Battle of the Standard

1039:, i.e. between daybreak and mid-morning. In Northern England at the end of August sunrise is roughly 6 a.m. and hence the battle lasted no more than 3½ hours; by not long after 9 a.m. all elements of the Scottish army were in retreat or flight. No numbers are given for total English losses but they are said to have been light; of the knights present, only one was killed. Scottish casualties during the battle proper cannot be separated from losses whilst fleeing in the 10 or so hours of daylight remaining. The chroniclers talk variously of the fugitives scattering in all directions, of their attempting to cross the Tees where there was no ford and drowning, of their being found and killed in cornfields and woods, and of fighting between the various contingents. Richard of Hexham says that of the army which came forth from Scotland, more than ten thousand were 773:

north–south. Minor ups and downs break the line of sight along the ridge, but the 'ups' are hills only in relation to the low ground on either side of the ridge. The English army deployed across this ridge about 2 miles (3 km) north of Northallerton in a single solid formation with the armoured men and most of the knights (who had dismounted, and sent their horses to the rear) to the front supported by the archers and the more lightly equipped men of the local levies. The barons stood with the remaining dismounted knights at the centre of the line around the standard. Their left is thought to have straddled the road, with its flank protected by a marsh; it is not known if the low ground to the east of the ridge was similarly boggy, or if the English formation extended that far.

1017:

position, as or just after the Scots foot broke. According to Ailred, Henry successfully broke through and attacked the horse-holders in the rear of the Anglo-Norman position; the 'unarmed men' (i.e. unarmoured men) were dispersed, and only rallied by a claim that the Scottish king was dead. Since Prince Henry was unsupported and the rest of the army was withdrawing, for the most part in great disorder, he hid any banners showing his party to be Scottish, and retreated towards David by joining the English pursuing him. Henry of Huntingdon is keener to stress Henry's inability to shake the armoured men; again the attack ends in flight:

474:, and he had attempted to remodel Scotland to be more like Henry's England. He had carried out peaceful changes in the areas of Scotland over which he had effective control and had conducted military campaigns against semi-autonomous regional rulers to reassert his authority; in administration, in warfare, and in the settling of regained territory, he had drawn on the talent and resources of the Anglo-Norman lands. The death of Henry I in 1135, weakening England, made David more reliant on his native subjects, and allowed him to contemplate winning control over substantial areas of northern England. 1022:

by his men, but solely intent on glory and valour, while the rest were taking to flight, most bravely charged the enemy's line, and shook it by the wondrous vigour of his onset. For his troop was the only one mounted on horseback, and consisted of English and Normans, who formed a part of his father's household. His horsemen, however, were not able long to continue their attacks against soldiers on foot, cased in mail, and standing immoveable in close and dense ranks; but, with their lances broken and their horses wounded, were compelled to take to flight.

39: 805: – described by a later chronicler as "men agile, unclothed, remarkable for much baldness ; arming their left side with knives formidable to any armed men, having a hand most skillful at throwing spears and directing them from a distance; raising their long lance as a standard when they advance into battle" – were in the first line. "The second line the King's son Prince Henry arranged with great wisdom; with himself the knights and archers, adding to their number the 1871:

never known flight, nor our backs a wound. What gain were their hauberks to the Gauls at Clitheroe? Did not these men unarmed, as they say, compel them to throw away their hauberks, to forget their helmets, to leave behind their shields? Let then your prudence see, O king, what it is to have confidence in these, which in a strait are more burden than defence. We gained at Clitheroe the victory over mail-clad men: we today shall use as shield the valour of our minds, and vanquish these with spears

919:, have bowed themselves before you; and now Scotland, which of right is subject to you, attempts to show resistance, displaying a temerity not warranted by her arms, more fitted indeed for rioting than for battle. These are people, in fact, who have no knowledge of military matters, no skill in fighting, no moderation in ruling. There is no room then left for fear, but rather for shame, that those whom we have always sought on their own soil and overcome ..have ...come flocking into our country." 1066: 1693:"Therefore I ask you my lord, have you found such fidelity in the Scots that you can safely dismiss the counsel of the English for yourself and your people and deprive yourself of the aid of the Normans, as if the Scots alone sufficed even against the Scots. This reliance in the Galwegians is new to you. Today you are attacking with arms those through whom you have until now ruled, beloved by the Scots and terrible to the Galwegians" 460: 2731: 862: – a most vigorous knight, and in military matters highly distinguished – took these words ill; and turning to the earl he said, 'A great word hast thou spoken, and one which for thy life thou canst not make good this day.' Then the king, restraining both, lest a disturbance should suddenly arise out of this altercation, yielded to the will of the Galwegians. 1722:. Ailred describes him as "a worthy old man, belonging by law to the King of England, but from youth an adherent of the King of Scotland"; ie he had followed David to Scotland as a friend – which may explain the rancour of their parting. Ailred (as always)says David was blameless; the harsh words are an intervention by the king's nephew. 844:

had already demonstrated at Clitheroe that the vigour of their attack was sufficient to rout Normans in armour. David, however, paid more attention to the counter-argument of his Normans; that if the Galwegians failed the rest of the army would lose heart. The Galwegians resumed their protest, and the debate was not aided by a

1189:

The battle did not stop David achieving his declared war aims. We now know that achieving those aims while England was in turmoil did not prevent all David's gains having to be surrendered when Henry II made the Scottish monarch an offer he could not refuse. Unless David had other undeclared aims and

1175:

And prudently considering that in this matter the king of England was superior to the merits of the case by the authority of might … restored to him the … territories in their entirety, and received from him in return the earldom of Huntingdon, which belonged to him by ancient right. Things being so

940:

And let not their rashness move you, because so many insignia of your valour cause no alarm to them. They know not how to arm themselves for battle; whereas you, during the time of peace, prepare yourselves for war, in order that in battle you may not experience the doubtful contingencies of warfare.

871:

Both Ailred and Henry of Huntingdon report a speech made to the Anglo-Normans before battle was joined. The speech may well be a literary device of the chroniclers, to present the reasons why it was fit and proper that the Normans should win, rather than accurate reportage of an actual speech. Ailred

843:

Ailred says (but this may be a literary device) that this order of battle was decided at the last minute; David had intended to attack first with his knights and armoured men-at-arms, but had faced strong protests from the Galwegians that they should be given the honour of attacking first, since they

755:

gives de Brus a speech in which he tells David that the English and the Normans have always been his true friends (against the Gaels), and without their help he may not be able to keep his kingdom together. Whatever was initially said, it ended in hard words being exchanged. Having failed to persuade

585:

For the sick on their couches, women pregnant and in childbed, infants in the womb, innocents at the breast, or on the mother's knee, with the mothers themselves, decrepit old men and worn-out old women, and persons debilitated from whatever cause, wherever they met with them, they put to the edge of

1975:

Who then would not laugh, rather than fear, when to fight against such men runs the worthless Scot with half-bare buttocks ? They are those, they are only those who of yore thought not to oppose us, but to yield, when William conqueror of England penetrated Lothian, Calatria and Scotland as far

1081:

David regrouped his forces at Carlisle; the nobles of Yorkshire did not move North against him, and their local levies dispersed to their homes rejoicing at the victory. Thus, although militarily the battle was a "shattering defeat", it did not reverse David's previous gains. David had the only army

987:

after their custom gave vent thrice to a yell of horrible sound, and attacked the southerns in such an onslaught that they compelled the first spearmen to forsake their post; but they were driven off again by the strength of the knights, and recovered their courage and strength against the foe. And

576:

Then (horrible to relate) they carried off, like so much booty, the noble matrons and chaste virgins, together with other women. These naked, fettered, herded together; by whips and thongs they drove before them, goading them with their spears and other weapons. This took place in other wars, but in

2156:

The king also spoke with the prior of Hexham, who had come thither with the legate, before had appealed to him, concerning the loss sustained by him and by his brethren; and deplored it much, and promised that he would cause the whole to be restored : and moreover that he would compel his men

1897:

After this was said, when the King seemed rather to incline to the counsels of his knights, Malisse, earl of Strathearn, was greatly wroth, and said: 'Why is it, O King, that thou reliest rather upon the will of Gauls, since none of them with their arms today will advance before me, unarmed, in the

1136:

gave him silver from which he was able to strike his own coinage). Northern England did not become involved in the civil war between supporters of Stephen and those of Matilda, although magnates with holdings further south were drawn in. This included David, who despite his promise to Stephen was a

1021:

Next, the king's troop ... began to drop off, at first; man by man, and afterwards in bodies, the king standing firm, and being at last left almost alone. The king's friends seeing this, forced him to mount his horse and take to flight; but Henry, his valiant son, not heeding what he saw being done

927:

This .. has been brought about by Divine Providence; in order that those who have in this country violated the temples of God, stained the altars with blood, slain his priests, spared neither children nor pregnant women, may on the same spot receive the condign punishment of their crimes; and this

1870:

Nonetheless the Galwegians persisted, demanding that their right be granted to them. 'For why art thou fearful, O King,' said they; 'and why dost thou so greatly dread those iron tunics which thou seest far off? We surely have iron sides, a breast of bronze, a mind void of fear; and our feet have

1696:

Aelred of Rievaulx Historical Works pp. 261–262. De Brus's speech may well have been good advice in c 1155 when Ailred is thought to have written it, but in 1138 England was slipping into anarchy, and its Normans would soon be occupied with their own internecine campaigns. De Brus, however, would

1016:

David wished to stand and fight, but was forced onto his horse and compelled to retire by his friends. Ailred simply says that the English were advancing; Henry of Huntingdon says that David's 'line' had been progressively melting away. Prince Henry led mounted men in a charge on the Anglo-Norman

1111:

met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. However, Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital

965:

t is not so much the numbers of the many as the valour of the few that gains the battle. For a multitude unused to discipline is a hindrance to itself, when successful, in completing the victory, when routed, in taking to flight. Besides your forefathers, when but few in number, have many a time

567:

Remember what they did in the lands across the Tyne, and hope for nothing gentler if the Scots conquer. I am silent about the slaughter, the rapine, the fires that the enemy employed in something like a human way. I would tell such acts as no stories tell and no histories relate of the fiercest

1051:

But of army nearly ten thousand fell in different places, and as many as fifty were captured of his picked men. But the king's son came on foot with one knight only to Carlisle, while his father scarce escaped through woods and passes to Roxburgh. Of two hundred mailed knights whom had, only

714:

Much irresolution was caused by distrust of each other, arising from suspicions of treachery, by the absence of a chief and leader of the war (for their sovereign, king Stephen, encompassed by equal difficulties in the south of England, was just then unable to join them), and by their dread of

772:

on its right. Nearing Northallerton, the distance between hills and river is about 8 miles (13 km), much of it low-lying and (then) poorly drained. The road to Northallerton from the Tees (the Great North Road) therefore approaches the town along a ridge of slightly higher ground running

719:

However, urged by the 70-year-old Thurstan ('Lieutenant of the North' in addition to his ecclesiastical duties; Walter Espec was High Sheriff of Yorkshire), to stand and fight and if needs be die in a holy cause, they agreed to gather their forces and return to York, where they were joined by

477:

Henry I had wished his inheritance to pass to his daughter Matilda, and in 1127 made his notables swear an oath to uphold the succession of Matilda (David was the first layman to do so). Many of the English and Norman magnates and barons were against Matilda because she was married to

1310:

Strictly speaking he had enlarged his holdings, not his kingdom: England had not ceded territory to Scotland, rather the King of England had granted the King of Scotland various lands within England, some of which abutted Scotland. Everybody knew this to be a polite fiction,

1120:, and Prince Henry was to perform homage for his English lands, while David himself was to promise to "remain loyal" to Stephen at all times. Stephen released those who held fiefs in the lands Henry now held to do homage to Henry, saving only their fealty to Stephen. 1149:

he having first given an oath that, if he became king of England, he would give to Newcastle and all Northumbria, and would permit him and his heirs to possess in peace without counter-claim for ever the whole land which lies from the river Tweed to the river

1826:(1908), pp. 201–202. From the account of the battle, the fighting was not left entirely to the Galwegians, so Ailred's "lines" should not be taken to extend the width of the battlefield. Some historians suggest Ailred's description should be interpreted as 4 557:

an execrable army, more atrocious than the pagans, neither fearing God nor regarding man, spread desolation over the whole province and slaughtered everywhere people of either sex, of every age and rank, destroying, pillaging and burning towns, churches and

756:

David to withdraw, the emissaries returned to Thirsk, with de Brus angrily withdrawing his homage to David. David's forces crossed the Tees and moved south. The English forces moved northwards and took up a defensive position to the north of Northallerton.

1098:

At Martinmas, the garrison of Wark surrendered on the orders of the castle's owner (Walter Espec), conveyed by the abbot of Rievaulx. The garrison had eaten all but two of their horses; King David rehorsed them and allowed them to depart with their arms.

1324:'s chronicle is a good phonetic transcription. There is also a Wark with a castle in Tynedale, with which it should not be confused; Wark was strategically important because it secured the furthest point upstream at which the Tweed was the border. 1971:

The Normans held that in William the Conqueror's time the King of Scotland had done homage to him, and subsequent Kings of Scotland had served on the campaigns of the King England when summoned. Aelred has Walter Espec be slightly more specific:

428:

castle, which eventually fell. Despite losing the battle, David was subsequently given most of the territorial concessions he had been seeking (which the chronicles say he had been offered before he crossed the Tees). David held these throughout

1209:(1820), Cedric the Saxon refers to this battle and describes it as "a day of cleaving of shields, when a hundred banners were bent forwards over the heads of the valiant, and blood flowed round like water, and death was held better than flight." 562:

Monastic chroniclers often deplore depredations made by foreign armies and sometimes even those of their own rulers but some Scots forces were going beyond normal Norman 'harrying' by systematically carrying off women and children as slaves.

784:

says that David intended to take the English by surprise, there being a very close mist that day. Richard of Hexham says simply that the Scots became aware of the standard (and by implication the army underneath it) at no great distance.

1176:

arranged, England enjoyed for a time her ease and security in all her borders. And the king ruled more widely than all who were known to have ruled in England till that time, that is from the furthest bounds of Scotland as far as to the

789:

In front of the battle were the Picts ; in the centre, the king with his knights and English; the rest of the barbarian host poured roaring around them. The king and almost all his followers were on foot, their horses being kept at a

2177:(1908)p 213) Norham the neighbouring castle and whose garrison – provided by the Bishop of Durham – included only nine knights was felt to have been both under-garrisonned, and too readily surrendered (Richard of Hexham, Anderson 2157:

to compensate them for the wrong which had been done to them and to their church, and for the slaying of their vassals. And this in great part he did. For both their money and that of their vassals was almost wholly returned.

2055:(1908), pp. 203–205. (Ailred says that the attack on the horse-holders was to remove from the enemy their refuge in flight; the main effect will have been to make the Scots' flight less hazardous – is this what Ailred means?) 2284:

but beware that a continuous narrative is achieved by the editor putting together snippets from the various chronicles; the words are all in the chronicles, but the choice of material and its ordering is down to the modern

1887:

As the linked article points out; a Scots mormaer was not the same thing as an Anglo-Saxon earl, nor yet a Norse one, or a Norman one, but 'earl' will give a rough indication of their status, if not the nuances of their

417:. At this point, Henry led a spirited attack with mounted knights; he and David then withdrew separately with their immediate companions in relatively good order. Heavy Scots losses are claimed, in battle and in flight. 2172:

in recognition of their stout defence of Wark, presumably. The chroniclers say he provided 24 horses, and the usual deduction from this is that there were 24 mounted men in the garrison. (Richard of Hexham, Anderson

928:

most just resolve of the Divine will, God will this day put in execution by means of your hands. Arouse your spirits then, ye civilized warriors, and, firmly relying on the valour of your country, nay, rather on the

444:

Some chronicle accounts of the battle include an invented pre-battle speech on the glorious deeds of the Normans, occasionally quoted as good contemporary evidence of the high opinion the Normans held of themselves.

2245:

Except for the townsfolk of Beverley; henceforth it was accepted that when levies were made in Yorkshire for the royal army, it was sufficient for Beverley to send one man with the banner of St John of Beverley.

1171:. In 1157, Malcolm travelled to Chester to do homage to Henry who declared that "the king of England ought not to be defrauded of so great a part of his kingdom, nor could he patiently be deprived of it ..." 966:

conquered multitudes; what then is the natural consequence of the glories of your ancestry, your constant exercises, your military discipline, but that though fewer in number, you should overcome multitudes?"

311:

had exerted himself greatly to raise the army, preaching that to withstand the Scots was to do God's work. The centre of the English position was therefore marked by a mast (mounted upon a cart) bearing a

702: 1056:; because each had abandoned as booty to the foe almost everything that he had. And thus very great spoils were taken from his army, as well of horses and arms and raiment as of very many other things. 835:'s account of the battle would imply that the men of Lothian with their 'long spears' were in the first line; however, the generally accepted view is that the long spears were those of the Galwegians. 1567:

Little of Scotland had been feudalised by David, and consequently he had few knights at his disposal; both in comparison to the King of England and even in comparison to the notables gathered in York.

393:, early on 22 August the Scots found the English army drawn up on open fields 2 miles (3 km) north of Northallerton; they formed up in four 'lines' to attack it. The first attack, by unarmoured 1615:

Byland flourished; the refounded Calder did not, and a dispute ensued as to whether Byland was a daughter house of either Furness or the refounded Calder; eventually the matter was referred to

568:

tyrants. I would tell them, I say, if words did not fail before such horror, or the listener flee. They spared no age, rank or sex. The high born, boys as well as girls were led into captivity

1924:

The underlying themes are essentially the same, but are handled somewhat differently. Ailred's version of the speech is substantially longer, and the extracts given below are therefore from

1558:

should really be read, to put the remark into wider context. Professor Davies was 'Welsh Welsh' and probably more sympathetic to the Celtic world-view than the Anglo-Norman chroniclers were.

2698: 363: 992:

The English archery caused disorganisation and heavy casualties in the Scottish ranks. Ailred records the bravery and determination of the Galwegians, together with its ineffectiveness:

1128:

This arrangement lasted for nearly 20 years, and would appear to have been beneficial to both sides. David was able to benefit from the resources of Northern England (for example, the

1088:, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there as a papal legate to resolve a long-running dispute as to whether the 1682:(1908)); as a result of this a papal legate was sent (and will play his part later), but here Thurstan is referring to the need to resist the Scots army rather than their bishops 2609: 650:). With him were contingents from most of the separate regions of his kingdom, amounting to more than 26,000 men (many sources say this is wrong, that it was more like 16,000). 1096:(11 November) whilst continuing to blockade Wark to starve it into submission, and the 'Picts' to (also by Martinmas) return their captives to Carlisle and free them there. 895:

by birth, ... consider who you are, and against whom, and where it is, you are waging war; for then no one shall with impunity resist your prowess. Bold France, taught by

1224: 710: 1379:,'the Scots' are inhabitants of only one area of modern Scotland, 'the English' are people who speak English. and 'the Normans' may never have set foot in Normandy. 1092:

was subordinate to the archbishop of York. However, Alberic also addressed more temporal matters: he persuaded David to refrain from further offensive action until

336:: hence the name of the battle. This cart-mounted standard was a very northerly example of a type of standard common in contemporary Italy, where it was known as a 1757: 508:

In spring 1137, David again invaded England: a truce was quickly agreed. In November, the truce expired; David demanded to be made earl of the whole of the old

2119:(1908), pp. 206–208. Ailred on the same pages confirms Henry's knights to have thrown away their hauberks; Henry himself (says Ailred) gave his to a poor man. 299:, fighting rebel barons in the south, had sent a small force (largely mercenaries), but the English army was mainly local militia and baronial retinues from 2875: 988:

when the frailty of the Scottish lances was mocked by the denseness of iron and wood they drew their swords and attempted to contend at close quarters"

2309:

gives a modern (more readable) translation of the Standard narrative (pp 245–69); also includes Ailred's Lament for the Death of King David (pp 45–70)

187: 48: 2200:

ie they could fight for Henry against any of his enemies except Stephen should Henry and Stephen ever become enemies (Richard of Hexham, Anderson

586:

the sword, and transfixed with their spears; and by how much more horrible a death they could dispatch them, so much the more did they rejoice."

2003:'s claim that when the Galwegians fell back the English shouted at them 'Iry' "You're Irish", but this appears to be pure invention on his part 572:

In contemporary Britain, this was regarded as a useful source of revenue, like (and not significantly more reprehensible than) cattle-raiding.

581:

The practicalities of this would support the chroniclers' tales of sexual abuse of the slaves and casual slaughter of unsalable encumbrances:

2865: 2870: 961:

Furthermore, the Scots' advantage in numbers is no advantage at all, especially when they are up against properly trained Norman knights:

1371:; however in David's period the inhabitants of parts of the Scottish lowlands were known as Cumbrians. Similarly, Moravians are men from 996:

like a hedgehog with its quill, so would you see a Galwegian bristling all round with arrows, and nonetheless brandishing his sword, and

1780:

is notoriously prone to fog, but the visibility on the battlefield was clearly not bad enough to seriously inconvenience the archers cf

1159:

However, Prince Henry died in 1152, King David in 1153, and King Stephen in 1154. This brought to the throne of Scotland a 14-year-old

1004:

The Galwegians finally fled after the death of two of their leaders (Domnall and Ulgric); the men of Lothian similarly broke after the

1438: 854:) asking why David listened to 'foreigners' when none of those with armour on would this day outdo the mormaer who wore no armour. 590:

In February, King Stephen marched north with an army to deal with David. David successfully evaded him, and Stephen returned south.

2587: 2291:

The Chronicle of John of Worcester: The Annals from 1067 to 1140 with the Gloucester Interpolations and the Continuation to 1141

1610:: 'Houses of Cistercian monks: The abbey of Calder', A History of the County of Cumberland : Volume 2 (1905), pp. 174–178. 2569: 2413: 1107:

Negotiations between David and Stephen continued over the winter months, and on 9 April David's son Henry and Stephen's wife

737: 682: 180: 2564: 876:, Sheriff of York (and founder of Rievaulx). Henry of Huntingdon and after him Roger of Hoveden say the speech was made by 729: 744:(recently arrived with a few mercenaries sent by King Stephen) on an embassy to David, whose army was now approaching the 622:. The choice of targets has no obvious strategic logic; it may be pertinent that William eventually inherited both the 887:

The speaker first reminds the Normans of the military prowess of their race (especially when compared to the Scots):

634:

and which should have passed to him on the death of William de Meschines' son Ranulph Meschin, the founder of Calder.

505:, David declining to swear the required oath of loyalty to Stephen, since he had already sworn allegiance to Matilda. 2660: 2539: 2500: 2469: 2427: 2368: 2322: 2298: 2137: 2103: 1659: 1630: 1285: 908: 160: 1847: : A History of the English Church and People, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965, 341 pages – p. 143, had said that 2805: 1711: 493:

When Stephen was crowned on 22 December, David went to war. After two months of campaigning in northern England, a

173: 2885: 2715: 957:, that so the foeman may not find where to strike at you, on seeing you thus surrounded on every side with iron." 487: 356: 2693: 806: 1830:

arranged in a diamond formation, but this is speculation based upon 'military probability' not the chronicles.

1589:

in modern Cumbria, but in English territory ; David's Cumberland went no further down the coast than the

1005: 674: 281: 116: 44: 2757: 1715: 936:

Any keenness of the Scots to attack is because they don't understand the superiority of Norman equipment:

845: 285: 1855:(in Galloway) had converted "the Picts this side of the mountains" , hence to the chroniclers Gallwegians 424:

and reassembled an army. Within a month, a truce was negotiated which left the Scots free to continue the

2380: 2357:"Sweet Civility and Barbarous Rudeness" A view from the frontier, Abbot Ailred of Rievaulx and the Scots 607: 398: 394: 1951:"Roger of Hoveden: 'The History of England and of Other Countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201'" 1141:

The new southern border of David's realm appeared to be permanently secured in 1149, when Matilda's son

2880: 2763: 2751: 904: 751:

The emissaries promised to obtain the earldom of Northumberland for Henry, if the Scots army withdrew.

479: 1190:

ambitions which defeat at the Standard thwarted, therefore, the battle had no long-term significance.

2855: 2279: 2532:

Anglo-Norman Warfare: Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Military Organization and Warfare

244: 2860: 2710: 2474: 533:

and its garrison was under-strength; it quickly fell. Having failed to rapidly seize the castle at

483: 454: 409:, failed. Within three hours, the Scots army disintegrated, apart from small bodies of knights and 352: 224: 1475: 2826: 2793: 2787: 2745: 1736: 1085: 659: 494: 1697:

have had a very specific concern ; de Brus's birthplace and English fief was Skelton, near

2890: 2833: 2811: 1590: 1160: 829:

and Moravians ; several also of the English and French knights he appointed as his bodyguard."

822: 434: 234: 2769: 2653: 1611: 1520: 1511: 1301:. vol. 75 (1996) (p. 18) suggests David may have had his own ambitions for the English throne 1167:

who had at his command the resources not only of an England free from civil war, but also of

765: 662:

to the North East of York began to raid surrounding areas in support of David (or Matilda).

549:

The actions of the army that invaded England in early 1138 shocked the English chroniclers.

2781: 1515: 1490: 1446: 1247: 1043:

from the re-mustered survivors. Later chroniclers built upon this to claim 10–12,000 Scots

900: 741: 725: 425: 209: 470:

David had gained the Scottish throne largely because of the support of his brother-in-law

8: 2799: 2720: 2669: 2559: 2247: 2226: 2184: 1469: 1164: 1142: 1117: 1108: 832: 611: 599: 509: 438: 289: 214: 121: 104: 2775: 1827: 1675: 1616: 1485: 1082:

still under arms and was left to consolidate his hold on Cumberland and Northumberland.

929: 802: 798: 794: 752: 706: 502: 471: 296: 273: 229: 99: 1650:

the value of the major holdings in Yorkshire is given on p298 of Dalton, Paul et al.,

2535: 2496: 2465: 2423: 2409: 2364: 2342: 2318: 2294: 2264: 2133: 2099: 1671: 1655: 1626: 1598: 1481: 1364: 1321: 1281: 1089: 896: 781: 686: 651: 627: 619: 610:; on 10 June, he met and defeated an English force of knights and men-at-arms at the 550: 414: 317: 156: 2580: 2730: 2678: 2646: 2477:, "Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1066–1174", in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds.), 2328: 2000: 1925: 1813:(1908) (actually describing Galwegians in connection with a Scots invasion in 1173) 1781: 1461: 916: 881: 670: 647: 530: 464: 333: 329: 321: 308: 304: 239: 2332:

The History of England and of Other Countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201

2250:

was indeed fought and won on the feast of the translation of St John of Beverley.)

38: 2091: 1507: 1129: 1069: 1032: 826: 818: 721: 678: 631: 406: 348: 541:

from settlements and religious establishments to be spared plunder and burning.

1212: 1168: 655: 371: 2441:

The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343

1747:

UK Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Second Series Sheet 99 'Northallerton & Ripon'

1552:

The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343

764:

Moving south from the Tees David's army would have had the high ground of the

2849: 2624: 2611: 1732: 1602: 1229: 1047:. John of Worcester gives more details on the fortunes of the Scots knights 912: 877: 534: 526: 375: 265: 73: 673:(who, as will presently appear, greatly exerted himself in this emergency), 537:, David detached forces to besiege it and moved deeper into Northumberland, 2575: 1950: 1777: 1594: 1200: 946: 873: 810: 690: 665:

The magnates of Yorkshire gathered in York to discuss the worsening crisis:

615: 325: 277: 1215:

gives a fictional account of the Battle of the Standard in his 1969 novel

1698: 1525: 1137:

loyal supporter of Matilda, but he did not go South with a Scottish army.

859: 769: 698: 430: 410: 197: 30: 1976:

as Abernethy, where the warlike Malcolm was made ours by his surrender

1756:'England – Yorkshire: 056', Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 – Epoch 1 (1857). 1000:

rushing forward now smite a foe, now lash the air with useless strokes.

745: 643: 498: 386: 1670:

Thurstan had been in a sustained dispute with David as to whether the

1619:

for his decision: Ailred was a leading light in his age and his region

512:. Stephen refused and in January 1138 David invaded for a third time. 459: 1848: 1719: 1480:

has 2 pages (180–181) of collated outrage. The two principal sources

1093: 997: 923:

He next assures them that God has chosen them to punish the Scots:

603: 593: 538: 337: 300: 269: 1065: 1999:"We are the Men of Scotland", which gives some malicious humour to 1852: 1233: 1177: 1133: 1113: 421: 379: 1554:, (Oxford, 2000) pp. 122–123. The whole of the chapter/lecture 1072:

was rebuilt by King David, and became one of his chief residences.

1376: 1368: 1205: 1053: 892: 851: 814: 694: 623: 525:

David first moved against English castles on the Tweed frontier.

2479:

England and Her Neighbours: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais

2448:

The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence

2187:

a standard price appears to have been £2" Prestwich, Michael,

954: 950: 942: 733: 402: 2548:) A History of the County of Cumberland : Volume 2 (1905) 501:

to David was agreed. Additionally, David's son Henry was made

165: 2096:

Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages; the English Experience

1372: 1036: 983:

The battle began with a charge by the Galwegian spearmen who

637: 544: 1605:

refused to readmit them, Calder had to be refounded in 1142.

911:, on having you for her masters, has flourished once again; 797:

gives the eventual deployment of the Scots as being in four

1840: 390: 2638: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1641:(William also inherited the role of lay patron of Calder.) 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1011: 343:

King David had entered England for two declared reasons:

1471:

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286

320:

and from which were flown the consecrated banners of the

313: 1772:

John of Worcester , Richard of Hexham; both in Anderson

1537:

Walter Espec's speech before the Battle of the Standard

515: 2064:

John of Hexham & Richard of Hexham ; Anderson

1931: 1411: 1123: 759: 715:

encountering, with an inadequate force, so great a host

658:

in Northumberland. The garrison of Eustace's castle at

1731:

covering both the road to York and the road south via

2385:

England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

2276:

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286

1339:

England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

978: 2315:

Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People

1652:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154

351:'s claim to the English throne against that of King 2588:"Medieval Knights: Arms and Armor at Northallerton" 1439:"Richard of Hexham : De Gestis Regis Stephani" 420:The English did not pursue far; David fell back to 264:, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Moor near 2339:The Church Historians of England, volume 4, part 1 1494:were well-placed for the events they relate – see 1337:, (Malden, MA, 1998), pp. 84–85; Robert Bartlett, 646:and was in "St Cuthbert's land" (the lands of the 594:Scots raid into Craven and the Battle of Clitheroe 1678:(the sparring on this occupies pages in Anderson 1387: 1385: 463:Scottish atrocities depicted in the 14th-century 2847: 2484:Green, Judith A., "David I and Henry I", in the 1654:, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 2002), 1297:Green, Judith A., "David I and Henry I", in the 2422:, Cambridge University Press,(Cambridge,1999), 2153:(1908) pp. 211–212. Richard also reports that, 1625:, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge,1999) 520: 2269:Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286 2094:reign a hauberk cost £1 " Prestwich, Michael, 1995:of some antiquity corresponding to the Gaelic 1991:(1908), p. 202 – says the cry was 'Albani', a 1443:Church Historians of England, volume 4, part 1 1436: 1382: 654:had declared for David and handed over to him 437:was soon forced to surrender David's gains to 2654: 2401:pp. 99–107 in Haskins Society Journal 1989, 1 2359:p. 63 onwards in Ellis Steven G et al. (eds) 1184: 1026: 181: 2406:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare, 2377:pp. 91–98 in Haskins Society Journal 1989, 1 2098:, Yale University Press, (New Haven, 1996), 1845:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 1084:On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, bishop of 970:These preliminaries over, the battle began. 932:, arise against these most unrighteous foes" 2876:Registered historic battlefields in England 2349: 433:, but on the death of David, his successor 2661: 2647: 2420:The Monastic Order in Yorkshire, 1069–1215 2361:Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities 1623:The Monastic Order in Yorkshire, 1069–1215 1102: 899:, has quailed beneath your valour, fierce 776: 720:reinforcements from Nottinghamshire under 638:Peace feelers fail; David enters Yorkshire 545:Scots slave-raiding and Anglo-Norman alarm 188: 174: 37: 2699:Political and military events in Scotland 2399:The Battle Rhetoric of Aelred of Rievaulx 2293:Oxford University Press, ( Oxford, 1995) 2282:(ed.) (Stamford, 1991) – see link below, 1710:He had done homage to David for lands in 1236:, in the vanguard of the Scottish charge. 1031:The battle lasted no longer than between 614:. He also destroyed the recently founded 370:David's forces had already taken much of 159:called "The Battle of the Standard", see 2305:Aelred of Rievaulx: The Historical Works 1792:Account by Richard of Hexham – Anderson 1776:(1908) J of W p. 196, R of H p. 202 The 1701:, a short day's march south of the Tees. 1467: 1320:Otherwise known as Carham – 'Carrum' in 1193: 1064: 872:of Rievaulx says the speech was made by 858:And Alan de Percy, base-born son of the 458: 16:1138 battle between England and Scotland 1012:The King retreats; Prince Henry attacks 630:, previously held by his father-in-law 2848: 2317:by Henry of Huntingdon (Oxford, 1996) 1154: 1076: 866: 2642: 2581:Battle of the Standard, Scots version 2514:Aelred of Rievaulx and his Biographer 2189:Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages 1948: 1556:Sweet Civility and Barbarous Rudeness 516:Campaigning in 1138 before the battle 169: 2866:Battles between England and Scotland 2585: 1539:Ailred of Rievaulx: Historical Works 1124:Northern England under Scottish rule 891:Most illustrious nobles of England, 825:. The King kept in his own line the 760:Battlefield and English dispositions 2871:Military history of North Yorkshire 2455:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 2375:Aelred of Rievaulx and Walter Espec 1593:. The surviving monks resettled at 884:as the representative of Thurstan. 642:By late July David had crossed the 13: 2341:(London, 1853–58) (translation of 2313:Greenway, Diana E (trans & ed) 1145:was knighted by David at Carlisle 979:Galwegian attack is held and fails 362:To enlarge his kingdom beyond his 14: 2902: 2553: 2507:David: The King Who Made Scotland 1578:David: The King Who Made Scotland 1406:David: The King Who Made Scotland 1393:David: The King Who Made Scotland 1352:David: The King Who Made Scotland 405:) supported by telling fire from 161:The Battle of Anghiari (Leonardo) 2729: 2586:Gore, Terry (10 February 2019). 1714:– where he had built castles at 1367:and the northern half of modern 817:formed the third rank, with the 2572:(English traditional chronicle) 2488:. vol. 75 (1996), pp. 1–19 2327:Riley, Henry – translation of 2303:Freeland, J P (trans & ed) 2278:, (London, 1908), republished, 2239: 2220: 2207: 2194: 2162: 2143: 2122: 2109: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2045: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1987:Henry of Huntingdon – Anderson 1981: 1965: 1918: 1905: 1891: 1881: 1862: 1833: 1816: 1799: 1786: 1766: 1750: 1741: 1725: 1704: 1685: 1664: 1644: 1635: 1583: 1570: 1561: 1544: 1531: 1506:(two contemporary examples are 1500: 1474:. London: David Nutt. pp. 1437:Stevenson, Joseph (1853–1858). 1398: 941:Cover your heads then with the 195: 2495:, Birlinn, (Edinburgh, 2007), 2334:(London,1853) – see link below 2289:Darlington, Reginald, et al., 1822:Ailred of Rievaulx – Anderson 1762:covers most of the battle area 1468:Anderson, Alan O (1908). "V". 1357: 1344: 1327: 1314: 1304: 1291: 1270: 1261: 838: 598:In the summer, David's nephew 1: 2694:Earl and ruler of Strathclyde 2464:, Routledge, (London, 1974), 2462:Historical Writing in England 2436:, 2nd ed., (Malden, MA, 1998) 2257: 2132:, (revised edn: London, 1992 2012:Ailred of Rievaulx, Anderson 1758:Date accessed: 21 August 2008 1612:Date accessed: 17 August 2008 1280:, (revised edn: London, 1992 728:, and from Derbyshire led by 577:this to a far greater extent. 490:, seized the throne instead. 448: 2758:Maud, Countess of Huntingdon 2716:Relationship with the Church 2392:Warfare in England 1066–1189 2149:Richard of Hexham, Anderson 1060: 1052:nineteen brought back their 521:David invades Northumberland 155:For the planned painting by 7: 2668: 2271:, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922) 1240: 953:, and your bodies with the 10: 2907: 2806:Mary, Countess of Boulogne 2764:Henry, Earl of Northumbria 2752:Saint Margaret of Scotland 2486:Scottish Historical Review 2274:Anderson, Alan Orr (ed.), 2213:Roger of Hoveden Anderson 1299:Scottish Historical Review 1185:Significance of the battle 1027:Scots' rout and casualties 915:so famed, and illustrious 480:Geoffrey V, count of Anjou 452: 154: 2821: 2800:Matilda, Queen of England 2776:Edmund, Bishop of Dunkeld 2738: 2727: 2711:Relationship with England 2686: 2676: 2509:, (Gloucestershire, 2004) 2230:Historia Rerum Anglicarum 1601:after their parent house 973: 510:earldom of Northumberland 413:around David and his son 316:carrying the consecrated 205: 140: 127: 110: 93: 55: 36: 28: 23: 2350:Modern secondary sources 1843:in chapter III.4 of his 1341:, (Oxford, 2000), p. 10. 1254: 945:, your breasts with the 488:Theobald, count of Blois 455:England and King David I 43:Battlefield monument at 2794:Alexander I of Scotland 2788:Edgar, King of Scotland 2746:Malcolm III of Scotland 2592:Warfare History Network 2546:Victoria County History 2521:The Normans in Scotland 2130:Scotland: A New History 1674:was subordinate to the 1608:Victoria County History 1597:under the patronage of 1278:Scotland: A New History 1103:Another peace agreement 1008:was killed by an arrow 777:Scots arrive and deploy 736:, from where they sent 539:demanding contributions 262:Battle of Northallerton 260:, sometimes called the 2886:Battles of The Anarchy 2812:Malcolm IV of Scotland 2796:(brother, predecessor) 2704:Battle of the Standard 2534:, (Woodbridge, 1992), 2434:England and its Rulers 2159: 1978: 1873: 1695: 1335:England and its Rulers 1182: 1169:much of Western France 1161:Malcolm IV of Scotland 1152: 1073: 1058: 1024: 1002: 990: 968: 959: 934: 921: 864: 792: 717: 588: 579: 570: 560: 467: 435:Malcolm IV of Scotland 401:(including dismounted 374:apart from castles at 258:Battle of the Standard 111:Commanders and leaders 24:Battle of the Standard 2814:(grandson, successor) 2770:Duncan II of Scotland 2530:Strickland, Matthew, 2154: 1973: 1949:Riley, Henry (1853). 1868: 1807:Imagines Historiarum 1691: 1521:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1516:William the Conqueror 1512:Harrying of the North 1194:In historical fiction 1173: 1147: 1068: 1049: 1019: 994: 985: 963: 949:, your legs with the 938: 925: 889: 856: 787: 768:on its left, and the 766:North Yorkshire Moors 748:and North Yorkshire. 667: 583: 574: 565: 555: 486:, younger brother of 462: 385:Advancing beyond the 347:To support his niece 141:Casualties and losses 2687:Relations and events 2625:54.37354°N 1.44734°W 2516:, (Manchester, 1922) 2081:(1908), pp. 205–206. 2042:(1908), pp. 203–204. 1796:(1908), pp. 200–201. 1491:Relatio de Standardo 1248:Relatio de Standardo 852:native 'great lords' 711:Robert de Stuteville 632:William de Meschines 628:Lordship of Copeland 482:. On Henry's death, 2721:Davidian Revolution 2621: / 2525:narrative of battle 2460:Gransden, Antonia, 2457:, (Edinburgh, 1975) 2450:, (Edinburgh, 2002) 2227:William of Newburgh 1851:from his church at 1809:p. 247 of Anderson 1165:Henry II of England 1163:now facing a young 1155:Status quo restored 1109:Matilda of Boulogne 1077:End of the campaign 903:, led captive, has 867:Anglo-Normans orate 833:Henry of Huntingdon 732:. They advanced to 626:in Craven, and the 612:battle of Clitheroe 600:William fitz Duncan 439:Henry II of England 290:David I of Scotland 105:Kingdom of Scotland 2630:54.37354; -1.44734 2565:Battlefields Trust 2523:(Edinburgh, 1954)( 2519:Ritchie R. L. G., 2491:Moffat, Alistair, 2453:Duncan, A. A. M., 2446:Duncan, A. A. M., 2355:Aird, William M., 2337:Stevenson, Joseph 2265:Anderson, Alan Orr 1898:battle? Anderson 1676:Archbishop of York 1486:Ailred of Rievaulx 1074: 795:Ailred of Rievaulx 753:Ailred of Rievaulx 742:Bernard de Balliol 503:Earl of Huntingdon 472:Henry I of England 468: 297:Stephen of England 100:Kingdom of England 2881:Conflicts in 1138 2843: 2842: 2594:. Sovereign Media 2570:Richard of Hexham 2443:, (Oxford, 2000) 2414:978-0-203-64466-9 2408:Routledge (2004) 2397:Bliese J. R. E., 2394:(New York, 1966) 2345:– see link below) 2343:Richard of Hexham 2310: 2307:(Kalamazoo,2005) 2286: 2280:Marjorie Anderson 2001:a Tudor antiquary 1672:Bishop of Glasgow 1482:Richard of Hexham 1449:on 6 October 2008 1322:Richard of Hexham 1232:places his hero, 1225:Lord of the Isles 1217:Knight in Anarchy 1090:bishop of Glasgow 782:John of Worcester 730:Robert de Ferrers 726:Geoffrey Halsalin 703:Richard de Courcy 675:William of Aumale 652:Eustace fitz John 624:Honour of Skipton 551:Richard of Hexham 282:William of Aumale 253: 252: 157:Leonardo da Vinci 153: 152: 117:William of Aumale 89: 88: 72:Cowton Moor near 2898: 2856:1138 in Scotland 2733: 2679:King of Scotland 2663: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2576:Roger of Hoveden 2560:Anderson (1908) 2475:Green, Judith A. 2387:, (Oxford, 2000) 2381:Bartlett, Robert 2363:, (Pisa, 2007), 2329:Roger of Hoveden 2308: 2283: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2166: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2128:Lynch, Michael, 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1985: 1979: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1946: 1929: 1926:Roger of Hoveden 1922: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1866: 1860: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1805:Ralph de Diceto 1803: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1782:Battle of Towton 1770: 1764: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1729: 1723: 1708: 1702: 1689: 1683: 1668: 1662: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1599:Roger de Mowbray 1587: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1504: 1498: 1479: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1445:. Archived from 1434: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1389: 1380: 1361: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1295: 1289: 1276:Lynch, Michael, 1274: 1268: 1267:Bradbury, p. 238 1265: 1132:of the northern 998:in blind madness 882:bishop of Orkney 850:(one of David's 699:William de Percy 687:Roger de Mowbray 671:Thurstan of York 648:Bishop of Durham 531:Bishop of Durham 529:belonged to the 465:Luttrell Psalter 309:Thurstan of York 200: 190: 183: 176: 167: 166: 57: 56: 51: 41: 21: 20: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2861:1138 in England 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2817: 2734: 2725: 2682: 2672: 2667: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2556: 2551: 2527:is pp. 256–270) 2505:Oram, Richard, 2439:Davies. R. R., 2432:Clancy, M. T., 2418:Burton, Janet, 2352: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2234:Scottish Annals 2225: 2221: 2215:Scottish Annals 2212: 2208: 2202:Scottish Annals 2199: 2195: 2182: 2179:Scottish Annals 2175:Scottish Annals 2167: 2163: 2151:Scottish Annals 2148: 2144: 2127: 2123: 2117:Scottish Annals 2114: 2110: 2089: 2085: 2079:Scottish Annals 2076: 2072: 2066:Scottish Annals 2063: 2059: 2053:Scottish Annals 2050: 2046: 2040:Scottish Annals 2037: 2033: 2029:(1908), p. 203. 2027:Scottish Annals 2024: 2020: 2016:(1908), p. 202. 2014:Scottish Annals 2011: 2007: 1989:Scottish Annals 1986: 1982: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1947: 1932: 1923: 1919: 1913:Scottish Annals 1910: 1906: 1900:Scottish Annals 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1876:Scottish Annals 1867: 1863: 1838: 1834: 1824:Scottish Annals 1821: 1817: 1811:Scottish Annals 1804: 1800: 1794:Scottish Annals 1791: 1787: 1774:Scottish Annals 1771: 1767: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1730: 1726: 1709: 1705: 1690: 1686: 1680:Scottish Annals 1669: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1621:Burton, Janet, 1620: 1614: 1606: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1550:Davies. R. R., 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1508:Orderic Vitalis 1505: 1501: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1435: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1362: 1358: 1349: 1345: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1243: 1196: 1187: 1157: 1138: 1126: 1105: 1097: 1083: 1079: 1070:Carlisle Castle 1063: 1029: 1014: 1006:earl of Lothian 981: 976: 930:presence of God 869: 841: 821:and the men of 813:... The men of 779: 762: 722:William Peverel 713: 707:William Fossard 640: 596: 553:records that: 547: 523: 518: 457: 451: 254: 249: 201: 196: 194: 164: 85:English victory 77: 47: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2904: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772:(half-brother) 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2605: 2604: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2554:External links 2552: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2528: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2489: 2482: 2481:(London, 1989) 2472: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2416: 2404:Bradbury, J., 2402: 2395: 2390:Beeler, John, 2388: 2378: 2371: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2335: 2325: 2311: 2301: 2287: 2272: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2238: 2219: 2206: 2204:(1908) p. 214) 2193: 2181:(1908) p. 188) 2161: 2142: 2121: 2108: 2083: 2070: 2068:(1908), p. 204 2057: 2044: 2031: 2018: 2005: 1980: 1964: 1953:. Bohn, London 1930: 1917: 1915:(1908) p. 199. 1904: 1890: 1880: 1878:(1908), p. 199 1861: 1832: 1815: 1798: 1785: 1765: 1749: 1740: 1737:old Roman road 1724: 1703: 1684: 1663: 1643: 1634: 1582: 1580:, pp. 132–133. 1569: 1560: 1543: 1530: 1499: 1460: 1410: 1408:, pp. 126–127. 1397: 1395:, pp. 122–125. 1381: 1356: 1354:, pp. 121–123. 1343: 1326: 1313: 1303: 1290: 1269: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1220: 1213:George Shipway 1210: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1156: 1153: 1125: 1122: 1104: 1101: 1078: 1075: 1062: 1059: 1028: 1025: 1013: 1010: 980: 977: 975: 972: 868: 865: 840: 837: 811:Teviotdalesmen 778: 775: 761: 758: 738:Robert de Brus 695:Ilbert de Lacy 683:Robert de Brus 679:Walter de Gant 656:Alnwick Castle 639: 636: 595: 592: 546: 543: 522: 519: 517: 514: 453:Main article: 450: 447: 372:Northumberland 368: 367: 364:previous gains 360: 303:and the north 278:English forces 251: 250: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 206: 203: 202: 193: 192: 185: 178: 170: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 71: 69: 65: 64: 63:22 August 1138 61: 53: 52: 45:grid reference 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2903: 2892: 2891:Northallerton 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2827:← Alexander I 2824: 2823: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2540:0-8511-5328-3 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512:Powicke, M., 2511: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2501:1-84158-466-5 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2470:0-415-15124-4 2467: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2428:0-521-55229-X 2425: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2369:88-8492-466-9 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2323:0-19-822224-6 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2299:0-19-820702-6 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2138:0-7126-9893-0 2135: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2104:0-300-07663-0 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1968: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1902:(1908) p. 199 1901: 1894: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1733:Boroughbridge 1728: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1660:0-521-52464-4 1657: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1632: 1631:0-521-55229-X 1628: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603:Furness Abbey 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1407: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1333:M.T. 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Battle of the Standard

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