scotch Fort historic monument at Port Royal, Nova Scotia
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Phips also ordered the Acadian peasantry to swear an oath of allegiance to
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provincial militia arrived before Port Royal. The Governor of Acadia
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From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755
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Phips' biographers posit that it is more likely that Phips
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and another ketch. After investigating French holdings in
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retaliated with raids along the New England border (See
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to authorize a retaliatory expedition against French
1613:
The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651–1695
1744:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1737:
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1212:from Acadia when they destroyed his hometown near
1145:, begun in 1688 in Europe, widened to include the
1609:
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1231:mounted 16. They were accompanied by the sloop
1444:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
1208:. (Phips had survived a raid by tribes of the
1386:The following year, after the English lost a
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1383:, failed to gain control of the expedition.
1714:
1436:"Des Friches de Menneval, Louis-Alexandre"
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223:
209:
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1661:
1616:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1149:in 1689 as part of the alliance against
469:) . These attacks were coordinated from
1610:Baker, Emerson W; Reid, John G (1998).
1552:
1550:
1540:
1538:
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495:Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic
443:Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval
1881:Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts
1843:
1638:
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1273:Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Meneval
141:Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Meneval
1735:
1723:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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500:
204:
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320:New England, Acadia and Newfoundland
1700:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
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1470:
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485:who moved the capital of Acadia to
13:
1767:
1642:History of the County of Annapolis
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14:
1902:
1781:
477:against the Acadian settlements.
1441:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1243:they made a rendezvous with the
1177:, galvanized authorities in the
1169:. Two raids in early 1690, one
526:
154:
144:
113:
103:
35:
1861:Military history of New England
1856:Military history of Nova Scotia
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1568:
1559:
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520:Military history of Nova Scotia
1495:
1461:
1452:
1175:on Salmon Falls, New Hampshire
731:Halifax Provisional Battalion
1:
1600:Major Thomas Savage's account
1393:
1369:Province of Massachusetts Bay
1227:, mounted 42 guns, while the
1171:against Schenectady, New York
634:Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax
151:Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste
1662:Faragher, John Mack (2005).
1286:
1265:
1022:No. 2 Construction Battalion
922:Royal Nova Scotia Volunteers
761:Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky
674:Establishment of New Ireland
16:Battle of King William's War
7:
1828:Battle of Port Royal (1690)
1446:University of Toronto Press
1363:later that year, which was
1330:Joseph Robineau de Villebon
1296:the plunder to take place.
10:
1907:
1851:Military history of Acadia
1715:Lounsberry, Alice (1941).
1668:. New York: W. W. Norton.
1645:. William Briggs. p.
1590:
1134:
794:Battle of the St. Lawrence
697:Battle of the Great Redan
425:(19 May 1690) occurred at
1438:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
1388:naval battle off St. John
1192:at Pemaquid (present-day
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453:After the British sacked
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182:18 cannons (none mounted)
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89:Massachusetts Bay victory
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26:
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1866:Conflicts in Nova Scotia
1736:Plank, Geoffrey (2001).
1665:A Great and Noble Scheme
1639:Calnek, William (1897).
1179:Massachusetts Bay Colony
584:Northeast Coast Campaign
463:Siege of Pemaquid (1689)
423:The Battle of Port Royal
1042:Nova Scotia Highlanders
1002:Cape Breton Highlanders
912:Royal Fencible American
446:Englanders, led by Sir
1434:Baudry, René (1979) .
180:Fewer than 90 soldiers
125:Commanders and leaders
1891:1690 in North America
1817:44.71111°N 65.61000°W
1740:An Unsettled Conquest
1556:Baker and Reid, p. 90
1544:Baker and Reid, p. 89
1515:Baker and Reid, p. 88
1492:Baker and Reid, p. 83
1483:Baker and Reid, p. 84
1421:Baker and Reid, p. 87
1379:and Acadians, led by
962:Nova Scotia Fencibles
932:King's Orange Rangers
902:84th Regiment of Foot
862:40th Regiment of Foot
751:Battle of Paardeberg
614:Bay of Fundy Campaign
187:Casualties and losses
1365:a disastrous failure
1357:Battle of Chedabucto
1210:Wabanaki Confederacy
1066:Captivity narratives
771:Jewish Legion formed
554:Battle of Port Royal
467:Raid on Salmon Falls
459:Wabanaki Confederacy
437:. A large force of
22:Battle of Port Royal
1822:44.71111; -65.61000
1812: /
1409:, pp. 150–151.
1351:, commander of the
1241:Mount Desert Island
1159:Glorious Revolution
942:1st Field Artillery
872:Louisbourg Garrison
817:Halifax VE-Day riot
806:Point Pleasant Park
741:Battle of Witpoort
624:Siege of Louisbourg
594:Battle of Grand Pré
574:Battle of Winnepang
564:Siege of Port Royal
283:Quebec and New York
170:provincial soldiers
1886:King William's War
1326:Mary II of England
1190:Fort William Henry
1153:. Authorities in
1147:Kingdom of England
1137:King William's War
1012:Nova Scotia Rifles
604:Dartmouth Massacre
501:Historical context
483:Joseph de Villebon
435:King William's War
29:King William's War
1871:Conflicts in 1690
1751:978-0-8122-1869-5
1719:Sir William Phips
1707:978-0-7735-2699-0
1692:Griffiths, N.E.S.
1675:978-0-393-05135-3
1623:978-0-8020-0925-8
1256:Passamaquoddy Bay
1218:First Abenaki War
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952:Royal Nova Scotia
834:Notable regiments
825:
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783:Llandovery Castle
707:Siege of Lucknow
664:Raid on Lunenburg
429:, the capital of
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277:Hudson Bay (1697)
257:Hudson Bay (1686)
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109:Massachusetts Bay
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1338:Saint John River
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1032:West Nova Scotia
882:Gorham's Rangers
852:Acadian militias
842:Mi'kmaq militias
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1143:Nine Years' War
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262:1st Fort Albany
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1565:Calnek, p. 39
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475:William Phips
472:
471:Fort Meductic
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448:William Phips
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1583:Plank, p. 11
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1574:Plank, p. 10
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1458:Plank, p. 32
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1316:Consequences
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553:
533:Citadel Hill
510:
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452:
422:
421:
406:Newfoundland
391:2nd Pemaquid
386:2nd St. John
376:Oyster River
356:1st St. John
340:
336:Salmon Falls
331:1st Pemaquid
272:York Factory
98:Belligerents
1820: /
1381:John Nelson
1322:William III
1281:Six Friends
1225:Six Friends
1216:during the
1206:West Indies
1198:John Nelson
1163:New England
1071:Impressment
804:Sinking of
781:Sinking of
719:Tallahassee
439:New England
294:Schenectady
78:Nova Scotia
56:19 May 1690
1845:Categories
1826: (
1807:65°36′36″W
1804:44°42′40″N
1605:Secondary
1394:References
1155:New France
686:Chesapeake
455:Pentagouet
427:Port Royal
351:Chedabucto
341:Port Royal
304:La Prairie
251:Hudson Bay
177:78 cannons
175:7 warships
173:226 seamen
136:John March
66:Port Royal
1760:424128960
1684:217980421
1632:222435560
1353:Porcupine
1287:Aftermath
1266:Surrender
1229:Porcupine
1046:from 1954
1036:from 1916
1026:1916–1919
1016:1914–1919
1006:from 1871
996:1869–1871
986:from 1867
976:from 1860
966:1803–1816
956:1793–1802
946:from 1791
936:1776–1783
926:1775–1783
916:1775–1783
906:1775–1784
896:1756–1762
886:1744–1762
876:1717–1758
866:1717–1757
856:1689–1761
846:1677–1779
798:1942–1944
648:1760–1761
433:, during
411:Haverhill
396:Chignecto
371:Placentia
1694:(2005).
1595:Primary
1260:Huguenot
1235:and two
1167:New York
1086:Category
511:a series
508:Part of
346:Falmouth
163:Strength
61:Location
27:Part of
1729:3040370
1655:3227732
1591:Sources
1377:Mi'kmaq
1342:Abenaki
1336:on the
1237:ketches
1091:Commons
537:Halifax
489:on the
289:Lachine
1777:Clerk.
1758:
1748:
1727:
1704:
1682:
1672:
1653:
1630:
1620:
1361:Quebec
1309:needed
1245:barque
1239:. At
1183:Acadia
1151:France
721:escape
514:on the
457:, the
431:Acadia
381:Groton
314:Wilton
299:Quebec
153:
143:
119:Acadia
86:Result
70:Acadia
1248:Union
366:Wells
326:Dover
1756:OCLC
1746:ISBN
1725:OCLC
1702:ISBN
1680:OCLC
1670:ISBN
1651:OCLC
1628:OCLC
1618:ISBN
1324:and
1254:and
1233:Mary
1165:and
1141:The
821:1945
811:1945
788:1918
775:1917
765:1917
755:1899
745:1899
735:1885
725:1861
717:CSS
711:1857
701:1855
691:1813
678:1812
668:1782
658:1776
638:1758
628:1758
618:1755
608:1751
598:1747
588:1745
578:1722
568:1710
558:1690
465:and
361:York
192:None
168:446
130:Sir
53:Date
41:Sir
535:in
1847::
1754:.
1678:.
1649:.
1647:39
1626:.
1549:^
1535:^
1520:^
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1426:^
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1185:.
497:.
76:,
68:,
1830:)
1762:.
1731:.
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1686:.
1657:.
1634:.
1448:.
1124:e
1117:t
1110:v
237::
224:e
217:t
210:v
80:)
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