Manila Bay - Knowledge

761: 786: 1021: 66: 1178: 83: 119: 1507:

to the complex nature of existent ecosystems; investment to coastal protection means such as the implementation of concrete walls; laws and policies dedicated to the protection of habitats and restriction or zoning of developments; as well as public educational programs to increase the intensity of conservation support. Long-term goals for Manila Bay would ideally include the decrease or termination of nearby highly polluting enterprises, implementation effective standards for waste-water discharge and an overall improved

1256: 1581: 708: 1013: 636:, an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay. Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. 3441: 2493: 1002: 126: 90: 1305:

ships arrive and depart annually to transport passengers, manufactured goods and raw materials. Industrial waste discharges and discharges of untreated domestic wastes from drainage and sewer outlets have contributed to the severe decline in the quality of water and sediments in the bay as well as impacted on the existing marine habitats.

1089:(Revitalize Manila) in 2002, the local government made the initiative of enhancing the seaside promenade of Manila through urban renewal, upkeep and improvements. What later became known as Baywalk, the facelift of the 2 km strip of central public space aimed at creating a venue for social interaction and recreation. 1092:

With reference to its colonial history, Manila's waterfront expresses power through the dominant classes which uses the Baywalk for exercise, fishing or socialization. The mix of land utilization and social activity provides public access to the edge of the sea, and counters vagrancy and mendicancy.

1299:

Successive changes in and around Manila Bay are largely due to the intertwining impacts of continued industrialization, unrelenting increase in population, and incessant human activities catering to livelihood and habitation. These factors are directly degrading the overall environment of Manila Bay

576:

contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is 19 km (11.8 mi) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However,

1870:

Oposa, A. (1996). Legal Marketing of Environmental Law: The Philippine Experience. Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement. United States Environmental Protection Agency National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP).USA:Cincinnati. pp

1506:

and its objectives within the nation of the Philippines, official awareness of global warming and the investment to applicable research is in itself triumphant. Further steps to meet the challenge of rehabilitation and sea-level rise within Manila Bay may include additional research to gain insight

2310:

Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia-PEMSEA. (2001). Manila Bay: Initial risk assessment. PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2001/01, 112 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization

1755:

PEMSEA. (2004) Manila Bay: Refined Risk Assessment. PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2004/01. Global Environment Facility / United Nations Development Programme / International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East

1342:

With the presence of ports, sea-based sources of pollution around the bay are from ships and motorized boats. Twelve oil spills were recorded in 1995, but it was in 1999 where the highest total volume of oil spill occurred in the Manila South Harbor and Limay, Bataan. Increased presence of oil and

1143:

for example had issued the Metro Manila Development Authority an order to "demolish illegal structures and dwellings along riverbanks and waterways connected to Manila Bay by 2015" in March 2011 as an attempt to decrease mass occurrences of water pollution. Projects involving the wider communities

1039:

Largely intended for use in human settlement and industrial development, land reclamation projects contributed to the reduction of mangroves around the area, as well as significant reduction in Metro Manila's shoreline. From 1944 to 1991, approximately 600 m of shoreline have been reclaimed in the

1304:

within the bay. Several industries operate along the bay in the highly urbanized Metro Manila area, while there are shipyard facilities in Cavite and in Bataan, several more heavy industries, refineries and a power plant are present. At the shipping ports and ferry terminals, an average of 30,000

1447:

of Manila Bay and its bordering cities. With recent studies predicting that the sea level could rise between .75 and 1.9 metres by 2100 and considering the vast landscape of development, growing industries and overly dense population, the exponential assets exposed to flood-prone zones is a dire

1138:

Despite the issues generally associated with developing countries, such as poverty, over-population and food security, there is surprisingly a growing concern for the environmental vitality of Manila Bay. Rehabilitation, which in this case refers to an attempt to improve an aquatic system and

660:

in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States' naval strength. All major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal and Filipino

793:

The mangrove ecosystem around Manila Bay has both ecological and socioeconomic uses with its association of unique plant and animal species. Of the original 54,000 hectares of mangroves existing at the turn of the 20th century, only 794 hectares are remaining as recorded in 1995. A few of the

1376:

Pesticide residues from rice paddy water draining into irrigation canals, which later on empty into river systems and eventually flowing into the surrounding lakes reaches the waters of Manila Bay. Compounds from these pesticide residues find themselves in food items with metamidophos,

2320:

Bajet, C.M. (2003). Ecotoxicology of pesticides in Philippine aquatic ecosystems. In: Taylor MD, Klaine SJ, Carvalho FP, Barcelo´ D, Everaarts J, editors. Pesticide residues in coastal tropical ecosystems. Distribution, fate and effects. London: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press. pp

1197:

of the Manila Bay rehabilitation. When the Manila Bay Beach project came to wider public attention, the project has received criticism from environment and heritage conservationist groups. Among these include the timing of the project which was implemented amidst the

1493:

in order to protect Manila and the surrounding provinces from the sea level rise that is expected as a result of climate change. However, he also noted that closing Manila Bay by means of a dyke would also require a new harbor location to replace the Port of Manila.

1317:

of 32.6 psu (practical salinity unit). Due to the river influx, the areas near the coasts have low salinity especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River in the eastern part of the bay. The bay's salinity is also affected by strong seasonal variations.

1860:

De Barros, J., Myers, G.A., Harris, R. (Reviewer): Order and place: in a Colonial city. Patterns of struggle and resistance in Georgetown, British Guiana, 1889–1924. Verandahs of power: colonialism and space in urban Africa Urban History Review, 32(1). Fall,

743:

and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding. It was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair. In April 2012, the sea walls were once again opened to the public, having been redesigned to withstand a strong storm surge.

623:

Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located 3 kilometers from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is

1683:

Jacinto, G.S., Velasquez, I.B., San Diego-McGlone, M.L., Villanoy, C.L. and Siringan, F.B.(2006)."Biophysical Environment of Manila Bay - Then and Now", in Wolanski, E.(ed.)The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands. p.

1116:

Manila Bay and its corresponding resources are considered critical recipients of environmental protection. As indicated in the 1987 Constitution (Article II, Section 16) there exists legal basis for environmental protection with the provision that:

715:

The bay remains important for commerce and industry, including fishing, although rapid urban growth and industrialization are contributing to a decline in water quality and deteriorating marine habitats. It also serves a focus for recreation for

1144:

include organization of the "Manila Bay Clean Up Run," which essentially supports the Philippine Environment Agencies with their objectives to raise funding and awareness towards the rehabilitation of Manila Bay's natural environments.

776:

were sighted in the area. A large number of migratory birds, catfish and mackerels were once abundant in these waters. Their decline ushered in the appearance of squid, shrimp, and small pelagic species such as herrings and anchovies.

1373:(PAH) found in Manila Bay sediments have been influenced by human activities. PAH come principally from petrogenic sources (e.g., oil discharges from ships, refineries and industries) and pyrolytic sources (from combustion sources). 1068:

dominant from 1977 to 1991. Most area of the bay, except those near the ports, are largely used as a major fishing ground, with fisheries and aquaculture as the dominant source of livelihood for the inhabitants in the coastal areas.

1063:

have impacted the physical features of the bay whereby what used to be irregular shoreline in 1944 has become more linear by 1977. Shoreline retreat continued as man-made structures such as fish pens occupied the coastal areas, with

976:

abound which are sources of food, timber, fuel wood and other products, as well as habitats for wildlife. These forests provide protection from soil erosion and help maintain the water levels and water quality in rivers and streams.

1072:

From 1990, approximately 1,200 hectares of mangroves were cleared, with the land converted for aquaculture or used as salt beds. In 1993 much of the fisheries resources steadily declined due to overfishing and overharvesting.

1714:

MMDA-Metro Manila Development Authority versus Concerned Residents of Manila Bay. (2008) in de Castro, J.A.I. "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection." G.R. Nos. 171947-48, 574 SCRA 661, 665

1895:

Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Bajet, C.M., Navarro-Calingacion, M. and Carvalho, F.P. (2010). PCBs in sediments and oysters of Manila Bay, the Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 20(4): pp

1650:

Jacinto, G.S., Azanza, R.V., Velasquez, I.B. and Siringan, F.P.(2006)."Manila Bay:Environmental Challenges and Opportunities" in Wolanski, E.(ed.) The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands.

692:-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in this conflict, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially came to an end in September 1905. During the 1343:

grease in the waters are attributed to maritime activities at the harbors, together with the presence of oil terminals and the discharges from industries. These factors directly impacted the health of Manila Bay's waters.

794:

mangrove swamps remaining in Pampanga Bay are of considerable value for research and conservation education. As natural habitats, mangroves considerably help in acting as a protective buffer against cyclones and storms.

2424:

Perez, R.T., Feir, R.B., Carandang, E. and Gonzalez, E.B. (1996). Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Resrouces of Manila Bay: A Preliminary Vulnerability Assessment. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92,

1040:

northern part. In 2009, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) said that there are 7,000 hectares of foreshore areas in Cavite and 5,000 hectares of shallow coastal waters to expand

1480:

Vulnerability maps were drawn to outline townscape in accelerated sea level timelines. Using such resources pinpoints the populated areas and natural habitats most likely to be inundated as a result of global

1779:

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources – BFAR. (1995). Fisheries Sector Program – Resources and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay. Final Report. BFAR- Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.

1448:

issue. The Philippine Country Study to Address Climate Change has depicted a proactive approach to this environmental issue through governance of a detailed impact assessment covering the following elements:

2372:

Carvalho, F.P., Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Bajet, C.M. and Calingacion, M.N. (2009). Organic Contaminants in the Marine Environment of Manila Bay, Philippines. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.

2339:

Jacinto, G., Sotto, L., Senal, M., San Diego-McGlone, M., Escobar. M., Amano. A. and Miller, T. (2011) Hypoxia in Manila Bay, Philippines during the northeast monsoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 63: pp

1797:

Alonzo-Pasicolan, S. (1987). Status of Wetlands in Luzon. Paper presented at the Conference on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in Asia, Malacca, Malaysia, February 23–28, 1987. IWRB & Interwater.

1358:

at the surface of the water were found at the bay coming from sea-based and land-based (e.g., domestic sewage, industrial effluents, runoff, combustion emissions, and mining operations) sources.

1236:

projects, the area can serve as additional habitat for a number of species such as sea turtles, as well as sea birds and beach flora. When the beach was first opened to the public, a flock of

1693:

Jaraula, C.B., Siringan, F.P. (2004). Multi-proxy reconstruction of Late Quaternary evolution of Laguna de Bai, Philippines. (Submitted to Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology).

1334:

have also contributed to changing the bay's coastline. In some parts of the bay, however, erosion are prevented by seawalls and breakers particularly in areas where land has been reclaimed.

2204: 1806:

International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management - ICLARM (1996). Resource and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay Philippines: Results of Monitoring Activities (1995-1996).

1247:

level in the waters around the beach, from 2.2 million mpn/100ml last January 4, 2021 to 523,000 mpn/100 ml in February 2021, based on the average count from three monitoring stations.

1108:

At the onset, lack of funds hampered the revival of the Baywalk. Eventually, planning for the Baywalk means understanding and regulating diversity of functions with appropriate policy.

801:(gray or white mangrove) together with 15 species of mangroves belonging to 9 families that grow there. In the Bataan area, species of mangrove swamps that are found thriving include: 544:

of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries, becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to

2349:

Velasquez I., Jacinto, G.S., and Valera, F.S., (2002). The speciation of dissolved copper, cadmium and zinc in Manila Bay, Philippines. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45, pp 210-217

2962: 548:. With an area of 1,994 km (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km (118.1 mi), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by 2967: 952:

provide shelter for fishes and other marine life forms. Like the coral reefs, most of the seagrass beds in Manila Bay are found near its mouth, most notably in the areas of

2787: 2060: 2358:

Santiago, E.C., (1997). The levels and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contamination in bottom sediment in Manila Bay. Science Diliman 9, pp 16-28

1416:

in the bay, from the 1980s, through to the 1990s and beyond are not only attributed to agricultural runoff and river discharges but also on fertilizers from fishponds.

928:, beaches and rocky shores form part of the wetlands in Manila Bay. Found mostly along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga, mudflats are suitable habitats for shellfish. 1765:

Martinez-Goss, M.L. (1999). Estimation of fish biomas in Laguna de Bay based on primary productivity- A special study of the National Statistical Coordination Board.

2957: 1123:

Manila Bay Declaration 2001 recognized Manila Bay as a source of food, employment and income for the people as well as the gateway for tourism and recreation.

1404:, paint additives and pesticides were determined in sediments and oysters sampled from Manila Bay. The increase in the nutrient concentration and presence of 1127: 768:

A total of 19,139 birds belonging to 330 families and 99 species were observed at various monitoring sites along the bay area. The endangered Chinese Egret (

2034: 760: 785: 2181: 3241: 3231: 2011: 2282: 1817: 172: 3143: 1291:. The detailed engineering design and marine geophysical surveys for the bridge are currently being completed before the start of the construction. 3236: 1152: 1020: 1263:

will provide a permanent road link between the provinces of Bataan and Cavite. It will have a U-turn near Corregidor Island for future connection.

1119:“the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.” 3209: 3066: 1883:

Manila Bay Environmental Project (MBEMP).(2001). Manila Bay Coastal Strategy. Manila Bay Environmental Project (MBEMP). Quezon City, Philippines.

1148: 2086: 3333: 2668: 588:

divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi (3.2 km) towards the North and 6.5 mi (10.5 km) wide on the South side.

2208: 1330:

has been a major factor in the changing shoreline of Manila Bay. Apart from soil erosion, other environmental processes such as siltation and

3158: 1213:, the project will benefit tourism, commerce and the environment. It will also protect coastal properties from erosion and storm surges, and 700:

was captured by the Japanese forces based in Manila Bay. Much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the

2436: 3253: 2721: 1705:

de Castro, J.A.I. (2010). "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection". Ecology Law Quarterly. (37) pp 797-804

82: 3365: 3204: 3102: 1276: 1139:

prevent further damage to the natural ecosystems, is a responsibility assumed both by government and non-government organizations. The

118: 3284: 2736: 2726: 1568:

on 14 March 2007 while making a family visit. Barrameda-Jimenez's body was found on 10 June 2009, over two years after she disappeared.

1093:

Reviving Manila's waterfront through the Baywalk injected vibrance and historic appreciation into the public space with the statues of

545: 3289: 3246: 3071: 2782: 1990: 3326: 577:

width of the bay varies from 22 km (13.7 mi) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point.

2570: 1725: 1915: 1151:

started a rehabilitation program that is being administered by different government agencies. Because of the rehabilitation, the

3434: 3304: 3263: 3214: 2535: 2462: 2155: 993:

and other portions of national parks located in Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal and Tarlac form part of these upland forest ecosystem.

752:

Coastal and marine habitats in the area include upland forests, mangrove, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass and coral reefs.

3401: 3122: 3092: 2257: 1549:

in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history, it took place on 1 May 1898, during the

940:

in the area provide sanctuary for fishes. Consequently, its decline through the years has directly affected the fish yield.

3107: 2408:

Fuchs, R., Conran, M. and Louis, E. (2011). Climate Change and Asia's Coastal Urban Cities: Can They Meet the Challenge?

1389:

among the common contaminants. While chronic toxic effects on inhabitants of the bay are not found, impairment of marine

1470:

Identification of coral species, mangrove forests, ecosystems within the coastlines, as well as nearby agricultural land

649: 3475: 3321: 3316: 3199: 3184: 1280: 1226: 1190: 632:

Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of

3163: 3127: 3087: 2939: 2924: 2663: 2409: 2132: 295: 65: 3470: 3396: 3343: 3338: 2987: 2746: 1851:

Gomez, J.E. (2008). "Waterfront design without policy? The actual uses of Manila's Baywalk." Cities. (25) pp 86-106

1815:

World Justice Project. (2009). "Eco-lawyer Presses Manila Bay Clean Up". Inquirer Company, Philippines accessed at

1140: 1034: 3194: 3189: 3153: 1942: 1370: 3495: 3273: 3051: 2792: 1260: 1243:

Water quality significantly improved, especially around the beach area. The DENR reported significant drop of

1177: 3485: 3311: 3179: 2857: 2731: 2711: 1520: 701: 218: 17: 1968: 1821: 3500: 3490: 3480: 3299: 3294: 2862: 2716: 1609: 1210: 720:

and is a popular destination for walks and for viewing the sunset. Much of the land fronting the bay along

652:

caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the

633: 1185:

In the early September 2020, work began on Manila Bay Beach, which was constructed through the process of

3046: 3031: 2827: 2497: 1788:

National Water Resources Council - NWRC. (1983). Framework Plan: Pampanga River Basins. Report No. 24-3A.

3219: 2706: 2561: 2553: 2528: 2283:"Engineering Design Contract Awarded for ADB-Supported Bataan–Cavite Bridge Project in the Philippines" 1619: 850: 568:

on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km (6,563.7 sq mi) of

213: 1283:, also known as Manila Bay Bridge, which is expected to cross Manila Bay and connect the provinces of 3358: 3026: 3021: 2832: 2061:"Manila Bay sands project violates National Cultural Heritage Act, other laws - environmental groups" 986: 3258: 3056: 2799: 2658: 1550: 1397: 677: 3429: 3406: 3370: 3117: 3041: 2914: 2897: 2882: 625: 318: 1189:, which a common practice in the creation of beaches around the world. It is part of an overall 3411: 2892: 2867: 2751: 2648: 2156:"Development and Evaluation of a Sea Turtle-Deflecting Hopper Dredge Draghead - Storming Media" 1604: 735:

On September 27, 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the storm surge caused by

671: 2112: 1905:

G. Dennis Cooke (2005): Ecosystem Rehabilitation, Lake and Reservoir Management, 21:2, 218-221

3444: 3004: 2741: 2521: 1444: 1172: 31: 2919: 2877: 2822: 1599: 1542: 1536: 882: 874: 818: 806: 683: 657: 1044:

naval base as part of reclamation projects, which are mostly funded by foreign investors.

8: 3465: 3391: 2761: 2678: 2467: 1524: 3061: 2952: 2929: 2872: 2756: 1586: 1485:

In 2010, at the occasion of the first Inter-LGU Forum on Tidal Flooding in Manila, the

1423:, carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized in Manila Bay during 1194: 769: 666: 662: 648:(pronounced "bai") approximately 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the 414: 2385:"Race to contain oil spill after ships capsize as typhoon hits Taiwan and Philippines" 1556:

The Ruby Rose Barrameda murder case – Ruby Rose Barrameda-Jimenez was the sister of a

2847: 2810: 2128: 1594: 1272: 1233: 1214: 1199: 1186: 917:

protecting adjacent and downstream properties of the area from potential flood damage

725: 697: 601: 589: 581: 509: 419: 313: 55: 2887: 2159: 2120: 1614: 1503: 862: 826: 798: 613: 517: 369: 3386: 3148: 2934: 2902: 1557: 1401: 1390: 1203: 1156: 1052: 1005: 949: 842: 736: 494: 474: 439: 394: 374: 354: 328: 323: 1255: 3353: 3014: 2999: 2852: 2696: 2384: 1532: 1528: 1490: 1440: 1331: 1313:

According to a 2011 study by Jacinto et al., Manila Bay has an average surface

1244: 1094: 978: 892: 834: 585: 573: 569: 529: 525: 303: 253: 243: 3459: 2701: 2508: 2087:"Dolomite in Manila Bay 'white beach' won't cause health risks, DOH now says" 1994: 1546: 1508: 1424: 1301: 1160: 1102: 1041: 973: 957: 936:

Contributing to the balanced functioning of the ecosystem around Manila Bay,

773: 740: 689: 645: 597: 479: 469: 449: 444: 389: 187: 174: 2124: 1229:

released a statement that the use of dolomite is not a known health hazard.

3224: 3112: 2992: 2544: 2035:"Palace: P389-M Manila Bay 'white sand' project approved prior to pandemic" 1565: 1382: 1365:

in surface sediment was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (

1327: 1098: 1082: 1065: 1012: 990: 729: 721: 717: 693: 553: 2623: 2583: 2330:

Acorda, L. (1985). "Manila Bay Study". EMB-DENR. Quezon City, Philippines.

2230: 1275:

that crosses Manila Bay have been around since 1987. In January 2020, the

459: 384: 3036: 2909: 2766: 2691: 2643: 2598: 1486: 904:

Covering about 4,600 hectares, wetlands around Manila Bay are useful in:

653: 537: 364: 248: 238: 158: 707: 3416: 2842: 2613: 1378: 1300:

and these impacts are manifested in the continued deterioration of the

937: 911:

maintaining and improving water quality of rivers, lakes and estuaries,

308: 704:

in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines.

1413: 1362: 1060: 982: 961: 2503: 1818:"Eco-lawyer presses Manila Bay cleanup | World Justice Project" 2608: 2578: 2119:. NATO Science Series. Vol. 53. SpringerLink. pp. 25–40. 1991:"The Biggest and Greatest Pyromusical Show Moves to SM City Clark!" 1489:

ambassador Robert Brinks recommended to close Manila Bay and build

1386: 1326:

As indicated by the exposed roots of the coconut trees, continuing

1314: 1056: 609: 561: 454: 434: 399: 2012:"Impact of the Use of Dolomite in Beach Nourishment in Manila Bay" 896:(coconut palm) co-exists with the mangroves found in these areas. 3097: 3009: 2837: 2638: 2618: 2593: 1561: 1409: 1405: 1351: 1218: 953: 921: 724:

is reclaimed land which now includes important sites such as the

629: 605: 557: 484: 429: 404: 359: 2182:"Egrets drop by Manila Bay during 'White Sands' project opening" 1457:

Tidal regimes including low and high levels of water circulation

1202:

and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping

2653: 2603: 2588: 2557: 2513: 2492: 1460:

Outlining of seasons to depict periods of high and low rainfall

1347: 1288: 1284: 1268: 1222: 617: 593: 565: 549: 541: 409: 349: 344: 2205:"DENR records significant drop in Manila Bay's coliform level" 2633: 2628: 1237: 1217:

is preferred over hard beach stabilizing structures (such as

1001: 925: 908:

providing food and habitat for fish, shorebirds and wildlife;

533: 489: 464: 379: 154: 103: 2231:"DENR records further decrease in Manila Bay coliform level" 1355: 661:

epicenter for government, economy and industry. During the

424: 70:

Satellite image of Manila Bay (upper half of photo) in 2016

2104: 1427:, causing an oil spill with a length of four kilometers. 1366: 1181:

The beach during its temporary opening in September 2020.

669:

in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers (the

596:, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and 2113:"Beach Nourishment: Benefits, Theory and Case Examples" 1523:– a series of five naval battles fought in Manila Bay, 2006: 2004: 1153:

10th Philippine International Pyromusical Competition

1128:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2509:

Biophysical environment of Manila Bay – Then and now

1679: 1677: 1576: 2463:"Fishing magnate faces raps for body-in-box murder" 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 2001: 1943:"DENR, 12 agencies to craft Manila Bay rehab plan" 27:Natural harbor on the island of Luzon, Philippines 1560:actress (Rochelle Barrameda) who went missing in 1159:bayside area was postponed before being moved to 989:watershed, Mounts Palay-Palay / Mataas na Gulod, 3457: 2504:Fort Drum:Concrete Battleship of the Philippines 1654: 1631: 1155:that was scheduled on February 16, 2019, at the 165: 1966: 1916:"SC wants concrete plan for Manila Bay cleanup" 1149:Department of Environment and Natural Resources 628:and outside the entrance, and to the south, is 2460: 2306: 2304: 47: 2529: 2437:"Dutch advice: Close Manila Bay, build dikes" 1879: 1877: 1400:congeners, compounds common in transformers, 764:An egret in a mangrove area along Manila Bay. 2434: 2333: 2256:Depasupil, William B. (September 25, 2022). 2078: 1361:In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used 1346:Aside from oil spills, trace metals such as 3103:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System 2368: 2366: 2364: 2301: 2117:Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection 2032: 1791: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1759: 1701: 1699: 1531:repelled various attempts by forces of the 1277:National Economic and Development Authority 2554:National Capital Region of the Philippines 2536: 2522: 2311:Regional PEMSEA, Quezon City, Philippines. 2203:Yumol, David Tristan (February 18, 2021). 1874: 1726:"Manila cleans up after typhoon 'Pedring'" 1321: 1130:was adopted in 2001 and enforced in 2004. 2783:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority 2255: 1782: 1076: 2420: 2418: 2361: 2033:Perez-Rubio, Bella (September 7, 2020). 2026: 1891: 1889: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1768: 1756:Asia (PEMSEA). Quezon City, Philippines. 1751: 1749: 1747: 1696: 1254: 1176: 1019: 1011: 1000: 784: 759: 706: 612:foliage: 40 km to the north is the 2084: 2059:Sabillo, Kristine (September 8, 2020). 2058: 1908: 914:acting as reservoir for watersheds, and 14: 3458: 2382: 2324: 2085:Hallare, Katrina (September 9, 2020). 1940: 1800: 1687: 3123:Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission 2517: 2415: 2402: 2352: 2343: 2314: 2202: 1969:"Manila Bay Still Unsafe For Bathers" 1941:Mayuga, Jonathan (January 14, 2019). 1899: 1886: 1864: 1836: 1744: 2110: 1967:Santos, Tina G. (February 1, 2019). 1527:in 1646, in which the forces of the 1166: 616:and to the south is the province of 3285:Department of Transportation (DOTr) 1809: 1708: 1419:On 25 July 2024, the oil tanker MT 1279:approved the plan to construct the 1028: 996: 972:Within the watershed of Manila Bay 540:. Strategically located around the 286:2,000 km (770 sq mi) 24: 2014:. BusinessMirror. November 2, 2020 1718: 1191:integrated coastal zone management 1047: 739:. Even the United States Embassy, 656:. The bay was the setting for the 125: 89: 25: 3512: 3128:Laguna Lake Development Authority 3098:Manila Electric Company (Meralco) 2925:Rehabilitation of the Pasig River 2485: 2435:Balabo, Dino (October 11, 2010). 2410:Environment and Urbanization ASIA 2207:. CNN Philippines. Archived from 1514: 1435: 1133: 967: 3440: 3439: 2543: 2491: 2461:Alquitran, Non (June 12, 2009). 1579: 1371:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1294: 1141:Supreme Court of the Philippines 1035:Land reclamation in Metro Manila 943: 797:Predominant in the bay area are 789:Mangrove trees along Manila Bay. 604:. On either side of the bay are 124: 117: 88: 81: 64: 2958:Oldest buildings and structures 2454: 2428: 2376: 2275: 2258:"Bataan-Cavite bridge underway" 2249: 2223: 2196: 2174: 2148: 2052: 1983: 1960: 1934: 755: 2383:Guinto, Joel (July 25, 2024). 2184:. GMA News. September 20, 2020 1281:Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge 1261:Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge 1111: 1024:Manila skyline from Manila Bay 931: 13: 1: 3154:Primary and secondary schools 3081:Public services and utilities 2858:Battles of La Naval de Manila 2712:La Mesa Watershed Reservation 1625: 1535:to invade Manila, during the 1521:Battles of La Naval de Manila 1497: 1240:were seen at the beach area. 702:Battles of La Naval de Manila 688:managed to make port in then- 2863:British occupation of Manila 2717:Marikina Valley Fault System 1610:Geography of the Philippines 1443:poses a great threat in the 1337: 1211:Mines and Geosciences Bureau 1206:on the polluted Manila Bay. 780: 747: 644:Manila Bay was connected to 30:For the man-made beach, see 7: 3032:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1572: 1545:– one of the most decisive 1308: 899: 138:Location in the Philippines 10: 3517: 3242:Theaters and concert halls 1620:Pasig river rehabilitation 1502:Due to the low profile of 1250: 1170: 1032: 851:Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 650:West Marikina Valley Fault 639: 600:is the former location of 29: 3476:Landforms of Metro Manila 3425: 3417:Frost Plan of Quezon City 3379: 3359:Pasig River Ferry Service 3272: 3172: 3144:Colleges and universities 3136: 3080: 3027:Manila Commodity Exchange 3022:Philippine Stock Exchange 2980: 2948: 2818: 2809: 2775: 2677: 2569: 2551: 2091:Philippine Daily Inquirer 1430: 964:, and Corregidor Island. 337: 294: 290: 282: 274: 266: 262: 203: 164: 150: 75: 63: 46: 41: 2571:Administrative divisions 2111:Dean, Robert G. (2005). 1398:polychlorinated biphenyl 1267:Plans of constructing a 948:As a diverse ecosystem, 830:(gray or white mangrove) 3471:Bays of the Philippines 3407:Metro Manila Dream Plan 3210:Roman Catholic churches 3118:Maynilad Water Services 2915:People Power Revolution 2898:Battle of Manila (1945) 2883:Battle of Manila (1899) 2853:Manila–Acapulco Galleon 2125:10.1007/1-4020-3301-X_2 1322:Effects of soil erosion 1059:and mudflat areas into 878:(holly-leaved acanthus) 513: 278:48 km (30 mi) 270:19 km (12 mi) 141:Show map of Philippines 48: 3412:Burnham Plan of Manila 3067:Mixed-use developments 2893:City of Greater Manila 2868:1880 Luzon earthquakes 2287:Asian Development Bank 2235:Philippine News Agency 1475:Vulnerability Analysis 1264: 1182: 1163:on February 23, 2019. 1077:Waterfront development 1025: 1017: 1009: 790: 765: 712: 521: 188:14.51667°N 120.76667°E 3496:Landforms of Pampanga 3159:International schools 3005:Bonifacio Global City 2669:Legislative districts 1258: 1180: 1173:Manila Dolomite Beach 1105:placed in key areas. 1023: 1015: 1004: 788: 763: 710: 592:, in the province of 3486:Landforms of Bulacan 3327:Intermodal terminals 3113:Manila Water Company 2920:World Youth Day 1995 2878:Battle of Manila Bay 2500:at Wikimedia Commons 2211:on February 19, 2021 1824:on November 13, 2011 1732:. September 28, 2011 1600:Battle of Manila Bay 1551:Spanish–American War 1543:Battle of Manila Bay 1452:Physical Environment 1227:Department of Health 883:Excoecaria agallocha 875:Acanthus ilicifolius 819:Rhizophora mucronata 807:Rhizophora apiculata 711:Sunset at Manila Bay 665:at the close of the 658:Battle of Manila Bay 3501:Geography of Manila 3491:Landforms of Cavite 3481:Landforms of Bataan 3392:Nicknames of Manila 3259:Television stations 3205:Religious buildings 3108:Water privatization 2963:Cultural properties 2762:Greater Manila Area 2468:The Philippine Star 2237:. February 18, 2021 2039:The Philippine Star 1525:Spanish East Indies 1465:Habitat and Species 1393:were more evident. 1087:Buhayin ang Maynila 772:) and Black-winged 193:14.51667; 120.76667 184: / 3220:Songs about Manila 3062:Entertainment City 2968:Historical markers 2930:Rizal Day bombings 2873:Cry of Pugad Lawin 2848:Province of Manila 2757:Manggahan Floodway 2722:Rivers and esteros 2289:. October 22, 2020 1587:Philippines portal 1265: 1183: 1026: 1018: 1010: 822:(Asiatic mangrove) 791: 770:Egretta eulophotes 766: 713: 667:Battle of Tsushima 663:Russo-Japanese War 608:peaks topped with 564:on the north, and 546:Spanish occupation 3453: 3452: 3397:Notable Manileños 3247:Art Deco theaters 2976: 2975: 2940:COVID-19 pandemic 2888:Province of Rizal 2496:Media related to 1997:. March 19, 2019. 1595:Naval Base Manila 1537:Eighty Years' War 1234:beach nourishment 1215:beach nourishment 1209:According to the 1200:COVID-19 pandemic 1187:beach nourishment 1167:Beach nourishment 1008:facing Manila Bay 726:Philippine Senate 698:Corregidor Island 602:Cavite Naval Base 503: 502: 108:Show map of Luzon 16:(Redirected from 3508: 3443: 3442: 2816: 2815: 2747:Land reclamation 2538: 2531: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2495: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2262:The Manila Times 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2162:on June 29, 2011 2158:. Archived from 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1820:. Archived from 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1681: 1652: 1648: 1615:Manila Bay Beach 1589: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1504:environmentalism 1402:hydraulic fluids 1081:With then Mayor 1029:Land reclamation 997:Key developments 886:(milky mangrove) 863:Sonneratia acida 846:(no common name) 827:Avicennia marina 799:Avicennia marina 626:El Fraile Island 614:Bataan Peninsula 528:that serves the 235:Maragondon River 199: 198: 196: 195: 194: 189: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 167: 142: 128: 127: 121: 109: 92: 91: 85: 68: 59: 51: 39: 38: 32:Manila Bay Beach 21: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3421: 3387:Imperial Manila 3375: 3268: 3232:Sporting events 3168: 3149:University Belt 3132: 3076: 2972: 2944: 2935:Typhoon Ketsana 2903:Manila massacre 2805: 2771: 2673: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2542: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2412:, 2:13, pp13-28 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1922:. March 4, 2011 1914: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1730:GMA News Online 1724: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1655: 1649: 1632: 1628: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1517: 1500: 1438: 1433: 1340: 1324: 1311: 1297: 1253: 1195:coastal defense 1175: 1169: 1157:SM Mall of Asia 1136: 1114: 1079: 1050: 1048:Land conversion 1037: 1031: 1006:Roxas Boulevard 999: 970: 946: 934: 902: 890:Plantations of 843:Sonneratia alba 783: 758: 750: 737:Typhoon Pedring 642: 580:The islands of 572:area, with the 522:Bahía de Manila 514:Look ng Maynila 499: 333: 258: 223:Malimango River 192: 190: 186: 183: 178: 175: 173: 171: 170: 146: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 129: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 98: 97: 93: 71: 53: 49:Look ng Maynila 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3514: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3354:Port of Manila 3348: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3274:Transportation 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3264:Radio stations 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3215:Shopping malls 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3015:Escolta Street 3007: 3002: 3000:Ortigas Center 2997: 2996: 2995: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2697:Marikina River 2694: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2487: 2486:External links 2484: 2482: 2481: 2453: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2375: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2332: 2323: 2313: 2300: 2274: 2248: 2222: 2195: 2173: 2147: 2133: 2103: 2077: 2051: 2025: 2000: 1982: 1971:. Inquirer.net 1959: 1947:BusinessMirror 1933: 1907: 1898: 1885: 1873: 1863: 1853: 1835: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1767: 1758: 1743: 1717: 1707: 1695: 1686: 1653: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1554: 1540: 1533:Dutch Republic 1529:Spanish Empire 1516: 1515:Notable events 1513: 1499: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1441:Global warming 1437: 1436:Sea level rise 1434: 1432: 1429: 1339: 1336: 1332:sea level rise 1323: 1320: 1310: 1307: 1296: 1293: 1252: 1249: 1245:fecal coliform 1232:As with other 1171:Main article: 1168: 1165: 1135: 1134:Rehabilitation 1132: 1113: 1110: 1095:Arsenio Lacson 1078: 1075: 1049: 1046: 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 998: 995: 979:Mount Makiling 974:upland forests 969: 968:Upland forests 966: 945: 942: 933: 930: 924:, sand flats, 919: 918: 915: 912: 909: 901: 898: 893:Cocos nucifera 888: 887: 879: 871: 859: 847: 839: 835:Nypa fruticans 831: 823: 815: 782: 779: 757: 754: 749: 746: 641: 638: 574:Pampanga River 530:Port of Manila 526:natural harbor 501: 500: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 341: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 298: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 257: 256: 254:Pampanga River 251: 246: 244:Tullahan River 241: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 219:San Juan River 216: 211: 207: 205: 201: 200: 168: 162: 161: 152: 148: 147: 137: 131: 130: 123: 122: 116: 115: 114: 113: 101: 95: 94: 87: 86: 80: 79: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3513: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402:Sister cities 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237:Sports venues 3235: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:Annual events 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702:Laguna de Bay 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2446:September 25, 2442: 2438: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2405: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2346: 2336: 2327: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2136: 2134:1-4020-3299-4 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2096:September 19, 2092: 2088: 2081: 2070:September 19, 2066: 2062: 2055: 2044:September 19, 2040: 2036: 2029: 2013: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1995:SM Supermalls 1992: 1986: 1970: 1963: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1926:September 23, 1921: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1867: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1828:September 22, 1823: 1819: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1736:September 28, 1731: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1577: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547:naval battles 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1509:water quality 1505: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1428: 1426: 1425:Typhoon Gaemi 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1302:water quality 1295:Water quality 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:bridge-tunnel 1270: 1262: 1259:The proposed 1257: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1179: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1161:SM City Clark 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:In 2019, the 1145: 1142: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Evelio Javier 1100: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1042:Sangley Point 1036: 1022: 1014: 1007: 1003: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:seagrass beds 944:Seagrass beds 941: 939: 929: 927: 923: 916: 913: 910: 907: 906: 905: 897: 895: 894: 885: 884: 880: 877: 876: 872: 869: 865: 864: 860: 857: 853: 852: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 828: 824: 821: 820: 816: 813: 812:bakhaw lalaki 809: 808: 804: 803: 802: 800: 795: 787: 778: 775: 774:cuckoo-shrike 771: 762: 753: 745: 742: 741:Museo Pambata 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 709: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:United States 687: 685: 680: 679: 674: 673: 668: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:Laguna de Bay 637: 635: 631: 627: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:Sangley Point 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556:on the east, 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 340: 336: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 234: 231: 229:Timalan River 228: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 209: 208: 206: 204:River sources 202: 197: 169: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 120: 105: 84: 74: 67: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Bay of Manila 3380:Other topics 3225:Manila sound 2993:Ayala Avenue 2707:Sierra Madre 2686: 2562:capital city 2545:Metro Manila 2472:. Retrieved 2466: 2456: 2444:. Retrieved 2440: 2430: 2404: 2392:. Retrieved 2388: 2378: 2354: 2345: 2335: 2326: 2316: 2291:. Retrieved 2286: 2277: 2265:. Retrieved 2261: 2251: 2239:. Retrieved 2234: 2225: 2213:. Retrieved 2209:the original 2198: 2188:December 22, 2186:. Retrieved 2176: 2166:December 21, 2164:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2150: 2140:November 20, 2138:. Retrieved 2116: 2106: 2094:. Retrieved 2090: 2080: 2068:. Retrieved 2065:ABS-CBN News 2064: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2038: 2028: 2018:December 11, 2016:. Retrieved 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1946: 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1920:ABS-CBN News 1919: 1910: 1901: 1866: 1856: 1826:. Retrieved 1822:the original 1811: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1761: 1734:. Retrieved 1729: 1720: 1715:Philippines. 1710: 1689: 1566:Metro Manila 1501: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1451: 1450: 1445:conservation 1439: 1420: 1418: 1395: 1383:chlorpyrifos 1375: 1360: 1345: 1341: 1328:soil erosion 1325: 1312: 1298: 1266: 1242: 1231: 1208: 1184: 1146: 1137: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1107: 1099:Ninoy Aquino 1091: 1086: 1083:Lito Atienza 1080: 1071: 1066:progradation 1051: 1038: 1016:The Baywalk. 991:Mount Arayat 971: 947: 935: 920: 903: 891: 889: 881: 873: 870:in Filipino) 867: 861: 858:in Filipino) 855: 849: 841: 833: 825: 817: 814:in Filipino) 811: 805: 796: 792: 767: 756:Biodiversity 751: 734: 730:Mall of Asia 722:Metro Manila 718:Metro Manila 714: 694:World War II 682: 676: 670: 643: 622: 579: 554:Metro Manila 542:capital city 505: 504: 283:Surface area 214:Zapote River 102:Location in 36: 3281:Government 3072:Skyscrapers 3047:Attractions 3037:Manila Mint 2910:City of Man 2788:Chairperson 2767:Mega Manila 2692:Pasig River 2644:Quezon City 2599:Mandaluyong 2293:October 30, 2267:October 30, 1975:February 1, 1952:January 15, 1112:Legislation 1085:'s program 987:La Mesa Dam 985:watershed, 938:coral reefs 932:Coral reefs 838:(nipa palm) 654:Pasig River 538:Philippines 365:Cavite City 338:Settlements 267:Max. length 249:Angat River 239:Pasig River 232:Labac River 226:Cañas River 191: / 179:120°46′00″E 166:Coordinates 159:Philippines 3466:Manila Bay 3460:Categories 3322:P2P routes 3317:Bus routes 3254:Newspapers 3200:Public art 3185:Cemeteries 2988:Makati CBD 2843:Intramuros 2823:Prehistory 2776:Government 2687:Manila Bay 2659:Valenzuela 2614:Muntinlupa 2498:Manila Bay 2373:57:348-358 1626:References 1498:Challenges 1421:Terra Nova 1379:endosulfan 1363:pesticides 1053:Conversion 582:Corregidor 536:), in the 506:Manila Bay 415:Maragondon 314:Corregidor 275:Max. width 210:Imus River 176:14°31′00″N 132:Manila Bay 96:Manila Bay 42:Manila Bay 3164:Libraries 3137:Education 3088:Hospitals 2802:(defunct) 2679:Geography 2664:Barangays 2624:Parañaque 2584:Las Piñas 2474:March 12, 2425:pp137-147 1651:p309-328. 1414:phosphate 1396:In 1997, 1338:Pollution 1193:aimed at 1061:fishponds 983:Angat Dam 962:Mariveles 781:Mangroves 748:Ecosystem 634:Fort Drum 590:Mariveles 570:watershed 460:Parañaque 420:Mariveles 385:Las Piñas 319:El Fraile 3445:Category 3366:Aviation 3057:Gambling 2953:Timeline 2800:Governor 2752:Bay City 2649:San Juan 2609:Marikina 2579:Caloocan 2441:Philstar 2394:July 25, 2389:BBC News 2340:243–248. 2241:April 8, 2215:April 8, 1861:Toronto. 1684:293-307. 1605:Bay City 1573:See also 1558:Filipino 1387:diazinon 1315:salinity 1309:Salinity 1219:seawalls 1204:dolomite 1057:mangrove 922:Mudflats 900:Wetlands 868:pagatpat 728:and the 678:Zhemchug 610:tropical 606:volcanic 562:Pampanga 510:Filipino 455:Paombong 435:Noveleta 400:Macabebe 329:Limbones 324:La Monja 151:Location 56:Filipino 3430:Outline 3371:Traffic 3195:Museums 3190:Cinemas 3173:Culture 3042:Tourism 3010:Binondo 2981:Economy 2838:Namayan 2828:Maynila 2811:History 2737:Beaches 2727:Islands 2639:Pateros 2619:Navotas 2594:Malabon 2321:271–310 1896:259-269 1871:405-418 1562:Navotas 1481:warming 1410:ammonia 1406:nitrate 1352:cadmium 1251:Bridges 1225:). The 1223:groynes 954:Malolos 640:History 630:Carabao 586:Caballo 558:Bulacan 524:) is a 518:Spanish 495:Ternate 485:Sasmuan 475:Rosario 430:Navotas 405:Malolos 375:Hermosa 370:Hagonoy 360:Bulakan 355:Balanga 309:Carabao 304:Caballo 296:Islands 3350:Water 3093:Police 3052:Hotels 2793:Mayors 2654:Taguig 2604:Manila 2589:Makati 2558:Manila 2131: 1431:Future 1348:copper 1289:Cavite 1285:Bataan 1269:bridge 1238:egrets 926:swamps 681:, and 672:Aurora 618:Cavite 594:Bataan 566:Bataan 550:Cavite 440:Obando 410:Manila 350:Bacoor 345:Abucay 52: 3435:Index 2833:Tondo 2742:Slums 2732:Parks 2634:Pasig 2629:Pasay 1491:dykes 1487:Dutch 1391:biota 958:Orion 856:nilad 534:Luzon 490:Tanza 480:Samal 470:Pilar 465:Pasay 450:Orion 445:Orani 395:Lubao 390:Limay 380:Kawit 155:Luzon 104:Luzon 3334:Rail 3312:Road 3305:MIAA 3295:LRTA 3290:MMDA 2476:2021 2448:2019 2396:2024 2295:2022 2269:2022 2243:2021 2217:2021 2190:2020 2168:2010 2142:2020 2129:ISBN 2098:2020 2072:2020 2046:2020 2020:2020 1977:2019 1954:2019 1928:2011 1830:2011 1738:2011 1412:and 1385:and 1356:zinc 1354:and 1287:and 1221:and 1126:The 1101:and 684:Oleg 584:and 560:and 552:and 532:(on 425:Naic 3344:MRT 3339:LRT 3300:PNR 2121:doi 1369:). 1367:DDT 1271:or 1055:of 3462:: 2465:. 2439:. 2417:^ 2387:. 2363:^ 2303:^ 2285:. 2260:. 2233:. 2127:. 2115:. 2089:. 2063:. 2037:. 2003:^ 1993:. 1945:. 1918:. 1888:^ 1876:^ 1838:^ 1770:^ 1746:^ 1728:. 1698:^ 1656:^ 1633:^ 1564:, 1511:. 1408:, 1381:, 1350:, 1097:, 981:, 960:, 956:, 732:. 696:, 675:, 620:. 520:: 516:; 512:: 157:, 2564:) 2560:( 2537:e 2530:t 2523:v 2478:. 2450:. 2398:. 2297:. 2271:. 2245:. 2219:. 2192:. 2170:. 2144:. 2123:: 2100:. 2074:. 2048:. 2022:. 1979:. 1956:. 1930:. 1832:. 1740:. 1553:. 1539:. 866:( 854:( 810:( 686:) 508:( 58:) 54:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.