Beeching cuts - Knowledge

930:, when questions were asked both in the media and also in the Commons on 28 January 1960; he made a statement to the House later that day confirming that the sale of shares was in hand and would be completed "very soon", noting that as part of the agreement he could be required to buy the shares from the purchaser at the original price after he ceased to hold office, if so desired by the purchaser. While it was reported that he sold the shares to his wife, she denied in a newspaper interview, that any transaction had taken place. It was reported that he had transferred his shares into an Overseas Trust. In July 1964, Marples Ridgway and Partners Limited were awarded a £4.1 million contract for the "Hendon Urban Motorway" extension of the M1, in the same year that the company was taken over by the Bath and Portland Group. There was no evidence of any wrongdoing on anyone's part in this or any of the other contracts awarded to the company during his term of office, but it did lead to a sense of unease, not least within the railway sector. 2521: 2607:

to and from the place or places in question should for the time being continue to be provided either in the same or in some different form or manner; and (c) that because of the unremunerative nature of the services which the Minister is satisfied are desirable for those reasons (hereafter in this section referred to as "the required services") the Board cannot reasonably be expected to provide them without assistance under this section, then, subject to the provisions of this section, the Minister may from time to time with the consent of the Treasury undertake to make grants to the Board in respect of the provision of the required services for such period not exceeding three years at a time as the Minister may think fit.

2530:, "First, Marples decided to 'disappear' the Stedeford report—or at any rate, any recommendations he put forward (there appears to be some debate as to whether an actual report was produced). As noted by Henshaw, 'The findings of the Stedeford Committee remained such a well kept secret that even Barbara Castle was unable to see them on becoming Minister of Transport in 1966' (22). In fact, we now know that Stedeford actually proposed that the government should set up another body whose task it would be '... to consider the size and pattern of the railway system required to meet current and foreseeable needs, in the light of developments and trends in other forms of transport ... and other relevant considerations'". 34: 743: 2470:

Investments Ltd. Members: Mr. C. F. Kearton, O.B.E., Joint Managing Director, Courtaulds, Dr. R. Beeching, A.R.C.S., B.Sc, Ph.D., Technical Director of I.C.I., Mr. H. A. Benson, C.B.E., F.C.A., partner in Cooper Bros., chartered accountants. The Treasury and the Ministry of Transport will also be represented. The task of the advisory body will be to examine the structure, finance and working of the organisations at present controlled by the Commission and to advise the Minister of Transport and the British Transport Commission, as a matter of urgency, how effect can best be given to the Government's intentions as indicated in the Prime Minister's statement.

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shares. It has taken some time to arrange this as the company is a private one engaged in long-term contracts in civil engineering, but I hope that it will be completed very soon. Then I shall have no financial interest in the company. But I think that I should tell the House that the prospective purchasers have required me to undertake to buy the shares back from them at the price they are to pay if they ask me to do so after I have ceased to hold office. I myself have no option to buy the shares back. I have not, of course, had anything whatsoever to do with any tenders put in by the company while I have been a member of the Government.

49: 811:" policy that replaced rail services with buses also failed. In many cases the replacement bus services were slower and less convenient than the trains they were meant to replace, and so were unpopular. Replacement bus services were often run between the (now disused) station sites (some of which were some distance from the population centres they served), thus losing any potential advantage over the closed rail service. Most replacement bus services lasted less than two years before they were removed due to a lack of patronage, leaving large parts of the country with no public transport. 2438: 841:-type operations were attacked by Beeching, who rejected all proposals for cost savings that would not make a route profitable: "Similarly, consideration of the cost figures will show that thinning out the trains, or thinning out the stations, would not make a service self-supporting even if it had no adverse effect on revenue". There is little in the Beeching report recommending general economies (in administration costs, working practices and so on). For example, a number of the stations that were closed were fully staffed 18 hours a day, on lines controlled by multiple 1089: 788:

year. However, the precise savings from closures are impossible to calculate. The Ministry of Transport subsequently estimated that rail operating costs had been cut by over £100 million in the wake of the Beeching Report but that much of this had been swallowed up by increased wages. Some of the branches closed acted as feeders to the main lines, and that feeder traffic was lost when the branches closed; the financial significance of this is debatable, for over 90% of the railways' 1960 traffic was carried on lines which remained open ten years later.

755: 954:, Sir Ivan's report was not published at the time. In December 1960 questions were asked in the Lords about this "secret" and "under-the-counter" study group, criticising the continued withholding of the report and its recommendations. It was later suggested that Stedeford had recommended that the government should set up another body "to consider the size and pattern of the railway system required to meet current and foreseeable needs, in the light of developments and trends in other forms of transport ... and other relevant considerations". 1222: 282: 2447:, "A more critical interpretation is that after Macmillan named Marples as Minister of Transport, Britain’s transport policy swerved to the right, and became motivated by the kind of conflict of interest that Thompson notes can be loosely regarded as a form of corruption (9). Actually, in this case it may well have been a rather tight form of corruption. At the time that he was named minister, Marples owned 64,000 of the 80,000 shares of Marples Ridgeway, a civil engineering firm that specialised in building roads". 1207: 2516:

man. Indeed, I exercised some influence in getting him appointed as a Governor of the British Broadcasting Corporation, where he did good work. I have no prejudice; but I do not like the way the Government have handled it. They have never published the terms of reference, and I cannot believe that there are not any. They are refusing to publish the Report. In fact, they do not wholly admit that there is a Report; but there are recommendations, and they have not been published...

962:, the previous chairman of the BTC, £14,000 more than Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and two-and-a-half times higher than the salary of any head of a nationalised industry at the time. At that time the government was seeking outside talent to sort out the huge problems of the railway network, and he was confident that he could make the railways pay for themselves, but his salary, at 35 times that of many railway workers, has been described as a "political disaster". 779:

property demonstrates that the report was short-sighted. On the other hand, retaining a railway on these routes, which would obviously have increased maintenance costs, might not have earned enough to justify that greater cost. As demand for rail has grown since the 1990s, the failure to preserve the routes of closed lines, such as the one between Bedford and Cambridge, which was closed despite Beeching recommending its retention, has been criticised.

22: 690: 799:. Section 39 made provision for a subsidy to be paid by the Treasury for a three-year period. This was later repealed in the Railways Act 1974. Whether these subsidies affected the size of the network is questionable: the criteria for reprieving loss-making lines had not altered, merely the way their costs appeared in the railways accounts—previously their contribution to the railways' overall loss was hidden in the total deficit. 1081: 500: 154: 366: 1059:

open to argument to romantic notions of rural England or the warp and weft of the train in our national identity. He didn't buy any of that. He went for a straightforward profit and loss approach and some claim we are still reeling from that today". Beeching was unrepentant about his role in the closures: "I suppose I'll always be looked upon as the axe man, but it was surgery, not mad chopping".

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journey. Similarly for freight: without branch lines, the railways' ability to transport goods "door to door" was dramatically reduced. As in the passenger model, it was assumed that lorries would pick up goods and transport them to the nearest railhead, where they would be taken across the country by train, unloaded onto another lorry and taken to their destination. The development of the

1104:). A few of the railway closures have been reversed. However, despite the considerable increase in railway journeys since the mid-1990s, rail transport's share of the total passenger transport market remains below that of the early 1960s, with road overwhelmingly the dominant mode: rail's market share was 13% in 1961, 6% in 1991 and 2001, and 10% in 2014. 977:, which took over on 1 January 1963, with Dr Beeching as its first chairman. The Act put in place measures that simplified the process of closing railways by removing the need for the pros and cons of each case to be heard in detail. It was described as the "most momentous piece of legislation in the field of railway law to have been enacted since the 456:

development and intensive utilisation of a more limited trunk route system". Of the 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of trunk route, 3,700 miles (6,000 km) involves a choice between two routes, 700 miles (1,100 km) a choice of three, and over a further 700 miles (1,100 km) a choice of four. In Scotland, only the

627:, the Avocet line, Ayr–Stranraer, Glasgow–Kilmarnock, Glasgow–Edinburgh via Shotts, Barrow–Whitehaven, Middlesbrough–Whitby, York–Harrogate, Leeds/Bradford–Ilkley, Nottingham–Lincoln, Boston–Skegness, Birkenhead–Wrexham, Liverpool–Southport (and other Merseyside commuter routes), Bury-Manchester, Leicester–Peterborough, 312:, from 1960: "First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. In particular, the railway system must be modelled to meet current needs, and the modernisation plan must be adapted to this new shape" and with the premise that the railways should be run as a profitable business. 845:

signalboxes (again fully staffed, often throughout the day). Operating costs could have been reduced by reducing staff and removing redundant services on these lines while keeping the stations open. This has since been successfully achieved by British Rail and its successors on lesser-used lines that

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Beeching's reports made no recommendations about the handling of land after closures. British Rail operated a policy of disposing of land that was surplus to requirements. Many bridges, cuttings and embankments have been removed and the land sold for development. Closed station buildings on remaining

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Out of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of railway, Beeching recommended that 6,000 miles (9,700 km)—mostly rural and industrial lines—should be closed entirely, and that some of the remaining lines should be kept open only for freight. A total of 2,363 stations were to close, including 435 already

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led to rapid growth in car ownership and use. Vehicle mileage grew at a sustained annual rate of 10% between 1948 and 1964. In contrast, railway traffic remained steady during the 1950s but the economic situation steadily deteriorated, with labour costs rising faster than income and fares and freight

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necessary to keep the network running. The second report identified a small number of major routes for significant investment. Such was the scale of these cuts that the programme came to be colloquially referred to as the Beeching Axe, though the 1963 report also recommended some less well-publicised

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If, in the case of any place or places to and from which railway passenger services are for the time being provided by the Railways Board, the Minister is satisfied (a) that those services are unremunerative; and (b) that it is desirable for social or economic reasons that railway passenger services

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Lord Morrison of Lambeth: ... There has been appointed a highly secret, "under-the-counter" study group of the railways, the Stedeford Advisory Group. Now do not let it be thought that I have any prejudice against Sir Ivan Stedeford. I have a great respect for him: I think he is a very able business

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The first report was accepted by the Conservative government of the day, which argued that many services could be provided more effectively by buses. Most recommendations were subsequently taken forward by the Labour government elected in 1964, but many of the proposed closures sparked protests from

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Mr R. Mellish: ... Is aware that there has been a Press report, which I am unable to confirm or deny, that the Minister of Transport was in fact the senior partner of a firm of contractors which has obtained a contract worth £250,000 and that we understand, according to this Press report, that the

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in physics, had been appointed to the main board of ICI at the age of 43. The board consisted of senior figures in British businesses, and none of the board had previous knowledge or experience of the railway industry. Stedeford and Beeching clashed on a number of issues, but the future size of the

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Beeching first studied traffic flows on all lines to identify "the good, the bad, and the indifferent". His analysis showed that the least-used 1,762 stations had annual passenger receipts of less than £2,500 each (£73,000 as of 2024), that over half of the 4,300 stations open to passengers in 1960

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The first report identified 2,363 stations and 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of railway line for closure, amounting to 55% of stations, 30% of route miles, and the loss of 67,700 British Rail jobs, with an objective of stemming the large losses being incurred during a period of increasing competition

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which said that a profitable railway could be achieved only by closing much of what remained. The report's infamous "Option A" proposed greatly increasing fares and reducing the rail network to a mere 1,630 miles (2,620 km), leaving only 22 miles (35 km) of railway in Wales (a section of

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after 13 years of Conservative government. During the election campaign Labour had promised to halt rail closures if elected, but it quickly backtracked, and later oversaw some of the most controversial closures. Tom Fraser was appointed Minister of Transport, but was replaced by Barbara Castle in

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By 1968, the railways had not been restored to profitability and Beeching's approach appeared to many to have failed. It has been suggested that by closing almost a third of the network Beeching achieved a saving of just £30 million, whilst overall losses were running in excess of £100 million per

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comments that history has been somewhat unkind to "Britain's most hated civil servant", by forgetting that Beeching proposed a much better bus service that ministers never delivered, and that in some ways he was used to do their "dirty work for them". Hislop describes him as "a technocrat wasn't

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The assumption at the time was that car owners would drive to the nearest railhead (which was usually the junction where the closed branch line would otherwise have taken them) and continue their journey onwards by train. In practice, having left home in their cars, people used them for the whole

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Protests resulted in the saving of some stations and lines, but the majority were closed as planned. Beeching's name remains associated with the mass closure of railways and the loss of many local services in the period that followed. A few of these routes have since reopened. Some short sections

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The Minister of Transport (Mr. Ernest Marples): ... When I became Minister of Transport, last October, I realised that there was a risk of a conflict of interest appearing to arise in consequence of my holding a controlling interest in the company. I immediately took steps to effect a sale of my

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Underpinning Beeching's proposals was his belief that there was too much duplication in the railway network: "The real choice is between an excessive and increasingly un-economic system, with a corresponding tendency for the railways as a whole to fall into disrepute and decay, or the selective

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the way to run a country?". The Daily Mail reassuringly observed "Dr Beeching rides the storm", while the Mirror calmly stuck to the facts. These were that Dr Richard Beeching, technical director of ICI, had been appointed head of the British Railways Board at a salary of £24,000 per annum ...

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In accordance with the statement which my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister made on 10th March, I have now appointed the body which will advise me and the British Transport Commission. It will be composed as follows: Chairman: Sir Ivan Stedeford, K.B.E., Chairman and Managing Director, Tube

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takes its name from the Flanders and Swann song. It celebrates 12 of the most beautiful and historic journeys in Britain, some of which were saved from the Beeching cuts. It perpetuated the myth that the Beeching cuts were concerned solely with sleepy rural branch lines, but they actually also

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was planned to close, leaving Leicester and Derby without a rail link, while the East Coast Main Line, part of the key London/Edinburgh link, was intended to be cut north of Newcastle. The report was published on 20 January 1983 and received an immediate backlash from the media. It was quietly

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Many redundant structures from closed lines remain, such as bridges over other lines and drainage culverts. They often require maintenance as part of the rail infrastructure while providing no benefit. Critics of Beeching argue that the lack of recommendations on the handling of closed railway

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By 1961, losses were running at £300,000 a day, despite the fact that since nationalisation in 1948, 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of line had been closed, railway staff numbers had fallen 26% from 648,000 to 474,000, and the number of railway wagons had fallen 29% from 1,200,000 to 848,000.

261:, traffic levels would increase, and the system was predicted to be back in profit by 1962. Instead losses mounted, from £68 million in 1960 to £87 million in 1961, and £104 million in 1962 (£2.8 billion in 2023 terms). The BTC could no longer pay the interest on its loans. 2351:

right hon. Gentleman is now trying to dispose of the shares he has. In a case of this kind, does not the right hon. Gentleman think it most improper, at any rate, that any Minister of the Crown should be associated with any company with which such a contract is placed?

222:(BTC) was formed in 1949 with a brief to close the least-used branch lines. This resulted in the loss (or conversion to freight-only operation) of some 3,318 miles (5,340 km) of railway between 1948 and 1962. The most significant closure was that of the former 184:, then President of the Board of Trade, argued that the country's railways did not have a future without rationalisation and amalgamation. By 1914, the railways had some significant problems, such as a lack of standard rolling stock and too many duplicated routes. 925:

became a matter of concern to both the public and politicians. As is customary, he resigned as a director of the company in 1951 on becoming a junior minister, but he only disposed of his shares in the company in 1960 after the company won a contract to build the

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between Manchester and Sheffield in 1981, after the decline of the freight traffic (mostly coal) on which it had relied. Many surviving lines were rationalised, including reduction to single track and consolidation of signals. Most of the Oxford–Cambridge

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made provision for grants to be paid in relation to loss-making lines and services, but many of the services and railway lines that would have qualified had already been closed. A number of branch lines and local services were saved by this legislation.

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Line closures had been running at about 150–300 miles per year between 1950 and 1961. They peaked at 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in 1964 and came to a virtual halt by the early 1970s. One of the last major closures was the 98-mile (158 km)

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Marples then appointed Beeching as Chairman of the British Transport Commission in March 1961. He would receive the same yearly salary that he was earning at ICI, the controversial sum of £24,000 (£675,000 in 2023 terms), £10,000 more than Sir

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railway system was not one of them. For all the suspicion it aroused, the committee had little to say on this and the government was already convinced of the need to reduce the size of the rail network. In spite of questions being asked in

921:, he said: "This motorway starts a new era in road travel. It is in keeping with the bold scientific age in which we live. It is a powerful weapon to add to our transport system." His association with the high-profile construction company 535:

Holiday and coastal resorts were severely affected by the closures. The report recommended closing almost all services along the coasts of north Devon, Cornwall and East Anglia aside from Norwich to Great Yarmouth. All services on the

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between Oxford and Worcester has increased significantly, and double track has now been reinstated on the Golden Valley Line, partly to facilitate a diversionary route during electrification and other works on the Severn tunnel line.

176:, with a network of 23,440 miles (37,720 km). The network had opened up major travel opportunities for the entire country that had never been available before. However, lines were sometimes uneconomic, and several 491:, then Minister of Transport. Beeching denied this, pointing out that he had returned early to ICI as he would not have had enough time to undertake an in-depth transport study before the formal end of his secondment. 1837: 791:

Whatever the figures, towards the end of the 1960s it became increasingly clear that rail closures were not bringing the rail system out of deficit and were unlikely ever to do so. Transport minister

945:(ICI), was asked by Ernest Marples to become a member of an advisory group; Smith declined but recommended Richard Beeching in his place, a suggestion that Marples accepted. Beeching, who held a 1100:

in the mid-1990s, there have been record levels of passengers on the railways owing to a preference to living in smaller towns and rural areas, and in turn commuting longer distances (although

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established an advisory group known as the Stedeford Committee at the request of Harold Macmillan to report on the state of the British Transport Commission and to make recommendations. Sir

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The Beeching Report was intended to be the first stage in the rail network's contraction. As a result, some lines it had not recommended for closure were subsequently shut down, such as the

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lines have often been demolished or sold for housing or other purposes. Increasing pressure on land use meant that protection of closed trackbeds, as in other countries, such as the US

191:, which had increased to 8 million tons of freight annually by 1921. Around 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of passenger railways closed between 1923 and 1939. These closures included the 123:

or used for road schemes. Others have since been built over, have reverted to farmland, or remain derelict with no plans for any reuse or redevelopment. Some, such as the bulk of the

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carried five trains each weekday in each direction, carrying an average of nine passengers with only 10% of the costs of operating the line covered by fares; another example was the

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in 1959. In opposition to these cuts, the period also witnessed the beginning of a protest movement led by the Railway Development Association, whose most famous member was the poet

389:, he set out his conclusion that of the 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of trunk railway only 3,000 miles (4,800 km) "should be selected for future development" and invested in. 316:

had receipts of less than £10,000, that the least-used 50% of stations contributed only 2% of passenger revenue, and that one third of route miles carried just 1% of passengers.

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routes and the lines via Fife and Perth to Aberdeen were selected for development, and none were selected in Wales, apart from the Great Western Main Line as far as Swansea.

3340: 475:'s attempt to get him to produce a transport plan failed. It is a matter of debate whether Beeching left by mutual arrangement with the government or if he was sacked. 2086: 331:

which had ten trains a day and five passengers on average, earning only 25% of costs. Finally there was the service from Hull to York via Beverley (using part of the

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decided that some rail services, which could not pay their way but had a valuable social role, should be subsidised. Legislation allowing this was introduced in the

3923: 3541: 652:, Britain's largest "new town". Kinross-shire, and Fife especially, suffered closures not included in the Report, including the main line from Edinburgh to Perth. 1846:, p. 3, "Ever since major amalgamations started, the business of railways has been, from a financial point of view, a mixture of good, bad, and indifferent". 339:, which was). The line covered 80% of its operating costs, but he calculated that it could be closed because there was an alternative, albeit less direct, route. 1449: 1075: 203:, closed to passengers in 1934. Some lines had never been profitable and were not subject to loss of traffic in that period. The railways were busy during the 2825: 834:-to-West Hartlepool line cost only £291 per mile to operate. Closures of such small-scale loss-making lines made little difference to the overall deficit. 2794: 98:(1965) – that outlined the necessity of improving the efficiency of the railways and the plan for achieving this through restructuring. 2541: 2431: 2341: 2114: 959: 346:

He recommended that freight services should mainly be for bulk commodities such as minerals and coal, and that the freight system make use of new

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handling systems rather than less efficient and slower wagon-load traffic. The latter recommendation would prove prescient with the rise of

2385: 1834:, p. 2, "It is, of course the responsibility of the British Railways Board so to shape and operate the railways as to make them pay". 1182:, broadcast from 1995 to 1997, was set at a small fictional branch-line railway station threatened with closure under the Beeching cuts. 1101: 1018:, serious thought was given to a further programme of closures, but this proved politically impossible. In 1982, under the government of 671:

With a few exceptions, after the early 1970s proposals to close other lines were met with vociferous public opposition and were shelved.

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29 April 1963, discussing the problematic financial implications of Beeching to councils on the provision of more roads and to industry.

906:, was made Transport Minister two weeks later in a cabinet reshuffle; Macmillan noted that the Northern working-class boy who had won a 3481: 2460: 1743: 1682: 1444: 148: 3657: 2304:"High speed service to run between Ashford and Hastings from London after Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin attends rail summit" 3662: 1130: 1108: 903: 223: 3344: 2757: 1988: 532:

in 1969; the reopening of a 35-mile section of this line was approved in 2006 and passenger services resumed in September 2015.

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communities that would lose their trains, a number of which (especially rural communities) had no other public transport.

3908: 3672: 3667: 3574: 865:, threatened with closure in the Beeching Report, is now seen as important due to the opening of the Channel Tunnel and 3677: 3652: 978: 529: 476: 111:

for rail freight, and the replacement of some services with integrated bus services linked to the remaining railheads.

2834:, p. 129, Section 6 – Passenger Services under Consideration for Withdrawal before the Formulation of the Report. 2736: 3564: 729: 3918: 3839: 3793: 3729: 2239: 2213: 951: 2594: 3903: 3803: 1040: 989: 759: 504: 234: 593:, was kept open because the local road network was poor, with no direct route from the towns served to Plymouth. 385:

On 16 February 1965, Beeching introduced the second stage of his reorganisation of the railways. In his report,

3798: 2582: 1226: 711: 707: 33: 2654: 3569: 1211: 1138: 1097: 742: 2422: 2403: 1160:, writers and performers of satirical songs, wrote a lament for lines closed by the Beeching cuts entitled " 3626: 970: 942: 468: 351: 290: 219: 3475: 2118: 2680: 763: 188: 3065: 2640: 1125:

Some lines closed under the Beeching cuts have reopened as private heritage railways. Some examples are

57: 3913: 3517: 632: 586: 3834: 3178: 429: 328: 177: 71:, were a major series of route closures and service changes made as part of the restructuring of the 53: 48: 3026: 3808: 3755: 3704: 2554:

man—or any man—worth £450 a week?" the Daily Sketch demanded to know. The Daily Express asked: "Is

862: 612: 605: 590: 521: 417: 324: 320: 192: 157: 2187: 3844: 3724: 3636: 2035: 874: 700: 545: 441: 246: 3275: 3252: 3104: 2960: 2939: 2875: 2861: 1617:"Table TRA0101: Road traffic (vehicle miles) by vehicle type in Great Britain, annual from 1949" 1191:, the "Signal Failures" column on railway issues is written under the pseudonym "Dr. B. Ching". 3868: 3631: 3579: 2924: 2627: 974: 775:

scheme, which holds former railway land for possible future use, was not seen to be practical.

525: 480: 120: 83: 26: 973:(BTC), which had overseen the railways, canals and road freight transport and established the 608:

remained open because of problems running a replacement bus service with the existing network.

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This policy would result in long-distance traffic being routed along nine lines. Traffic to

3862: 3750: 2604:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 58–60 (in work pp. 66–68). 1968 c. 73. 2269: 1798: 1178: 425: 413: 332: 8: 3850: 1003:, showing the railway system "stabilised" at around 11,000 route miles (17,700 km). 927: 571: 258: 1909: 1111:, and passenger services have been restored on a few lines where they had been removed. 1088: 3765: 3610: 3600: 3595: 2911: 2906: 2889: 1707: 1157: 1126: 1007: 966: 917:

Marples had a background with a successful road construction company. When opening the

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Since the Beeching cuts, road traffic levels have grown significantly. As well, since

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under threat, both on lines that were to close and on lines that were to remain open.

3772: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3605: 3456: 3446: 3421: 3411: 3394: 3384: 3367: 3357: 3327: 3317: 3292: 3282: 3259: 3238: 3228: 3195: 3185: 3164: 3154: 3121: 3111: 3082: 3072: 3043: 3033: 3012: 3002: 2977: 2967: 2946: 2066: 1989:"Beeching Report Proposes Closing Nearly a Third of Britain's 7,000 Railway Stations" 1221: 1134: 1044: 1019: 938: 847: 616: 582: 254: 181: 42: 172:, the British railway system reached its height in the years immediately before the 3777: 3492: 3438: 3220: 3146: 2901: 2270:"Railway Finances – Report of a Committee chaired by Sir David Serpell KCB CMG OBE" 1640: 1623: 1428: 895: 824: 820: 628: 620: 309: 250: 242:. By 1955, the railways' share of the transport market had dropped from 16% to 5%. 204: 116: 108: 79: 2706: 357: 281: 3818: 3300: 3203: 3129: 3090: 3051: 2985: 1713: 1206: 1198:

song "The Beeching Report" are a criticism of Dr Beeching and the Beeching cuts.

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Many of the closed lines had run at only a small deficit. Some lines such as the

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A map of Great Britain, showing "major lines" identified by Beeching II in bold.

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Other routes (or parts of routes) planned for closure that survived include the

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had direct involvement with railways, creating a conflict of interest. In 1909,

3559: 3497: 3150: 1718: 1714:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1027: 934: 911: 899: 854: 792: 653: 597: 567:, were kept open, in part because of pressure from the powerful Highland lobby. 564: 517: 103: 3487: 2007:"All stations on the Stour Line are Doomed – Councils to lead massive protest" 3897: 3460: 3425: 3398: 3371: 1195: 1063: 1036: 1023: 993: 878: 842: 838: 649: 640: 541: 537: 472: 347: 227: 196: 169: 132: 124: 3331: 3304: 3296: 3242: 3199: 3168: 3125: 3086: 555:

Not all the recommended closures were implemented. Reprieved lines include:

207:, but at the end of the war they were in a poor state of repair and in 1948 3533: 3133: 3094: 3055: 3047: 3016: 2989: 2950: 866: 645: 457: 437: 230:. They went on to be a significant force resisting the Beeching proposals. 212: 208: 75: 72: 3442: 3224: 3207: 2981: 3745: 2962:

The Train That Ran Away: A Business History of British Railways 1948–1968

1432: 1187: 918: 907: 827:

combined to make long-distance road transport a more viable alternative.

808: 624: 424:; traffic to the north-east of England would be concentrated through the 3277:

Driving Spaces: A Cultural-Historical Geography of England's M1 Motorway

2243: 2217: 1481:"The 1963 Cabinet Papers / British Rail: Beeching branded 'PR disaster'" 187:

After the war, the railways faced increasing competition from a growing

3498:

Before and after photo collection of closed stations, with commentaries

3217:

Why Does Policy Change: Lessons from British Transport Policy 1945–1999

2915: 2006: 1055: 714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 661: 488: 464: 401: 397: 200: 136: 128: 38: 3760: 772: 405: 239: 29:

in Yorkshire, built by the Midland Railway in 1888 and closed in 1965

21: 1885: 1237:

The list below shows over 7,000 miles (11,000 km) of closures:

689: 3856: 3435:

Railways, Urban Development and Town Planning in Britain: 1948–2008

1080: 816: 449: 409: 393: 574:

was said to have been kept open because it passed through so many

499: 3813: 2487: 2091: 665: 657: 445: 421: 273: 3381:

Dr Beeching's Remedy: A Cure for a Century of the Railway's Ills

2869:. Vol. 1 (Report). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 850:

from Ipswich to Lowestoft, which survives as a "basic railway".

153: 3502: 2758:"Table TSGB0101: Passenger transport by mode, annual from 1952" 2737:"Andrew Adonis – 2019 Speech to the IPPR on Reversing Beeching" 1940:"The Second Stage of Dr. Beeching's Reorganisation Proposals". 823:, improvements in lorries and the economic costs of having two 2883:. Vol. 2 (Maps). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1635: 1633: 802: 540:

were recommended for closure, as were all branch lines in the

238:

charges repeatedly frozen by the government to try to control

1230: 1026:, a civil servant who had worked with Beeching, compiled the 433: 3488:

Colour film of one of the closed "branch" lines in operation

1427:

After this period, "residual" Beeching closures took place:

365: 107:

changes; including a switch to the now-standard practice of

2370:. House of Commons. 28 January 1960. Vol. 616 cc. 380–381. 2115:"Rail Engineer article – Derailed: The complicity dividend" 2036:"Borders to Edinburgh railway: Track laying gets under way" 1630: 3184:(2nd ed.). Hawes: Leading Edge Press and Publishing. 2595:"Section 39: Grants for unremunerative passenger services" 2564: 2156: 890:

The Conservatives increased their Commons majority in the

2795:"Michael Williams: So much pain in our love of the train" 2681:"The 'bad news' report that helped build today's railway" 1173: 946: 2837: 2813: 2467:. House of Commons. 6 April 1960. Vol. 621 cc. 393–394. 1754: 1750:. House of Commons. 21 March 1961. Vol. 637 cc. 223–343. 1622:. Department for Transport. 23 June 2011. Archived from 3408:

Last Trains: Dr Beeching and the Death of Rural England

2513:. House of Lords. 7 December 1960. Vol. 227 cc. 74–78. 2322: 2284: 2018: 2016: 1897: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1778: 1766: 1450:

List of heritage railway stations in the United Kingdom

1076:

History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date

304:

The report starts by quoting the brief provided by the

3341:"Financial Scandal, Corruption and Censorship: Part 3" 2475: 2348:. House of Commons. 28 January 1960. Vol. 616 c. 372. 1921: 1813: 1515: 1513: 16:

1963–65 plan to rationalise the British railway system

2392:. House of Commons. 11 November 1964. Vol 701 c. 64W. 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1169:

concerned well-used "industrial" and commuter lines.

656:

was to have remained at the centre of routes towards

487:

in November 1965 that Beeching had been dismissed by

168:

After growing rapidly in the 19th century during the

2717: 2410:. House of Commons. 21 April 1967. Vol. 745 c. 173W. 2013: 1799:"The Reshaping of British Railways – Part 1: Report" 1683:"Department details: AH/37 (British Railways Board)" 914:

was one of only two "self-made men" in his cabinet.

3354:

Holding the line: How Britain's Railways were saved

2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1537: 1525: 1510: 679: 3274: 3251: 3177: 3103: 3064: 3025: 2959: 2938: 2559:Whatever the logic, politically it was a disaster. 2421: 2188:"East West Rail link second phase plans submitted" 1663: 1584: 1498: 2926:The Development Of The Major Railway Trunk Routes 2775: 2655:"The fall and rise of Britain's railways: Part 5" 2168: 1918:, pp. 141–148, Appendix 4 – The Liner Train. 1651: 1225:An abandoned stone bridge spans the route of the 746:A demolition train during the dismantling of the 387:The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes 359:The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes 95:The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes 3895: 3214: 2493: 2133: 1549: 164:, Scotland, in 1961. The station closed in 1966. 3924:History of rail transport in the United Kingdom 2461:"British Transport Commission (Advisory Group)" 1702: 1700: 1043:) and none in Somerset, Devon or Cornwall. The 997:December 1965. Castle published a map in 1967, 782: 544:. One of the most significant closures was the 319:By way of example, he noted that the line from 119:, while others have been incorporated into the 86:and the author of two reports – 25:The overgrown viaduct across Lobb Ghyll on the 3351: 1062:On 7 June 2019, former Minister for Transport 885: 648:closed despite its strategic location serving 3518: 1121:List of British heritage and private railways 766:were closed, and were still in ruins in 2003. 249:promised expenditure of over £1,240 million; 37:A nineteenth-century railway bridge over the 2996: 2763:. Department for Transport. 15 December 2022 2342:"Ministers of the Crown (Private Interests)" 1760: 1697: 1689:. Kew: The National Archives. Archived from 1066:delivered a speech on "Reversing Beeching". 3482:A further Commons debate on Beeching Report 2887: 2752: 2750: 2583:1967 Network for Development report and map 2570: 2455: 2453: 1995:. No. 55661. 28 March 1963. p. 8. 1738: 1736: 803:Replacement buses and proposed alternatives 3525: 3511: 3493:Website about Beeching cuts in more detail 3067:British Rail 1948–1973: A Business History 2263: 2261: 1445:List of closed railway stations in Britain 1435:in 1976, and Woodside to Selsdon in 1983. 1092:Rail passengers in Great Britain 1829–2021 149:History of rail transport in Great Britain 3356:. Shepperton: Oxford Publishing Company. 3338: 2905: 2873: 2859: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2527: 2444: 2386:"Marples, Ridgway & Partners Limited" 2290: 1955:"Mr. Cousins says 'We Sacked Beeching'". 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1784: 1772: 1744:"British Transport Commission (Chairman)" 1710:inflation figures are based on data from 1478: 1457:, similar legislation undertaken in Japan 730:Learn how and when to remove this message 3272: 3062: 2922: 2747: 2450: 2328: 2267: 2022: 1983: 1981: 1927: 1796: 1733: 1687:The National Digital Archive of Datasets 1220: 1205: 1131:Great Central Railway (heritage railway) 1087: 1079: 1014:After 1970, when the Conservatives were 753: 741: 498: 364: 280: 224:Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway 195:, closed to passengers in 1931, and the 152: 47: 32: 20: 3432: 3175: 2539: 2258: 2162: 1603: 268: 67:, also colloquially referred to as the 3929:Transport policy in the United Kingdom 3896: 3378: 3311: 3215:Dudley, G.; Richardson, J. J. (2000). 3110:. Newton Abbot: David St John Thomas. 3023: 2723: 1669: 1578: 1543: 1531: 1519: 3506: 3476:Commons debate on the Beeching Report 3140: 3101: 2936: 2699: 2542:"The man who was paid £24,000 a year" 2481: 2434:from the original on 12 January 2022. 2087:"Rye-Ashford Area (Public Transport)" 1978: 1970:"Lord Beeching: 'I Was Not Sacked'". 1711: 1566: 1504: 1152: 941:, a retired former Chief Engineer at 507:, one of the first lines to be closed 102:from road transport and reducing the 41:, closed in 1965 and now part of the 3405: 2707:"Britain's most hated civil servant" 2150: 2060: 1675: 1114: 712:adding citations to reliable sources 683: 674: 135:, have since been incorporated into 3575:Campaign to Bring Back British Rail 3249: 3032:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3001:(2nd ed.). London: Ian Allan. 2957: 2781: 2174: 1657: 1201: 13: 3258:. Norwich: The Stationery Office. 3143:Beeching: Champion of the Railway? 2997:Daniels, G.; Dench, L. A. (1973). 2907:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1963.tb00706.x 2240:"Route Selection – East West Rail" 2214:"Route Selection – East West Rail" 979:Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 892:general election of 8 October 1959 301:, was published on 27 March 1963. 297:The first Beeching report, titled 218:The Branch Lines Committee of the 14: 3940: 3469: 3352:Faulkner, R.; Austin, C. (2012). 3250:Department for Transport (2007). 2932:. London: British Railways Board. 2877:The Reshaping of British Railways 2863:The Reshaping of British Railways 2065:. The History Press. p. 35. 1164:" (1963). Michael Williams' book 299:The Reshaping of British Railways 287:The Reshaping of British Railways 275:The Reshaping of British Railways 233:Economic recovery and the end of 89:The Reshaping of British Railways 78:in the 1960s. They are named for 3840:British Rail Passenger Timetable 3532: 3281:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 3254:Delivering a Sustainable Railway 2063:1963: That Was the Year That Was 1479:Macintyre, D. (1 January 1994). 986:general election in October 1964 688: 680:Disposals of land and structures 335:, which was not closed, and the 3804:British Rail Telecommunications 3410:. London: Biteback Publishing. 2787: 2729: 2673: 2647: 2612: 2587: 2576: 2533: 2499: 2414: 2396: 2378: 2356: 2334: 2296: 2232: 2206: 2180: 2107: 2092:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2079: 2054: 2028: 1999: 1974:. 18 November 1965. p. 12. 1963: 1959:. 17 November 1965. p. 12. 1948: 1933: 1790: 846:survived the cuts, such as the 760:Wednesbury Town railway station 699:needs additional citations for 505:Harrogate to Church Fenton Line 494: 471:ended early in June 1965 after 76:railway system in Great Britain 3799:British Rail Research Division 3071:. Cambridge University Press. 2888:Kahn-Freund, O. (March 1963). 1944:. 17 February 1965. p. 8. 1609: 1472: 1227:Otley and Ilkley Joint Railway 869:. Traffic on the single-track 578:that no-one dared to close it. 1: 1894:, pp. 96–99, Appendix 2. 1641:"The Great Vanishing Railway" 1461: 1139:North Yorkshire Moors Railway 1109:closed stations have reopened 1102:the cause of this is disputed 1069: 1048:shelved in the run up to the 329:Gleneagles-Crieff-Comrie line 289:report, displayed beside the 142: 3627:British Transport Commission 3180:The Great Railway Conspiracy 2540:Celmins, M. (30 July 1995). 2507:"Problems of Transportation" 2494:Dudley & Richardson 2000 1349:1,058 miles (1,703 km) 971:British Transport Commission 943:Imperial Chemical Industries 783:Acceptance of rail subsidies 552:to Leicester and Sheffield. 412:would be routed through the 352:intermodal freight transport 291:National Union of Railwaymen 220:British Transport Commission 7: 2941:British Rail after Beeching 1438: 1233:, which was closed in 1965. 886:The people and the politics 764:South Staffordshire Railway 503:Prospect Tunnel lay on the 10: 3945: 3909:1963 in the United Kingdom 1365:750 miles (1,210 km) 1326:780 miles (1,260 km) 1185:In the satirical magazine 1118: 1084:Rail modal share 1952–2015 1073: 354:in the following decades. 146: 3881: 3827: 3786: 3738: 3697: 3686: 3645: 3619: 3588: 3540: 1429:Bridport to Maiden Newton 1332:Beeching report published 1330: 748:Salisbury and Dorset Line 54:Chippenham and Calne line 3809:British Transport Hotels 3794:British Rail Engineering 3756:Railfreight Distribution 3141:Hardy, R. H. N. (1989). 3063:Gourvish, T. R. (1986). 1761:Daniels & Dench 1973 1397:275 miles (443 km) 1389:250 miles (400 km) 1381:400 miles (640 km) 1373:300 miles (480 km) 1357:600 miles (970 km) 1341:324 miles (521 km) 1318:150 miles (240 km) 1310:175 miles (282 km) 1302:350 miles (560 km) 1294:150 miles (240 km) 1286:500 miles (800 km) 1278:275 miles (443 km) 1270:300 miles (480 km) 1262:275 miles (443 km) 1254:150 miles (240 km) 193:Charnwood Forest Railway 158:Banchory railway station 3919:History of British Rail 3845:British Transport Films 3637:BRB (Residuary) Limited 3550:1955 modernisation plan 3028:A Walk Along the Tracks 1712:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1000:Network for Development 819:network, the advent of 668:, all of which closed. 576:marginal constituencies 546:Great Central Main Line 442:Great Western Main Line 253:would be replaced with 247:1955 Modernisation Plan 115:have been preserved as 3904:1963 in rail transport 3869:The wrong type of snow 3632:British Railways Board 3580:Great British Railways 3383:. Hersham: Ian Allan. 2874:Beeching, R. (1963b). 2860:Beeching, R. (1963a). 2272:. The Railways Archive 1801:. The Railways Archive 1421:35 miles (56 km) 1413:50 miles (80 km) 1405:23 miles (37 km) 1234: 1218: 1093: 1085: 975:British Railways Board 767: 751: 508: 481:Minister of Technology 382: 294: 189:road transport network 165: 121:National Cycle Network 84:British Railways Board 60: 45: 30: 27:Skipton to Ilkley Line 3885:Category:British Rail 3443:10.4324/9781315603568 3437:. London: Routledge. 3433:Haywood, R. (2016) . 3347:on 16 September 2013. 3273:Merriman, P. (2007). 3225:10.4324/9780203645871 3219:. London: Routledge. 3145:. London: Ian Allan. 3102:White, H. P. (1986). 2966:. London: Ian Allan. 2945:. London: Ian Allan. 2937:Allen, G. F. (1966). 2923:Beeching, R. (1965). 2890:"Transport Act, 1962" 2061:Cook, Andrew (2013). 2042:. BBC. 9 October 2014 1455:Specified local lines 1433:Alston to Haltwhistle 1224: 1216:Great Central Railway 1212:Rugby Central Station 1209: 1147:West Somerset Railway 1143:North Norfolk Railway 1119:Further information: 1091: 1083: 1033:South Wales Main Line 992:under Prime Minister 859:Ashford International 757: 745: 502: 368: 337:York to Beverley Line 284: 178:Members of Parliament 156: 51: 36: 24: 3863:The Age of the Train 3751:Rail Express Systems 3176:Henshaw, D. (1994). 2620:The Railway Magazine 2364:"Personal Statement" 1246:Total length closed 1179:Oh, Doctor Beeching! 837:Possible changes to 708:improve this article 613:Settle-Carlisle line 426:East Coast Main Line 414:West Coast Main Line 333:Yorkshire Coast Line 293:'s response pamphlet 269:The Beeching reports 259:electric locomotives 82:, then-chair of the 80:Dr. Richard Beeching 3828:Media and publicity 3379:Clough, D. (2013). 3312:Wolmar, C. (2005). 3151:2027/uva.x001649812 3024:Davies, H. (1982). 2165:, pp. 210–251. 2121:on 16 November 2018 1693:on 14 October 2006. 1626:on 7 February 2012. 990:a Labour government 933:In April 1960, Sir 928:Hammersmith Flyover 898:as Prime Minister. 894:, their first with 873:between Kemble and 52:Part of the former 3611:Transport Act 2000 3601:Transport Act 1962 3596:Transport Act 1947 3339:EcoLogics (2010). 3106:Forgotten Railways 2999:Passengers No More 2687:. 1 September 2008 2602:Transport Act 1968 2423:"Reginald Ridgway" 2095:. 26 November 1970 1708:Retail Price Index 1235: 1219: 1194:The lyrics of the 1158:Flanders and Swann 1153:In popular culture 1127:East Lancs Railway 1094: 1086: 1008:Transport Act 1968 1006:Section 39 of the 967:Transport Act 1962 904:Postmaster General 871:Golden Valley Line 797:Transport Act 1968 768: 752: 572:Central Wales Line 561:Scottish Highlands 559:Lines through the 509: 383: 380: To be closed 295: 166: 61: 46: 31: 3914:Beeching closures 3891: 3890: 3877: 3876: 3773:Trainload Freight 3720:Regional Railways 3715:Network SouthEast 3710:Network NorthWest 3688:Services, sectors 3606:Railways Act 1993 3452:978-1-317-07164-8 3417:978-1-84954-500-6 3406:Loft, C. (2013). 3390:978-0-7110-3542-3 3363:978-0-86093-647-3 3323:978-1-85410-998-9 3316:. London: Aurum. 3314:On the Wrong Line 3288:978-1-4443-5547-5 3265:978-0-10-171762-5 3234:978-0-415-16918-9 3191:978-0-948135-48-4 3160:978-0-7110-1855-6 3117:978-0-946537-13-6 3078:978-0-521-26480-8 3039:978-0-297-78042-7 3008:978-0-7110-0438-2 2973:978-0-7110-0428-3 2894:Modern Law Review 2713:. 1 October 2008. 2635:Missing or empty 2496:, pp. 48–49. 2484:, pp. 44–48. 2430:. 29 March 2002. 2072:978-0-752-49231-5 1425: 1424: 1176:TV comedy series 1166:On the slow train 1135:Mid Hants Railway 1115:Heritage railways 1045:Midland Main Line 1020:Margaret Thatcher 1016:returned to power 848:East Suffolk Line 825:break-bulk points 740: 739: 732: 675:Critical analysis 617:Ipswich–Lowestoft 583:Tamar Valley Line 550:London Marylebone 432:; and traffic to 251:steam locomotives 182:Winston Churchill 117:heritage railways 43:Moray Coast trail 3936: 3778:Red Star Parcels 3695: 3694: 3690:and subsidiaries 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3464: 3429: 3402: 3375: 3348: 3343:. Archived from 3335: 3308: 3280: 3269: 3257: 3246: 3211: 3183: 3172: 3137: 3109: 3098: 3070: 3059: 3031: 3020: 2993: 2965: 2958:Joy, S. (1973). 2954: 2944: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2909: 2884: 2882: 2870: 2868: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2661:. 2 October 2013 2651: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2571:Kahn-Freund 1963 2568: 2562: 2561: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2425: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2242:. Archived from 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2216:. 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Mail 3620:Management 2482:Hardy 1989 2198:22 October 2046:12 October 1567:White 1986 1505:White 1986 1462:References 1162:Slow Train 1070:Reopenings 1056:Ian Hislop 952:Parliament 832:Sunderland 662:Hunstanton 587:Gunnislake 585:, between 489:Tom Fraser 465:secondment 428:as far as 402:Manchester 398:Birmingham 285:A copy of 201:Birmingham 147:See also: 143:Background 137:light rail 129:Birmingham 39:River Spey 3883:See also 3761:Speedlink 3705:InterCity 3698:Passenger 3565:Accidents 3461:948604876 3426:813392581 3399:818450710 3372:805015184 3305:17855975M 2685:Rail News 2151:Loft 2013 2099:25 August 1993:The Times 1972:The Times 1957:The Times 1942:The Times 1467:Citations 1431:in 1975, 1035:from the 988:returned 773:Rail Bank 530:Edinburgh 430:Newcastle 406:Liverpool 240:inflation 3857:Railnews 3725:ScotRail 3673:Southern 3668:Scottish 3332:56643155 3297:86172956 3243:44914294 3200:34588034 3169:20417982 3134:2327878M 3126:16277028 3095:2716555M 3087:13497977 3056:3083752M 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