1572:, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. The Bohemians attempted to block them by setting up defensive positions, which the Imperial army simply bypassed. Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. He thus gained an advantageous position on the "White Mountain", actually a low plateau, but had little time to set up defensive works. Enthusiasm for joining battle was low on both sides. After the reverses of the previous several weeks, Christian of Anhalt's army had been reduced to about 15,000 men, with little prospect of victory; the mercenaries on both sides had not been paid in months; and with winter approaching, cold wet weather made for less than ideal combat conditions.
1580:. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, causing significant casualties, but Tilly countered with his own cavalry, forcing the Bohemian horsemen to retire. The Bohemian infantry, who were only now approaching the Imperial army, saw the cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley at extreme range before retreating themselves. A small group of Imperial cavalry began circling the Protestant forces, driving them to the middle of the battlefield. With the Bohemian army already demoralized, company after company began retreating, most without having actually entered the battle. Tilly and his Imperial cavalrymen advanced with 2,000 Bavarian
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1362:. This led to deep consternation among many Bohemian Protestants, who feared not only the loss of their properties, but also of their traditional semi-autonomy, under which many of the estates had separate, individual constitutions governing their relationship with the Empire, and where the king was elected by the local leaders.
1575:
On 8 November a small
Imperial force was sent to probe the Protestant flank. To their surprise, the Bohemians retreated at their advance. Tilly quickly sent in reinforcements, and the Bohemian flank began to crumble. Anhalt tried to relieve the situation by sending forward infantry and cavalry led by
1682:
In 1621, the
Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non-Lutherans to leave the realm in three days or to convert to Catholicism. In 1622, he forbade practice of the Lutheran faith. In 1626, he ordered all Lutherans (most of whom had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or else leave the
1587:
The
Bohemian army was no match for the Emperor Ferdinand's troops. The actual battle lasted only an hour and left the Bohemian army in tatters. Some 4,000 Protestants were killed or captured, while Imperial losses amounted to only about 700.
1660:. Today, 27 crosses have been laid into the cobblestones as a tribute to those executed. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated.
1557:, directly under Tilly. All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, Tilly himself. Serving with the Catholic League as an official observer was the future "father of modern philosophy",
1992:
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of the Czech lands and the decline of the Czech-speaking aristocracy and elite as well as the Czech language (accompanied with the growing influence of German-speaking elites), a process that was slowed by the
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In 1620, now fully established as emperor, Ferdinand II set out to conquer
Bohemia and make an example of the rebels. King Frederick and his military commander, Prince
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while encouraging conversion to the
Catholic faith. He also hoped to reclaim church properties which had been seized by Protestants at the start of the
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set out to convert the heretics, as they were termed, by peaceful means; most
Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained.
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1388:. In May 1618, wanting to air their grievances over this and other issues, a group of Bohemian noblemen met representatives of the Emperor at the
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Guthrie, William P. Battles of the Thirty Years' War from White
Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print.
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populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom.
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following
Matthias' death in 1619) saw Protestantism as inimical to the Empire, and wanted to impose absolutist rule on
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1331:. Bohemian casualties were not severe but their morale collapsed and Imperial forces occupied Prague the next day.
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In the early 17th century most of the
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La guerra dei trent'anni: da un conflitto locale a una guerra europea nella prima metà del
Seicento
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Kafkadesk.org - "...in 1620: the Bohemian estates were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain"
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Johnson, Lonnie. Central Europe enemies, neighbours, friends. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.
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With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the revolt collapsed. King
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starting in the late 18th century. Czech nationalist historians and writers such as
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surrounded by saints; in the lower left-hand corner there is the victorious Emperor
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It was fought on 8 November 1620. An army of 21,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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1549:. Tilly's force was made up of two distinct groups: Imperial troops commanded by
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30:
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have referred to the 17th and 18th century in the Czech lands as the Dark Age.
1698:
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Battles of the Thirty Years' War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635
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deteriorated, his cousin Ferdinand – a devout Catholic and proponent of the
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1819:: A Documentary History. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.
1384:'s 1609 Letter of Majesty, which had ensured religious freedom throughout
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Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
1713:
entered the struggle. Sweden was to join the Protestant forces in 1630.
1663:
There remained a strong Protestant army in Silesia under the command of
4224:
2958:
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1794:
1445: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1344:
1517:
3191:
2948:
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2623:
2525:
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1403:, who like many of the rebels was a Calvinist, was chosen as King of
1420:
3365:
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1676:
1340:
1971:, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 2 da 1632 al 1648 2007 (
1957:, 1618–1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. volume 1 da 1618 al 1632 2007 (
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after only a year on the throne (gaining him the mocking nickname
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Particularly galling to Protestants were perceived violations of
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and ensured Habsburg control for the next three hundred years.
499:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
145:
83:
4501:
2775:
2439:
1839:"Thinkers at War – Descartes | Military History Matters"
1763:
1761:
1358:– was named his successor as Holy Roman Emperor and King of
2844:
2759:
2737:
1758:
1723:
The result of the 1620 battle brought two centuries of re
2137:
Bellum.cz – "Battle of White Mountain 8th November 1620"
1778:
1776:
1705:. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun in
2492:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1923:
1525:: Bohemians above, Imperial and Bavarian forces below
1311:
was defeated by 23,000 men of the combined armies of
1296:) was an important battle in the early stages of the
2027:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War
1773:
1720:
declined by about a third until the end of the war.
1995:. Indianapolis: Hackett Company, Inc., 2009. Print.
2052:
1551:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy
1317:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy
4550:
3036:
2115:
2005:, University of California Press (June 1971);
1608:Painting celebrating the Catholic victory, by
1564:After conquering most of western Bohemia, the
355:
2681:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2162:
2073:
1697:troops, seeking to encircle their rebellious
1209:
341:
2356:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2119:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History
1993:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History
1985:. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.
1857:from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635
2050:
1612:(c. 1610–1675). In the upper part there is
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2155:
1216:
1202:
348:
334:
4475:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2094:
2020:Medal of the Battle of the White Mountain
1505:Learn how and when to remove this message
4480:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1907:
1859:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Print.
1603:
1595:
1528:
1516:
4584:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
3471:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1327:, at Bílá Hora ("White Mountain") near
4551:
4424:
2024:
1929:
1782:
1767:
1325:Johann Tserclaes, later Count of Tilly
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329:
2752:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2244:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1946:The History of the Thirty Years' War
1880:
1443:adding citations to reliable sources
1414:
16:1620 battle of the Thirty Years' War
4455:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2575:
1399:In November 1619, Elector Palatine
1223:
13:
3422:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2895:
2176:
14:
4620:
2652:
2515:
2396:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2044:
1396:, triggered the Bohemian Revolt.
723:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
4589:Battles of the Thirty Years' War
4507:Criollos in the colonial society
4435:Spanish missions in the Americas
3557:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1675:in Moravia and in what today is
1419:
1313:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
594:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
298:
291:
260:
253:
41:
4534:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2418:
2059:. Oxford University Press, US.
1901:
1874:
1671:, which continued fighting the
1652:". Amongst those executed were
1648:on what came to be called the "
1636:fled the country with his wife
1533:Battle of White Mountain (1620)
1430:needs additional citations for
542:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
422:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
312:White Mountain (Czech Republic)
2863:
2586:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2294:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2101:. Cambridge University Press.
1862:
1845:
1831:
1822:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1394:Third Defenestration of Prague
1300:. It led to the defeat of the
1:
4569:1620 in the Holy Roman Empire
4564:1620 in the Habsburg monarchy
4485:General Archive of the Indies
3746:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3417:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3402:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2351:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2304:War of the Spanish Succession
2269:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1797:, 11-06-2003 – Radio Praguel.
1751:
1689:Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice
1553:, and soldiers of the German
1343:Holy Roman Empire, had large
3443:
2557:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2487:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2466:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2381:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1869:Consequences of Czech Defeat
1795:The Battle of White Mountain
1665:Johann Georg von Brandenburg
1591:
1407:by the Bohemian Electorate.
1365:Ferdinand (who would become
7:
3321:
3037:Administrative subdivisions
2234:War of the League of Cognac
1739:
1718:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
374:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
10:
4625:
4604:Military history of Prague
3751:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3736:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3638:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2800:
2536:), Western United States (
2429:
2299:Portuguese Restoration War
1939:
1871:, U.S. Library of Congress
1454:"Battle of White Mountain"
1350:In 1617, as the health of
1334:
315:Show map of Czech Republic
4574:Battles involving Bohemia
4519:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4430:
4419:
4325:
4314:
4212:
4106:
4099:
3984:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3806:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3716:
3585:
3547:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3509:
3453:
3449:
3438:
3407:Barcelona Trading Company
3374:
3331:
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3172:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
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2679:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2658:
2581:
2532:, Central United States (
2521:
2435:
2424:
2413:
2264:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2249:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2195:
2184:
2025:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
1650:Old Town Square execution
1410:
1235:
1178:
367:
247:
234:
217:
184:
155:
57:
40:
28:
23:
4460:Quito painting tradition
4450:Cusco painting tradition
3811:García López de Cárdenas
3801:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3708:Felipe González de Ahedo
3628:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2205:Conquest of the Americas
2017:Giovanni Pietro de Pomis
2009:– Torino: Einaudi, 1982.
1600:The 27 tributary crosses
1521:Plan of the battle from
1273:Battle of White Mountain
243:2,800 killed and wounded
144:Habsburg forces capture
134:Imperial-Spanish victory
48:Battle of White Mountain
24:Battle of White Mountain
4579:Battles involving Spain
4245:Comuneros (New Granada)
4022:Balearic Islands (1558)
3741:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3668:Ruy López de Villalobos
3623:Miguel López de Legazpi
3537:García de Toledo Osorio
2401:Western Sahara conflict
2391:Independence of Morocco
2331:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2274:Piracy in the Caribbean
2259:French Wars of Religion
2116:Helfferich, T. (2009).
1294:Schlacht am Weißen Berg
4490:Colonial Spanish Horse
4164:Colonia del Sacramento
3387:Spanish treasure fleet
2964:Royal Decree of Graces
2122:. Hackett Publishing.
2074:Guthrie, W.P. (2002).
1730:Czech National Revival
1716:The population in the
1701:provinces, seized the
1629:
1601:
1534:
1526:
1390:royal castle in Prague
1293:
1280:
279:Location within Prague
240:650 killed and wounded
185:Commanders and leaders
175:Bohemian Confederation
88:Bohemian Confederation
79:
3648:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3608:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2923:Council of the Indies
2284:Spanish–Moro conflict
2254:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2214:Treaty of Tordesillas
1913:The Thirty Years' War
1817:The Thirty Years' War
1815:Helfferich, Tryntje.
1607:
1599:
1532:
1520:
235:Casualties and losses
211:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
115:50.07833°N 14.31944°E
4599:Electoral Palatinate
4445:Mesoamerican Codices
4169:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4007:Siege of Castelnuovo
3593:Christopher Columbus
3412:Consulate of the Sea
3392:Casa de Contratación
2983:Titles and positions
2376:Spanish–American War
2366:Liberal constitution
2209:Asia and the Pacific
2051:Johnson, L. (1996).
1919:. pp. 158, 224.
1881:Blum, Lucas (2017).
1851:Guthrie, William P.
1770:, pp. 304, 306.
1439:improve this article
1367:Emperor Ferdinand II
565:Lutter am Barenberge
276:class=notpageimage|
179:Electoral Palatinate
4174:Cartagena de Indias
3796:Diego de Mazariegos
3766:Pere Fages i Beleta
3633:Sebastián de Ocampo
3114:Provincias Internas
3086:Captaincies General
3000:Municipal president
2969:School of Salamanca
2740:Spanish East Indies
2719:Misiones Orientales
2591:Spanish West Indies
2555:, Central America (
2502:Pyrénées-Orientales
2455:Union with Portugal
2346:Napoleonic invasion
2326:War of Jenkins' Ear
2080:. Greenwood Press.
1999:Josef V. Polisensky
1989:Helfferich, Tryntje
1614:Our Lady of Victory
1547:General Wallenstein
1543:Field Marshal Tilly
1539:Christian of Anhalt
1356:Counter-Reformation
1309:Christian of Anhalt
207:Christian of Anhalt
111: /
4470:Academia Antártica
4425:Other civil topics
3791:Pánfilo de Narváez
3693:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3658:Andrés de Urdaneta
3618:Juan Ponce de León
3603:Ferdinand Magellan
3577:Bernardo de Gálvez
3476:Indian auxiliaries
2974:Trial of residence
2954:Laws of the Indies
2738:Asia and Oceania (
2599:Dominican Republic
2098:Bohemia in History
2095:Teich, M. (1998).
1983:Bohemia in history
1950:Friedrich Schiller
1685:Archbishop Harrach
1683:country. By 1627,
1630:
1602:
1535:
1527:
1523:Theatrum Europaeum
1281:Bitva na Bílé hoře
282:Show map of Prague
196:Charles de Bucquoy
120:50.07833; 14.31944
50:, oil painting by
4594:Conflicts in 1620
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4415:
4414:
4320:Spanish conquests
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4095:
4094:
3776:Pedro de Alvarado
3761:Gaspar de Portolà
3756:Pedro de Valdivia
3731:Francisco Pizarro
3683:Nicolás de Ovando
3678:Alonso de Ercilla
3653:Alonso de Salazar
3486:Ships of the line
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2858:
2857:
2815:Northern Africa (
2811:Equatorial Guinea
2795:
2794:
2732:
2731:
2647:
2646:
2570:
2569:
2561:Spanish Caribbean
2534:Spanish Louisiana
2510:
2509:
2445:Crown of Castille
2409:
2408:
2386:Spanish Civil War
2361:Adams–Onís Treaty
2341:Nootka Convention
2289:Thirty Years' War
2279:Eighty Years' War
2200:Catholic Monarchs
2190:Timeline–immersed
2036:978-0-7139-9592-3
2003:Thirty Years' War
1977:978-88-903010-2-5
1963:978-88-903010-1-8
1855:Thirty Years' War
1746:Letohrádek Hvězda
1515:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1382:Emperor Rudolf II
1377:decades earlier.
1319:, and the German
1298:Thirty Years' War
1268:
1267:
1191:
1190:
1173:
1172:
715:Strasbourg Bridge
359:Thirty Years' War
324:
323:
199:Guillermo Verdugo
162:Holy Roman Empire
151:
150:
35:Thirty Years' War
4616:
4421:
4420:
4387:Chibchan Nations
4316:
4315:
4285:Santiago de Cuba
4144:Guadalupe Island
4104:
4103:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3786:Diego de Almagro
3663:Antonio de Ulloa
3567:Ambrosio Spinola
3562:Pedro de Zubiaur
3532:Alfonso d'Avalos
3522:Antonio de Leyva
3466:Army of Flanders
3451:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2860:
2859:
2833:Peñón of Algiers
2797:
2796:
2734:
2733:
2649:
2648:
2572:
2571:
2554:
2512:
2511:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2336:Seven Years' War
2309:Queen Anne's War
2186:
2185:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2133:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2058:
2040:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1884:Unknown Memeland
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:. 21 March 2014.
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1703:Palatinate lands
1510:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1447:
1423:
1415:
1352:Emperor Matthias
1288:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1151:2nd Saint Martin
1146:Cape St. Vincent
1121:1st Saint Martin
1086:
1049:
1037:
1025:
853:
771:
759:
706:
585:'s-Hertogenbosch
525:
370:
369:
362:
360:
350:
343:
336:
327:
326:
316:
302:
301:
295:
283:
264:
263:
257:
192:Johann von Tilly
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
74:White Mountain (
59:
58:
45:
21:
20:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4609:Bohemian Revolt
4549:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4514:Old inquisition
4426:
4411:
4321:
4294:
4250:Trinidad (1797)
4220:La Noche Triste
4208:
4204:San Juan (1797)
4154:San Juan (1595)
4091:
3980:
3820:Notable battles
3815:
3781:Martín de Ursúa
3712:
3643:Alonso de Ojeda
3613:Juan de la Cosa
3598:Pinzón brothers
3581:
3552:John of Austria
3527:Martín de Goiti
3505:
3445:
3426:
3370:
3323:
3304:
3216:
3212:Terra Australis
3207:Río de la Plata
3152:Castilla de Oro
3138:
3080:
3076:Río de la Plata
3038:
3019:
2978:
2937:
2933:Santa Hermandad
2897:
2878:
2874:Terra Australis
2865:
2854:
2821:Spanish Morocco
2802:
2791:
2782:Northern Taiwan
2743:
2728:
2699:Río de la Plata
2654:
2643:
2577:
2576:Central America
2566:
2548:
2517:
2506:
2450:Crown of Aragon
2431:
2420:
2405:
2321:Bourbon Reforms
2191:
2180:
2175:
2130:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2047:
2037:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1909:Wedgwood, C. V.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1853:Battles of the
1850:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1742:
1725:catholicization
1646:Old Town Square
1642:the Winter King
1594:
1555:Catholic League
1511:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1424:
1413:
1337:
1321:Catholic League
1302:Bohemian Revolt
1284:
1269:
1264:
1231:
1227:Bohemian Revolt
1226:
1224:
1222:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1161:Colberger Heide
1080:
1043:
1031:
1019:
942:2nd Breitenfeld
847:
820:2nd Rheinfelden
765:
753:
700:
693:1st Rheinfelden
623:1st Breitenfeld
603:Swedish landing
534:Vlach uprisings
519:
363:
358:
356:
354:
320:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
303:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
229:
224:
213:
209:
202:
201:Carlo Spinelli
200:
198:
194:
177:
168:
166:Catholic League
164:
140:
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
96:
90:
65:8 November 1620
46:
31:Bohemian Revolt
17:
12:
11:
5:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:1620 in Europe
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
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4497:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Canary Islands
4326:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:Túpac Amaru II
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Bogotá savanna
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Spanish Armada
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:White Mountain
3928:
3926:Cape Celidonia
3923:
3921:English Armada
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Juan Fernández
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Diego Columbus
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3501:Army of Africa
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Spanish Armada
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Manila galleon
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2896:Administration
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2817:Western Sahara
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2715:Banda Oriental
2696:
2682:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2530:Coastal Alaska
2522:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2464:
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2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2178:Spanish Empire
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2046:
2045:External links
2043:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2029:. Allen Lane.
2022:
2013:Tomáš Kleisner
2010:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1966:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:, p. 788.
1922:
1900:
1894:978-1365688317
1893:
1873:
1861:
1844:
1830:
1821:
1808:
1799:
1787:
1785:, p. 306.
1772:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1687:of Prague and
1654:Kryštof Harant
1593:
1590:
1559:René Descartes
1513:
1512:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1336:
1333:
1266:
1265:
1263:
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1260:White Mountain
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1007:2nd Nördlingen
1004:
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989:
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741:Schenkenschans
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718:
717:
712:
710:1st Nördlingen
707:
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408:White Mountain
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170:Spanish Empire
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93:Czech Republic
73:
71:
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55:
54:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Tapada limeña
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4317:
4313:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Montes Claros
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Vienna (1529)
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Hernán Cortés
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3718:Conquistadors
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Juan de Ayala
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Duke of Savoy
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Dollar (Peso)
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3300:Santo Domingo
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:New Andalusia
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Santo Domingo
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3048:Viceroyalties
3045:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2653:South America
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:Spanish Texas
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:North America
2513:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Franche-Comté
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2129:9781603843638
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2108:9780521431552
2104:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2087:9780313320286
2083:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2066:9780198026075
2062:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Luca Cristini
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:Luca Cristini
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:Jonathan Cape
1914:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1734:Alois Jirásek
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:Imperial army
1670:
1669:Duke of Krnov
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1626:Bohemian lion
1623:
1622:Ferdinand III
1620:with his son
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:Anton Stevens
1606:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:Imperial army
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1495:November 2017
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456: –
1455:
1451:
1450:Find sources:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:This section
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:Naval battles
1097:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Wevelinghoven
1066:
1064:
1063:Zusmarshausen
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:Hohentübingen
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
851:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:2nd Magdeburg
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
747:
746:Ray-sur-Saône
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
722:
721:
716:
713:
711:
708:
704:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
595:
592:
591:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Dessau Bridge
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:
541:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
523:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
498:
497:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Bad Kreuznach
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
414:
413:Neu Titschein
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
361:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
331:
328:
294:
277:
256:
246:
242:
239:
238:
233:
227:
222:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
160:
159:
154:
147:
143:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
124:
94:
91:(present-day
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
49:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4440:Architecture
4335:The Americas
4199:Newfoundland
4189:Túpac Katari
4179:Cuerno Verde
4114:Tenochtitlan
3946:Valenciennes
3930:
3703:Luis Fajardo
3572:Blas de Lezo
3517:Duke of Alba
3397:Spanish Road
3235:Buenos Aires
3144:Governorates
2913:Ayuntamiento
2906:Organization
2371:Carlist Wars
2219:Italian Wars
2118:
2097:
2076:
2054:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1925:
1912:
1903:
1887:. Lulu.com.
1883:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1847:
1833:
1824:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1722:
1715:
1693:
1681:
1679:until 1623.
1662:
1658:Jan Jesenius
1641:
1631:
1618:Ferdinand II
1586:
1578:Christian II
1574:
1563:
1536:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1437:Please help
1432:verification
1429:
1398:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1338:
1306:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1181:
1126:Lizard Point
977:Philippsburg
947:2nd Freiberg
922:Wolfenbüttel
867:1st Freiberg
862:2nd Breisach
840:Wittenweiher
830:Fuenterrabía
688:1st Breisach
673:Pfaffenhofen
407:
156:Belligerents
47:
29:Part of the
18:
4407:Philippines
4372:El Salvador
3992:Capo d'Orso
3876:St. Quentin
3851:Rome (1527)
3510:Strategists
3260:Guadalajara
3187:New Navarre
3182:New Castile
3167:La Luisiana
3119:Puerto Rico
3109:Philippines
3066:New Granada
2756:Philippines
2717:(Uruguay),
2713:(Bolivia),
2663:New Granada
2603:Puerto Rico
2549: [
2419:Territories
2239:Encomiendas
1930:Wilson 2009
1783:Wilson 2009
1768:Wilson 2009
1401:Frederick V
1375:Reformation
1081: [
1044: [
1032: [
1020: [
1002:Mergentheim
937:Schweidnitz
848: [
766: [
754: [
701: [
520: [
486:Frankenthal
451:Mingolsheim
139:Territorial
118: /
52:P. Snaijers
33:during the
4553:Categories
4077:Somosierra
4067:Manila Bay
3941:Nördlingen
3881:Gravelines
3361:Columnario
3333:Currencies
3250:Concepción
3222:Audiencias
3197:New Toledo
3162:La Florida
2995:Corregidor
2959:Papal bull
2864:Antarctica
2772:Micronesia
2229:Golden Age
1915:. London:
1752:References
1465:newspapers
1345:Protestant
1255:Wisternitz
1156:Lister Dyb
1017:Korneuburg
962:Tuttlingen
932:Honnecourt
882:Thionville
825:Saint Omer
780:Tornavento
653:Alte Veste
638:Maastricht
512:Érsekújvár
471:Heidelberg
398:Wisternitz
106:14°19′10″E
103:50°04′42″N
4382:Nicaragua
4360:Guatemala
4270:Pichincha
4255:Chacabuco
4194:Pensacola
4139:Mataquito
4119:Cajamarca
4100:New World
4072:Trafalgar
3976:Alhucemas
3856:Landriano
3841:Comuneros
3827:Old World
3771:Joan Orpí
3491:Royalists
3265:Guatemala
3192:New Spain
3129:Venezuela
3104:Guatemala
3061:New Spain
3056:Columbian
2949:Exequatur
2849:Cape Juby
2703:Argentina
2526:New Spain
2460:Gibraltar
2224:Habsburgs
1911:(1964) .
1638:Elizabeth
1634:Frederick
1592:Aftermath
1568:made for
1315:, led by
1286:‹See Tfd›
1141:The Downs
1116:The Slaak
1106:Gibraltar
1029:Totenhöhe
1012:3rd Hulst
912:La Marfée
800:2nd Breda
795:Wittstock
763:Haselünne
731:Les Avins
668:Oldendorf
643:Nuremberg
613:Magdeburg
608:Frankfurt
575:Stralsund
560:Oldenzaal
491:Stadtlohn
441:Bacharach
436:Oppenheim
80:Bílá hora
4392:Colombia
4377:Honduras
4290:Asomante
4275:Ayacucho
4265:Carabobo
4240:Curalaba
4017:Ceresole
3911:Gembloux
3871:Mühlberg
3586:Mariners
3444:Military
3366:Doubloon
3351:Maravedí
3295:Santiago
3202:Paraguay
2928:Germania
2768:Caroline
2723:Malvinas
2707:Paraguay
2667:Colombia
2609:Trinidad
2476:Sardinia
2316:Bourbons
1740:See also
1677:Slovakia
1624:and the
1576:his son
1341:Catholic
1183:Treaties
997:2nd Brno
982:Jüterbog
972:Freiburg
957:1st Brno
902:Preßnitz
897:Montjuïc
892:Cambrils
872:Chemnitz
698:Liegnitz
683:Konstanz
648:Wiesloch
481:Mannheim
218:Strength
82:), near
70:Location
4524:Asiento
4495:Mustang
4355:Yucatán
4350:Chiapas
4230:Tucapel
4062:Passaro
4012:Algiers
4002:Preveza
3971:Tetouan
3966:Vitoria
3956:Bitonto
3896:Antwerp
3891:Lepanto
3846:Bicocca
3322:Economy
3245:Charcas
3240:Caracas
3134:Yucatán
3005:Regidor
2990:Alcalde
2918:Cabildo
2825:Tripoli
2764:Mariana
2711:Charcas
2687:(Peru,
2671:Ecuador
2634:Bonaire
2629:Curazao
2614:Jamaica
2542:Florida
1940:Sources
1711:Denmark
1707:Germany
1695:Spanish
1582:hussars
1479:scholar
1405:Bohemia
1386:Bohemia
1371:Bohemia
1360:Bohemia
1335:Prelude
1323:led by
1245:Lomnice
1166:Fehmarn
1136:Channel
1131:Dunkirk
967:Kolding
917:Dorsten
810:Leipzig
678:Steinau
628:Bamberg
580:Wolgast
570:Groenlo
529:Hodonín
507:Humenné
476:Fleurus
456:Wimpfen
403:Bautzen
388:Lomnice
230:10 guns
225:12 guns
141:changes
4502:Castas
4260:Boyacá
4235:Guiana
4225:Iguape
4149:Recife
4087:Mactan
4082:Annual
4047:Rocroi
4042:Leiden
4027:Djerba
3961:Bailén
3916:Ostend
3901:Azores
3496:Legión
3461:Tercio
3454:Armies
3356:Escudo
3285:Panamá
3280:Mexico
3275:Manila
3230:Bogotá
3015:Vecino
3010:Syndic
2841:Béjaïa
2801:Africa
2787:Tidore
2675:Panama
2639:Belize
2546:Mexico
2472:Sicily
2468:Naples
2430:Europe
2126:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2033:
1975:
1961:
1891:
1570:Prague
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1411:Battle
1329:Prague
1290:German
1250:Sablat
1240:Pilsen
1090:Prague
1078:Dachau
1058:Naples
1053:Triebl
992:Jankau
987:Bysjön
952:Rocroi
927:Kempen
907:Plauen
887:Salses
877:Melnik
857:Vlotho
751:Dömitz
736:Leuven
663:Lützen
618:Werben
517:Tyrnau
461:Höchst
446:Jülich
393:Sablat
383:Pilsen
228:21,000
223:23,000
146:Prague
131:Result
84:Prague
4397:Chile
4365:Petén
4340:Aztec
4159:Bahia
4134:Penco
4124:Cusco
4052:Downs
4032:Tunis
3951:Ceuta
3936:Breda
3886:Malta
3866:Tunis
3861:Pavia
3375:Trade
3290:Quito
3255:Cusco
3094:Chile
2829:Tunis
2776:Palau
2693:Chile
2624:Aruba
2619:Haiti
2553:]
2482:Milan
2440:Spain
1699:Dutch
1486:JSTOR
1472:books
1277:Czech
1111:Genoa
1085:]
1048:]
1036:]
1024:]
852:]
845:Thann
835:Kallo
815:Hanau
805:Venlo
790:Somme
770:]
758:]
705:]
658:Fürth
550:Breda
524:]
76:Czech
4402:Inca
4345:Maya
4280:Guam
4213:Lost
3985:Lost
3906:Mons
3346:Real
3270:Lima
3157:Cuba
3099:Cuba
3071:Perú
2847:and
2845:Ifni
2837:Oran
2760:Guam
2689:Acre
2685:Peru
2595:Cuba
2474:and
2124:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1656:and
1458:news
1271:The
1073:Lens
775:Raon
633:Rain
62:Date
4107:Won
3834:Won
2942:Law
2839:,
2559:),
2540:),
1948:by
1441:by
4555::
2843:,
2835:,
2831:,
2827:,
2823:,
2819:,
2774:,
2770:,
2766:,
2762:,
2758:,
2721:,
2709:,
2705:,
2691:,
2677:,
2673:,
2669:,
2601:,
2597:,
2551:es
2544:,
2470:,
2207:,
2015:,
2001:,
1991:.
1775:^
1760:^
1709:,
1667:,
1561:.
1292::
1283:;
1279::
1083:de
1046:de
1034:de
1022:de
850:de
768:de
756:de
703:de
522:de
86:,
78::
2851:)
2778:)
2754:(
2742:)
2725:)
2701:(
2695:)
2665:(
2605:)
2593:(
2563:)
2528:(
2478:)
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
2132:.
2111:.
2090:.
2069:.
2039:.
1979:)
1965:)
1897:.
1628:.
1508:)
1502:(
1497:)
1493:(
1483:·
1476:·
1469:·
1462:·
1435:.
1275:(
1217:e
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342:t
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95:)
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