Beaver - Knowledge

1017: 1352: 2085: 1824: 2099: 683: 1585: 827: 2488: 1462: 2217: 1812: 1735: 2318: 1541: 2176: 1414: 85: 1926: 667: 1360: 847: 1038: 941: 1371:, and the second innermost toe has a "double nail" used for grooming. Beavers can swim at 8 km/h (5.0 mph); only their webbed hind feet are used to swim, while the front feet fold under the chest. On the surface, the hind limbs thrust one after the other; while underwater, they move at the same time. Beavers are awkward on land but can move quickly when they feel threatened. They can carry objects while walking on their hind legs. 1288: 2300: 2199:"; a territory-holder will investigate and become familiar with the scents of its neighbors and react more aggressively to the scents of strangers passing by. Beavers are also more tolerant of individuals that are their kin. They recognize them by using their keen sense of smell to detect differences in the composition of anal gland secretions. Anal gland secretion profiles are more similar among relatives than unrelated individuals. 60: 1779:

sturdy enough to withstand the coming winter can be finished in just two nights. Both lodge types can be present at a beaver site. During the summer, beavers tend to use bank lodges to keep cool. They use open-water lodges during the winter. The air vent provides ventilation, and newly added carbon dioxide can be cleared in an hour. The lodge remains consistent in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels from season to season.

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continue to pile on more material until the dam slopes in a direction facing upstream. Dams can range in height from 20 cm (7.9 in) to 3 m (9.8 ft) and can stretch from 0.3 m (1 ft 0 in) to several hundred meters long. Beaver dams are more effective in trapping and slowly leaking water than man-made concrete dams. Lake-dwelling beavers do not need to build dams.

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other beavers of a potential threat. An adult's tail slap is more successful in alerting others, who will escape into the lodge or deeper water. Juveniles have not yet learned the proper use of a tail slap, and hence are normally ignored. Eurasian beavers have been recorded using a territorial "stick display", which involves individuals holding up a stick and bouncing in shallow water.

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their own, but may follow an older relative and hold onto their backs. After their first year, young beavers help their families with construction. Beavers sexually mature around 1.5–3 years. They become independent at two years old, but remain with their parents for an extra year or more during times of food shortage, high population density, or drought.

1484:, in 1946. As of 2019, the introduced population of North American beavers in Finland has been moving closer to the habitat of the Eurasian beaver. Historically, the North American beaver was trapped and nearly extirpated because its fur was highly sought after. Protections have allowed the beaver population on the continent to rebound to an estimated 6–12 1528:. Beginning in 2009, beavers have been successfully reintroduced to parts of Great Britain. In 2020, the total Eurasian beaver population in Europe was estimated at over one million. Small native populations are also present in Mongolia and northwestern China; their numbers were estimated at 150 and 700, respectively, as of 2016. Under New Zealand's 1410:, a liquid substance used mainly for marking territory. Anal glands produce an oily substance which the beaver uses as a waterproof ointment for its coat. The substance plays a role in individual and family recognition. Anal secretions are darker in females than males among Eurasian beavers, while the reverse is true for the North American species. 1547: 1545: 1542: 1299:. They have a head–body length of 80–120 cm (31–47 in), with a 25–50 cm (9.8–19.7 in) tail, a shoulder height of 30–60 cm (12–24 in), and generally weigh 11–30 kg (24–66 lb), but can be as heavy as 50 kg (110 lb). Males and females are almost identical externally. Their bodies are streamlined like 1546: 1544: 1913:

found that the width of riparian vegetation on stream banks increased several-fold as beaver dams watered previously dry terraces adjacent to the stream. Riparian ecosystems in arid areas appear to sustain more plant life when beaver dams are present. Beaver ponds act as a refuge for riverbank plants

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that is colored orange or reddish-brown by iron compounds. The lower incisors have roots that are almost as long as the entire lower jaw. Beavers have one premolar and three molars on all four sides of the jaws, adding up to 20 teeth. The molars have meandering ridges for grinding woody material. The

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Beavers mark their territories by constructing scent mounds made of mud and vegetation, scented with castoreum. Those with many territorial neighbors create more scent mounds. Scent marking increases in spring, during the dispersal of yearlings, to deter interlopers. Beavers are generally intolerant

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The beaver has been used to represent productivity, trade, tradition, masculinity, and respectability. References to the beaver's skills are reflected in everyday language. The English verb "to beaver" means working with great effort and being "as busy as a beaver"; a "beaver intellect" refers to a

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because of its higher calorie and fat content, and the animals remained plump in winter when they were most hunted. The bones were used to make tools. In medieval Europe, the Catholic Church considered the beaver to be part mammal and part fish, and allowed followers to eat the scaly, fishlike tail

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Beavers within a family greet each other with whines. Kits will attract the attention of adults with mews, squeaks, and cries. Defensive beavers produce a hissing growl and gnash their teeth. Tail slaps, which involve an animal hitting the water surface with its tail, serve as alarm signals warning

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Beavers in some areas will dig canals connected to their ponds. The canals fill with groundwater and give beavers access and easier transport of resources, as well as allow them to escape predators. These canals can stretch up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide, 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in)

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North American beavers build more open-water lodges than Eurasian beavers. Beaver lodges built by new settlers are typically small and sloppy. More experienced families can build structures with a height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and an above-water diameter of 6 m (20 ft). A lodge

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The beaver's distinctive tail has a conical, muscular, hairy base; the remaining two-thirds of the appendage is flat and scaly. The tail has multiple functions: it provides support for the animal when it is upright (such as when chewing down a tree), acts as a rudder when it is swimming, and stores

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Beavers have been hunted, trapped, and exploited for their fur, meat, and castoreum. Since the animals typically stayed in one place, trappers could easily find them and could kill entire families in a lodge. Many pre-modern people mistakenly thought that castoreum was produced by the testicles or

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After they are born, the kits spend their first one to two months in the lodge. Kits suckle for as long as three months, but can eat solid food within their second week and rely on their parents and older siblings to bring it to them. Eventually, beaver kits explore outside the lodge and forage on

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populations, and the average size of these fishes. These species use beaver habitats for spawning, overwintering, feeding, and as havens from changes in water flow. The positive effects of beaver dams on fish appear to outweigh the negative effects, such as blocking of migration. Beaver ponds have

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Beavers can hold their breath for as long as 15 minutes but typically remain underwater for no more than five or six minutes. Dives typically last less than 30 seconds and are usually no more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep. When diving, their heart rate decreases to 60 beats per minute,

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Beavers make two types of lodges: bank lodges and open-water lodges. Bank lodges are burrows dug along the shore and covered in sticks. The more complex freestanding, open-water lodges are built over a platform of piled-up sticks. The lodge is mostly sealed with mud, except for a hole at the top

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Beavers start building dams when they hear running water, and the sound of a leak in a dam triggers them to repair it. To build a dam, beavers stack up relatively long and thick logs between banks and in opposite directions. Heavy rocks keep them stable, and grass is packed between them. Beavers

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such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. Water is the most important component of beaver habitat; they swim and dive in it, and it provides them refuge from land predators. It also restricts access to their homes and allows them to move building objects more easily. Beavers prefer slower moving

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Beavers typically disperse from their parental colonies during the spring or when the winter snow melts. They often travel less than 5 km (3.1 mi), but long-distance dispersals are not uncommon when previous colonizers have already exploited local resources. Beavers are able to travel

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very wealthy. For Europeans in North America, the fur trade was a driver of the exploration and westward exploration on the continent and contact with native peoples, who traded with them. The fur trade peaked between 1860 and 1870, when over 150,000 beaver pelts were purchased annually by the

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trees up to 15 cm (5.9 in) wide in less than 50 minutes. Thicker trees, at 25 cm (9.8 in) wide or more, may not fall for hours. When chewing down a tree, beavers switch between biting with the left and right side of the mouth. Tree branches are then cut and carried to their

1564:(steepness) of one percent, though they have been recorded using streams with gradients as high as 15 percent. Beavers are found in wider streams more often than in narrower ones. They also prefer areas with no regular flooding and may abandon a location for years after a significant flood. 1572:

beavers will use certain habitats temporarily before finding their ideal home. These include small streams, temporary swamps, ditches, and backyards. These sites lack important resources, so the animals do not stay there permanently. Beavers have increasingly settled at or near human-made

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greater distances when free-flowing water is available. Individuals may meet their mates during the dispersal stage, and the pair travel together. It may take them weeks or months to reach their final destination; longer distances may require several years. Beavers establish and defend

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which acts as an air vent. Both types are accessed by underwater entrances. The above-water space inside the lodge is known as the "living chamber", and a "dining area" may exist close to the water entrance. Families routinely clean out old plant material and bring in new material.

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Zoos have displayed beavers since at least the 19th century, though not commonly. In captivity, beavers have been used for entertainment, fur harvesting, and for reintroduction into the wild. Captive beavers require access to water, substrate for digging, and artificial shelters.

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Beavers typically select flat landscapes with diverse vegetation close to the water. North American beavers prefer trees being 60 m (200 ft) or less from the water, but will roam several hundred meters to find more. Beavers have also been recorded in mountainous areas.

1390:, which is used for reproduction, scent-marking, defecation, and urination. The cloaca evolved secondarily, as most mammals have lost this feature, and may reduce the area vulnerable to infection in dirty water. The beaver's intestine is six times longer than its body, and the 1347:

is contained within the nasal cavity instead of the throat. In addition, the back of the tongue can rise and create a waterproof seal. A beaver's lips can close behind the incisors, preventing water from entering their mouths as they cut and bite onto things while submerged.

2254:, and relocation may be permitted as forms of population control and for removal of individuals. The governments of Argentina and Chile have authorized the trapping of invasive beavers in hopes of eliminating them. The ecological importance of beavers has led to cities like 1160:

castorids have less complex occlusion, upper tooth rows that create a V-shape towards the back, larger second premolars compared to molars, absence of a third premolar set and stapes hole, a more grooved palatine (with the opening shifted towards the front), and reduced

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Beavers sometimes come into conflict with humans over land use; individual beavers may be labeled as "nuisance beavers". Beavers can damage crops, timber stocks, roads, ditches, gardens, and pastures via gnawing, eating, digging, and flooding. They occasionally

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The Eurasian beaver's range historically included much of Eurasia, but was decimated by hunting by the early 20th century. In Europe, beavers were reduced to fragmented populations, with combined population numbers being estimated at 1,200 individuals for the

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half its normal pace, and blood flow is directed more towards the brain. A beaver's body also has a high tolerance for carbon dioxide. When surfacing, the animal can replace 75 percent of the air in its lungs in one breath, compared to 15 percent for a human.

1652:. There is some disagreement about why beavers select specific woody plants; some research has shown that beavers more frequently select species which are more easily digested, while others suggest beavers principally forage based on stem size. Beavers may 1858:

habitats. In one study, beavers were associated with large increases in open-water areas. When beavers returned to an area, 160% more open water was available during droughts than in previous years, when they were absent. Beaver dams also lead to higher

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cycles begin in late December and peak in mid-January. Females may have two to four estrus cycles per season, each lasting 12–24 hours. The pair typically mate in the water and to a lesser extent in the lodge, for half a minute to three minutes.

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evidence became available confirming both as separate where the Eurasian has 48 chromosomes, while the North American has 40.) The difference in chromosome numbers prevents them from interbreeding. Twenty-five subspecies have been classified for

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Europeans have traditionally thought of beavers as fantastical animals due to their amphibious nature. They depicted them with exaggerated tusk-like teeth, dog- or pig-like bodies, fish tails, and visible testicles. French cartographer

1660:. This cache is known as a "raft"; when the top becomes frozen, it creates a "cap". The beaver accesses the raft by swimming under the ice. Many populations of Eurasian beaver do not make rafts, but forage on land during winter. 6431: 1543: 1480:. The North American beaver is widespread throughout most of the United States and Canada and can be found in northern Mexico. The species was introduced to Finland in 1937 (and then spread to northwestern Russia) and to 2343:

describes beavers chewing off their testicles to preserve themselves from hunters, which is impossible because a beaver's testicles are internal. This myth persisted for centuries, and was corrected by French physician

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Morgan, S. M. D.; Pouliott, C. E.; Rudd, R. J.; Davis, A. D. (2015). "Antigen Detection, Rabies Virus Isolation, and Q-PCR in the Quantification of Viral Load in a Natural Infection of the North American Beaver

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of an area. Aside from humans, few other extant animals appear to do more to shape their environment. When building dams, beavers alter the paths of streams and rivers, allowing for the creation of extensive

2250:, are used to manage beaver flooding, while fencing and hardware cloth protect trees and shrubs from beaver damage. If necessary, hand tools, heavy equipment, or explosives are used to remove dams. Hunting, 2162:

with a full fur coat, and can open their eyes within days of birth. Their mother is the primary caretaker, while their father maintains the territory. Older siblings from a previous litter also play a role.

5126: 2028:. Fish-eating birds use beaver ponds for foraging, and in some areas, certain species appear more frequently at sites where beavers were active than at sites with no beaver activity. In a study of 4085: 6599: 7181: 4151: 2282:

pioneered beaver conservation in the early 20th century. Belaney wrote several books, and was first to professionally film beavers in their environment. In 1931, he moved to a log cabin in

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and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates

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Historically, beavers have been hunted for their fur, meat, and castoreum. Castoreum has been used in medicine, perfume, and food flavoring; beaver pelts have been a major driver of the

6421: 1016: 7144: 2375:. He stated it could stop hiccups when mixed with vinegar, toothaches if mixed with oil (by administering into the ear opening on the same side as the tooth), and could be used as an 1169:

appeared in late-Oligocene North America. This group consisted primarily of smaller animals with relatively large front legs, a flattened skull, and a reduced tail—all features of a

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studies place the common ancestor of the two living species at around 8 mya. The ancestors of the North American beaver would have crossed the Bering Land Bridge around 7.5 mya.

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eyes, ears and nostrils are arranged so that they can remain above water while the rest of the body is submerged. The nostrils and ears have valves that close underwater, while

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in sediments. Beaver activity can affect the temperature of the water; in northern latitudes, ice thaws earlier in the warmer beaver-dammed waters. Beavers may contribute to

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Kemp, P. S.; Worthington, T. A.; Langford, T. E. L.; Tree, A. R. J.; Gaywood, M. J. (2012). "Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish".

2517:, beavers are descended from the Beaver-Woman, who built a dam on a stream next to their cabin while her husband was out hunting and gave birth to the first beavers. In a 1874:

Beaver ponds, and the wetlands that succeed them, remove sediments and pollutants from waterways, and can stop the loss of important soils. These ponds can increase the

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with their offspring. After their first year, the young help their parents repair dams and lodges; older siblings may also help raise newly born offspring. Beavers hold

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associated with beaver dams has been shown to increase the abundance and diversity of birds favoring the water's edge, an impact that may be especially important in

1402:; these produce milk with 19 percent fat, a higher fat content than other rodents. Beavers have two pairs of glands: castor sacs, which are part of the urethra, and 1759:

destination with the powerful jaw and neck muscles. Other building materials, like mud and rocks, are held by the forelimbs and tucked between the chin and chest.

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Abbott, Matthew; Fultz, Brandon; Wilson, Jon; Nicholson, Jody; Black, Matt; Thomas, Adam; Kot, Amanda; Burrows, Mallory; Schaffer, Benton; Benson, David (2013).

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Adult beavers mate with their partners, though partner replacement appears to be common. A beaver that loses its partner will wait for another one to come by.

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is estimated to have had a length of 1.9–2.2 m (6.2–7.2 ft) and a weight of 90–125 kg (198–276 lb). Fossils of one genus in Castoroidinae,

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have been responsible for destroying the indigenous forest. Unlike trees in North America, many trees in South America cannot grow back after being cut down.

2510: 2236:, in defense of their territory, or when they feel threatened. Some of these attacks have been fatal, including at least one human death. Beavers can spread 1787:" around the lodge and/or food cache. As they drag wood across the land, beavers leave behind trails or "slides", which they reuse when moving new material. 1783:

deep, and over 0.5 km (0.31 mi) long. It has been hypothesized that beavers' canals are not only transportation routes but an extension of their "

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has 12,000–23,000 hairs/cm (77,000–148,000 hairs/in) and functions to keep the animal warm, to help it float in water, and to protect it against predators.

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may prey upon them. Beavers are protected from predators when in their lodges, and prefer to stay near water. Parasites of the beaver include the bacteria

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between cheek teeth, parallel rows of upper teeth, premolars that were only slightly smaller than molars, the presence of a third set of premolars (P3), a

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million North American beavers before the fur trade. The introduced population in Tierra del Fuego is estimated at 35,000–50,000 individuals as of 2016.

6510: 256: 246: 7107: 2525:. Other tales involve beavers using their tree chewing skills against an enemy. Beavers have been featured as companions in some stories, including a 6080:

Graf, P. M.; Mayer, M.; Zedrosser, A.; Hackländer, K.; Rosell, F. (2016). "Territory size and age explain movement patterns in the Eurasian beaver".

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Fairfax, E.; Small, E. E. (2018). "Using remote sensing to assess the impact of beaver damming on riparian evapotranspiration in an arid landscape".

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The beaver's front feet are dexterous, allowing them to grasp and manipulate objects and food, as well as dig. The hind feet are larger and have

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populations by protecting areas for larvae to mature in warm water. The stable waters of beaver ponds also provide ideal habitat for freshwater

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back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of

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Mahoney, Michael J.; Stella, John C. (2020). "Stem size selectivity is stronger than species preferences for beaver, a central place forager".

1705: 1449:. Beavers have a good sense of smell, which they use for detecting land predators and for inspecting scent marks, food, and other individuals. 7491: 5986:

Mayer, M; Zedrosser, A; Rosell, F (2017). "When to leave: the timing of natal dispersal in a large, monogamous rodent, the Eurasian beaver".

3199: 2651:"Opinion 75. Twenty-Seven Generic Names of Protozoa, Vermes, Pisces, Reptilia and Mammalia Included in the Official List of Zoological Names" 2597:

advertisements between 2005 and 2008. However, the beaver's status as a rodent has made it controversial, and it was not chosen to be on the

5145:"Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon" 5004:"Increase in beaver dams controls surface water and thermokarst dynamics in an Arctic tundra region, Baldwin Peninsula, northwestern Alaska" 4411:"Beaver Fever: Whole-Genome Characterization of Waterborne Outbreak and Sporadic Isolates To Study the Zoonotic Transmission of Giardiasis" 2570: 6920: 6354: 4801:

Karran, Daniel J.; Westbrook, Cherie J.; Bedard-Haughn, Angela (2018). "Beaver-mediated water table dynamics in a Rocky Mountain fen".

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due to the lack of taxes or tariffs on the continent and the decline of fur-bearers at home. Beaver pelts caused or contributed to the

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in women, which was believed to have been caused by a "toxic" womb. Castoreum's properties have been credited to the accumulation of

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Correll, David L.; Jordan, Thomas E.; Weller, Donald E. (2000). "Beaver pond biogeochemical effects in the Maryland Coastal Plain".

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is large, allowing the animal to move within a three-dimensional space (such as underwater) similar to tree-climbing squirrels. The

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McDowell, D. M.; Naiman, R. J. (1986). "Structure and function of a benthic invertebrate stream community as influenced by beaver (

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McKinstry, M. C.; Caffrey, P.; Anderson, S. H. (2001). "The Importance of Beavers to Waterfowl and Wetlands Habitats in Wyoming".

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diet. During the spring and summer, they mainly feed on herbaceous plant material such as leaves, roots, herbs, ferns, grasses,

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Nummbi, P.; Holopainen, S. (2014). "Whole-community facilitation by beaver: ecosystem engineer increases waterbird diversity".

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Rybczynski, N. (2007). "Castorid phylogenetics: Implications for the evolution of swimming and tree-exploitation in beavers".

2662: 7470: 5345: 5149: 4901: 7457: 5046: 2040:, which carve cavities that may be later used by other bird species. Beaver-caused ice thawing in northern latitudes allows 1311:

are 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) long and typically reddish brown, but can range from yellowish brown to nearly black. The

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of mammals. In human culture, the beaver symbolizes industriousness, especially in connection with construction; it is the

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Samuels, J. X.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2008). "Skeletal indicators of locomotor adaptations in living and extinct rodents".

1326:. They have four chisel-shaped incisors that continue to grow throughout their lives. The incisors are covered in a thick 6274:

Sun, Lixing; Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (1997). "Sibling recognition in the beaver: A field test for phenotype matching".

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Tsui, C. K-M.; Miller, R.; Uyaguari-Diaz, M.; Tang, P.; Chauve, C.; Hsiao, W.; Isaac-Renton, J.; Prystajecky, N. (2018).

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way of thinking that is slow and honest. Though it typically has a wholesome image, the beaver's name has been used as a

1517: 7241: 7210: 7175: 7138: 7101: 6625: 3766: 3588: 3512: 2914: 2403: 1230:. Dam and lodge-building likely developed from bark-eating, and allowed beavers to survive in the harsh winters of the 6969:

Francis, Margot (2004). "The Strange Career of the Canadian Beaver: Anthropomorphic Discourses and Imperial History".

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and their offspring. Beaver families can have as many as ten members; groups about this size require multiple lodges.

6914: 6887: 5702: 5609: 5239:"Smokey the Beaver: beaver-dammed riparian corridors stay green during wildfire throughout the western United States" 4703:"The river discontinuum: applying beaver modifications to baseline conditions for restoration of forested headwaters" 3195:"Paleoecology of Northeast Indiana Wetland Harboring Remains of the Pleistocene Giant Beaver (Castoroides Ohioensis)" 2195:

of intruders and fights may result in deep bites to the sides, rump, and tail. They exhibit a behavior known as the "

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and fur companies in the United States. The contemporary global fur trade is not as profitable due to conservation,

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blood vessel system which allows the animal to lose heat in warm temperatures and retain heat in cold temperatures.

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The core of beaver social organization is the family, which is composed of an adult male and an adult female in a

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species that forage at the water surface and "prefer moderate vegetation clutter". Large herbivores, such as some

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Grover, A. M.; Baldassarre, G. A. (1995). "Bird species richness within beaver ponds in south-central New York".

4041:"Differences in habitat use between the native Eurasian beaver and the invasive North American beaver in Finland" 1754:

to live. Dam construction begins in late summer or early fall, and they repair them whenever needed. Beavers can

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is double the volume of its stomach. Microorganisms in the caecum allow them to process around 30 percent of the

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had nearly exterminated both species. Their populations have since rebounded, and they are listed as species of

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Batbold, J.; Batsaikhan, N.; Shar, S.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G.; Palomo, L. (2016).

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The beaver has long been associated with Canada, appearing on the first pictorial postage stamp issued in the

2356:, nets, bows and arrows, spears, clubs, firearms, and leg-hold traps. Castoreum was used to lure the animals. 7561: 7478: 6499: 6454: 6362: 4351: 3156:

Korth, W. W. (2002). "Comments on the systematics and classification of the beavers (Rodentia, Castoridae)".

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their food for the winter, piling wood in the deepest part of their pond where it cannot be reached by other

1532:, beavers are classed as a "prohibited new organism" preventing them from being introduced into the country. 5436:) on the biodiversity (Odonata, Mollusca, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera) of brooks in Hesse (Germany)" 3086:

Doronina, Liliya; Matzke, Andreas; Churakov, Gennady; Stoll, Monika; Huge, Andreas; Schmitz, Jürgen (2017).

2605:, typically to signify it as a friendly but relatively weak nation. In the United States, the beaver is the 7604: 7087: 4467: 2240:('beaver fever') by infecting surface waters, though outbreaks are more commonly caused by human activity. 2084: 1867:. In peatlands particularly, their dams stabilize the constantly changing water levels, leading to greater 477: 284:

populations in Mongolia and northwestern China, as well as reintroduced populations in the United Kingdom)

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Sun, Lixing; Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (1998). "Anal Gland Secretion Codes for Relatedness in the Beaver,

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in Russia. The beaver has since recolonized parts of its former range, aided by conservation policies and

7465: 7335: 7124: 6749: 6388: 6133: 3304:"Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Slow Rates of Molecular Evolution and the Timing of Speciation in Beavers ( 2283: 653:(as opposed to the square ones of the North American species), a lighter fur color, and a narrower tail. 7340: 2119:, and spend the daytime in their shelters. In northern latitudes, beaver activity is decoupled from the 2063:, will shelter in beaver lodges. Beaver modifications to streams in Poland create habitats favorable to 507: 7161: 6188: 2618: 2606: 2098: 2036:

as those without. As trees are drowned by rising beaver impoundments, they become an ideal habitat for

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and tail. Vision in the beaver is relatively poor; the beaver eye cannot see as well underwater as an

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Bjorkoyli, Tore; Rosell, Frank (2002). "A Test of the Dear Enemy Phenomenon in the Eurasian Beaver".

3504: 2541:, fantastically depicting them like human builders. Beavers have also appeared in literature such as 1986:. Beaver floodings create more dead trees, providing more habitat for terrestrial invertebrates like 1466: 1398:

they eat. A beaver defecates in the water, leaving behind balls of sawdust. Female beavers have four

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in 1820, many scientists considered both names synonymous for one same species until the 1970s, when

515: 334:, weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb). They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like 6127:

Rosell, Frank; Nolet, Bart A. (1997). "Factors Affecting Scent-Marking Behavior in Eurasian Beaver (

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habitats are enlarged, aquatic plants colonize the newly available watery habitat. One study in the

7589: 7233: 7202: 7130: 4758:) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada". 3232:"Evolution of woodcutting behaviour in Early Pliocene beaver driven by consumption of woody plants" 2989: 2443: 2324: 1891: 922: 614: 84: 3990: 2286:, where he was the "caretaker of park animals" and raised a beaver pair and their four offspring. 2143:

and play fighting maintain bonds between family members, and aggression between them is uncommon.

5243: 3230:

Plint, Tessa; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Ballantyne, Ashley; Telka, Alice; Rybczynski, Natalia (2020).

2906: 2468: 2071:

species, benefit from beaver activity as they can access vegetation from fallen trees and ponds.

1376: 1153: 523: 31: 17: 5698:"Influence of Beaver Dam Density on Riparian Areas and Riparian Birds in Shrubsteepe of Wyoming" 826: 7522: 7275: 5602:) as a surrogate species for conserving anuran amphibians on boreal streams in Alberta, Canada" 2578: 2387:

from willow and aspen trees in the beaver's diet, and has a physiological effect comparable to

1875: 1784: 1677: 1525: 1323: 1227: 535: 519: 7444: 3651:

Gordon, L. M.; Cohn, M. J.; MacRenaris, K. W.; Pasteris, J. D.; Seda, T.; Joester, D. (2015).

2472: 1073:

Phylogeny of extant and extinct relatives of modern beavers based on genetics and morphology.

7517: 7509: 7263: 6904: 5560: 5520:"The occurrence of bark beetles (Col. Scolytidae) in a dead spruce stand flooded by beavers ( 3800: 3408: 2566: 2455: 2451: 1556: 1477: 1332: 1262: 1137: 1133: 634: 531: 417: 315: 217: 67: 682: 7361: 7322: 6459: 6248: 6142: 6089: 5843: 5806: 5761: 5668: 5618: 5570: 5380: 5252: 5203: 5158: 5094: 5017: 4976: 4910: 4810: 4767: 4360: 4315: 4306:

Fryxell, J. M.; Doucet, C. M. (1993). "Diet Choice and the Funcional Response of Beavers".

4190: 4052: 3666: 3470: 3321: 3245: 3105: 2998: 2430:

would remove the guard hairs. The number of pelts needed depended on the type of hat, with

2415:. Beaver tails were thus highly prized in Europe; they were described by French naturalist 2271: 1947: 1868: 1657: 1569: 1438: 347: 3757:

Campbell-Palmer, Róisín; Gow, Derek; Needham, Robert; Jones, Simon; Rosell, Frank (2015).

2406:

groups have historically hunted beavers for food, they preferred its meat more than other

8: 6745: 6426: 6154: 5340: 3451:

Barisone, G.; Argenti, P.; Kotsakis, T. (2006). "Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the genus

2983:

Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Hautier, Lionel; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2012).

2048: 1943: 1811: 1584: 1271: 307: 236: 6252: 6146: 6093: 5847: 5810: 5765: 5672: 5622: 5574: 5384: 5256: 5207: 5162: 5098: 5021: 4980: 4914: 4814: 4771: 4364: 4319: 4194: 4056: 3670: 3474: 3325: 3249: 3109: 3002: 2191:

along the banks of their ponds, which may be 1–7 km (0.62–4.35 mi) in length.

6591: 6299: 6260: 6239: 6215: 6168: 6062: 6054: 6003: 5859: 5855: 5777: 5719: 5500: 5492: 5412: 5396: 5219: 5176: 5118: 4933: 4896: 4877: 4869: 4834: 4783: 4724: 4615: 4492: 4437: 4410: 4376: 4331: 4219:"Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms" 4110: 3938: 3907: 3825: 3692: 3433: 3388: 3344: 3303: 3276: 3236: 3231: 3175: 3128: 3096: 3087: 3068: 3021: 2984: 2602: 2551: 2463: 2345: 2216: 2188: 2116: 1934: 1842: 1687: 1108: 390: 79: 5452: 5431: 5142: 5078:"An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale" 2154:

Up to four young, or kits, are born in spring and summer, after a three or four-month

1488:

million by the late 20th century; still far lower than the originally estimated 60–400

1461: 1382:

The beaver's sex organs are inside the body, and the male's penis has a cartilaginous

649:). The Eurasian beaver is slightly longer and has a more lengthened skull, triangular 7504: 7348: 7237: 7206: 7171: 7134: 7097: 6984: 6910: 6883: 6674: 6621: 6291: 5863: 5582: 5404: 5316: 5270: 5223: 5180: 5110: 4938: 4838: 4826: 4677: 4619: 4595: 4484: 4442: 4380: 4284: 4081: 4011: 3943: 3817: 3762: 3684: 3657: 3594: 3584: 3518: 3508: 3496: 3425: 3392: 3349: 3281: 3263: 3133: 3026: 2910: 2529:

tale where a young woman flees from her evil husband with the aid of her pet beaver.

2340: 2259: 2196: 2025: 1276: 1254: 6595: 6303: 6219: 6172: 6066: 6007: 5883:

may improve habitat quality for vespertilionid bats foraging in small river valleys"

5781: 5723: 5504: 5416: 5002:

Jones, B. M.; Tape, K. D.; Clark, J. A.; Nitze, I.; Grosse, G.; Disbrow, J. (2020).

4787: 4728: 4651: 3967: 3829: 3437: 3179: 3072: 1835:

Images of a beaver dam over a four-month period. Dams block rivers and create ponds.

7584: 7353: 7313: 6980: 6664: 6654: 6583: 6283: 6256: 6205: 6197: 6158: 6150: 6097: 6046: 5995: 5894: 5851: 5814: 5769: 5711: 5676: 5626: 5578: 5541: 5531: 5484: 5447: 5388: 5306: 5297: 5260: 5211: 5166: 5122: 5102: 5025: 4984: 4928: 4918: 4881: 4861: 4818: 4775: 4716: 4681: 4673: 4607: 4496: 4476: 4432: 4422: 4368: 4323: 4198: 4102: 4079: 4060: 3985: 3933: 3923: 3809: 3696: 3674: 3478: 3417: 3380: 3339: 3329: 3271: 3253: 3167: 3123: 3113: 3060: 3016: 3006: 2951: 2650: 2648: 2610: 2590: 2459: 2263: 2120: 1971: 1951: 1906: 1846: 1751: 1513: 1481: 1279:

of North America was similar to but larger than the extant North American beaver.'

1162: 599: 382: 5999: 5681: 5652: 5047:"Beavers are gnawing away at the Arctic permafrost, and that's bad for the planet" 4387: 3482: 377:

used by many other species, and because of their effect on other organisms in the

6101: 5630: 4988: 4779: 4372: 3334: 2574: 2542: 2487: 2360: 2179: 2140: 1561: 1226:. Researchers suggest that modern beavers and Castoroidinae shared a bark-eating 642: 457: 425: 323: 225: 7483: 4503: 4203: 4174: 1734: 1520:. Beaver populations now range across western, central, and eastern Europe, and 7400: 7387: 7327: 7167: 5030: 5003: 4065: 4040: 3908:"Diving behavior in a free-living, semi-aquatic herbivore, the Eurasian beaver 3906:

Graf, P. M.; Wilson, R. P.; Sanchez, L. C.; Hacklӓnder, K.; Rosell, F. (2017).

3258: 2598: 2534: 2384: 2267: 1996:, which live and breed in dead wood. The presence of beavers can increase wild 1983: 1910: 1883: 1521: 1399: 1117: 792: 467: 359: 5967: 5899: 5878: 5106: 4865: 3653:"Amorphous intergranular phases control the properties of rodent tooth enamel" 3171: 3064: 7578: 6033:

McNew, L. B.; Woolf, A. (2005). "Dispersal and Survival of Juvenile Beavers (

4830: 4720: 4700: 4664: 4611: 4427: 4020: 4009: 3976: 3860: 3302:

Horn, S.; Durke, W.; Wolf, R.; Ermala, A.; Stubbe, M.; Hofreiter, M. (2011).

3267: 2985:"A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach" 2555: 2546: 2538: 2526: 2476: 2349: 2336: 2229: 2021: 1905:

found that beaver engineering lead to an increase of more than 33 percent in

1696: 1621: 1473: 1300: 1204: 1189: 1152:(with the palatine opening closer to the rear end of the bone), and a longer 1149: 1092: 1088: 1080: 842: 707: 606: 591: 421: 355: 199: 173: 3679: 3652: 3598: 3011: 2391:. Today, the medical use of castoreum has declined and is limited mainly to 2266:

became famous in the mid-2000s for their role in improving the ecosystem of

1359: 7298: 6678: 6393: 6287: 6201: 5408: 5320: 5274: 5114: 4967:) to nesting habitat and areas of open water in Canada's boreal wetlands". 4942: 4488: 4446: 4285:"Beaver-Dredged Canals and their Spatial Relationship to Beaver-Cut Stumps" 3947: 3848: 3688: 3522: 3429: 3367:

Samuels, J. X.; Zancanella, J. (2011). "An early Hemphillian occurrence of

3353: 3285: 3137: 3030: 2738: 2694: 2586: 2582: 2514: 2500: 2431: 2416: 2247: 2243: 2175: 2112: 2041: 1993: 1959: 1850: 1710: 1578: 1429:; this indicates a relatively advanced brain with higher intelligence. The 1422: 1413: 1327: 1296: 1193: 1084: 1011: 897: 846: 650: 331: 193: 185: 6295: 5831: 3821: 2956: 2931: 2513:

emphasize the beaver's skill and industriousness. In the mythology of the

2317: 547: 7426: 7307: 6777: 6775: 6669: 6210: 6163: 4686: 2630: 2594: 2447: 2037: 1975: 1955: 1902: 1860: 1722: 1593: 1368: 1308: 1304: 1198: 1185: 717: 630: 441: 413: 351: 343: 300: 5143:

Pollock, Michael M.; Beechie, Timothy J. & Jordan, Chris E. (2007).

4539: 4480: 2335:

that the castor sacs of the beaver were its testicles, and females were

1037: 7418: 6058: 5773: 5546: 5536: 5519: 5496: 5400: 5392: 5075: 4873: 4707: 4335: 4114: 4093: 3872: 3421: 2522: 2423: 2392: 2363:

promoted it as a treatment for stomach problems, flatulence, seizures,

2353: 2348:

in the 1500s. Beavers have historically been hunted and captured using

2237: 2090:

North American beaver family, with the center pair grooming one another

1988: 1979: 1887: 1743: 1729: 1692: 1430: 1403: 1344: 1100: 998: 821: 727: 499: 402: 370: 156: 146: 7015: 6772: 6659: 6642: 6587: 4575: 4237: 3928: 3118: 2899:

Busher, P.; Hartman, G. (2001). "Beavers". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.).

2558:

the beavers were housed near a water-filled tub that was also used by

940: 7431: 7374: 7093: 6014: 5818: 5265: 5238: 5215: 5171: 5144: 5085: 4923: 4822: 4249: 3384: 2407: 2376: 2159: 2155: 2136: 2124: 2017: 1915: 1682: 1434: 1407: 1395: 1234:. There is no conclusive evidence for this behavior occurring in non- 1231: 1181: 1170: 1112: 1032: 666: 568: 409: 394: 386: 378: 96: 7269: 6322: 5931: 5651:

Russel, K. R.; Moorman, C. E.; Edwards, J. K.; Guynn, D. C. (1999).

5311: 5292: 4327: 4106: 3577:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

3529: 1721:"Beaver lodge" redirects here. For the town in Alberta, Canada, see 7379: 7292: 7257: 6991: 6618:

Restoring Neighborhood Streams – Planning, Design, and Construction

5955: 5919: 5876: 5488: 4958: 4551: 3813: 3632: 3620: 3312: 2435: 2396: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2306: 2279: 2251: 2220: 2052: 2032:

streams and rivers, watercourses with beavers had 75 times as many

1898: 1879: 1609: 1605: 1442: 1441:

and hearing. Touch is more advanced in the lips and hands than the

1426: 1312: 1214: 543: 503: 335: 116: 6721: 6479: 5877:

Ciechanowski, M.; Kubic, W.; Rynkiewicz, A.; Zwolicki, A. (2011).

5657:) ponds and unimpounded streams in the Piedmont of South Carolina" 3794:

Allers, D.; Culik, B. M. (1997). "Energy Requirements of Beavers (

2601:

in 1921. The beaver has commonly been used to represent Canada in

2581:, the coat of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the logos for 1497: 1287: 401:-based castor sacs. Beavers can also recognize their kin by their 59: 7556: 7230:

Eager: The Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter

6935: 3461: 2559: 2439: 2427: 2388: 2368: 2299: 2255: 2123:

during the winter, and may last as long as 29 hours. They do not

2029: 2010: 1967: 1855: 1849:, as its activities can have a great impact on the landscape and 1755: 1641: 1625: 1613: 1574: 1509: 1383: 1340: 1303:

and their robust build allows them to pull heavy loads. A beaver

1246: 1177: 1141: 1096: 798: 491: 412:. Before protections began in the 19th and early 20th centuries, 398: 374: 311: 303: 48: 5943: 4895:

Puttock, A.; Graham, H. A.; Carless, D.; Brazier, R. E. (2018).

4649: 4563: 3703: 3575:". In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). 451: 445: 6685: 5751: 4594:

Grudzinski, Bartosz P.; Cummins, Hays; Vang, Teng Keng (2019).

2733: 2689: 2614: 2233: 2147: 2060: 1997: 1963: 1929: 1747: 1645: 1601: 1391: 1387: 1336: 1315:

is 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) long and dark gray. Beavers

1145: 1104: 551: 527: 363: 268: 136: 126: 106: 7366: 4897:"Sediment and Nutrient Storage in a Beaver Engineered Wetland" 3756: 3229: 2395:. The substance is also used as an ingredient in perfumes and 1918:, and provide them with enough moisture to resist such fires. 1766: 1742:

Beavers need trees and shrubs to use as building material for

1261:

may have competed with members of Castoroidinae, which led to

405:

secretions and are more likely to tolerate them as neighbors.

7530: 2504: 2127:

during winter, and spend much of their time in their lodges.

2056: 2033: 2001: 1700: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1649: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1505: 1446: 555: 276:

Range of the living beavers as of 2016 (including introduced

7199:

Dam Builders: The Natural History of Beavers and their Ponds

6947: 6847: 6079: 4800: 4701:

Burchsted, D.; Daniels, M.; Thorson, R.; Vokoun, J. (2010).

3650: 2649:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1922).

1909:

diversity along the water's edge. Another study in semiarid

6799: 6787: 6051:

10.1674/0003-0031(2005)154[0217:DASOJB]2.0.CO;2

5695: 5653:"Amphibian and reptile communities associated with beaver ( 4894: 4408: 3905: 3085: 2982: 2518: 2412: 2379:. The substance has traditionally been prescribed to treat 2068: 2006: 1501: 1316: 1121:, a time of significant changes in animal species around 33 1099:. Modern beavers are the only extant members of the family 6859: 4282: 3836: 2232:

humans and domestic pets, particularly when infected with

2020:

by creating increased areas of water. The widening of the

393:

and mark them using scent mounds made of mud, debris, and

7027: 5716:

10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[365:IOBDDO]2.0.CO;2

5650: 2064: 1864: 1637: 1628:

of woody plants; tree and shrub species consumed include

1126: 339: 7003: 6823: 6754:

Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment

6709: 6563:

Bailey, D. R.; Dittbrenner, B. J.; Yocom, K. P. (2018).

4959:

Bromley, Chantal K.; Hood, Glynnis A. (2013). "Beavers (

4515: 3371:(Castoridae) from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon". 2851: 1222:

appears to have been an inferior woodcutter compared to

330:). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after 7051: 6835: 6811: 6697: 6310: 5596:

Stevens, C. E.; Paszkowsk, C. A.; Foote, A. L. (2007).

4459: 3450: 1709:. They have also been recorded to be infected with the 1421:

Compared to many other rodents, a beaver's brain has a

27:

Genus of semiaquatic rodents that build dams and lodges

6562: 5798:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

4754:

Hood, Glynnis A.; Bayley, Suzanne E. (2008). "Beaver (

4038: 3889: 3887: 3610: 3608: 3495: 3405: 2964: 2359:

Castoreum was used for a variety of medical purposes;

7039: 6643:"Captive Care and Welfare Considerations for Beavers" 6640: 6419: 6334: 6108: 5595: 4600:

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

4593: 2709: 1863:

in mineral soil environments and in wetlands such as

1295:

Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after

350:, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are 5985: 5076:

Wright, J. P.; Jones, C. G.; Flecker, A. S. (2002).

4527: 2309:

with the beaver depicted as biting off its testicles

1886:. In Arctic areas, the floods they create can cause 1218:, have been found near piles of chewed wood, though 1136:

castorids had several unique features: more complex

252: 242: 232: 7089:

Once They Were Hats: In Search of the Mighty Beaver

7063: 6452: 5907: 5835:

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

5001: 4851: 4261: 3884: 3775: 3715: 3605: 3301: 7126:The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer 7122: 6941: 6880:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire 6781: 6620:. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 177–178. 6485: 6355:"Diabolical beaver holds Daugavpils in its thrall" 6328: 6273: 6232: 6082:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 6020: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5336:"Invasive beavers are destroying Tierra del Fuego" 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4509: 4393: 4255: 4243: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3709: 3638: 3626: 3535: 397:—a liquid substance excreted through the beaver's 6353:Андреев, Александр; Eng.LSM.lv (April 21, 2016). 6352: 3366: 3192: 2617:. It is also featured on the coat of arms of the 280:populations in Europe and Patagonia, but missing 7576: 5794: 5333: 4086:"Alteration of North American Streams by Beaver" 7123:Müller-Schwarze, Dietland; Sun, Lixing (2003). 6968: 6507:Association of Massachusetts Wetland Scientists 6500:"Best Management Solutions for Beaver Problems" 6185: 6179: 4650:Rosell F; Bozser O; Collen P; Parker H (2005). 4596:"Beaver canals and their environmental effects" 4039:Alakoski, R.; Kauhala, K.; Selonen, V. (2019). 3954: 3566: 3564: 2823: 2821: 2442:. In the late 16th century, Europeans began to 1530:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 1269:was likely an ancestor of the Eurasian beaver. 1103:. They originated in North America in the late 5366: 5236: 4404: 4402: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 1355:The fore foot, hind foot, and tail of a beaver 6744: 5517: 5466: 4348: 4305: 4289:Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 4005: 4003: 4001: 3991:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T4003A22187946.en 3297: 3295: 3200:Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 3079: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2929: 2898: 2521:story, the Great Beaver and its dam caused a 6497: 6226: 6120: 5467:Spieth, H. T. (1979). "The virilis group of 5193: 3151: 3149: 3147: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2818: 1950:. Damming typically leads to an increase of 1620:. During the fall and winter, they eat more 1573:environments, including agricultural areas, 1196:to modern beavers, and included giants like 461: 7266:: How to identify beaver tracks in the wild 6964: 6962: 6909:. University of Toronto Press. p. 62. 6420:Huget, Jennifer LaRue (September 6, 2012). 6126: 5429: 4963:) facilitate early access by Canada geese ( 4399: 3965: 3793: 3752: 3750: 3541: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2790: 2788: 2593:are two fictional beavers that appeared in 2323:Beaver pelts were the driving force of the 2305:Depiction of a beaver hunt from a medieval 2211: 1249:. The earliest fossil remains appear to be 605:for the Eurasian species. German zoologist 563: 471: 6565:"Reintegrating the North American beaver ( 6032: 5044: 4753: 3998: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3571:Baker, B. W.; Hill, E. P. (2003). "Beaver 3459:of Pietrafitta (Perugia, Central Italy)". 3292: 3193:Swinehart, A. L.; Richards, R. L. (2001). 3048: 3037: 2399:, and as a flavouring in food and drinks. 2170: 1456: 267: 58: 7085: 7057: 7033: 7009: 6853: 6829: 6805: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6715: 6691: 6668: 6658: 6381: 6346: 6209: 6162: 5898: 5680: 5545: 5535: 5451: 5310: 5286: 5284: 5264: 5170: 5029: 4932: 4922: 4685: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4436: 4426: 4202: 4148:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 4064: 3989: 3937: 3927: 3761:. Pelagic Publishing Ltd. pp. 7–12. 3678: 3570: 3343: 3333: 3275: 3257: 3223: 3144: 3127: 3117: 3020: 3010: 2955: 1878:of freshwater ecosystems by accumulating 1738:North American beaver chewing down a tree 7227: 7159: 7021: 6997: 6959: 6953: 6865: 6841: 6817: 6793: 6727: 6703: 6641:Campbell-Palmer, R.; Rosell, F. (2015). 6615: 6455:"Beavers get tough defending their turf" 5747: 5745: 5293:"Tierra del Fuego: The beavers must die" 5230: 4278: 4276: 2863: 2857: 2785: 2715: 2486: 2419:as tasting like a "nicely dressed eel". 2215: 2174: 1924: 1790: 1765: 1733: 1583: 1539: 1476:of mammals lists both beaver species as 1460: 1412: 1358: 1350: 1322:Beavers have large skulls with powerful 1286: 1253:, found in Germany and dated 12–10 mya. 476:. The ultimate origin of the word is an 6902: 6556: 5730:from the original on September 22, 2020 5432:"The influence of the European beaver ( 4660:and their ability to modify ecosystems" 3727: 3489: 3186: 2766:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 14: 7577: 6877: 6733: 6413: 5696:Cooke, Hilary A.; Zack, Steve (2008). 5281: 4954: 4952: 4626: 4172: 4073: 2773:from the original on November 11, 2020 2537:illustrated beavers building a dam at 2491:Beaver sculpture over entrance to the 2280:Archibald Stansfeld "Grey Owl" Belaney 1920:Introduced beavers at Tierra del Fuego 1588:North American beaver eating lily pads 1551:Eurasian beavers swimming and foraging 1291:Mounted North American beaver skeleton 1079:Beavers belong to the rodent suborder 7274: 7273: 7196: 7069: 7045: 6882:. Wiley. pp. 2, 4, 49, 226–231. 6605:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6516:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6453:Shinohara, Rosemary (June 11, 2011). 6434:from the original on October 23, 2020 6401:from the original on November 8, 2020 6369:from the original on October 30, 2022 6340: 6316: 6114: 5913: 5887:European Journal of Wildlife Research 5742: 5640:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5150:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 5132:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4902:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 4533: 4521: 4273: 4267: 4225:from the original on November 6, 2020 4154:from the original on November 6, 2020 3893: 3842: 3781: 3721: 3614: 3308:), One of the Largest Rodent Species" 3155: 2976: 2970: 2839:from the original on November 3, 2020 2806:from the original on November 3, 2020 2665:from the original on January 23, 2022 2655:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 1892:releasing methane into the atmosphere 1663:Beavers usually live up to 10 years. 7562:131B4098-7383-4DD7-AF03-A27FB5D24689 7536:7B69D3D6-B6A4-5FEE-8AF1-47BBCB024415 7406:e5399f4f-6482-4570-9786-b5dcd76ae2e7 6760:from the original on October 3, 2020 6544:from the original on October 9, 2022 5290: 4084:; Kelley, James C. (December 1988). 3501:Pleistocene Mammals of North America 2047:Other semi-aquatic mammals, such as 1188:lifestyle. Members of the subfamily 622:, and nine have been classified for 6923:from the original on April 23, 2023 4949: 4735:from the original on August 5, 2020 4021:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3977:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3088:"The beaver's phylogenetic lineage 1363:Beaver tail and feet prints on snow 498:is the source for several European 24: 7221: 7184:from the original on July 11, 2024 7147:from the original on July 11, 2024 7110:from the original on April 6, 2023 6467:from the original on July 11, 2024 6397:. Associated Press. May 29, 2013. 6261:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00041.x 6155:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006403.74674.8a 5856:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03660.x 5334:Gilliland, H. C. (June 25, 2019). 3211:from the original on March 4, 2016 1282: 385:. Adult males and females live in 25: 7616: 7251: 5703:Western North American Naturalist 5057:from the original on June 2, 2023 4144:"Beaver reintroduction in the UK" 2289: 1770:Open-water beaver lodge in Canada 1716: 1504:in Germany, southern Norway, the 562:has its origin in the Greek word 7595:Extant Miocene first appearances 6985:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00231.x 6896: 6878:Madsen, Axl (January 30, 2001). 6871: 6634: 6609: 6520: 6491: 6446: 6267: 6073: 5583:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00421.x 5237:Fairfax, E; Whittle, A. (2020). 4678:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x 4396:, pp. 83, 113–114, 118–122. 4175:"Population of Eurasian beaver ( 3455:(Rodentia, Mammalia) in Europe: 2930:Lahti, S.; Helminen, M. (1974). 2316: 2298: 2262:to accommodate the animals. The 2202: 2097: 2083: 1822: 1810: 1797:Environmental impacts of beavers 1386:. They have only one opening, a 1036: 1015: 939: 845: 825: 797: 681: 665: 83: 6972:Journal of Historical Sociology 6039:The American Midland Naturalist 6026: 5979: 5870: 5825: 5788: 5689: 5644: 5589: 5554: 5511: 5460: 5423: 5360: 5327: 5187: 5136: 5069: 5038: 4995: 4888: 4845: 4794: 4747: 4694: 4587: 4453: 4342: 4299: 4211: 4183:Global Ecology and Conservation 4166: 4136: 4032: 3899: 3787: 3644: 3444: 3399: 3360: 2923: 2422:Beaver pelts were used to make 2005:been shown to be beneficial to 1335:cover the eyes. To protect the 6942:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 6782:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 6486:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 6329:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 6021:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5974:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5962:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5950:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5938:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5926:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 5009:Environmental Research Letters 4652:"Ecological impact of beavers 4582:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4570:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4558:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4546:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4512:, pp. 54, 56–57, 68, 108. 4510:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4394:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4256:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 4244:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3879:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3867:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3855:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3710:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3639:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3627:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3581:Johns Hopkins University Press 3536:Müller-Schwarze & Sun 2003 3159:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3052:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2753: 2721: 2677: 2642: 2130: 2104:Eurasian beaver parent and kit 1970:. This is to the detriment of 1425:that is much smaller than the 1375:fat for winter. It also has a 1107:and colonized Eurasia via the 13: 1: 7260:Charity that supports beavers 7024:, pp. 20–21, 28–32, 134. 6389:"Beaver kills man in Belarus" 6363:Public Broadcasting of Latvia 6000:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.11.020 5682:10.1080/02705060.1999.9663666 5661:Journal of Freshwater Ecology 5453:10.1016/S0075-9511(99)80052-8 4352:Forest Ecology and Management 3483:10.1016/j.geobios.2005.10.004 2636: 2482: 2438:hats requiring more fur than 6535:US Department of Agriculture 6102:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.07.046 5976:, pp. 332–333, 100–101. 5631:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.017 5045:Hunt, Kate (June 30, 2020). 4989:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.02.009 4780:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.003 4468:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4373:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118331 3335:10.1371/journal.pone.0014622 2493:Canadian Parliament Building 656: 569: 431: 7: 7600:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7086:Backhouse, Frances (2015). 6498:Callahan, M. (April 2005). 6134:Journal of Chemical Ecology 5879:"Reintroduction of beavers 4204:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01046 3869:, pp. 6, 13–14, 41–45. 2902:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2624: 2444:deal in North American furs 2411:on meatless Fridays during 2284:Prince Albert National Park 2074: 1897:As wetlands are formed and 1482:Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia 1165:. Members of the subfamily 1148:of the inner ear, a smooth 1014:(kangaroo rats and allies) 586: 381:, beavers are considered a 10: 7621: 7078: 7000:, pp. 14–15, 130–131. 6528:"Beaver Damage Management" 4221:. New Zealand Government. 4066:10.1007/s10530-019-01919-9 3259:10.1038/s41598-020-70164-1 2619:London School of Economics 2569:in 1851 as the so-called " 2258:designing their parks and 1794: 1727: 1720: 1560:streams, typically with a 1535: 1406:. The castor sacs secrete 1180:(about 24 mya), castorids 770:Agnotocastor praetereadens 600:specific (species) epithet 29: 7282: 7203:Fitzhenry & Whiteside 7160:Poliquin, Rachel (2015). 6730:, pp. 55, 58–62, 65. 6569:) in the urban landscape" 6037:) in Southern Illinois". 5900:10.1007/s10344-010-0481-y 5107:10.1007/s00442-002-0929-1 3857:, pp. 13–14, 17, 44. 3505:Columbia University Press 3065:10.1007/s10914-006-9017-3 1467:Yellowstone National Park 1465:North American beaver in 1030: 1009: 1002: 936: 919: 912: 894: 887: 840: 819: 812: 789: 782: 767: 760: 753: 741:Agnotocastor coloradensis 738: 731: 721: 711: 564: 310:. There are two existing 275: 266: 212: 207: 191: 184: 80:Scientific classification 78: 66: 57: 41: 7234:Chelsea Green Publishing 7131:Cornell University Press 6903:Friesen, Gerald (1987). 5031:10.1088/1748-9326/ab80f1 4721:10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.7 4612:10.1177/0309133319873116 4428:10.1128/mSphere.00090-18 3798:) Swimming Underwater". 3092:ted by retroposon reads" 2990:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2325:North American fur trade 2212:Interactions with humans 1984:net-spinning caddisflies 1952:slow or motionless water 1942:Beaver activity impacts 1695:(beaver fever); and the 1417:Eurasian beaver swimming 1369:webbing between the toes 923:Migmacastor procumbodens 456:and is connected to the 342:, hand-like front feet, 51: – Recent 7197:Runtz, Michael (2015). 5610:Biological Conservation 5477:The American Naturalist 5244:Ecological Applications 4866:10.1023/a:1006330501887 4760:Biological Conservation 3680:10.1126/science.1258950 3499:; Anderson, E. (1980). 3373:Journal of Paleontology 3172:10.1023/A:1014468732231 3012:10.1186/1471-2148-12-88 2907:Oxford University Press 2573:". It was declared the 2171:Territories and spacing 1841:The beaver works as an 1457:Distribution and status 1192:are considered to be a 1173:(burrowing) lifestyle. 672:North American beaver ( 598:in 1758 as well as the 452: 446: 221:– North American beaver 32:Beaver (disambiguation) 7228:Goldfarb, Ben (2018). 6616:L. Riley, Ann (2016). 6288:10.1006/anbe.1996.0440 6202:10.1006/anbe.2002.3010 5518:Saarenmaa, H. (1978). 4548:, pp. 54–56, 109. 2495: 2462:and the owners of the 2224: 2183: 2158:. Newborn beavers are 1939: 1938:) jumping a beaver dam 1804:Beaver dam enlargement 1771: 1739: 1678:Francisella tularensis 1589: 1581:, and shopping malls. 1552: 1526:Scandinavian Peninsula 1469: 1418: 1364: 1356: 1292: 1115:, coinciding with the 594:coined the genus name 472: 462: 7518:Paleobiology Database 6906:The Canadian Prairies 6694:, pp. 64, 68–71. 3916:Ecology and Evolution 3881:, pp. 11, 14–15. 3845:, pp. 55, 63–67. 3801:Physiological Zoology 3409:Journal of Morphology 2957:10.4098/AT.ARCH.74-13 2511:Native American myths 2490: 2456:French and Indian War 2219: 2178: 1948:aquatic invertebrates 1928: 1791:Environmental effects 1769: 1737: 1728:Further information: 1587: 1557:freshwater ecosystems 1550: 1464: 1437:is devoted mainly to 1416: 1362: 1354: 1343:from water flow, the 1333:nictitating membranes 1290: 1265:. The fossil species 1263:niche differentiation 1245:likely originated in 1202:of North America and 635:North American beaver 502:, including those of 316:North American beaver 68:North American beaver 7401:Fauna Europaea (new) 6460:Alaska Dispatch News 6422:"Beavers and rabies" 5434:Castor fiber albicus 5430:Harthun, M. (1999). 4584:, pp. 6, 57–58. 4246:, pp. 107, 109. 4045:Biological Invasions 4028:: e.T4007A115067136. 3984:: e.T4003A22187946. 3966:Cassola, F. (2016). 3583:. pp. 289–297. 3507:. pp. 236–237. 2909:. pp. 590–593. 2554:, who wrote that on 2550:and the writings of 2469:Hudson's Bay Company 2272:Martinez, California 1512:in Belarus, and the 30:For other uses, see 7605:Semiaquatic mammals 6956:, pp. 209–210. 6784:, pp. 150–151. 6748:; Humphries, M. H. 6427:The Washington Post 6253:1998Ethol.104..917S 6147:1997JCEco..23..673R 6094:2016MamBi..81..587G 6023:, pp. 101–103. 5848:2001JAWRA..37.1571M 5811:2014ACMFE..24..623N 5766:1995Wetl...15..108G 5673:1999JFEco..14..149R 5623:2007BCons.134....1S 5575:2012AqFF...13..158K 5385:1986Oecol..68..481M 5341:National Geographic 5257:2020EcoAp..30E2225F 5208:2018Ecohy..11E1993F 5163:2007ESPL...32.1174P 5099:2002Oecol.132...96W 5022:2020ERL....15g5005J 4981:2013MamBi..78...73B 4915:2018ESPL...43.2358P 4815:2018Ecohy..11E1923K 4772:2008BCons.141..556H 4524:, pp. 84, 103. 4481:10.7589/2014-05-120 4365:2020ForEM.47518331M 4320:1993Ecol...74.1297F 4258:, pp. 106–110. 4195:2020GEcoC..2301046W 4173:Wróbel, M. (2020). 4080:Naiman, Robert J.; 4057:2019BiInv..21.1601A 3759:The Eurasian Beaver 3671:2015Sci...347..746G 3475:2006Geobi..39..757B 3326:2011PLoSO...614622H 3250:2020NatSR..1013111P 3110:2017NatSR...743562D 3003:2012BMCEE..12...88F 2829:"Castor canadensis" 2741:on February 8, 2021 2697:on October 28, 2020 2111:Beavers are mainly 1125:million years ago ( 348:freshwater habitats 308:Northern Hemisphere 6856:, pp. 99–101. 6796:, pp. 74, 76. 5940:, pp. 80, 85. 5774:10.1007/BF03160664 5563:Fish and Fisheries 5537:10.14214/sf.a14857 5393:10.1007/BF00378759 4082:Johnston, Carol A. 3538:, pp. 10, 14. 3457:C. fiber plicidens 3422:10.1002/jmor.10662 3237:Scientific Reports 3097:Scientific Reports 2940:(Kuhl) in Finland" 2603:political cartoons 2571:Three-Penny Beaver 2552:Athanasius Kircher 2496: 2464:North West Company 2452:King William's War 2346:Guillaume Rondelet 2225: 2223:feeding his beaver 2184: 2026:semi-arid climates 1940: 1935:Oncorhynchus nerka 1843:ecosystem engineer 1772: 1740: 1688:Giardia duodenalis 1590: 1553: 1470: 1419: 1365: 1357: 1293: 1109:Bering Land Bridge 573:and translates as 7572: 7571: 7505:Open Tree of Life 7276:Taxon identifiers 6868:, pp. 92–94. 6808:, pp. 97–98. 6660:10.1002/zoo.21200 6588:10.1002/wat2.1323 6567:Castor canadensis 6331:, pp. 48–49. 6319:, pp. 55–57. 6235:Castor canadensis 6035:Castor canadensis 5964:, pp. 32–33. 5928:, pp. 30–31. 5600:Castor canadensis 5522:Castor canadensis 5369:Castor canadensis 5291:Choi, C. (2008). 4969:Mammalian Biology 4965:Branta canadensis 4961:Castor canadensis 4909:(11): 2358–2370. 4756:Castor canadensis 4658:Castor canadensis 4560:, pp. 56–57. 4463:Castor canadensis 3970:Castor canadensis 3929:10.1002/ece3.3726 3796:Castor canadensis 3665:(6223): 746–750. 3641:, pp. 11–12. 3629:, pp. 12–13. 3573:Castor canadensis 3416:(11): 1387–1411. 3119:10.1038/srep43562 2973:, pp. 22–25. 2944:Acta Theriologica 2938:Castor canadensis 2860:, pp. 79–80. 2567:Canadian colonies 2543:Dante Alighieri's 2458:; the trade made 2197:dear enemy effect 2044:to nest earlier. 1548: 1277:Early Pleistocene 1255:Mitochondrial DNA 1077: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1048: 988: 987: 979: 978: 970: 969: 961: 960: 952: 951: 938:Palaeocastorinae 876: 875: 867: 866: 858: 857: 824:(modern beavers) 688:Eurasian beaver ( 674:Castor canadensis 639:Castor canadensis 436:The English word 320:Castor canadensis 288: 287: 229:– Eurasian beaver 180: 72:Castor canadensis 16:(Redirected from 7612: 7565: 7564: 7552: 7551: 7539: 7538: 7526: 7525: 7513: 7512: 7500: 7499: 7487: 7486: 7484:NHMSYS0000376498 7474: 7473: 7461: 7460: 7448: 7447: 7435: 7434: 7422: 7421: 7409: 7408: 7396: 7395: 7383: 7382: 7370: 7369: 7357: 7356: 7344: 7343: 7331: 7330: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7271: 7270: 7258:Beaver Institute 7247: 7216: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6979:(2–3): 209–239. 6966: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6742: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6672: 6662: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6573: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6543: 6537:. January 2011. 6532: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6276:Animal Behaviour 6271: 6265: 6264: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6196:(6): 1073–1078. 6189:Animal Behaviour 6183: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5988:Animal Behaviour 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5842:(6): 1571–1577. 5829: 5823: 5822: 5819:10.1002/aqc.2437 5792: 5786: 5785: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5655:Castor canadenis 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5606: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5539: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5348:on July 25, 2019 5344:. Archived from 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5266:10.1002/eap.2225 5234: 5228: 5227: 5216:10.1002/eco.1993 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5172:10.1002/esp.1553 5157:(8): 1174–1185. 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4924:10.1002/esp.4398 4892: 4886: 4885: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4823:10.1002/eco.1923 4798: 4792: 4791: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4672:(3–4): 248–276. 4647: 4624: 4623: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4440: 4430: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4314:(5): 1297–1306. 4303: 4297: 4296: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4124:on March 4, 2012 4123: 4117:. Archived from 4090: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4051:(5): 1601–1613. 4036: 4030: 4029: 4007: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3963: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3754: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3682: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3568: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3385:10.1666/11-016.1 3364: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3337: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3279: 3261: 3244:(13111): 13111. 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3153: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3121: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3046: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3014: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2905:(2nd ed.). 2896: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2737:. Archived from 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693:. Archived from 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2646: 2591:Frank and Gordon 2460:John Jacob Astor 2320: 2302: 2264:Martinez beavers 2101: 2087: 1907:herbaceous plant 1847:keystone species 1826: 1814: 1685:; the protozoan 1592:Beavers have an 1555:Beavers live in 1549: 1491: 1487: 1167:Palaeocastorinae 1163:incisive foramen 1124: 1040: 1019: 1005: 1004: 943: 915: 914: 890: 889: 849: 829: 815: 814: 801: 785: 784: 763: 762: 756: 755: 734: 733: 724: 723: 714: 713: 704: 703: 699: 698: 685: 669: 582: 579: 576: 572: 567: 566: 489: 486: 483: 475: 465: 455: 449: 387:monogamous pairs 383:keystone species 338:, brown or gray 271: 254: 244: 234: 172: 88: 87: 62: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7590:Holarctic fauna 7575: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7503: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7399: 7391: 7386: 7378: 7373: 7365: 7360: 7352: 7347: 7339: 7334: 7326: 7321: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7278: 7254: 7244: 7224: 7222:Further reading 7219: 7213: 7187: 7185: 7178: 7150: 7148: 7141: 7113: 7111: 7104: 7081: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048:, pp. 2–4. 7044: 7040: 7036:, pp. 5–6. 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6746:Kuhnlein, H. V. 6743: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6571: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6272: 6268: 6247:(11): 917–927. 6231: 6227: 6184: 6180: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6078: 6074: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5875: 5871: 5830: 5826: 5793: 5789: 5750: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5694: 5690: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5604: 5594: 5590: 5559: 5555: 5516: 5512: 5471:and the beaver 5465: 5461: 5428: 5424: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5332: 5328: 5312:10.1038/453968a 5289: 5282: 5235: 5231: 5192: 5188: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5039: 5000: 4996: 4957: 4950: 4893: 4889: 4854:Biogeochemistry 4850: 4846: 4799: 4795: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4715:(11): 908–922. 4699: 4695: 4648: 4627: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4458: 4454: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4347: 4343: 4328:10.2307/1940060 4304: 4300: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4107:10.2307/1310784 4101:(11): 753–762. 4088: 4078: 4074: 4037: 4033: 4008: 3999: 3964: 3955: 3922:(2): 997–1008. 3904: 3900: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3755: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3591: 3569: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3515: 3494: 3490: 3449: 3445: 3404: 3400: 3365: 3361: 3300: 3293: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3191: 3187: 3154: 3145: 3084: 3080: 3047: 3038: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2897: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2627: 2589:use its image. 2575:national animal 2485: 2404:Native American 2361:Pliny the Elder 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2292: 2214: 2205: 2180:Eurasian beaver 2173: 2141:Mutual grooming 2137:monogamous pair 2133: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2077: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1732: 1726: 1719: 1691:, which causes 1681:, which causes 1540: 1538: 1518:reintroductions 1500:of France, the 1489: 1485: 1459: 1324:chewing muscles 1285: 1283:Characteristics 1272:C. californicus 1228:common ancestor 1122: 1068: 1059: 1050: 989: 980: 971: 962: 953: 877: 868: 859: 697: 696: 695: 694: 693: 686: 678: 677: 670: 659: 643:Eurasian beaver 589: 580: 577: 574: 487: 484: 481: 440:comes from the 434: 426:national animal 324:Eurasian beaver 262: 237:C. californicus 203: 197: 171: 82: 53: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7553: 7540: 7527: 7514: 7501: 7488: 7475: 7462: 7449: 7436: 7423: 7410: 7397: 7388:Fauna Europaea 7384: 7371: 7358: 7345: 7332: 7319: 7304: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7268: 7267: 7261: 7253: 7252:External links 7250: 7249: 7248: 7243:978-1603589086 7242: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212:978-1554553242 7211: 7194: 7177:978-1780234564 7176: 7168:Reaktion Books 7157: 7140:978-0801440984 7139: 7120: 7103:978-1770907553 7102: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7062: 7058:Backhouse 2015 7050: 7038: 7034:Backhouse 2015 7026: 7014: 7010:Backhouse 2015 7002: 6990: 6958: 6946: 6934: 6915: 6895: 6888: 6870: 6858: 6854:Backhouse 2015 6846: 6834: 6830:Backhouse 2015 6822: 6810: 6806:Backhouse 2015 6798: 6786: 6771: 6732: 6720: 6716:Backhouse 2015 6708: 6696: 6692:Backhouse 2015 6684: 6653:(2): 101–109. 6633: 6627:978-1610917407 6626: 6608: 6555: 6519: 6490: 6488:, p. 121. 6478: 6445: 6412: 6380: 6345: 6343:, p. 133. 6333: 6321: 6309: 6282:(3): 493–502. 6266: 6225: 6178: 6141:(3): 673–689. 6119: 6117:, p. 128. 6107: 6088:(6): 587–594. 6072: 6045:(1): 217–228. 6025: 6013: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5893:(4): 737–747. 5869: 5824: 5805:(5): 623–633. 5787: 5760:(2): 108–118. 5741: 5710:(3): 365–373. 5688: 5667:(2): 149–158. 5643: 5588: 5569:(2): 158–181. 5553: 5510: 5489:10.1086/283479 5483:(2): 312–316. 5459: 5446:(4): 449–464. 5422: 5379:(4): 481–489. 5359: 5326: 5280: 5229: 5186: 5135: 5068: 5037: 4994: 4948: 4887: 4860:(3): 217–239. 4844: 4793: 4766:(2): 556–567. 4746: 4693: 4625: 4606:(2): 189–211. 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4536:, p. 104. 4526: 4514: 4502: 4475:(1): 287–289. 4452: 4398: 4386: 4341: 4298: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4210: 4165: 4135: 4072: 4031: 3997: 3953: 3898: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3814:10.1086/515852 3808:(4): 456–463. 3786: 3774: 3768:978-1784270407 3767: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3604: 3590:978-0801874161 3589: 3579:(2 ed.). 3540: 3528: 3514:978-0231037334 3513: 3488: 3469:(6): 757–770. 3443: 3398: 3379:(5): 930–935. 3359: 3291: 3222: 3185: 3166:(4): 279–296. 3143: 3078: 3036: 2975: 2963: 2950:(4): 177–189. 2922: 2916:978-0760719695 2915: 2862: 2850: 2817: 2796:"Castor fiber" 2784: 2752: 2720: 2708: 2676: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2599:Arms of Canada 2579:five-cent coin 2535:Nicolas de Fer 2503:for the human 2484: 2481: 2385:salicylic acid 2341:Aesop's Fables 2337:hermaphrodites 2322: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290:Commercial use 2288: 2268:Alhambra Creek 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2172: 2169: 2132: 2129: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 1954:species, like 1911:eastern Oregon 1884:climate change 1869:carbon storage 1834: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1820: 1817:September 2009 1816: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1795:Main article: 1792: 1789: 1718: 1717:Infrastructure 1715: 1537: 1534: 1522:western Russia 1514:Voronezh river 1458: 1455: 1400:mammary glands 1377:countercurrent 1319:every summer. 1301:marine mammals 1284: 1281: 1118:Grande Coupure 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1008: 1003: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 990: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 973: 972: 968: 967: 964: 963: 959: 958: 955: 954: 950: 949: 946: 945: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 918: 913: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 893: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 874: 873: 870: 869: 865: 864: 861: 860: 856: 855: 852: 851: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 818: 813: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 793:Anchitheriomys 788: 783: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 737: 732: 730: 722: 720: 712: 710: 702: 687: 680: 679: 671: 664: 663: 662: 661: 660: 658: 655: 651:nasal cavities 629:There are two 588: 585: 433: 430: 369:Beavers build 362:, grasses and 360:aquatic plants 286: 285: 273: 272: 264: 263: 261: 260: 250: 240: 230: 222: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 198: 189: 188: 182: 181: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 76: 75: 64: 63: 55: 54: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7617: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7264:Beaver Tracks 7262: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7121: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7022:Poliquin 2015 7018: 7012:, p. 75. 7011: 7006: 6999: 6998:Poliquin 2015 6994: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6965: 6963: 6955: 6954:Poliquin 2015 6950: 6944:, p. 98. 6943: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6916:0-8020-6648-8 6912: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6889:9780471385035 6885: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6866:Poliquin 2015 6862: 6855: 6850: 6844:, p. 24. 6843: 6842:Poliquin 2015 6838: 6832:, p. 56. 6831: 6826: 6820:, p. 74. 6819: 6818:Poliquin 2015 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6794:Poliquin 2015 6790: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6729: 6728:Poliquin 2015 6724: 6718:, p. 98. 6717: 6712: 6706:, p. 89. 6705: 6704:Poliquin 2015 6700: 6693: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6670:11250/2437934 6666: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6211:11250/2437993 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6164:11250/2438031 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5952:, p. 80. 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5916:, p. 76. 5915: 5910: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5734:September 18, 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528:Silva Fennica 5525: 5523: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5305:(7198): 968. 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5251:(8): e02225. 5250: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093:(1): 96–101. 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016:(7): 075005. 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4739:September 18, 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4687:11250/2438080 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4665:Mammal Review 4661: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4572:, p. 32. 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4270:, p. 89. 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4158:September 28, 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3896:, p. 74. 3895: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3784:, p. 71. 3783: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3724:, p. 55. 3723: 3718: 3712:, p. 12. 3711: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3617:, p. 73. 3616: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320:(1): e14622. 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2858:Poliquin 2015 2854: 2843:September 21, 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2810:September 21, 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2777:September 21, 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2718:, p. 21. 2717: 2716:Poliquin 2015 2712: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Bell Canada's 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577:in 1975. The 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2547:Divine Comedy 2544: 2540: 2539:Niagara Falls 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2477:animal rights 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2326: 2319: 2308: 2301: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2203:Communication 2200: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121:24-hour cycle 2118: 2114: 2100: 2086: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:riparian zone 2019: 2016:Beavers help 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974:species like 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1829:December 2009 1825: 1813: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1785:central place 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1703:of the genus 1702: 1698: 1697:beaver beetle 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:water shields 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Dnieper Basin 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1479: 1478:least concern 1475: 1474:IUCN Red List 1468: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1205:Trogontherium 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190:Castoroidinae 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176:In the early 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:palatine bone 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1111:in the early 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:kangaroo mice 1090: 1089:kangaroo rats 1086: 1083:, along with 1082: 1081:Castorimorpha 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 984: 983: 975: 974: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 944: 942: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 924: 917: 916: 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 900: 899: 892: 891: 885: 884: 881: 880: 872: 871: 863: 862: 854: 853: 850: 848: 844: 843:Castoroidinae 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 828: 823: 817: 816: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 800: 795: 794: 787: 786: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 765: 764: 758: 757: 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 729: 726: 725: 719: 716: 715: 709: 708:Castorimorpha 706: 705: 701: 700: 691: 684: 675: 668: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633:species: the 632: 627: 625: 621: 620:C. canadensis 616: 612: 611:C. canadensis 608: 607:Heinrich Kuhl 604: 601: 597: 593: 592:Carl Linnaeus 584: 571: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 479: 478:Indo-European 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 448: 443: 439: 429: 427: 423: 422:IUCN Red List 419: 418:least concern 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302: 299:) are large, 298: 297: 292: 283: 279: 278:C. canadensis 274: 270: 265: 259: 258: 251: 249: 248: 241: 239: 238: 231: 228: 227: 223: 220: 219: 218:C. canadensis 215: 214: 211: 206: 201: 196: 195: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 169: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 50: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7283: 7229: 7198: 7186:. Retrieved 7162: 7149:. Retrieved 7125: 7112:. Retrieved 7088: 7072:, p. 2. 7065: 7060:, p. 6. 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6976: 6970: 6949: 6937: 6925:. Retrieved 6905: 6898: 6879: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6764:December 20, 6762:. Retrieved 6753: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6582:(1): e1323. 6579: 6575: 6566: 6558: 6548:December 23, 6546:. Retrieved 6534: 6522: 6506: 6493: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6458: 6448: 6436:. Retrieved 6425: 6415: 6405:November 11, 6403:. Retrieved 6394:The Guardian 6392: 6383: 6371:. Retrieved 6358: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6138: 6132: 6129:Castor fiber 6128: 6122: 6110: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6016: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5890: 5886: 5881:Castor fiber 5880: 5872: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5757: 5753: 5732:. Retrieved 5707: 5701: 5691: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5646: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5591: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5352:December 20, 5350:. Retrieved 5346:the original 5339: 5329: 5302: 5296: 5248: 5242: 5232: 5202:(7): e1993. 5199: 5196:Ecohydrology 5195: 5189: 5154: 5148: 5138: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5050: 5040: 5013: 5007: 4997: 4975:(1): 73–77. 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4906: 4900: 4890: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4809:(2): e1923. 4806: 4803:Ecohydrology 4802: 4796: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4737:. Retrieved 4712: 4706: 4696: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4654:Castor fiber 4653: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4418: 4414: 4389: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227:. Retrieved 4213: 4186: 4182: 4179:) in Europe" 4177:Castor fiber 4176: 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4138: 4128:February 28, 4126:. Retrieved 4119:the original 4098: 4092: 4075: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4014:Castor fiber 4013: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3919: 3915: 3910:Castor fiber 3909: 3901: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3777: 3758: 3717: 3705: 3662: 3656: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3576: 3572: 3531: 3503:. New York: 3500: 3491: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3241: 3235: 3225: 3215:November 21, 3213:. Retrieved 3204: 3198: 3188: 3163: 3157: 3104:(1): 43562. 3101: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3056: 3050: 2994: 2988: 2978: 2966: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934:Castor fiber 2933: 2932:"The beaver 2925: 2901: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2832: 2808:. Retrieved 2799: 2775:. Retrieved 2764: 2755: 2743:. Retrieved 2739:the original 2732: 2723: 2711: 2701:September 4, 2699:. Retrieved 2695:the original 2688: 2679: 2667:. Retrieved 2661:(1): 35–37. 2658: 2654: 2644: 2607:state animal 2587:Roots Canada 2583:Parks Canada 2564: 2562:and otters. 2545: 2531: 2509: 2497: 2421: 2417:Pierre Belon 2401: 2358: 2333: 2276: 2260:green spaces 2248:beaver pipes 2244:Flow devices 2242: 2226: 2206: 2193: 2185: 2182:near its dam 2165: 2153: 2145: 2134: 2110: 2046: 2042:Canada geese 2015: 1994:bark beetles 1987: 1960:oligochaetes 1941: 1933: 1896: 1876:productivity 1873: 1861:water tables 1851:biodiversity 1840: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1761: 1741: 1711:rabies virus 1706:Schizocarpus 1704: 1686: 1676: 1662: 1606:water lilies 1591: 1579:golf courses 1566: 1554: 1494: 1471: 1451: 1423:hypothalamus 1420: 1381: 1373: 1366: 1321: 1294: 1270: 1267:C. praefiber 1266: 1258: 1251:C. neglectus 1250: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1208:of Eurasia. 1203: 1197: 1194:sister group 1175: 1166: 1131: 1116: 1085:Heteromyidae 1078: 1031: 1012:Heteromyidae 1010: 937: 921: 920: 898:Agnotocastor 896: 895: 841: 820: 791: 790: 769: 768: 740: 739: 690:Castor fiber 689: 673: 646: 638: 628: 623: 619: 610: 602: 595: 590: 559: 495: 437: 435: 407: 368: 354:, consuming 327: 319: 295: 294: 290: 289: 281: 277: 257:C. neglectus 255: 247:C. praefiber 245: 235: 224: 216: 194:Castor fiber 192: 186:Type species 167: 166: 71: 36: 7427:iNaturalist 7308:Wikispecies 7151:October 15, 6647:Zoo Biology 6576:WIREs Water 6471:October 20, 6438:October 20, 6373:October 29, 5994:: 375–382. 5617:(1): 1–13. 5547:10138/14857 5530:: 201–216. 5440:Limnologica 4295:(2): 91–96. 4229:January 26, 2745:January 22, 2669:January 23, 2631:Beaver drop 2523:world flood 2501:sexual term 2479:campaigns. 2448:Beaver Wars 2189:territories 2131:Family life 2117:crepuscular 2049:water voles 2038:woodpeckers 1976:black flies 1972:rapid water 1956:dragonflies 1944:communities 1903:Adirondacks 1723:Beaverlodge 1594:herbivorous 1506:Neman river 1404:anal glands 1309:Guard hairs 1210:Castoroides 1199:Castoroides 1186:semiaquatic 1095:), and the 718:Castoroidea 615:chromosomal 442:Old English 428:of Canada. 414:overhunting 391:territories 352:herbivorous 301:semiaquatic 153:Subfamily: 7579:Categories 7070:Runtz 2015 7046:Runtz 2015 6359:eng.lsm.lv 6341:Runtz 2015 6317:Runtz 2015 6115:Runtz 2015 5914:Runtz 2015 5469:Drosophila 4708:BioScience 4534:Runtz 2015 4522:Runtz 2015 4359:: 118331. 4268:Runtz 2015 4189:: e01046. 4094:BioScience 3894:Runtz 2015 3843:Runtz 2015 3782:Runtz 2015 3722:Runtz 2015 3615:Runtz 2015 3497:Kurtén, B. 2997:(88): 88. 2971:Runtz 2015 2637:References 2556:Noah's Ark 2483:In culture 2454:, and the 2393:homeopathy 2238:giardiasis 1992:flies and 1989:Drosophila 1980:stoneflies 1888:permafrost 1730:Beaver dam 1693:giardiasis 1598:generalist 1570:Dispersing 1431:cerebellum 1345:epiglottis 1241:The genus 1101:Castoridae 1035:(gophers) 999:Geomyoidea 822:Castorinae 728:Castoridae 641:) and the 500:placenames 403:anal gland 322:) and the 157:Castorinae 147:Castoridae 7188:March 18, 7114:March 18, 7094:ECW Press 6509:: 12–14. 5864:128410215 5598:"Beaver ( 5373:Oecologia 5224:134994160 5181:129844314 5086:Oecologia 5061:March 11, 4839:133775598 4831:1936-0592 4620:204257682 4381:224922775 3393:128866799 3268:2045-2322 2936:(L.) and 2408:red meats 2397:tinctures 2377:antivenom 2350:deadfalls 2160:precocial 2156:gestation 2125:hibernate 2113:nocturnal 2018:waterfowl 1916:wildfires 1890:to thaw, 1865:peatlands 1683:tularemia 1435:neocortex 1408:castoreum 1396:cellulose 1297:capybaras 1275:from the 1238:species. 1232:subarctic 1171:fossorial 1138:occlusion 1132:The more 1113:Oligocene 1033:Geomyidae 657:Evolution 548:Bjurälven 512:Biberbach 480:root for 432:Etymology 410:fur trade 395:castoreum 379:ecosystem 356:tree bark 332:capybaras 103:Kingdom: 97:Eukaryota 7471:12600003 7293:Wikidata 7182:Archived 7145:Archived 7108:Archived 6927:April 7, 6921:Archived 6758:Archived 6750:"Beaver" 6679:25653085 6600:Archived 6596:85513383 6539:Archived 6511:Archived 6465:Archived 6432:Archived 6399:Archived 6367:Archived 6304:33128765 6240:Ethology 6220:53160345 6173:31782872 6067:86432359 6008:53183887 5782:13053029 5754:Wetlands 5728:Archived 5724:62833818 5635:Archived 5505:83673603 5417:24369386 5409:28311700 5321:18563116 5275:32881199 5127:Archived 5115:28547281 5055:Archived 4943:30333676 4788:84584842 4733:Archived 4729:10070184 4489:25380356 4447:29695621 4223:Archived 4152:Archived 3948:29375773 3830:21784970 3689:25678658 3599:51969059 3438:36818290 3430:18777567 3354:21307956 3313:PLOS ONE 3286:32753594 3209:Archived 3180:27935955 3138:28256552 3090:illumina 3073:33659669 3059:: 1–35. 3031:22697210 2837:Archived 2804:Archived 2771:Archived 2761:"Castor" 2729:"Castor" 2685:"Beaver" 2663:Archived 2625:See also 2611:New York 2560:mermaids 2473:anti-fur 2440:top hats 2432:Cavalier 2402:Various 2381:hysteria 2373:epilepsy 2365:sciatica 2307:bestiary 2252:trapping 2221:Grey Owl 2075:Behavior 2053:muskrats 1899:riparian 1880:nitrogen 1756:cut down 1658:browsers 1618:cattails 1562:gradient 1524:and the 1443:whiskers 1427:cerebrum 1313:underfur 1220:Dipoides 1215:Dipoides 647:C. fiber 624:C. fiber 587:Taxonomy 544:Bjurholm 516:Biebrich 504:Beverley 492:Cognates 466:and the 375:wetlands 336:incisors 328:C. fiber 282:C. fiber 226:C. fiber 208:Species 200:Linnaeus 174:Linnaeus 143:Family: 137:Rodentia 127:Mammalia 117:Chordata 113:Phylum: 107:Animalia 93:Domain: 7585:Beavers 7557:ZooBank 7510:1048190 7445:1071694 7419:3240758 7079:Sources 6296:9299035 6249:Bibcode 6143:Bibcode 6090:Bibcode 6059:3566630 5844:Bibcode 5807:Bibcode 5762:Bibcode 5669:Bibcode 5619:Bibcode 5571:Bibcode 5497:2460228 5401:4217870 5381:Bibcode 5253:Bibcode 5204:Bibcode 5159:Bibcode 5123:5940275 5095:Bibcode 5018:Bibcode 4977:Bibcode 4934:6175133 4911:Bibcode 4882:9393979 4874:1469618 4811:Bibcode 4768:Bibcode 4497:5364807 4438:5917422 4415:mSphere 4361:Bibcode 4336:1940060 4316:Bibcode 4308:Ecology 4191:Bibcode 4115:1310784 4053:Bibcode 3939:5773300 3822:9237306 3697:8762487 3667:Bibcode 3658:Science 3523:5830693 3471:Bibcode 3462:Geobios 3345:3030560 3322:Bibcode 3277:7403313 3246:Bibcode 3207:: 151. 3129:5335264 3106:Bibcode 3022:3532383 2999:Bibcode 2436:Puritan 2428:felters 2389:aspirin 2369:vertigo 2256:Seattle 2246:, like 2030:Wyoming 2011:turtles 1968:mussels 1914:during 1856:wetland 1750:into a 1748:burrows 1642:dogwood 1626:cambium 1575:suburbs 1536:Ecology 1384:baculum 1341:trachea 1247:Eurasia 1182:evolved 1178:Miocene 1158:derived 1156:. More 1144:in the 1097:gophers 609:coined 508:Bièvres 420:by the 399:urethra 312:species 306:of the 304:rodents 293:(genus 291:Beavers 163:Genus: 133:Order: 123:Class: 49:Miocene 18:Beavers 7549:890547 7458:180211 7393:213643 7380:1KASTG 7328:Castor 7314:Castor 7299:Q47542 7284:Castor 7240: 7209: 7174: 7163:Beaver 7137: 7100: 6913: 6886: 6677: 6624: 6594: 6302: 6294: 6218: 6171: 6065: 6057: 6006: 5862: 5780: 5722: 5524:Kuhl)" 5503: 5495: 5473:Castor 5415: 5407: 5399: 5319: 5298:Nature 5273: 5222: 5179: 5121: 5113: 4941: 4931: 4880: 4872: 4837: 4829: 4786: 4727: 4618: 4495: 4487: 4445: 4435: 4379: 4334: 4113: 3946: 3936: 3828: 3820: 3765: 3695: 3687: 3597: 3587: 3521: 3511: 3453:Castor 3436: 3428: 3391: 3369:Castor 3352: 3342: 3306:Castor 3284: 3274: 3266: 3178: 3136: 3126: 3071: 3029: 3019: 2913: 2734:Lexico 2690:Lexico 2615:Oregon 2527:Lakota 2371:, and 2354:snares 2234:rabies 2230:attack 2148:Estrus 2061:otters 2059:, and 1998:salmon 1982:, and 1966:, and 1964:snails 1930:Salmon 1671:, and 1669:canids 1665:Felids 1646:willow 1616:, and 1614:rushes 1602:sedges 1596:and a 1490: 1486: 1392:caecum 1388:cloaca 1337:larynx 1328:enamel 1259:Castor 1243:Castor 1236:Castor 1224:Castor 1146:stapes 1123: 1105:Eocene 631:extant 596:Castor 578:beaver 570:kastōr 565:κάστωρ 560:Castor 554:. 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