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1410:. Over 500,000 shells were fired in the first 30 minutes of battle. The bombardment underperformed Soviet expectations. Soviet POWs captured the day prior had disclosed the date of the offensive, and German troops had been pulled back to their second defensive line. The dust and debris kicked up by the bombardment also rendered the mass use of searchlights to illuminate terrain in the early morning hours ineffective. Before dawn, the 1st Belorussian Front attacked across the Oder and the 1st Ukrainian Front attacked across the Neisse. The 1st Belorussian Front was the stronger force, but it had the more difficult assignment since it was facing the bulk of the German forces.
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troops... According to the interrogated prisoners, artillery fire was so sudden and overwhelming that the enemy did not have time to move from the first trench line; the second and third lines were at all times under heavy fire from our artillery. As a result of this, the enemy units in the first line of defence suffered heavy casualties.
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Zhukov supposedly took the shortest path, the critics contend, so that his troops would be the first ones to enter the city. However, Zhukov chose the main thrust to be through the Seelow
Heights not because he thought that was the quickest way to get to Berlin, but because that was the quickest way
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On 19 April, the 1st
Belorussian Front eventually broke through the final defensive line of the Seelow Heights and now nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin. The remnants of the 9th Army and the 4th Panzer Army were enveloped by the 1st Belorussian Front and by elements of
1463:
divisions in the south covering his centre, instead of using them to shore up the 4th Panzer Army. This was the turning point in the Berlin
Offensive because the positions of both Army Group Vistula and the centre and right sectors of Army Group Centre were becoming untenable. Unless they fell back
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Also, bypassing the Seelow
Heights and attacking Berlin from the north would have exposed the northern flank of the 1st Belorussian Front to a potential attack from German forces to the north, which could have pinned Zhukov's forces against the Seelow Heights. Furthermore, in actuality only two of
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from the 3rd Shock Army had advanced 8 km (5.0 mi)), but the second German defensive line remained intact. Zhukov was forced to report that his battle was not going as planned. However, in the south the attack by Konev's 1st
Ukrainian Front was going according to plan. To spur Zhukov on,
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as commander of Army Group
Vistula on 20 March. He correctly predicted that the main Soviet thrust would be made over the River Oder and along the Reichsstraße 1 at Seelow Heights. He decided to defend the riverbank with only a light skirmishing screen, but to strongly fortify the Seelow Heights,
1413:
The assault by the 1st
Belorussian Front started with an intense artillery bombardment. According to Beevor and Ziemke, Heinrici and Busse had anticipated the attack and withdrew their defenders from the first line of trenches just before the Soviet artillery would have obliterated them. Whereas
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The swampy ground proved to be a great hindrance, and a German counter-barrage caused heavy Soviet casualties. Frustrated by the slow advance, Zhukov threw in his reserves, which according to his earlier plan were to be held back until the expected breakthrough. By early evening, an advance of
1422:
Considering that the enemy moves its infantry from the first to the second and third lines of trenches in the morning, I used a nightly artillery barrage with a high density of fire for 30 minutes, with the use of searchlights to blind the enemy and light up the terrain ahead of the advancing
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The 1st
Belorussian Front had nine regular and two tank armies consisting of 77 rifle divisions, two cavalry, five tank and two mechanized corps, eight artillery and one guards mortars divisions and a mixture of other artillery and rocket launcher brigades. The front had 3,059 tanks and
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and instead made use of the 1st
Ukrainian Front's breakthrough over the Neisse or concentrate its armies on surrounding Berlin from the north. This would have bypassed the strong German defences at Seelow Heights, and avoided many casualties and the delay in the Berlin advance.
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the 1st
Ukrainian Front which had broken through and turned north. Other armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front raced west towards the Americans. By the close of 19 April, the German eastern frontline had effectively ceased to exist. All that remained were pockets of resistance.
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The Oder's floodplain was already saturated by the spring thaw, but German engineers also released water from a reservoir upstream, which turned the plain into a swamp. Behind the heights, they built three lines of defences, spreading back toward Berlin. The last was the
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As a result of the 1st Belorussian Front's success at the Seelow Heights and the Oder Front in general, most of the forces of the German 9th Army were encircled before they could retreat to Berlin. The city was then defended only by broken formations, the
1485:. By nightfall, an advance of 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) on the right flank and 3–8 km (1.9–5.0 mi) in the centre had been achieved, and the 1st Belorussian Front had reached the third and final German line of defence.
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The defensive line on the Seelow Heights was the last major defensive line outside Berlin. From 19 April, the road to Berlin—90 km (56 mi) to the west—lay open. By 23 April, Berlin was fully encircled and the
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in line with the 4th Panzer Army, they faced envelopment. In effect, Konev's successful attack on Schörner's relatively poor defences to the south of Seelow Heights was unhinging Heinrici's defence.
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of the 1st Guards Tank Army, had taken advantage of the success of their comrades and also advanced. The 47th and the 3rd shock armies progressed another 4–8 km (2.5–5.0 mi).
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which rise about 48 m (157 ft) above the Oder and overlook the river where the Reichsstraße crossed it. He thinned out the line in other areas to put more men on the heights.
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the five armies of the 1st Belorussian Front attacked the Seelow Heights themselves and the heights were eventually bypassed from the north as soon as there was a narrow breakthrough.
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Line, 10–15 mi (16–24 km) behind the front line. These lines consisted of anti-tank ditches, anti-tank gun emplacements, and an extensive network of trenches and bunkers.
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to move to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Soviets performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. The 2nd Belorussian Front relieved the
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On 18 April, both Soviet fronts advanced with heavy losses. The Seelow Heights was bypassed from the north, during which Soviet troops met counterattacks by German reserves:
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978:
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According to historian Aleksey Isaev, based on archival data the 1st Belorussian Front lost 20,000 men, including 5,000–6,000 killed and missing, while the historians
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On the second day, the 1st Belorussian Front's troops bolstered by their reserves slowly advanced. By nightfall on 17 April, the German second defensive line (
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After the war, Zhukov's critics asserted that he should have stopped the 1st Belorussian Front's attack via the direct line to Berlin along the
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This allowed the 1st Belorussian Front to concentrate in the southern half of its former front, opposite the Seelow Heights. To the south, the
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was where some of the most bitter fighting in the overall battle took place, but it was only one of several crossing points along the
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were in reserve. The 5th Shock and 8th Guards were posted directly opposite the strongest part of the defences, where the
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Originally published in "World War II" at Suite101.com on 1 May 1999. Revised edition published in "Articles on War" at
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Estimates of Soviet casualties during the assault on the Seelow Heights vary from under 10,000 to over 30,000 killed.
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In the early hours of April 16th, the offensive began with a massive bombardment by some 9,000 artillery pieces and
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rivers where the Soviets attacked. The Battle of the Oder–Neisse was itself only the opening phase of the
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To the south however, the 1st Ukrainian Front was pushing back the 4th Panzer Army; the left flank of
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1042:. It was fought over three days, from 16–19 April 1945. Close to 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers of the
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to link up with Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front and cut off the German 9th Army from the city.
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The three Soviet fronts together had 2,500,000 men, 6,250 tanks, 7,500 aircraft, 41,600
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Eight of the 11 armies were posted along the Oder. In the north, the 61st Army and the
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Stalin told him that he had let Konev direct his tank armies north towards Berlin.
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537:
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1781:"Week 294B - Soviet Berlin Offensive Begins - WW2 - April 16, 1945"
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2095:(Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Vitaly Dymarsky. Moscow:
1955:Битва за Берлин. Завершающее сражение Великой Отечественной войны
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The result was the encirclement of the German 9th Army and the
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1959:
Battle for Berlin: The Final Battle of the Great Patriotic War
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Soviet artillery bombarding German positions during the battle
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self-propelled guns and 18,934 artillery pieces and mortars.
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5,000–6,000 killed and missing out of ~20,000 total casualties
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1755:"This unstoppable artillery bombardment doomed Nazi Berlin"
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held the river line from Schwedt to its meeting with the
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was beginning to crumble. Schörner kept his two reserve
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4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) had been achieved (the
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A modern view over the Oder from the Seelow Heights
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1977:
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1242:The German 9th Army held the front from about the
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2231:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
1501:A Soviet monument on the Seelow Heights in 2021
2132:The Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich
2005:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945
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309:
1075:This battle is often incorporated into the
1034:, it was one of the last assaults on large
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2060:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo.
1975:
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1444:of the 8th Guards Army, together with the
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2226:Battles of World War II involving Germany
2151:"Battle for the Seelow Heights – Part II"
1952:
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1383:Learn how and when to remove this message
1265:, which opposed the 1st Ukrainian Front.
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2058:Berlin of 45: Battles in the Beast's Den
1998:
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1118:fell to the Soviet Army. This freed the
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1239:to Berlin passed through the heights.
16:WWII German-Soviet military engagement
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2053:Берлин 45-го: Сражения в логове зверя
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2033:Zhukov: The Last Argument of the King
2027:Георгий Жуков: Последний довод короля
2022:
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1321:adding citations to reliable sources
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1028:Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation
900:
2035:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza.
13:
2211:Battles involving the Soviet Union
1778:
1580:state that 30–33,000 were killed.
1516:war in Europe was effectively over
1208:were concentrated for the attack.
1046:(including 78,556 soldiers of the
288:12,000 killed and 35,000 captured
14:
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1961:] (in Russian). Moscow: AST.
1476:23rd SS Panzergrenadier Division
1469:11th SS Panzergrenadier Division
323:
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1938:. London: Viking-Penguin Books.
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1219:covered the river line south to
1153:north-west to the Neisse River.
392:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
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2221:Military history of Brandenburg
2087:Isaev, Aleksey (26 July 2010).
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1483:SS-Panzer Abteilung 103 (503rd)
1308:needs additional citations for
2149:Zuljan, Ralph (1 July 2003) .
2134:. New York: Ballantine Books.
1953:Goncharov, Vladislav (2007).
1332:"Battle of the Seelow Heights"
1188:. On the Soviet bridgehead at
1036:entrenched defensive positions
1024:Schlacht um die Seelower Höhen
1:
1554:
1510:commenced. Within two weeks,
1130:along the lower Oder between
1599:
1149:shifted its main force from
1011:Battle of the Seelow Heights
7:
2216:20th century in Brandenburg
2180:Gedenkstätte Seelower Höhen
1173:and 95,383 motor vehicles.
1030:(16 April – 2 May 1945). A
10:
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1976:Goodenough, Simon (1982).
1105:
2111:Le Tissier, Tony (1996).
1935:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1686:, pp. 170, 171, 550.
1414:according to a report to
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1077:Battle of the Oder–Neisse
1048:Communist Polish 1st Army
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2206:Battles involving Poland
2130:Ziemke, Earl F. (1968).
2052:
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1954:
26:Battle of Seelow Heights
2050:Isaev, Aleksey (2007).
2023:Isaev, Aleksey (2006).
1528:, small detachments of
1418:, Zhukov claimed that:
254:16,934 guns and mortars
105:52.529806°N 14.426083°E
76:Province of Brandenburg
1502:
1493:Aftermath and analysis
1446:11th Guards Tank Corps
1442:4th Guards Rifle Corps
1425:
1400:
1229:2nd Guards Tank armies
1164:, 3,255 truck-mounted
1124:Konstantin Rokossovsky
1023:
949:Encirclement of Berlin
192:Commanders and leaders
2115:. New York: Praeger.
1500:
1420:
1398:
1128:1st Belorussian Front
1120:2nd Belorussian Front
1044:1st Belorussian Front
266:Casualties and losses
2182:at Wikimedia Commons
1915:, pp. 421, 690.
1317:improve this article
996:Brandenburg–Rathenow
281:30,000–33,000 killed
278:Hastings and Beevor:
110:52.529806; 14.426083
1891:, pp. 377–383.
1876:, pp. 402–403.
1840:, pp. 217–233.
1828:, pp. 394–395.
1783:. Timeghost History
1713:, pp. 293–295.
1560:Informational notes
1143:1st Ukrainian Front
599:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
500:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
101: /
2113:Zhukov at the Oder
2074:on 14 October 2018
1903:, p. 388-389.
1503:
1457:Ferdinand Schörner
1401:
1070:Army Group Vistula
1026:) was part of the
794:Western Carpathian
734:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
704:1st Jassy–Kishinev
689:Leningrad–Novgorod
684:Dnieper–Carpathian
239:Ferdinand Schörner
2246:April 1945 events
2196:Conflicts in 1945
2178:Media related to
2122:978-0-275-95230-3
2067:978-5-699-20927-9
2015:978-0-375-71422-1
1968:978-5-17-039116-5
1945:978-0-670-03041-5
1779:Neidel, Indiana.
1588:, p. 468;
1514:was dead and the
1453:Army Group Centre
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1270:Gotthard Heinrici
1110:On 9 April 1945,
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2153:. Archived from
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2093:Price of Victory
2089:"Seelow Heights"
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2081:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
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1818:
1806:
1804:, p. 217.
1794:
1771:
1745:
1730:
1715:
1703:
1701:, p. 116.
1688:
1684:Goncharov 2007
1676:
1664:
1662:, p. 273.
1652:
1650:, p. 468.
1637:
1635:, p. 244.
1622:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1594:
1592:, p. 244.
1564:
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1494:
1491:
1438:Stein Stellung
1391:
1390:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1237:Reichsstraße 1
1145:under Marshal
1122:under Marshal
1107:
1104:
1081:Seelow Heights
1032:pitched battle
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
974:City of Berlin
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Seelow Heights
941:
936:
931:
929:Race to Berlin
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821:East Pomerania
818:
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512:Toropets–Kholm
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124:Soviet victory
122:
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72:Seelow Heights
70:
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52:
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41:
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28:
27:
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2141:0-356-02960-3
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2042:5-699-16564-9
2038:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:Hastings, Max
1997:
1993:
1991:0-312-85584-2
1987:
1984:. Macdonald.
1982:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1947:
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1936:
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1927:
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1864:, p. 84.
1863:
1858:
1852:, p. 82.
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1816:, p. 81.
1815:
1810:
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1727:
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1707:
1700:
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1693:
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1673:
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1656:
1649:
1648:Hastings 2005
1644:
1642:
1634:
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1610:
1605:
1591:
1587:
1586:Hastings 2005
1583:
1579:
1578:Antony Beevor
1575:
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1344:
1341:
1337:
1334: –
1333:
1329:
1328:Find sources:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:This section
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1278:
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1257:
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1191:
1187:
1183:
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1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1151:Upper Silesia
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:Theodor Busse
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Georgy Zhukov
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
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1021:
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580:
579:Little Saturn
576:
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569:
567:
566:Velikiye Luki
564:
562:
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555:
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533:
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349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:Naval warfare
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:Eastern Front
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
286:
285:Total: 47,000
283:
279:
273:
270:
269:
264:
256:
250:1,000,000 men
249:
248:
243:
240:
235:
229:
224:
219:
217:
212:
206:
205:Georgy Zhukov
201:
196:
195:
190:
186:
174:
172:
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150:
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144:
137:
133:
128:
127:
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85:
81:
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69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
33:Eastern Front
29:
24:
19:
2155:the original
2131:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2092:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2057:
2032:
2004:
1979:
1958:
1933:
1923:Bibliography
1908:
1896:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1753:Nye, Logan.
1748:
1706:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1574:Max Hastings
1568:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:Hitler Youth
1523:
1520:
1512:Adolf Hitler
1504:
1487:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1327:
1315:Please help
1310:verification
1307:
1282:
1279:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1252:"Fortress" (
1241:
1210:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1140:
1116:East Prussia
1109:
1097:
1074:
1010:
1008:
943:
922:
845:
826:Lake Balaton
814:
799:East Prussia
788:Vistula–Oder
786:
732:
725:
713:
659:
648:2nd Smolensk
625:
609:
592:
578:
571:
558:
536:
504:
483:Air war 1941
458:
421:
397:1st Smolensk
364:
353:Arctic Ocean
284:
277:
271:
160:Soviet Union
146:Belligerents
96:14°25′33.9″E
93:52°31′47.3″N
31:Part of the
18:
2008:. Vintage.
1862:Ziemke 1968
1850:Ziemke 1968
1838:Beevor 2002
1814:Ziemke 1968
1802:Beevor 2002
1741:Zuljan 2003
1726:Ziemke 1968
1672:Ziemke 1968
1633:Beevor 2002
1590:Beevor 2002
1262:Panzerarmee
1256:) Frankfurt
1244:Finow Canal
1186:Finow Canal
1160:pieces and
934:Oder–Neisse
621:Gorky Blitz
616:3rd Kharkov
532:2nd Kharkov
434:1st Kharkov
429:Sea of Azov
257:112,143 men
252:3,059 tanks
129:Territorial
108: /
2190:Categories
2102:1 December
1913:Isaev 2007
1901:Isaev 2006
1889:Isaev 2006
1874:Isaev 2006
1826:Isaev 2006
1711:Isaev 2007
1618:Isaev 2010
1582:Isaev 2010
1555:References
1525:Volkssturm
1373:April 2017
1343:newspapers
1225:1st Guards
1204:, and the
1147:Ivan Konev
1136:Baltic Sea
1112:Königsberg
923:Clausewitz
745:2nd Baltic
740:Dukla Pass
727:Doppelkopf
699:2nd Crimea
643:2nd Donbas
633:1st Donbas
610:Polar Star
560:Stalingrad
444:Sevastopol
439:1st Crimea
382:1st Baltic
366:Barbarossa
343:Baltic Sea
261:2,625 guns
2161:OnWar.com
1764:10 August
1600:Citations
1478:Nederland
1272:replaced
1217:33rd Army
1213:69th Army
1194:47th Army
1158:artillery
1016:‹See Tfd›
979:Reichstag
770:Gumbinnen
715:Bagration
554:Sinyavino
538:Case Blue
423:Leningrad
348:Black Sea
259:587 tanks
2002:(2005).
1980:War Maps
1932:(2002).
1787:16 April
1537:Autobahn
1471:Nordland
1406:Katyusha
1268:General
1233:3rd Army
1231:and the
1167:Katyusha
1134:and the
964:Oderberg
815:Solstice
775:Budapest
765:Courland
755:Debrecen
750:Belgrade
672:2nd Kiev
544:Caucasus
517:Demyansk
478:Chechnya
412:1st Kiev
245:Strength
67:Location
2078:25 June
1357:scholar
1254:Festung
1190:Küstrin
1162:mortars
1132:Schwedt
1106:Buildup
1063:General
1052:Marshal
1038:of the
986:Bautzen
917:Schwedt
809:Breslau
804:Silesia
709:Karelia
661:Dnieper
527:Bamberg
468:Finland
417:Tallinn
185:Germany
131:changes
84:Germany
80:Prussia
2241:Seelow
2138:
2119:
2064:
2039:
2012:
1988:
1965:
1942:
1461:panzer
1455:under
1416:Stalin
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1289:Battle
1223:. The
1192:, the
1089:Neisse
1079:. The
1020:German
969:Pankow
853:Prague
847:Berlin
836:Vienna
653:Lenino
495:Lyuban
460:Moscow
449:Rostov
407:Odessa
272:Isaev:
182:
171:Poland
157:
136:Berlin
121:Result
35:of the
2056:[
2031:[
1957:[
1364:JSTOR
1350:books
1283:Wotan
1248:Guben
1221:Guben
991:Halbe
694:Narva
667:Nevel
627:Kursk
593:Iskra
522:Kholm
506:Rzhev
473:Kerch
454:Gorky
387:Brody
372:Brest
2136:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2104:2012
2080:2014
2062:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1789:2024
1766:2023
1576:and
1481:and
1336:news
1260:4th
1227:and
1215:and
1211:The
1200:and
1087:and
1085:Oder
1009:The
781:1945
678:1944
586:1943
572:Mars
489:1942
402:Uman
359:1941
59:Date
1319:by
1246:to
1198:3rd
1138:.
1114:in
2192::
2091:.
1881:^
1757:.
1733:^
1718:^
1691:^
1640:^
1625:^
1608:^
1584:;
1518:.
1474:,
1196:,
1102:.
1095:.
1072:.
1022::
82:,
78:,
74:,
2144:.
2125:.
2106:.
2082:.
2045:.
2018:.
1994:.
1971:.
1948:.
1791:.
1768:.
1743:.
1620:.
1408:s
1386:)
1380:(
1375:)
1371:(
1361:·
1354:·
1347:·
1340:·
1313:.
1013:(
894:e
887:t
880:v
317:e
310:t
303:v
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