156:
125:
112:
1460:. They were followed by the rest of the infantry in three columns. Sparre himself led the centre, Lauder the right and Vassy the left. Despite the exposure to enemy fire, the Dutch forces filled the river, creating a passage. They engaged in direct combat with the defenders, persisting through their resistance. After a protracted and intense confrontation, the defenders eventually retreated, leaving the defensive line open for the Allies.
144:
1295:, attacked the Franco-Spanish defensive that ran from Ostend to Antwerp. The lines at Stekene were defended by 2,500 French soldiers under La Mothe and 1,500 to 6,000 local Flemish farmers. After a 3-hour long battle, the French abandoned their posts, which allowed the Dutch to capture the defensive works. The Dutch then attacked and captured the village of Stekene itself where the local farmers fiercely resisted.
39:
98:
1444:. Much damage to the earthworks themselves or the morale of the defenders was probably not caused. Sparre arranged his troops in proper formation and rallied them with a speech. Between six and seven in the morning, the attack against the French lines commenced. These particular lines were guarded by a small flowing river rather than a moat. In front went the
1464:
fire on Sparre's army from the houses in the village of
Stekene. These peasants held their ground tenaciously, prompting General Sparre to deviate from the customary rules of war. He ordered his troops to show no quarter, insisting that those who resisted be met with the blade, aiming to dissuade further enemy resistance.
1437:. This tactical shift led them to the vicinity of the enemy's entrenched positions at a village named Stekene. In this area, seven battalions of foot soldiers and a few thousand peasants were stationed to guard the lines. Sparre, despite the presence of this opposition thought this was the best place for an attack.
1472:
Why, after achieving this victory, Coehoorn and Sparre did not turn to the west side of
Antwerp, to enclose that city and also to come into direct contact with the force under Obdam, which had approached Antwerp on the right bank of the Scheldt, remains a question. Instead, the divisions of Coehoorn
1463:
This undertaking, among the more costly of the conflict, incurred a toll of around 1,100 casualties for the Dutch, encompassing both fatalities and injuries. A significant portion of these losses transpired as the intensity of the battle already waned. This was because the farmers had opened a heavy
1476:
The other armies met little success. The main army under
Marlborough and Ouwerkerk started its manoeuvre too early. By the end of June, the army had already stripped the area around Maastricht and Liège bare and would therefore have to move elsewhere. Obdam's army, positioned on the other side of
1396:
and Huy to draw French forces away from the vital centre of
Antwerp, but his plan was vetoed by the Dutch. Instead Marlborough now planned to break through the lines near Diest with the main army of 55,000 men under himself and Ouwerkerk, while on the left bank of the Scheldt a division under
1389:, for the purpose of preventing him from advancing to the aid of Bonn. The greater part of May and June continued with inconclusive movements on both side, after which Marlborough decided to attack and break through the entrenched lines behind which the French army had withdrawn.
1428:
While these events unfolded near the
Scheldt, Sparre executed a maneuver between Sluis and Sas van Gent. This maneuver aimed to mislead the French Count of La Motte, who was closely observing Sparre's actions. To achieve this, Sparre set out towards
1113:
1008:
1433:
on the morning of the twenty-sixth, creating the appearance of an intention to inspect the lines there. However, in the evening, he abruptly altered his course, redirecting his forces towards the
520:
227:
963:
1153:
1128:
1003:
1879:
Het
Staatsche Leger: Deel VIII-1 Het tijdperk van de Spaanse Successieoorlog 1702–1705 (The Dutch States Army: Part VIII-1 The era of the War of the Spanish Succession 1702–1705)
1496:
fell into Allied hands in the months following
Stekene and Ekeren, Marlborough failed to bring Villeroy's main army to battle. He feared that the lack of decisive success in the
1227:
1249:
1023:
801:
1197:
425:
260:
1043:
871:
866:
821:
1381:'s attacks in the first half of May. After the surrender of that fortress, Marlborough and the army under Coehoorn that had conducted the siege joined the army with which
1163:
490:
350:
933:
831:
557:
662:
602:
562:
290:
1182:
345:
295:
714:
435:
380:
1068:
876:
617:
597:
335:
495:
1222:
1187:
906:
881:
861:
672:
515:
470:
300:
285:
220:
1177:
968:
891:
806:
761:
724:
667:
587:
510:
395:
270:
265:
1912:
943:
776:
709:
687:
652:
642:
577:
340:
325:
1217:
465:
1133:
988:
786:
781:
637:
567:
420:
365:
1143:
1138:
826:
811:
622:
572:
310:
305:
1192:
1917:
1148:
1073:
1048:
901:
677:
330:
213:
1932:
1028:
1088:
816:
370:
796:
791:
632:
475:
400:
1907:
1315:, later seeing himself at the head of 60,000 men, took advantage of this strong force by going on the offensive and penetrating into the
1312:
1038:
1425:, and his forces, without much difficulty or the loss of many troops, managed to secure a redoubt and break through the lines.
160:
1867:
1803:
1170:
1338:
The French commanders observed the sieges of those cities idly. They had no other intention than to protect the regions of
1421:
On the 27th of June, Coehoorn and Sparre undertook a maneuver towards the French lines. Coehoorn directed an assault near
1751:
1158:
697:
1902:
1826:
1780:
1207:
953:
1382:
1063:
607:
1482:
1501:
1288:
702:
237:
30:
856:
1440:
In the morning, around four o'clock, Dutch artillery opened fire. This was mainly aimed at destroying the
998:
973:
1927:
1859:
The
Conduct of the Dutch: British Opinion and the Dutch Alliance During the War of the Spanish Succession
938:
500:
1840:
1736:
1897:
1308:
958:
430:
275:
1857:
1409:, had to enclose Antwerp via the other side of the Scheldt, and to that end advance to the village of
1254:
1244:
1083:
993:
978:
916:
1762:
1058:
928:
836:
766:
692:
682:
525:
480:
1922:
1259:
1078:
983:
445:
1018:
1212:
1123:
886:
734:
729:
657:
627:
547:
385:
1098:
1304:
896:
552:
542:
460:
440:
410:
390:
280:
1374:
1269:
1264:
948:
841:
612:
592:
582:
485:
455:
450:
415:
8:
1398:
1316:
1292:
1108:
911:
846:
719:
530:
405:
375:
148:
66:
1449:
1378:
1239:
1118:
647:
360:
355:
1342:
by means of an extensive entrenched line, which, passed over to the right bank of the
1202:
1863:
1822:
1815:
1799:
1103:
1093:
1053:
771:
756:
205:
155:
129:
117:
1303:
The War of the
Spanish Succession had commenced in the Netherlands in 1702 with the
1836:
1478:
1339:
1013:
751:
505:
320:
746:
1402:
1033:
851:
143:
103:
1473:
and Sparre, after having scored a victory, remained idle in the Land of Waas.
1891:
1497:
1406:
1457:
1324:
1753:
Histori van Joan
Churchill, hertog van Marlborough en prins van Mindelheim
1386:
1445:
1351:
1489:
1441:
1434:
1363:
1355:
1328:
1477:
Antwerp near Ekeren, only nearly escaped desctruction after being
1332:
1738:
De geschiedenis van Nederland, aan het Nederlandsche Volk verteld
1493:
1453:
1347:
1343:
70:
62:
1500:
would deter the Dutch from sending troops to Germany, where the
38:
1430:
1410:
1393:
1700:
1422:
1359:
1320:
124:
1652:
1688:
1604:
1367:
1743:
The history of the Netherlands, told to the Dutch nation
1553:
1664:
1570:
1568:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1628:
1616:
235:
1712:
1580:
1565:
1534:
1676:
1640:
1309:
unsuccessful assault of the French army on Nijmegen
1814:
1592:
1889:
1504:was in an increasingly dire military situation.
16:Part of the War of the Spanish Succession (1703)
1782:Krijgs – en geschiedkundige geschriften. Deel 1
1764:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)
1335:succumbed to the Allies during this campaign.
221:
1913:Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession
1793:
1694:
1610:
1734:
1706:
1559:
228:
214:
1918:Battles involving the Spanish Netherlands
1787:Martial and historical writings. Volume 1
1291:, when a Dutch force of 7,000 men, under
1933:18th century in the Southern Netherlands
1749:
1670:
1658:
1634:
1622:
108:
1287:took place on 27 June 1703, during the
1890:
1855:
1778:
1760:
1718:
1586:
1574:
1547:
1416:
1835:
1682:
209:
1908:Battles involving the Dutch Republic
1876:
1812:
1789:] (in Dutch). H. A. M. Roelants.
1646:
1598:
1520:280 of the 330 captured were farmers
1373:In 1703 the campaign began with the
1319:. The fortresses along the Meuse of
13:
1756:(in Dutch). Loveringh en De Jonge.
14:
1944:
1796:De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712
1405:. Another division under general
1401:would attack the lines, opposite
1305:siege and capture of Kaiserswerth
1817:The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714
154:
142:
123:
110:
96:
37:
1479:attacked by a French detachment
1392:Marlborough proposed sieges of
1745:] (in Dutch). Leiden; z.j.
1514:
1456:and did the initial work with
255:Low Countries and Upper France
1:
1881:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff.
1527:
1289:War of the Spanish Succession
31:War of the Spanish Succession
1507:
1467:
1452:, who filled the river with
7:
1794:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020).
1779:Knoop, Willem Jan (1861b).
1483:Louis-François de Boufflers
195:900–1,300 killed or wounded
10:
1949:
1750:De Vryer, Abraham (1738).
1735:Van Lennep, Jacob (1880).
1728:
1298:
1385:had repulsed Villeroy at
741:Italy and Southern France
251:
189:
166:
135:
89:
45:
36:
28:
23:
1903:Battles involving France
1856:Coombs, Douglas (1958).
1798:(in Dutch). Prometheus.
501:Grovestins' Cavalry Raid
1761:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
537:Germany and Upper Rhine
1862:. Springer Dordrecht.
1813:Lynn, John A. (1999).
1397:generals Coehoorn and
1039:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
136:Commanders and leaders
1407:Count Wassenaer Obdam
964:Valencia de Alcántara
198:700 killed or wounded
190:Casualties and losses
1377:, which gave way to
1350:, and extended over
1877:Wijn, J.W. (1956).
1709:, pp. 245–246.
1417:Attack on the lines
1399:Karel Willem Sparre
1317:Spanish Netherlands
1293:Karel Willem Sparre
802:Castelnuovo Bormida
149:Karel Willem Sparre
67:Spanish Netherlands
1928:History of Antwerp
1661:, p. 362—363.
1502:Holy Roman Emperor
1379:Menno van Coehoorn
1064:2nd Ciudad Rodrigo
1004:1st Ciudad Rodrigo
240:Spanish Succession
1898:Conflicts in 1703
1869:978-94-015-0359-4
1837:Knoop, Willem Jan
1805:978-90-446-3871-4
1695:Van Nimwegen 2020
1611:Van Nimwegen 2020
1285:Battle of Stekene
1278:
1277:
923:Iberian Peninsula
336:2nd Fort Isabella
261:1st Fort Isabella
204:
203:
85:
84:
24:Battle of Stekene
1940:
1882:
1873:
1852:
1832:
1820:
1809:
1790:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1757:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1521:
1518:
934:Castello de Vide
246:
245:
230:
223:
216:
207:
206:
176:French soldiers:
161:Charles la Mothe
159:
158:
147:
146:
128:
127:
120:
116:
114:
113:
102:
100:
99:
47:
46:
41:
21:
20:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1829:
1806:
1769:
1767:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1707:Van Lennep 1880
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1560:Van Lennep 1880
1558:
1554:
1546:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1470:
1419:
1307:, and with the
1301:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1245:Cap de la Roque
857:2nd Castiglione
762:1st Castiglione
247:
243:
242:
239:
236:
234:
199:
184:
180:
178:
153:
141:
122:
121:
111:
109:
97:
95:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:1703 in Europe
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1776:
1758:
1747:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:, p. 266.
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1673:, p. 363.
1663:
1651:
1649:, p. 288.
1639:
1637:, p. 362.
1627:
1625:, p. 361.
1615:
1613:, p. 266.
1603:
1601:, p. 308.
1591:
1589:, p. 348.
1579:
1577:, p. 347.
1564:
1562:, p. 244.
1552:
1550:, p. 132.
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1488:Although Huy,
1469:
1466:
1418:
1415:
1403:Dutch Flanders
1370:to the Meuse.
1300:
1297:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Saint Gotthard
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1166:
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1156:
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1101:
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1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
924:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:Santa Vittoria
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
538:
534:
533:
528:
523:
521:2nd Le Quesnoy
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:1st Le Quesnoy
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Saint Ghislain
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
233:
232:
225:
218:
210:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
182:Local farmers:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
151:
138:
137:
133:
132:
106:
104:Dutch Republic
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:, present-day
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:0-582-05629-2
1824:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1697:, p. 64.
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 60.
1684:
1679:
1672:
1671:De Vryer 1738
1667:
1660:
1659:De Vryer 1738
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1635:De Vryer 1738
1631:
1624:
1623:De Vryer 1738
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:Low Countries
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:hand grenades
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:siege of Bonn
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Cabrita Point
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:Naval battles
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:4th Barcelona
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:3rd Barcelona
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:2nd Barcelona
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:2nd Gibraltar
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:1st Gibraltar
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:1st Barcelona
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130:Bourbon Spain
126:
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107:
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94:
93:
88:
81:Dutch victory
80:
77:
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32:
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1885:
1878:
1858:
1848:
1847:(in Dutch).
1844:
1816:
1795:
1786:
1781:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1555:
1516:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1439:
1435:Land of Waas
1427:
1420:
1391:
1372:
1337:
1325:Stevensweert
1302:
1284:
1282:
1270:Lizard Point
1250:Cape Spartel
1124:Villaviciosa
907:Fenestrelles
693:2nd Haguenau
683:1st Haguenau
663:2nd Trarbach
628:Schellenberg
598:Munderkingen
563:1st Trarbach
543:Kaiserswerth
526:2nd Bouchain
481:1st Bouchain
471:Saint-Venant
315:
286:Stevensweert
200:330 captured
181:
175:
90:Belligerents
53:27 June 1703
29:Part of the
1821:. Longman.
1719:Coombs 1958
1587:Knoop 1861b
1575:Knoop 1861b
1548:Bodart 1908
1313:Marlborough
1265:Beachy Head
1228:Nagymajtény
1198:Nagyszombat
1183:Schmöllnitz
1164:2nd Majorca
1024:1st Majorca
969:Albuquerque
872:Pizzigetone
867:Alessandria
715:3rd Hagenau
673:Lauterbourg
668:Wissembourg
553:Friedlingen
511:Marchiennes
426:Hondschoote
396:Dendermonde
271:Saint Donas
185:1,500-6,000
1892:Categories
1841:"Coehoorn"
1770:3 February
1683:Knoop 1861
1528:References
1446:grenadiers
1387:Maastricht
1178:Eisenstadt
1154:2nd Girona
1129:1st Girona
1114:2nd Madrid
1019:El AlbujĂłn
1009:1st Madrid
944:Portalegre
777:Borgoforte
730:4th Landau
725:Rumersheim
720:Stollhofen
688:Drusenheim
658:3rd Landau
643:Ingolstadt
618:2nd Landau
613:Speyerbach
588:Sigharting
548:1st Landau
496:Landrécies
451:Malplaquet
416:Wijnendale
266:Middelburg
238:War of the
1647:Wijn 1956
1599:Lynn 1999
1508:Footnotes
1468:Aftermath
1442:palisades
1383:Ouwerkerk
1352:Herentals
1134:Aren Fort
1099:La Gudiña
1044:CastellĂłn
999:Alcántara
989:San Mateo
847:Calcinato
832:Mirandola
787:Governolo
782:Guastalla
710:Aidenbach
638:Villingen
608:Höchstädt
568:Andernach
558:Rheinberg
516:2nd Douai
461:1st Douai
421:Leffinghe
406:Oudenarde
376:Ramillies
366:Zandvliet
361:Zoutleeuw
346:2nd Liége
306:Groesbeek
296:1st Liége
1839:(1861).
1490:Limbourg
1454:fascines
1450:pioneers
1364:Mehaigne
1362:and the
1356:Aarschot
1329:Roermond
1240:Vigo Bay
1139:Venasque
1119:Brihuega
1109:Zaragoza
1094:Alicante
974:MontjuĂŻc
917:Syracuse
892:2nd Susa
827:Chivasso
812:Vercelli
807:1st Susa
735:Freiburg
703:Sendling
648:Blenheim
623:Augsburg
603:Breisach
573:Neubourg
431:Brussels
356:Elixheim
311:Tongeren
291:Roermond
276:Nijmegen
167:Strength
58:Location
1845:De Gids
1729:Sources
1494:Geldern
1348:Antwerp
1344:Scheldt
1340:Brabant
1299:Prelude
1213:TrenÄŤĂn
1171:Hungary
1149:Cardona
1144:Tortosa
1104:Almenar
1084:Minorca
1079:Tortosa
1074:Morella
1054:Almansa
1049:Villena
984:Badajoz
902:Exilles
837:Cassano
772:Luzzara
757:Cremona
698:Bavaria
678:Homburg
578:Geldern
466:BĂ©thune
446:Tournai
381:Antwerp
351:3rd Huy
341:2nd Huy
331:Limburg
326:1st Huy
316:Stekene
71:Belgium
63:Stekene
1866:
1825:
1802:
1481:under
1431:Bruges
1411:Ekeren
1394:Ostend
1255:Málaga
1218:Kölesd
1069:Lleida
1059:XĂ tiva
1029:Cuenca
1014:Murcia
912:Cesana
887:Toulon
877:Casale
822:Verrua
752:Chiari
531:Knocke
506:Denain
386:Ostend
321:Ekeren
244:Europe
118:France
115:
101:
78:Result
1785:[
1741:[
1423:Kallo
1366:near
1360:Diest
1333:Liège
1321:Venlo
1223:Kassa
1203:ZsibĂł
1089:Denia
1034:Elche
954:Ceuta
929:Cádiz
897:Gaeta
882:Milan
862:Pavia
852:Turin
817:Ivrea
747:Carpi
486:Arras
441:Ghent
411:Lille
391:Menin
371:Diest
301:Hulst
281:Venlo
179:2,500
172:7,000
1864:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1772:2023
1492:and
1448:and
1331:and
1283:The
1193:Páta
1188:Raab
842:Nice
797:Arco
792:Nago
633:Rain
593:Bonn
583:Kehl
476:Aire
456:Mons
50:Date
1368:Huy
1346:at
653:Ulm
401:Ath
1894::
1849:25
1843:.
1567:^
1536:^
1485:.
1413:.
1358:,
1354:,
1327:,
1323:,
1311:.
65:,
1872:.
1851:.
1831:.
1808:.
1774:.
229:e
222:t
215:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
