124:. This area is now part of the Liberation Heritage Route. Men present at these Beer Halls during the demonstrations were attacked and warned against supporting municipal beer halls. Director of the Bantu Administration Department, Mr Bourquin, addressed approximately 2000 women at the Cato Manor Beer Hall. After the women resisted orders from the police to disperse, a police baton charge took place. In a statement in the House of Assembly, the Minister for Justice stated that 25 buildings had been burnt down and 7 damaged, all associated to the Beer Hall riots. Beer Halls were temporarily closed and municipal bus services suspended after numerous attacks on vehicles. In June 1959 over 2000 women marched against men drinking in Beer Halls. The protestors organised a beer boycott which led to wide-scale uprisings all over Natal. During 1959, an estimated 20 000 women in Natal protested and more than 1 000 were convicted in the courts.
120:, a group of African women staged a demonstration against liquor legislation at the Cato Manor Beer Hall. Other protesters entered a beer hall and destroyed beer and other property. The police dispersed the protesters and maintained surveillance throughout the evening. By 18 June 1959, demonstrations had spread to Dalton Road and Victoria Street in the city of
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of 1908 made it illegal for South
African women to brew traditional beer. Legislation restricted African natives from consuming European-produced alcohol. Educated African men were issued permits, which allowed them to consume European wine, spirits and malt beer. The average uneducated person would
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of 1962 lifted authority on
Africans as liquor consumers. Africans were prohibited from entering the liquor market, however, they could purchase liquor from 'non-European' entrances of white bottle stores. By the 1950s, police were no longer able to control the sales of 'European' liquor in urban
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stretching from roughly the 1920s to the 1960s. The Native Beer Act of 1908 had made it illegal for South
African women to brew traditional beer. Police raided homes and destroyed home-brewed liquor so that men would use municipal beerhalls. In response, women attacked the beerhalls and destroyed
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of 1908 which resulted in many
African women in urban and rural areas losing a source of income. Tradition beer brewers were resistant towards municipal beer halls as they gave authority to councils to sell African beer and the African brewer would no longer be able to make an income. The Natal
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to interview the Mayor. The legislation affected many women who earned a living through brewing beer in shebeens. It is estimated that over 20,000 women from 30 areas participated in various demonstrations, including the Beer Hall
Boycotts.
89:(ICU) campaigned for the closure of municipal beer halls. Between 1950 and 1951, annual municipal profits from beer sales exceeded £175,000; by 1952, those profits exceeded £200,000.
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After the
Minister of Native Affairs granted the council the exclusive right to brew and supply beer from 1 July 1938, over 200 African women marched to the City Hall of
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when it became a republic in 1961. This put the export trade of wine and beer under threat and soon there was an increasing demand for the lifting of the prohibition.
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UG 55/1960, Report of the
Commission of Enquiry into the General Distribution and Selling Prices of Intoxicating Liquor (Pretoria, 1960), 8. Chairman: Avril Malan.
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MINKLEY, G. (1996). 'I SHALL DIE MARRIED TO THE BEER': GENDER, 'FAMILY' AND SPACE IN THE EAST LONDON LOCATIONS, c1923-1952. Kronos, (23), 135-157. Retrieved from
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171:. She was one of the leaders against the removals from Cato Manor in 1956, and also one of the leaders of the beer hall boycotts.
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areas. The South
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The boycott of the beer halls was an indication of the growing discontent of people against many oppressive measures before
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Before 1928 African women played an important role in beer-brewing for government structures and beer halls. The sale of
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rioters as they fled from a beer hall during demonstrations. The beer halls destroyed in 1976 were never rebuilt.
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Journal of
African History, 40 (1999), pp. 367–388. Printed in the United Kingdom 1999 Cambridge University Press
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96:, student mobs attacked beer halls. Almost every beer hall in Soweto was affected. The police killed several
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B.Bush. Imperialism, Race and
Resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919-1945. Routledge, 04 Jan 2002. pg 164.
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596:"Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 | South African History Online"
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292:"Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 | South African History Online"
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186:. She was arrested during the beer hall boycotts of 1957 and sentenced to one month's imprisonment.
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Beer Hall Riots started in 1929 nationwide. These boycotts and riots were in response to the
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Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' Abafazi, Wathint' Imbokodo. HSRC Press, 2000
242:‘They quench their hunger with beer’, Star, 19 July 1961; Rand Daily Mail, 19 October 1961.
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was a nationwide, women-led campaign of boycotting and demonstrating against municipal
444:"The Role of Women in the Struggle against Apartheid | African National Congress"
372:"Illicit Brewing Beer Halls Soweto Riots And The Rise Of Shebeens – SAB World of Beer"
612:"Truth Commission - Special Report - TRC Final Report - Volume 3, Section 1, Chapter"
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562:"60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (41-50)"
535:"Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe - A Titan of Struggle | African National Congress"
345:"ICU women members, beer halls and boycotts | South African History Online"
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251:* M. J. van den Berg, House of Assembly, Debates (19 June 1961), 8353.
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C. W. A. Lansdown, South African Liquor Law (Cape Town, 1983), 332–44.
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in municipalities was an industry worth R3 million in 1961. The
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Discussion of Beer Hall Boycotts started as early as 1926 in
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Women-led protests against South African beer regulations
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Structure and experience in the making of Apartheid
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112:. On 17 June 1959 in
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