1512:, and two of its captains were killed, and nearly all the rest of its officers were wounded, and lost about forty or fifty other ranks killed in battle. Lillingston's lost a captain and thirty or forty killed in battle, while the other regiments suffered only slight losses (the number of English dead rose because like Fenwick they died of wounds over the next few weeks). The French pursuit lasted until nightfall. One force of English Royalist guards held out, surrendering only when they were assured they would be allowed to rejoin Charles II at Ypres. The Duke of York's troop of guards, which charged several times with the Duke himself at its head, suffered severely, but also remained fit for further service. The King's forces after the battle numbered less than a thousand men, probably not more than seven or eight hundred. The French corps of Frondeurs on the left under the command of Condé retreated in good order.
1491:
260:
176:
206:
195:
140:
239:
249:
229:
165:
217:
153:
1454:
45:
1445:
right on the canal. Turenne, before low tide, deployed his French-English force in two lines with cavalry on each flank. With the left flank cavalry on the beach, 40 squadrons strong, Turenne planned to take advantage of the turning tide going out to expose the
Spanish right to his cavalry. Turenne placed 5 cannon on the right wing between the downs and the meadow and 5 cannon on the left along the strand. Cromwell's English, under the command of Major General
2194:
1371:
1584:, England had eliminated the greatest Spanish privateering base with the result that merchant shipping losses were much reduced. Cromwell died two months after the battle and was succeeded by his son's protectorship, which ended nine months later, and the Commonwealth fell into confusion, whereupon Charles II returned to the throne in May 1660. Charles would sell Dunkirk back to the French in 1662 for £320,000.
3012:
1577:. The campaign of the English contingent in Flanders did not end with the battle of the Dunes and the capture of Dunkirk. Part of the English contingent was left to garrison Dunkirk and Mardyke under the command of Sir William Lockhart, while the rest, under Sir Thomas Morgan, continued to serve with Turenne's army in the field.
1487:. The French infantry consisting of the Guards, the Swiss and the regiments of Picardy and Turenne advanced on the Spanish centre, meeting little resistance. Marshal Turenne took advantage of the receding tide to concentrate most of his cavalry on his left, and its advance enveloped the Spanish right wing.
1507:
The battle lasted for about two hours, and by noon
Turenne had a complete victory that ended with the rout of the Spanish forces. The Spanish lost about 1,200 killed, 3,000 wounded and some 5,000 captured while the French lost only about 400, about half of them English. Amongst the Cromwellian troops
1477:
Turenne began the battle with four or five artillery salvoes from his two unopposed batteries, and the
Spanish right flank was bombarded with some harassing fire from several frigates and sloops of the English fleet. The Anglo-French army began to advance, and the Cromwellian English pressed quickly
1444:
The
Spanish army approached and camped upon a line of dunes north-east of Dunkirk. Turenne seized the initiative and marched out to meet the Spanish and attack them the following day. The French army of some 6,000 foot and 8,000 horse and 10 cannon were deployed with their left on the sea and their
1482:
of Don Caspar
Boniface deployed on a sand dune that was somewhat in advance of the rest of their army. The English charged and crossed pikes with the Spanish tercio, driving it down the hill, and, by following up, the English formation became exposed. James, Duke of York, led two cavalry charges
1503:
Condé on the
Spanish left held off the initial attacks of the French right wing and even counterattacked them, getting unhorsed and nearly captured, but in the end he was also forced from the field. The German and Walloons of the centre retired at the onset of the French infantry, throwing the
1520:
Following his victory, Turenne took
Dunkirk and advanced, capturing a series of towns and fortresses including Furnes, Dixmunde, Gravelines, Ypres and Oudenarde. The victory at the Battle of the Dunes and its consequences would lead to the end of ten years of war with the signing of
1449:
and
William Lockhart, were lined up against the Spanish troops while the centre was the French infantry consisting of the Guards, the Swiss and the regiments of Picardy and Turenne facing the Wallons and Germans. The right flank French cavalry under the Duke de Crequi opposed Condé.
1397:, while they thought Dunkirk was merely a diversion, and they responded belatedly and hastily. The approach to Dunkirk was made difficult as the inhabitants had opened the sluices and flooded the area, but Turenne persisted and opened the trenches on the night of 4/5 June.
1412:, on the left under the command of Condé. The Spanish army included Spanish, German and Walloon troops, and a force of 2,000 English/Irish Royalists – formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles' brother
1473:
and German tercios were in the centre and on the left were the French rebel
Frondeurs and some other troops. The Spanish cavalry was drawn up in line behind the infantry. In their rush to relieve Dunkirk the Spanish had left their artillery behind.
1564:
The defeat of the
Spanish relief force and the taking of Dunkirk ended the immediate prospect of a Royalist expedition to England. Dunkirk surrendered to French forces ten days after the battle on 24 June, and
1423:
because the Spanish army formed their line upon a line of dunes, or sand-hills, also called the Downs, perpendicular to the sea. Napoleon described the battle as Turenne's "... most brilliant action". The
1363:. A renewal of a 1657 treaty between Cromwell and Louis XIV provided 6,000 Commonwealth infantry and a fleet to aid Turenne. Along with English forces, French forces fought on both sides with Condé, a French
1929:, Horse Lockheart. Five Royalist regiments: Charles's Foot Guards, three Irish Muskerry, Ormonde, Willoughby and one of Scots (Duke of Gloster), Horse one troop under the direct command of the Duke of York (
1483:
against the Cromwellian troops' flank, driving into the musketeers. Some Spanish cavalry from their reserve was sent forward and threatened the English but were defeated in turn by the French cavalry under
1722:
Sources vary considerably on the army strengths of cavalry and infantry of both sides with a general agreement that both were about 15,000 strong. For example the French-Commonwealth strength is given as:
718:
1436:, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris in Turenne's army, astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assault up a sand-hill 150 feet (46 m) high and strongly defended by Spanish veterans.
1049:
728:
1359:. The Spanish supplied only enough money to form five regiments. This was a disappointment for the Royalists, who had hoped to be able to form an army large enough to contemplate an invasion of the
1615:. In the Spanish army, the English/Irish royalists consisted of three battalions made up of five understrength regiments: The first battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Blague, of
678:
323:
1000:
1111:
2490:
985:
980:
970:
901:
1009:
906:
588:
1044:
409:
474:
753:
1465:
The Spanish army with 6,000 foot and 9,000 horse formed up with its right on the sea across the sand-hills to the canal of Furnes on their left. The regular Spanish infantry
1393:, blockaded the port and prevented any reinforcement or supply by sea. The Spanish and their allies were caught by surprise as they were convinced that Turenne would attack
1068:
896:
479:
733:
1419:
Leaving some 6,000 men to continue the siege, Turenne advanced to meet the Spanish army. The battle on 14 June 1658 which resulted from this manoeuvre became known as the
1389:, and these privateers had wreaked havoc on English merchant shipping. It was defended by a garrison of about 3,000 in May 1658, while an English fleet of 18 ships, under
1078:
926:
911:
876:
556:
531:
489:
444:
429:
399:
384:
316:
439:
1104:
780:
668:
623:
598:
658:
618:
3097:
931:
921:
881:
822:
790:
748:
743:
738:
683:
975:
936:
916:
891:
847:
837:
817:
795:
765:
708:
698:
653:
628:
603:
561:
541:
469:
459:
990:
886:
842:
723:
693:
688:
643:
827:
785:
673:
638:
499:
309:
2629:
2884:
1097:
871:
613:
1557:, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. The 1659 treaty also required the Spanish king to recognise and confirm all French gains in the 1648
703:
770:
494:
2462:
1670:
484:
199:
1275:
800:
573:
454:
509:
464:
2725:
2645:
2454:
1658:
1469:
were on the right under the command of Don Juan, the English Royalist regiments under the Duke of York were on their left to the right centre, the
1201:
449:
253:
3060:
87:
2209:
2458:
1664:
3107:
2619:
2534:
2214:
3122:
1211:
2613:
1629:
1150:
1063:
1648:
2774:
2984:
2966:
2944:
2855:
2837:
2815:
2666:
2513:
1597:
1206:
1019:
1484:
3112:
1703:
1390:
1329:
A complex political situation resulted in both French and English forces fighting for both sides. When the government of
1216:
1309:
Despite this victory, both the French and Spanish were financially exhausted by the long running war and negotiated the
3102:
2742:
2599:
2581:
1656:. English regiments were named after their colonels. In the French army the New Model Army on the left (by the coast):
1263:
333:
32:
1638:
1617:
1121:
1024:
832:
514:
36:
2890:
2524:
578:
1458:
1446:
2321:, pp. 85–86 cites: Clarke Papers, iii. 154; Thurloe, vii. 156, 160 ; Cal. S. P., Dam. 1658-9, p. 97-
1404:
of Austria, consisting of about 15,000 men, moved to raise the siege. It was divided in 2 corps, the Spanish
1181:
536:
53:
2709:
2612:
2439:
1622:
1600:
805:
3075:
593:
3062:
French marshal Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, at the Battle of the Dunes, June 14, 1658
2592:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.
1401:
1287:
233:
2679:
3117:
1604:
1058:
1034:
434:
364:
3022:
2865:
1926:
1509:
1344:
1073:
713:
633:
1145:
1014:
1267:
1140:
3092:
2700:
1433:
1425:
1382:
1283:
1279:
1162:
648:
546:
221:
210:
157:
1490:
2564:
1522:
1356:
1310:
958:
663:
526:
3051:
2958:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2829:
2658:
2548:
414:
2936:
2929:
2807:
1341:
1318:
812:
404:
379:
374:
2556:
2199:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1291:
608:
1574:
1379:
1360:
941:
775:
419:
394:
3043:
242:
8:
2523:
1558:
1413:
1330:
1259:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1039:
1029:
389:
369:
354:
264:
81:
2752:
1818:
8,000 horse (4,000 of which are described as out foraging), 6,000-foot in 15 battalions(
1504:
Spanish cavalry in the reserve into disorder so that it was carried away in the flight.
2792:
2683:
1875:
1348:
953:
1874:
The English had learnt a lot about war since two rabbles had met at the battle of the
1694:
Two out of the three royalist battalions, Bristol's and York's Irish, broke and fled.
3026:
2980:
2962:
2940:
2851:
2833:
2811:
2738:
2719:
2662:
2639:
2595:
2577:
2561:
A collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, (volume 5: May 1656 – January 1657)
2509:
1271:
995:
238:
145:
1508:
Lockhart's regiment of foot bore the brunt of the fighting. Its lieutenant-colonel,
2994:
2826:
The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland 1639–1660
1912:
Foot: Alsop, Clark, Cochrane, Lillington, Morgan, and Reynolds, horse: Lockheart (
1896:
1593:
1566:
1405:
1243:
424:
2907:
The history of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de Turenne, Marshal of France
1628:(also known as King Charles II's footguards). The second battalion was command by
2495:
2433:
1570:
1337:
1314:
1255:
1235:
583:
521:
359:
301:
77:
2763:
1089:
2694:
1429:
1364:
1334:
1295:
504:
169:
1497:
3086:
3016:
2608:
2529:
2205:
2200:
1643:
102:
89:
1653:
1453:
2435:
The Second Battle of the Dunes 14/06/1658 Anglo-French Victory (Strategic)
2222:
2931:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History Of Britain, 1649–1815, Volume 2
1846:
Condé 4,000 horse on the left wing and calls the armies even in numbers (
1313:
in November 1659. England retained possession of Dunkirk until 1662 when
44:
2218:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 248.
1538:
2675:
2623:, vol. 27 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 414
2538:, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 404
1895:
This unit would be the core of the Royal Regiment of Guards, later the
1607:
can trace their origins back to two cavalry troops raised at this time
1554:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1386:
859:
1550:
1530:
1408:
on the right and centre and the small corps of French rebels, of the
180:
1370:
1925:
Commonwealth: Foot Alsop, Clark, Cochrane, Lillington, Morgan, and
1775:
5,000 to 6,000 horse in 58 squadrons, 9,000-foot in 16 battalions (
1546:
1470:
1299:
1754:
5,000 to 6,000 horse in 58 squadrons, 9,000-foot in 18 battalions(
1374:
Don Juan José de Austria, Spanish commander at Battle of the Dunes
1306:
rebels attempted to raise the siege but suffered a severe defeat.
3015:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1466:
1394:
2574:
Cromwell's navy: the fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660
2977:
Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
2688:, eighth series, vol. 5, John C Francies, pp. 161–162
2453:, p. 162, for the first names of the Cromwellian colonels:
1581:
1479:
1409:
1352:
1303:
2921:
Memoirs of the Duke of York: First of the Civil Wars in France
3058:
2889:, British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website, archived from
2631:
Lives of the Warriors of the Civil Wars of France and England
2491:"The British admire their Army but they don't understand it"
2336:
2699:, vol. 2, London; New York: Longmans, Green, pp.
2061:
2059:
2363:
2161:
2149:
2098:
1861:
England had lost 1,500 to 2,000 ships to Spain that year (
2276:
2239:
2237:
1494:
View of the Battle of Dunes from behind the Spanish lines
1461:, showing the Spanish deployment at top and French below.
1416:, amongst its commanders – was sent to relieve the town.
1254:, took place on 14 June 1658, near the strategic port of
3023:"Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in Flanders, 1657–1662"
2614:"Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de"
2380:
2378:
2266:
2264:
2139:
2137:
2110:
2088:
2086:
2056:
3074:(in Spanish), Madrid: Impr. de M.Rivadeneyra, pp.
3048:
L'année françoise ou la première campagne de Louis XIV.
2754:
The Origin and History of the First or Grenadier Guards
2655:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
2046:
2044:
2013:
1985:
1367:, leading a contingent of French rebels of the Fronde.
2797:, London: Longmans, Green, & Co., pp. 252–267
2779:, East Kent Branch of the Grenadier Guards Association
2467:
2353:
2351:
2300:
2234:
2375:
2288:
2261:
2249:
2134:
2083:
1958:
1946:
1378:
The 15,000 French supported by 6,000 troops from the
2390:
2324:
2173:
2122:
2071:
2041:
1603:
which was one of five regiments raised in 1656. The
2414:
2402:
2348:
3059:Encyclopædia Britannica staff (19 November 2012),
2928:
2680:"The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II"
2525:"Great Rebellion s.v. 4. Battle of Edgehill"
331:
3050:(in French), Paris: chez Charles Angot, pp.
1119:
3084:
2886:The Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of the Dunes, 1658
3072:Coleccion de libros españoles raros ó curiosos.
2735:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
2996:The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk
2935:, London: W.W. Norton & Company, pp.
2824:Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004), "Dunes, The",
1704:Henry Jones of Oxfordshire#Battle of the Dunes
3098:Battles of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2999:, London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., p. 198
2979:, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group,
2542:
2342:
1457:Battle of the Dunes 1658 - 1698 engraving by
1105:
317:
3028:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2724:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2850:(Second ed.), Macmillan, p. 227,
2823:
2790:
2369:
2167:
2155:
1930:
1833:
1805:
1769:
1748:
1652:regiment of Scots under the command of Sir
2589:
2065:
1112:
1098:
324:
310:
3069:
3042:
2707:
2607:
2543:Baker, Richard; Phillips, Edward (1733),
2031:
2019:
2003:
1991:
1976:
1727:
2863:
2751:Hamilton, Sir Frederick William (1874),
2750:
2557:"State Papers, 1656: September (2 of 7)"
2521:
2488:
2473:
2306:
2282:
2243:
2204:
1981:. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. p. 227.
1883:
1879:
1741:
1613:The Duke of York's Troop of Horse Guards
1489:
1452:
1385:. Dunkirk was Spain's greatest base for
1369:
136:
2952:
2866:"English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill"
2772:
2711:A history of the British army, Volume 1
2657:, Oxford University Press US, pp.
2545:A Chronicle of the Kings of England ...
2503:
2104:
1952:
1913:
1642:regiment of Irish commanded by Colonel
1609:His Majesty's Own Troop of Horse Guards
3085:
2992:
2974:
2926:
2904:
2845:
2761:
2396:
2384:
2294:
2270:
2255:
2143:
2092:
2035:
2007:
1900:
1862:
1847:
1826:
1819:
1783:
1762:
1755:
1587:
1569:honoured the terms of the treaty with
279:14,000–15,000(2,000 British Royalists)
3020:
2882:
2801:
2732:
2708:Fortescue, John William, Sir (1899),
2692:
2674:
2652:
2554:
2450:
2420:
2357:
2330:
2318:
2228:
2179:
2128:
2116:
2077:
2050:
1964:
1812:
1734:
1351:. Charles set up his headquarters in
1093:
305:
2627:
2571:
2408:
1840:
1776:
1400:A Spanish army under the command of
276:14,000–15,000 (3,000 English troops)
3108:Military history of Hauts-de-France
2762:Hozier, Sir Henry Montague (1885),
1839:9,000 to 10,000 horse, 5,000-foot (
13:
3036:
2757:, vol. I, London: John Murray
2696:The last years of the Protectorate
2522:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911),
568:Northern Spain and Southern France
14:
3134:
2909:, vol. II, London, pp.
2848:Europe in the Seventeenth Century
2828:, Scarecrow Press, pp. 170,
2547:, Samuel Ballard; et al, p.
2508:, Osprey Publishing, p. 31,
1636:regiment. The third consisted of
1580:While the French received all of
3010:
2737:, Chartwell Books, p. 358,
2714:, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
2489:Anderson, Bruce (20 July 2009),
2192:
1596:can trace their origins back to
1573:and handed the port over to the
258:
247:
237:
227:
215:
204:
193:
174:
163:
151:
138:
43:
16:Battle in the Franco-Spanish War
2905:Ramsay, Andrew Michael (1735),
2864:Niderost, Eric (October 1993),
2576:, Oxford University Press, US,
2444:
2426:
2312:
2185:
1979:Batailles françaises, Volume IV
1919:
1916:, p. 31 (alphabetically?))
1906:
1889:
1868:
1855:
1525:. By this treaty France gained
1278:, supported by troops from the
3004:
2806:, Osprey Publishing, pp.
2025:
1997:
1970:
1791:
1716:
1:
3123:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2883:Plant, David (25 June 2008),
2804:The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704
2482:
1123:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671)
37:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2791:Longueville, Thomas (1907),
2768:, London: Chapman & Hall
2590:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017),
2231:, Battle of the Dunes, 1658.
1940:
1515:
1432:under the leadership of Sir
1135:Spain and the Canary Islands
349:Flanders and Northern France
7:
3113:Military history of Dunkirk
2975:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010),
2846:Maland, David M.A. (1991),
2555:Birch, Thomas, ed. (1742),
1697:
1315:the port was sold to France
1298:force supported by English
1288:John of Austria the Younger
122:Franco-Commonwealth victory
10:
3139:
2628:Cust, Edward, Sir (1867),
1478:ahead against the Spanish
1324:
54:Charles-Philippe Larivière
3103:Battles involving England
3065:, Encyclopædia Britannica
2953:Sandler, Stanley (2002),
2870:Military History Magazine
2343:Baker & Phillips 1733
1977:De Périni, Hardÿ (1896).
1832:3,000 horse, 12,000-foot(
1811:5,000 horse, 10,000-foot(
1768:4,000 horse, 6,000-foot,(
1439:
1131:
866:Franche-Comté and Germany
345:
283:
270:
186:
130:
59:
42:
30:
25:
2919:. (This volume includes
2504:Asquith, Stuart (1981),
1825:8,000 horse, 6,000-foot(
1804:8,000 horse, 6,000 foot(
1782:6,000 horse, 8,000-foot(
1761:6,000 horse, 9,000-foot(
1747:6,000 horse, 8,000-foot(
1740:9,000 horse, 6,000-foot(
1733:9,000 horse, 6,000-foot(
1726:6,000 horse, 9,000 foot(
1709:
1601:Royal Regiment of Guards
1333:formed an alliance with
729:Villefranche-de-Conflent
2927:Rodger, N.A.M. (2004),
2802:Lopez, Ignacio (2012),
2653:Davis, Paul K. (2001),
2620:Encyclopædia Britannica
2535:Encyclopædia Britannica
2215:Encyclopædia Britannica
1621:regiment combined with
1280:Commonwealth of England
2993:Waylen, James (1880),
2565:British History Online
2506:New Model Army 1645–60
1545:, Artois and towns in
1523:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1500:
1462:
1375:
1357:Royalist Army in Exile
1311:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1247:
1239:
187:Commanders and leaders
3021:Firth, C. H. (1898),
2678:(January–June 1894),
2634:, London: John Murray
1682:musketeers. Cavalry:
1632:and consisted of the
1493:
1485:Marquis de Castelneau
1456:
1373:
1342:Charles II of England
1258:in what was then the
1250:), also known as the
679:San Lorenzo de Mongay
289:400 killed or wounded
284:Casualties and losses
50:La Bataille des Dunes
2957:, ABC-CLIO, p.
2693:Firth, C.H. (1909),
2006:, p. 271; also
1822:, pp. 499–500);
1380:English Commonwealth
1361:English Commonwealth
1355:and established his
1248:Batalla de las Dunas
158:English Commonwealth
2955:Ground Warfare: H–Q
2733:Grant, R G (2017),
2572:Capp, B.S. (1989),
2119:, pp. 384–399.
2034:, p. 270 also,
1836:, p. 171) and;
1678:, on the right 200
1588:British involvement
1559:Peace of Westphalia
1549:, including Arras,
1541:and other parts of
1421:Battle of the Dunes
1414:James, Duke of York
1365:Prince of the blood
1260:Spanish Netherlands
1232:Battle of the Dunes
1202:Puerto del Príncipe
719:Castelló d'Empúries
99: /
82:Spanish Netherlands
26:Battle of the Dunes
3070:Anonymous (1871),
3044:Ceriziers, René de
2893:on 15 January 2018
2567:, pp. 384–399
1876:Battle of Edgehill
1501:
1463:
1459:Sebastian Beaulieu
1376:
1349:Philip IV of Spain
1292:Louis, Grand Condé
1264:Franco-Spanish War
1240:Bataille des Dunes
986:3rd Lérins Islands
981:2nd Lérins Islands
971:1st Lérins Islands
335:Franco-Spanish War
292:1,000–1,200 killed
211:François de Créquy
103:51.0383°N 2.3775°E
33:Franco-Spanish War
3118:Conflicts in 1658
3031:, pp. 67–119
2986:978-1-59884-429-0
2968:978-1-57607-344-5
2946:978-0-393-06050-8
2857:978-0-333-33574-1
2839:978-0-8108-5100-9
2817:978-1-78096-873-5
2685:Notes and queries
2668:978-0-19-514366-9
2515:978-0-85045-385-0
2463:Henry Lillingston
2285:, pp. 25–26.
1967:, pp. 32–33.
1268:Anglo-Spanish War
1252:Battle of Dunkirk
1225:
1224:
1087:
1086:
854:France hinterland
300:
299:
243:Louis II de Condé
181:British Royalists
126:
125:
3130:
3079:
3066:
3055:
3032:
3014:
3013:
3000:
2989:
2971:
2949:
2934:
2918:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2860:
2842:
2820:
2798:
2794:Marshall Turenne
2787:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2758:
2747:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2704:
2689:
2671:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2624:
2616:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2518:
2500:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2370:Longueville 1907
2367:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2168:Longueville 1907
2165:
2159:
2156:Longueville 1907
2153:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1934:
1931:Manganiello 2004
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:Grenadier Guards
1893:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1834:Manganiello 2004
1806:Longueville 1907
1795:
1789:
1770:Manganiello 2004
1749:Longueville 1907
1720:
1624:Lord Wentworth's
1598:Lord Wentworth's
1594:Grenadier Guards
1567:Cardinal Mazarin
1496:Oil painting by
1434:William Lockhart
1406:Army of Flanders
1383:besieged Dunkirk
1284:besieged Dunkirk
1126:
1124:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1090:
809:
518:
340:
336:
326:
319:
312:
303:
302:
263:
262:
261:
252:
251:
250:
241:
232:
231:
230:
222:William Lockhart
220:
219:
218:
209:
208:
207:
198:
197:
196:
179:
178:
177:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
154:
148:
144:
142:
141:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
61:
60:
47:
23:
22:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3083:
3082:
3039:
3037:Further reading
3011:
3007:
2987:
2969:
2947:
2896:
2894:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2840:
2818:
2782:
2780:
2745:
2717:
2716:
2669:
2637:
2636:
2611:, ed. (1911a),
2602:
2584:
2563:, vol. 5,
2516:
2496:The Independent
2485:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2208:, ed. (1911). "
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2066:Clodfelter 2017
2064:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:, p. 171).
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:, p. 214).
1894:
1890:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1850:, p. 205).
1829:, p. 131);
1815:, p. 221);
1808:, p. 261);
1796:
1792:
1786:, p. 204).
1772:, p. 170);
1765:, p. 132);
1758:, p. 184);
1751:, p. 261);
1737:, p. 221);
1730:, p. 271);
1721:
1717:
1712:
1700:
1649:Lord Newburgh's
1590:
1571:Oliver Cromwell
1518:
1495:
1442:
1391:Edward Mountagu
1338:Oliver Cromwell
1327:
1266:and concurrent
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1088:
1083:
907:Lons-le-Saunier
803:
512:
410:Aire-sur-la-Lys
341:
338:
334:
332:
330:
295:
293:
259:
257:
256:
248:
246:
245:
236:
234:John of Austria
228:
226:
216:
214:
213:
205:
203:
202:
194:
192:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
152:
150:
149:
139:
137:
108:51.0383; 2.3775
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:1658 in France
3081:
3080:
3067:
3056:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2985:
2972:
2967:
2950:
2945:
2924:
2902:
2880:
2861:
2856:
2843:
2838:
2821:
2816:
2799:
2788:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2744:978-0785835530
2743:
2730:
2705:
2690:
2672:
2667:
2650:
2625:
2609:Chisholm, Hugh
2605:
2601:978-0786474707
2600:
2587:
2583:978-0198201151
2582:
2569:
2552:
2540:
2530:Chisholm, Hugh
2519:
2514:
2501:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2455:Bryce Cochrane
2443:
2425:
2413:
2411:, p. 103.
2401:
2389:
2387:, p. 227.
2374:
2372:, p. 267.
2362:
2347:
2345:, p. 562.
2335:
2333:, p. 199.
2323:
2311:
2299:
2297:, p. 214.
2287:
2275:
2273:, p. 132.
2260:
2258:, p. 184.
2248:
2233:
2221:
2206:Chisholm, Hugh
2184:
2182:, p. 223.
2172:
2170:, p. 266.
2160:
2158:, p. 257.
2148:
2146:, p. 131.
2133:
2131:, p. 222.
2121:
2109:
2097:
2095:, p. 213.
2082:
2080:, p. 358.
2070:
2055:
2053:, p. 225.
2040:
2038:, p. 131.
2032:Fortescue 1899
2024:
2022:, p. 270.
2020:Fortescue 1899
2012:
2010:, p. 132.
2004:Fortescue 1899
1996:
1994:, p. 271.
1992:Fortescue 1899
1984:
1969:
1957:
1955:, p. 247.
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1905:
1888:
1886:, p. 404)
1867:
1865:, p. 28).
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:, p. 85);
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1744:, p. 24);
1738:
1731:
1728:Fortescue 1899
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1634:Duke of York's
1618:Lord Bristol's
1589:
1586:
1517:
1514:
1441:
1438:
1430:New Model Army
1345:allied himself
1335:Lord Protector
1326:
1323:
1262:. Part of the
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:Lake Maracaibo
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
967:
966:
962:
961:
956:
950:
949:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
868:
867:
863:
862:
856:
855:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
565:
564:
559:
557:2nd Gravelines
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
532:3rd Landrecies
529:
524:
519:
507:
502:
497:
492:
490:2nd Landrecies
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:2nd Saint Omer
442:
437:
435:1st Gravelines
432:
430:2nd Thionville
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:1st Thionville
392:
390:1st Saint Omer
387:
385:1st Landrecies
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
298:
297:
296:5,000 captured
290:
286:
285:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
268:
267:
224:
189:
188:
184:
183:
160:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3017:public domain
3009:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2773:EKBGD staff,
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:, McFarland,
2593:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2476:, p. 26.
2475:
2474:Hamilton 1874
2470:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2423:, p. 85.
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2399:, p. 29.
2398:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2360:, p. 86.
2359:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 27.
2308:
2307:Hamilton 1874
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2283:Hamilton 1874
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2246:, p. 24.
2245:
2244:Hamilton 1874
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:public domain
2188:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2068:, p. 42.
2067:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1884:Atkinson 1911
1881:
1880:Niderost 1993
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1843:, p. 85)
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:Hamilton 1874
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:Richard Grace
1641:
1640:
1639:Lord Ormond's
1635:
1631:
1630:Lord Muskerry
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1510:Roger Fenwick
1505:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:Thomas Morgan
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:, the exiled
1339:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Santo Domingo
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1079:3rd Barcelona
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Porto Longone
1053:
1048:
1046:
1045:Castellammare
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:1st Barcelona
1028:
1026:
1025:3rd Tarragona
1023:
1021:
1020:2nd Tarragona
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:Naval battles
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
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895:
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826:
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789:
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779:
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769:
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749:Castellfollit
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:2nd Barcelona
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:4th Tarragona
667:
665:
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650:
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645:
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632:
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617:
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605:
602:
600:
599:1st Tarragona
597:
595:
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582:
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566:
563:
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353:
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348:
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337:
327:
322:
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315:
313:
308:
307:
304:
294:3,000 wounded
291:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
274:
269:
266:
255:
254:Luis Carrillo
244:
240:
235:
225:
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212:
201:
191:
190:
185:
182:
171:
161:
159:
147:
135:
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83:
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66:
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29:
24:
19:
3071:
3061:
3047:
3027:
2995:
2976:
2954:
2930:
2906:
2895:, retrieved
2891:the original
2885:
2873:, retrieved
2869:
2847:
2825:
2803:
2793:
2781:, retrieved
2775:
2764:
2753:
2734:
2710:
2695:
2684:
2654:
2630:
2618:
2591:
2573:
2560:
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2499:, p. 25
2494:
2469:
2446:
2434:
2428:
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2404:
2392:
2365:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2251:
2224:
2213:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2073:
2027:
2015:
1999:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1960:
1953:Sandler 2002
1948:
1921:
1914:Asquith 1981
1908:
1891:
1870:
1857:
1798:
1793:
1718:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1654:William Urry
1647:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1579:
1575:Commonwealth
1563:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1476:
1464:
1443:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1377:
1328:
1308:
1251:
1231:
1229:
1167:
1051:
1002:
902:Sainte-Agnès
589:Ille-sur-Têt
579:Fuenterrabía
551:
537:Valenciennes
265:Duke of York
131:Belligerents
67:14 June 1658
49:
31:Part of the
18:
3005:Attribution
2676:Firth, C.H.
2459:Roger Alsop
2397:Rodger 2004
2385:Maland 1991
2295:Tucker 2010
2271:Hozier 1885
2256:Ramsay 1735
2210:Fronde, The
2144:Hozier 1885
2105:EKBGD staff
2093:Tucker 2010
2036:Hozier 1885
2008:Hozier 1885
1901:Tucker 2010
1863:Rodger 2004
1848:Waylen 1880
1827:Hozier 1885
1820:Ramsay 1735
1784:Waylen 1880
1763:Hozier 1885
1756:Ramsay 1735
1680:Montgommery
1671:Lillingston
1605:Life Guards
1498:Siméon Fort
1302:and French
1274:army under
1207:Porto Bello
959:Fort Rocher
922:2nd Poligny
917:1st Poligny
897:Saint-Amour
848:3rd Valenza
838:2nd Cremona
823:1st Cremona
818:2nd Valenza
804: [
766:1st Valenza
709:3rd Tortosa
699:2nd Tortosa
629:1st Tortosa
547:2nd Dunkirk
542:2nd Mardyck
513: [
475:Armentières
470:1st Dunkirk
460:1st Mardyck
339:(1635–1659)
106: /
3087:Categories
2875:20 October
2783:20 October
2483:References
2451:Firth 1894
2421:Firth 1898
2358:Firth 1898
2331:Firth 1909
2319:Firth 1898
2229:Plant 2008
2180:Davis 2001
2129:Davis 2001
2117:Birch 1742
2107:, Origins.
2078:Grant 2017
2051:Davis 2001
1965:Lopez 2012
1813:Davis 2001
1801:strength:
1735:Davis 2001
1555:Gravelines
1543:Luxembourg
1535:Thionville
1527:Roussillon
1387:privateers
1319:Charles II
1151:Santa Cruz
1069:Sant Feliu
1064:Formentera
942:Tuttlingen
927:Pontarlier
912:Bletterans
860:The Fronde
776:Tornavento
694:4th Lleida
689:3rd Lleida
664:2nd Lleida
649:1st Lleida
644:2nd Salses
614:La Granada
584:1st Salses
480:Nieuwpoort
420:Honnecourt
400:Charlemont
380:1st Corbie
370:La Capelle
365:Le Catelet
91:51°02′18″N
2409:Capp 1989
1941:Citations
1878:in 1642 (
1841:Cust 1867
1777:Cust 1867
1531:Perpignan
1516:Aftermath
1426:red-coats
1331:Louis XIV
1300:Royalists
1286:. Led by
1197:Rio Nuevo
1192:Ocho Rios
1176:Caribbean
1168:The Dunes
1050:Piombino
1040:Orbetello
1035:Cartagena
1010:Île de Ré
948:Caribbean
877:Martignat
754:Camprodon
704:Montblanc
674:2nd Roses
639:1st Roses
634:Perpignan
624:Collioure
552:The Dunes
527:2nd Arras
495:Diksmuide
415:La Marfée
405:1st Arras
355:Les Avins
94:2°22′39″E
3046:(1657),
2720:citation
2640:citation
1927:Reynolds
1797:Spanish
1698:See also
1684:Lockhart
1659:Cochrane
1626:regiment
1547:Flanders
1539:Montmédy
1402:Don John
1157:Flanders
1074:Bordeaux
1059:Cambrils
976:Sardinia
932:Jonvelle
791:Vercelli
781:Marbegno
771:Morbegno
734:Cadaqués
684:Balaguer
609:Montmeló
594:Montjuïc
505:2nd Lens
485:Commines
450:1st Lens
271:Strength
72:Location
2776:Origins
2765:Turenne
2532:(ed.),
2440:Alt URL
2203::
1688:Gibbons
1551:Béthune
1471:Walloon
1467:tercios
1428:of the
1395:Cambrai
1325:Prelude
1296:Spanish
1276:Turenne
1256:Dunkirk
1244:Spanish
1187:Jamaica
1163:Dunkirk
1005:Santoña
1001:Laredo
996:Getaria
954:Tortuga
882:Savigny
739:Solsona
654:Miravet
604:Almenar
574:Leucate
562:Bergues
455:Bergues
440:Béthune
200:Turenne
78:Dunkirk
3019::
2983:
2965:
2943:
2897:2 July
2854:
2836:
2814:
2741:
2665:
2661:–225,
2598:
2580:
2512:
2197:
1676:Morgan
1646:, and
1582:Artois
1480:tercio
1440:Battle
1410:Fronde
1353:Bruges
1304:Fronde
1282:, had
1272:French
1236:French
1217:Panama
1141:Malaga
937:Maynal
892:Cornod
887:Arbent
833:Naples
801:Casale
796:Chieri
724:Girona
659:Monzón
619:Monzón
522:Mouzon
510:Rethel
465:Furnes
425:Rocroi
360:Leuven
146:France
143:
119:Result
2937:28–29
2810:–33,
2528:, in
1799:et al
1710:Notes
1692:Salmo
1665:Alsop
1347:with
1146:Cadiz
1015:Cádiz
991:Genoa
843:Pavia
813:Turin
808:]
786:Breme
760:Italy
744:Berga
517:]
500:Ypres
375:Somme
170:Spain
76:Near
3078:, ff
3054:, ff
2981:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2917:–500
2899:2012
2877:2019
2852:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2785:2019
2739:ISBN
2726:link
2703:–199
2663:ISBN
2646:link
2596:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2461:and
1882:and
1690:and
1674:and
1611:and
1592:The
1553:and
1529:and
1294:, a
1290:and
1270:, a
1230:The
872:Dole
828:Proh
64:Date
35:and
3076:369
2959:247
2915:499
2911:184
2830:171
2701:192
2659:222
2549:562
2212:".
1317:by
3089::
3052:35
3025:,
2961:,
2939:,
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2868:,
2832:,
2808:32
2722:}}
2718:{{
2682:,
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2457:,
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2058:^
2043:^
1686:,
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1662:,
1561:.
1537:,
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318:t
311:v
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