145:
195:
37:
1777:
235:'s warning. However, a study done in San Francisco showed that about four in ten packs of beedies did not contain the required warning label and seven in ten did not carry the tax stamp. 2006 statistics on tobacco usage show that 2.9% of high school students in the United States take part in tobacco smoking compared to 1.4% of those aged 18 to 24. Some beedies are flavoured. Both Canada and the US have banned flavoured cigarettes.
1335:
1787:
29:
214:
leaves make excellent wrappers, and the success of the beedi is due, in part, to this leaf. The leaves are in abundance shortly after the tobacco crop is cured and so are ready to be used in beedi manufacture. Collected in the summer and made into bundles, the leaves are dried in the sun for three to
278:
Frequency of ventilatory abnormalities was highest in the cigarette smokers. A lower prevalence of chronic bronchitis and abnormal ventilatory measurements in beedi smokers, as compared with cigarette smokers, was thought to be primarily due to low total consumption of tobacco. Some added influence
124:
By the middle of the 20th century, beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive industry. This stage of commercial production—at the height of the beedi's popularity—saw the creation of many new beedi brands as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred, primarily male, beedi
135:
Beedi smoking tends to be associated with a lower social standing, as these tobacco-filled leaves are inexpensive when compared to regular cigarettes. Those with a high social standing who do smoke beedies often do so out of the public eye; however, the cultural trend is changing.
791:
121:'s support of Indian industry and Indian products. Perhaps due to this, educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies to cigarettes although this is no longer the case. Muslim leaders, calling cigarettes foreign products, have also endorsed beedies at times.
156:
that is typically done by women in their homes. Analysis of bidi industry in India found that in spite of increase in profits worker wages declined and female workers were paid substantially less than male workers.
174: oz) of tobacco flake. Handling tobacco and inhaling its dust is an occupational hazard for beedi workers as an increased level of chromosome aberrations was found in a scientific study.
148:
Factory workers hand cut the leaves using scissors and a metal stencil guide. After cutting a sufficient number of wrappers, they will move on to roll approximately 1,000 beedies each per day.
114:
Beedies were invented after Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century. Tobacco workers were the first to create them by taking leftover tobacco and rolling it in leaves.
102:, herbs, and spices wrapped in a leaf. It is a traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East, where beedies are popular and inexpensive. In
400:
132:
with a home-based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling. In contrast, males continue to be employed in other aspects of beedi production.
2180:
1724:
939:
Arora, Monika; Datta, Pritam; Barman, Avnika; Sinha, Praveen; Munish, Vineet Gill; Bahl, Deepika; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Nazar, Gaurang P.; Tullu, Fikru (2020).
231:
In the United States, beedies are treated like conventional cigarettes. They are taxed at the same rates, are required to have a tax stamp, and must carry the
183:
117:
The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time but also helped by
2100:
566:
2090:
915:
1652:
565:
Rijo M John; R Kavita Rao; M Govinda Rao; James Moore; RS Deshpande; Jhumur
Sengupta; Sakthivel Selvaraj; Frank J Chaloupka; Prabhat Jha (March 2010).
1069:
2542:
2190:
1549:
2963:
817:
RB Govekar & RA Bhisey (1992). "Elevated urinary thioether excretion among bidi rollers exposed occupationally to processed tobacco".
128:
Factory-based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, and beedi-making became a
3129:
1714:
1833:
243:
Beedis are currently legal in the UK and are subject to the same taxation as cigarettes. One must be aged 18 or over to purchase them.
191:, the informal sector in these countries employs underage children in the production of beedies "in response to consumer preferences".
1435:
505:
Yen, Karl L.; Hechavarria, Elizabeth; Bostwick, Susan B. (2000). "Bidi cigarettes : An emerging threat to adolescent health".
402:
Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay
1001:
Mahimkar, MB; Bhisey, RA (1995). "Occupational exposure to bidi tobacco increases chromosomal aberrations in tobacco processors".
1239:
2488:
1647:
801:
669:
579:
410:
369:
188:
3160:
2727:
2535:
1271:
232:
1171:
356:
2304:
1747:
1699:
2478:
1880:
1704:
1193:
868:
1949:
1503:
1478:
1040:
1114:
106:, beedi consumption outpaces conventional cigarettes, accounting for 48% of all Indian tobacco consumption in 2008.
2732:
1689:
585:
2935:
2651:
2528:
2419:
1554:
1445:
1366:
3139:
3134:
1826:
1800:
328:
925:
2983:
2699:
2577:
1627:
1131:
Delnevo, CD; Pevzner, ES; Hrywna, M; Lewis, MJ (2004). "Bidi
Cigarette use among Young Adults in 15 States".
279:
of smoke produced by burning of the wrapper leaf and type of tobacco used in beedies could not be ruled out.
3202:
3122:
3021:
2712:
2348:
2195:
1944:
1642:
1576:
692:
3069:
2973:
2834:
2636:
2567:
2085:
1632:
659:
3011:
2912:
2882:
2824:
2753:
2722:
2666:
2614:
2399:
2023:
1959:
1637:
1243:
426:
1954:
3258:
3248:
3217:
2968:
2829:
1819:
1752:
1604:
1465:
223:
Beedies, unlike cigarettes, must be drawn frequently to keep them lit, and doing so requires effort.
1976:
3238:
3031:
3016:
2955:
2892:
2839:
2763:
2254:
1790:
1742:
1264:
263:
and carry a greater risk of oral cancers than conventional cigarettes. As with many other types of
2814:
2629:
2597:
2394:
2017:
1679:
1674:
144:
3185:
2624:
2551:
2447:
2002:
1866:
1757:
1719:
1594:
1544:
1518:
1914:
3253:
3207:
3197:
3099:
3084:
3026:
2922:
2897:
2809:
2758:
2748:
2707:
2661:
2656:
2592:
2457:
2141:
1939:
1036:
260:
207:
82:
76:
3180:
2945:
2619:
2587:
2504:
2299:
2156:
1795:
1762:
1566:
1407:
1314:
1054:
826:
622:
8:
3243:
3212:
3117:
3056:
3001:
2978:
2220:
2057:
1780:
1483:
1299:
1257:
87:
1092:
830:
664:. Cornell International Report. Vol. 34. Cornell University Press. pp. 23–25.
3190:
3175:
3144:
3046:
3036:
2819:
2783:
2676:
2646:
2607:
2373:
2288:
1599:
1488:
1294:
975:
940:
850:
772:
661:
Democracy at work in an Indian industrial cooperative: the story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi
478:
20:
1908:
3170:
3074:
3064:
2887:
2804:
2788:
2717:
2684:
2404:
2368:
2358:
1890:
1885:
1684:
1513:
1450:
1412:
1319:
1148:
1018:
1014:
980:
962:
842:
797:
764:
665:
575:
530:
522:
470:
406:
365:
42:
890:
854:
657:
504:
482:
3165:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3006:
2602:
2559:
2462:
2269:
1709:
1586:
1539:
1508:
1498:
1392:
1361:
1304:
1140:
1010:
970:
952:
895:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Forestry Department. 1987
834:
776:
756:
514:
460:
153:
129:
2689:
2907:
2582:
2572:
2309:
2244:
1900:
1861:
1694:
1534:
1493:
1455:
1422:
518:
256:
1144:
3109:
3041:
2993:
2930:
2849:
2778:
2641:
2452:
2409:
2388:
1571:
1430:
1402:
1387:
564:
375:
160:
Workers roll an average of 500–1000 beedies per day, handling 225–450 grams (8–
957:
40:
Beedi making process, rare handicrafts in
Akkaraipattu, Sri Lanka. Bidi leaf (
3232:
2902:
2862:
2328:
2038:
2028:
1992:
1473:
1356:
966:
760:
526:
268:
194:
36:
446:
2768:
2509:
2442:
2437:
2363:
2353:
2343:
1152:
984:
916:"India's traditional cigarette makers halt production over health warnings"
768:
534:
474:
272:
1022:
846:
2877:
2872:
2857:
2773:
2520:
2414:
2314:
2043:
1610:
275:. They may also be more harmful than other forms of tobacco consumption.
2333:
941:"The Indian Bidi Industry: Trends in Employment and Wage Differentials"
838:
732:
Brahmachari
Sitalprasad, Jain Bauddha TatvaJnana, JainVijay Press, 1934
178:
99:
86:
leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end. It originates from the
1219:
465:
448:
447:
Mahbubur Rahman; Junichi
Sakamoto; Tsuguya Fukui (10 September 2003).
2338:
2294:
2239:
2136:
2111:
2106:
1997:
1987:
1280:
694:
Making ends meet: Bidi workers in India today; A study of four states
152:
Over 3 million
Indians are employed in the manufacture of beedies, a
63:
46:) and shredded tobacco are prepared and finalize with thread binding.
2867:
2062:
2033:
1920:
1855:
1811:
252:
1334:
1055:"2006 National Youth Tobacco Survey and Key Prevalence Indicators"
2210:
1397:
1382:
1351:
1220:"Chronic bronchitis in beedi smokers (preliminary communication)"
920:
658:
T. M. Thomas Isaac; Richard W. Franke; Pyaralal
Raghavan (1998).
303:
264:
71:
549:
Bhargava's
Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language
2483:
2259:
2215:
2205:
2175:
2131:
2126:
2007:
1982:
1440:
1309:
819:
International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
298:
118:
91:
28:
2940:
2249:
2200:
2185:
2161:
2116:
1249:
308:
288:
103:
67:
2378:
2264:
2151:
1561:
293:
1904:– India's first European-style brewery still in operation:
2146:
2121:
1174:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 June 2011
1130:
267:, beedies increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers,
700:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. 2003
1725:
Protocol to
Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
1037:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"
568:
The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation in India
938:
184:
List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor
869:"Estimates of Tobacco-dependent Employment in India"
1057:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009.
816:
1093:"U.S. FDA, in first tobacco action, bans flavors"
892:Restoring the Balance: Women and forest resources
3230:
507:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
329:"Indian girls fight back against child marriage"
2086:Consumption of alcohol vs other drinks in India
449:"Bidi smoking and oral cancer: A meta-analysis"
1000:
2536:
1827:
1265:
1200:. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. 17 May 2011
913:
177:The production of beedies is also popular in
2091:Global comparison of Per capital consumption
1881:History of alcoholic drinks in ancient India
1166:
1164:
1162:
796:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 200.
720:Census of India, Central Provinces and Berar
427:"Bidi Leaf Tree (reported under the synonym
1715:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
653:
651:
442:
440:
2550:
2543:
2529:
1834:
1820:
1272:
1258:
1620:
1194:"Bidi more harmful than cigarette: Study"
1159:
996:
994:
974:
956:
742:
740:
738:
726:
464:
3140:Social impact of Indian television drama
1436:Cigarette smoking among college students
648:
437:
394:
392:
390:
388:
350:
348:
346:
215:six days before being used as wrappers.
193:
143:
35:
27:
2018:India's non-indigenous alcoholic drinks
1124:
1070:"Canada bans fruit-flavored cigarettes"
883:
810:
74:flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu (
3231:
1090:
1072:. VANCOUVER, British Columbia: Reuters
991:
746:
735:
712:
687:
685:
683:
681:
560:
558:
354:
320:
2524:
2324:Bollywood and historic alcohol deaths
1815:
1253:
1084:
1061:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
541:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
398:
385:
343:
189:Bureau of International Labor Affairs
2472:State alcohol marketing corporations
1841:
1786:
1186:
1067:
789:
783:
326:
218:
1977:India's indigenous alcoholic drinks
1700:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
1240:Action Plan for Beedi Women Workers
1091:Heavey, Susan (22 September 2009).
1047:
747:Kamboj, M. (2008). "Bidi Tobacco".
678:
620:
555:
551:. Bhushan Press. 1976. p. 312.
13:
1705:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1333:
603:
489:
419:
246:
14:
3270:
2024:Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL)
1960:Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL)
1479:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
1233:
1041:United States Department of Labor
358:India: The Tax Treatment of Bidis
238:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1753:Countries by tobacco consumption
1690:Smoking bans in private vehicles
405:. Prakash C. Gupta. p. 29.
355:Sunley, Emil M. (January 2008).
327:Dhar, Sujoy (18 November 2009).
226:
139:
2964:Proposed states and territories
1446:Smoking in association football
1212:
1107:
1029:
932:
914:Kalra, Aditya (15 April 2016).
907:
861:
453:International Journal of Cancer
90:. The name is derived from the
16:South Asian Hand-Made Cigarette
1279:
1115:"The Encyclopaedia of Tobacco"
1068:Dowd, Allan (8 October 2009).
1:
873:Economic and Political Weekly
314:
202:
198:Informal sector making beedi.
1945:Alcohol prohibition in India
1577:Nicotine replacement therapy
1015:10.1016/0165-1161(95)90004-7
519:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1187
364:. Bloomberg Philanthropies.
7:
2728:Water supply and sanitation
2053:Alcohol deadly for drinking
1950:Drink driving laws of India
1917:– India's first malt whisky
1748:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
1145:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.025
621:Lal, Pranay (25 May 2009).
282:
10:
3275:
2615:Public distribution system
1891:History of whisky in India
1244:International Labor Office
945:Frontiers in Public Health
399:Gupta, Prakash C. (1992).
109:
18:
3153:
3130:Films about social issues
3108:
3055:
2992:
2954:
2921:
2848:
2797:
2741:
2698:
2675:
2558:
2497:
2471:
2430:
2415:Violence against children
2280:
2073:
1968:
1932:
1923:– India's most iconic rum
1911:– Asia'a first beer brand
1847:
1771:
1735:
1680:Plain cigarette packaging
1665:
1585:
1527:
1504:Schizophrenia and smoking
1464:
1421:
1375:
1344:
1331:
1287:
958:10.3389/fpubh.2020.572638
331:. KOLKATA, India: Reuters
2305:Alcohol poisonings cases
1886:History of beer in India
1695:Tobacco control movement
793:Indian national movement
761:10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1088
623:"Bidi – A short history"
181:. According to the 2014
19:For the Hindi song, see
2598:National Pension System
1605:Disinformation playbook
879:(40): 7–8. 5 June 2015.
2936:Caste-related violence
2652:Universal basic income
2552:Social issues in India
2448:United Breweries Group
2420:Violence against women
1595:Cultivation of tobacco
1545:Heated tobacco product
1519:Tobacco harm reduction
1338:
749:British Dental Journal
722:. Vol. XII. 1931.
199:
149:
47:
33:
3135:Freedom of expression
1940:Alcohol laws of India
1801:Electronic cigarettes
1337:
790:Imām, Hassan (1999).
251:Beedies deliver more
210:Diospyros melanoxylon
197:
147:
83:Piliostigma racemosum
77:Diospyros melanoxylon
39:
31:
2984:Separatist movements
2505:Agriculture in India
2230:Other accompaniments
1567:Electronic cigarette
3022:Illegal immigration
2667:Widening income gap
2221:South Indian snacks
1675:Cigarette smuggling
1600:Tobacco advertising
1484:Nicotine dependence
1172:"Bidis and Kreteks"
1133:Preventive Medicine
831:1992IAOEH..64..101G
591:on 26 December 2010
433:. Flowers of India.
88:Indian subcontinent
2974:Religious violence
2835:Female infanticide
2820:Child prostitution
2637:Standard of living
2400:Domestic violence
2374:Shiv Kumar Batalvi
2289:Alcohol and health
1489:Nicotine poisoning
1339:
1119:Wilsons of Sharrow
839:10.1007/BF00381476
200:
150:
48:
34:
21:Omkara (2006 film)
3226:
3225:
3012:Human trafficking
2825:Child trafficking
2754:Domestic violence
2723:Natural disasters
2718:Manual scavenging
2578:Farmers' suicides
2518:
2517:
2395:Alcoholic poverty
2359:Nachhatar Chhatta
2300:Alcohol poisoning
1955:Dry Days in India
1809:
1808:
1685:Legal smoking age
1661:
1660:
1514:Smoking cessation
1451:Smoking fetishism
1003:Mutation Research
803:978-81-261-0199-3
671:978-0-8014-8415-5
581:978-2-914365-70-3
513:(12): 1187–1189.
466:10.1002/ijc.11265
429:Bauhinia racemosa
412:978-0-19-562961-3
371:978-2-914365-35-2
219:Global popularity
187:published by the
43:Bauhinia racemosa
32:Packs of beedies.
3266:
3259:Smoking in India
3249:Tobacco in India
3218:Police brutality
3007:Groom kidnapping
2969:Ethnic relations
2830:Female foeticide
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2463:Yuksom Breweries
2255:Indian beverages
2058:Cleaning alcohol
1969:Types of alcohol
1842:Alcohol in India
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1743:Cigarette brands
1710:Tobacco politics
1618:
1617:
1587:Tobacco industry
1540:Herbal cigarette
1528:Related products
1509:Sidestream smoke
1499:Third-hand smoke
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
998:
989:
988:
978:
960:
936:
930:
929:
928:on 7 April 2016.
924:. Archived from
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
887:
881:
880:
865:
859:
858:
814:
808:
807:
787:
781:
780:
744:
733:
730:
724:
723:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
699:
689:
676:
675:
655:
646:
645:
643:
641:
627:
618:
601:
600:
598:
596:
590:
584:. Archived from
573:
562:
553:
552:
545:
539:
538:
502:
487:
486:
468:
444:
435:
434:
423:
417:
416:
396:
383:
382:
381:on 6 March 2012.
380:
374:. Archived from
363:
352:
341:
340:
338:
336:
324:
173:
172:
168:
165:
154:cottage industry
130:cottage industry
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3239:Cigarette types
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3149:
3104:
3051:
3032:Organised crime
3017:Illegal housing
2988:
2950:
2917:
2893:Menstrual taboo
2844:
2840:Street children
2793:
2764:Family planning
2737:
2694:
2671:
2554:
2549:
2519:
2514:
2493:
2467:
2426:
2310:Substance abuse
2276:
2245:Chewing tobacco
2101:Drinking places
2069:
1964:
1928:
1905:
1901:Kasauli Brewery
1843:
1840:
1810:
1805:
1767:
1731:
1667:
1657:
1616:
1581:
1535:Candy cigarette
1523:
1494:Passive smoking
1460:
1456:Tobacco smoking
1417:
1413:Vending machine
1371:
1340:
1329:
1283:
1278:
1236:
1231:
1224:www.popline.org
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1129:
1125:
1113:Sharrow Mills,
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
999:
992:
937:
933:
912:
908:
898:
896:
889:
888:
884:
867:
866:
862:
815:
811:
804:
788:
784:
745:
736:
731:
727:
718:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
691:
690:
679:
672:
656:
649:
639:
637:
636:(10): 1335–1337
630:Current Science
625:
619:
604:
594:
592:
588:
582:
571:
563:
556:
547:
546:
542:
503:
490:
445:
438:
425:
424:
420:
413:
397:
386:
378:
372:
361:
353:
344:
334:
332:
325:
321:
317:
285:
257:carbon monoxide
249:
247:Health warnings
241:
233:Surgeon General
229:
221:
205:
170:
166:
163:
161:
142:
112:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3256:
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3205:
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3097:
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3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
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3029:
3027:Illegal mining
3024:
3019:
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3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
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2931:Caste politics
2927:
2925:
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2910:
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2900:
2895:
2890:
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2883:Women's health
2880:
2875:
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2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
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2837:
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2815:Child marriage
2812:
2807:
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2799:
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2779:Nuclear family
2776:
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2756:
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2745:
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2739:
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2736:
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2733:Water disputes
2730:
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2715:
2713:Climate change
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
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2681:
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2642:Street vendors
2639:
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2568:Communications
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2453:United Spirits
2450:
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2428:
2427:
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2417:
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2389:Crime in India
2384:
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2109:
2096:
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2094:
2093:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:Methyl alcohol
2060:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1972:
1970:
1966:
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1758:Rolling papers
1755:
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1607:
1602:
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1574:
1572:Nicotine pouch
1569:
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1438:
1433:
1431:Cigarette card
1427:
1425:
1419:
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1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
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1247:
1235:
1234:External links
1232:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1185:
1158:
1139:(1): 207–211.
1123:
1106:
1083:
1060:
1046:
1028:
1009:(2): 139–144.
990:
931:
906:
882:
860:
825:(2): 101–104.
809:
802:
782:
734:
725:
711:
677:
670:
647:
602:
580:
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488:
459:(4): 600–604.
436:
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239:United Kingdom
237:
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98:—a mixture of
54:(also spelled
15:
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3208:Superstitions
3206:
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3186:Homosexuality
3184:
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2863:Bride burning
2861:
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2431:Manufacturers
2429:
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2329:Daniyal Mirza
2327:
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2325:
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2321:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
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2301:
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2238:
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2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Indian snacks
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Religious use
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2110:
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2072:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Indian whisky
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
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1971:
1967:
1961:
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1951:
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1935:
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1898:
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1837:
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1823:
1818:
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1802:
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1708:
1706:
1703:
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1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1653:United States
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
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1601:
1598:
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1533:
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1526:
1520:
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1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Chain smoking
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1466:Health issues
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1426:
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1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Rolling paper
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
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1298:
1296:
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1261:
1256:
1255:
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1241:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1094:
1087:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
927:
923:
922:
917:
910:
894:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
864:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
805:
799:
795:
794:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
729:
721:
715:
696:
695:
688:
686:
684:
682:
673:
667:
663:
662:
654:
652:
635:
631:
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617:
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613:
611:
609:
607:
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583:
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569:
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559:
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520:
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512:
508:
501:
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467:
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310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
276:
274:
270:
269:heart disease
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
236:
234:
227:North America
224:
216:
213:
211:
196:
192:
190:
186:
185:
180:
175:
158:
155:
146:
140:Manufacturing
137:
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115:
107:
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101:
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85:
84:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:
38:
30:
26:
22:
3254:Desi culture
3198:Human rights
3154:Other issues
3100:Tuberculosis
3085:Malnutrition
2923:Caste system
2898:Prostitution
2810:Child labour
2769:Joint family
2759:Dowry system
2749:Cohabitation
2708:Conservation
2662:Unemployment
2657:Urbanisation
2593:Debt bondage
2588:Land reforms
2510:Ethanol fuel
2443:Mohan Meakin
2438:Khoday Group
2387:
2364:Ranjit Singh
2354:Meena Kumari
2344:K. L. Saigal
2323:
2287:
2234:
2229:
2170:
2142:Prostitution
2099:
2080:
2052:
2029:Indian Beers
2016:
1975:
1899:
1875:
1854:
1763:Smoking bans
1324:
1223:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1136:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1063:
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2858:Acid attack
2774:Infertility
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2315:Teetotalism
2074:Consumption
2044:Indian wine
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