31:
20:
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through eighteenth centuries, every city and large town in the Low
Countries had at least one court beguinage: the communities dwindled and came to an end, over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They were encircled by walls and separated from the town proper by several gates, closed at night, but through which during the day the beguines could come and go as they pleased. Beguines came from a wide range of social classes, though truly poor women were admitted only if they had a wealthy benefactor who pledged to provide for their needs.
390:
73:, an association of beguines living together or in close proximity of each other under the guidance of a single superior, called a mistress or prioress. Although they were not usually referred to as "convents", in these houses dwelt a small number of women together: the houses small, informal, and often poor communities that emerged across Europe after the twelfth century. In most cases, beguines who lived in a convent agreed to obey certain regulations during their stay and contributed to a collective fund.
197:
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1092:
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1100:
84:
beguinages were formed which consisted of several houses for beguines built around a central chapel or church where their religious activities took place; these often included functional buildings such as a brewery, a bakery, a hospital, and some farm buildings. Several of these beguinages are now
142:
While a small beguinage usually constituted just one house where women lived together, a Low
Countries court beguinage typically comprised one or more courtyards surrounded by houses, and also included a church, an infirmary complex, and a number of communal houses or 'convents'. From the twelfth
158:
The understanding of women's motivations for joining the beguinages has changed dramatically in recent decades. The development of these communities is clearly linked to a preponderance of women in urban centers in the Middle Ages, but while earlier scholars like the
Belgian historian
167:, who demonstrated that, for much of Europe, marriage occurred later in life and at a lower frequency than had previously been believed, historians have established that single women moved to the newly developed cities because those cities offered them work opportunities.
171:
has shown how the smaller beguinages as well as the court beguinages answered such women's social and economic needs, in addition to offering them a religious life coupled with personal independence, which was a difficult thing to have for a woman.
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van Eck, Xander (2000). "Between
Restraint and Excess: The Decoration of the Church of the Great Beguinage at Mechelen in the Seventeenth Century".
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believed that this "surplus" of women was caused by men dying in war, that theory has been debunked. Since the groundbreaking work of
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In the first decades of the thirteenth century much larger and more stable types of community emerged in the region of the
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1128:; Listing shared with France Listing shared with seven other countries, which includes Belgium's
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1026:
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285:
1071:
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founded a beguinage in Paris, which was modeled on the court beguinages of the Low
Countries.
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66:: lay religious women who lived in community without taking vows or retiring from the world.
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38:, inhabitant of a beguinage. Excerpt from a manuscript of the beguinage of Sint-Aubertus in
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119:, "Lambert the Stammerer", an early supporter of the movement who died around 1180.
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679:, specifically associated with a medieval demographic period, in relation to women
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Ancient and
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
51:
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The Wisdom of the
Beguines: the Forgotten Story of a Medieval Women's Movement
861:
Cities of Ladies: Beguine
Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565
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1132:; Listing shared with seventeen other countries, which includes Belgium's
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Beguines of
Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority
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Listing shared with six other countries, which includes
Belgium's
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Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)
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sites. Around the mid-thirteenth century, the French king
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62:, is an architectural complex which was created to house
115:, gives the origin of the word "beguine" in the name of
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Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century
922:
Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art
1022:
Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs
994:
697:"Het begijnhof Sint Aubertus (Poortacker) te Gent"
793:"Case study: Begijnhof, Sittard, The Netherlands"
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725:
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16:Religious community, common in the Low Countries
1057:Major town houses of the architect Victor Horta
1072:Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex
757:"Beguinage of the Grey Beguines of Leeuwarden"
980:
957:Belgium's beguinages offered refuge for women
56:
639:Béguinage de la rue Quentin-Barré, et al.,
69:Originally the beguine institution was the
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879:"World Heritage List | Flemish BĂ©guinages"
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877:
858:
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477:New Saint-Elisabeth in Sint-Amandsberg
168:
968:
795:. Institutions for Collective Action.
771:"Begijnhof, Haarlem, The Netherlands"
900:
773:. Institutions for Collective Action
276:Beguinage of Sint-Amandsberg / Ghent
589:
13:
1098:
1090:
1007:Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
893:
759:. Institute for Collective Action.
14:
1181:
1062:Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes
950:
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1155:World Heritage Sites in Belgium
1067:Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai
996:World Heritage Sites in Belgium
1052:Major Mining Sites of Wallonia
1012:Belfries of Belgium and France
840:Miller, Tanya Stabler (2014).
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785:
763:
749:
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409:World Heritage Site in Belgium
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1:
807:"Beguinages in Saint Quentin"
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310:Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)
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1124:, which includes Belgium's
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340:59.95 ha (148.1 acres)
246:Large Beguinage of Mechelen
10:
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813:. Michelin. Archived from
646:BĂ©guinage de Saint Vaast,
188:UNESCO World Heritage Site
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1042:Historic Centre of Bruges
1037:Great Spa Towns of Europe
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286:Large Beguinage of Leuven
256:Beguinage of Sint-Truiden
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108:Oxford English Dictionary
23:View of the Beguinage in
1047:La Grand-Place, Brussels
271:Small Beguinage of Ghent
266:Beguinage of Dendermonde
236:Beguinage of Hoogstraten
1120:; Listing shared with
1116:; Listing shared with
1027:Colonies of Benevolence
859:Simons, Walter (2001).
653:BĂ©guinage, Valenciennes
1170:Catholicism in Belgium
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578:BĂ©guinages" listed by
574:‡ marks the thirteen "
368:51.030972°N 4.473750°E
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672:Beguines and Beghards
296:Beguinage of Kortrijk
261:Beguinage of Tongeren
251:Beguinage of Turnhout
204:, Small BĂ©guinage of
154:with its chapel, left
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33:
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901:Swan, Laura (2014).
597:Begijnhof, Amsterdam
584:World Heritage Sites
863:. Pennsylvania UP.
844:. Pennsylvania UP.
817:on January 11, 2016
483:Our-Lady Ter Hooyen
472:Old Saint-Elisabeth
373:51.030972; 4.473750
364: /
291:Beguinage of Bruges
202:Our-Lady Ter Hooyen
182:
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1017:Flemish BĂ©guinages
610:Begijnhof, Utrecht
407:Flemish BĂ©guinages
281:Beguinage of Diest
181:Flemish BĂ©guinages
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117:Lambert le Bègue
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42:. Made ca. 1840.
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133:Groot Begijnhof
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928:(3): 129–162.
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161:Henri Pirenne
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150:Beguinage at
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819:. Retrieved
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704:. Retrieved
701:lib.ugent.be
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691:
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555:Sint-Truiden
406:
405:Location of
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152:Sint-Truiden
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132:
131:View of the
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81:
75:
68:
55:
47:
45:
744:UNESCO 1998
732:Miller 2014
720:Simons 2001
677:Frauenfrage
656:BĂ©guinage,
501:Hoogstraten
449:Dendermonde
371: /
359:4°28′25.5″E
356:51°1′51.5″N
346:Coordinates
328:1998 (22nd
325:Inscription
165:John Hajnal
123:Description
50:, from the
1165:Beguinages
1149:Categories
821:January 8,
706:2020-08-28
684:References
622:Leeuwarden
602:Bagijnhof
550:Oudenaarde
428:Anderlecht
176:In Belgium
85:listed by
777:8 January
586:in 1998.
496:Herentals
461:Diksmuide
315:Reference
111:, citing
101:Etymology
58:béguinage
48:beguinage
666:See also
660:, France
650:, France
643:, France
567:Tongeren
561:Turnhout
544:Kortrijk
530:Mechelen
444:Brussels
423:Aarschot
306:Criteria
229:Includes
219:Flanders
214:Location
113:Du Cange
95:Louis IX
80:: large
64:beguines
25:Kortrijk
942:3780941
887:. 1998.
833:Sources
648:Cambrai
634:Sittard
628:Haarlem
576:Flemish
491:Hasselt
433:Antwerp
330:Session
223:Belgium
71:convent
36:beguine
1126:Wortel
1118:France
940:
909:
884:UNESCO
867:
848:
580:UNESCO
535:Large‡
513:Leuven
438:Bruges
137:Leuven
87:UNESCO
52:French
938:JSTOR
658:Paris
616:Breda
604:Delft
538:Small
524:Small
519:Large
466:Ghent
455:Diest
206:Ghent
82:court
54:term
40:Ghent
907:ISBN
865:ISBN
846:ISBN
823:2016
779:2016
507:Lier
337:Area
105:The
1130:Spa
960:CNN
930:doi
582:as
319:855
135:in
89:as
1151::
936:.
926:28
924:.
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221:,
46:A
34:A
1136:.
988:e
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781:.
746:.
734:.
722:.
709:.
569:‡
563:‡
557:‡
546:‡
521:‡
509:‡
503:‡
485:‡
479:‡
457:‡
451:‡
440:‡
332:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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