Human behavior - Knowledge

2070: 1160: 1337: 2276: 40: 64: 2156: 2411: 1510: 1776: 2660: 860: 1431: 5530: 2490:, typically forming friendships centered on play with individuals of the same age and gender. Behaviors of young children are centered around play, which allows them to practice physical, cognitive, and social behaviors. Basic self-concept first develops as children grow, particularly centered around traits such as gender and ethnicity, and behavior is heavily affected by peers for the first time. 2646: 2387:

considers how human behavior is affected by inherited traits. Though genes do not guarantee certain behaviors, certain traits can be inherited that make individuals more likely to engage in certain behaviors or express certain personalities. An individual's environment can also affect behavior, often

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with a limited amount of information. Most human reasoning is done automatically without conscious effort on the part of the individual. Reasoning is carried out by making generalizations from past experiences and applying them to new circumstances. Learned knowledge is acquired to make more accurate

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is behavior that violates social norms. As social norms vary between individuals and cultures, the nature and severity of a deviant act is subjective. What is considered deviant by a society may also change over time as new social norms are developed. Deviance is punished by other individuals through

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typically develop within the first six months of an infant's life, though the specific cognitive processes are not understood. The ability to mentally categorize different concepts and objects that they perceive also develops within the first year. Infants are quickly able to discern their body from

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perceptions, through which individuals cooperate with the in-group and compete with the out-group. This causes behaviors such as unconsciously conforming, passively obeying authority, taking pleasure in the misfortune of opponents, initiating hostility toward out-group members, artificially creating

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Interpersonal relationships can be evaluated by the specific choices and emotions between two individuals, or they can be evaluated by the broader societal context of how such a relationship is expected to function. Relationships are developed through communication, which creates intimacy, expresses

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was developed for use by industrializing nations. In addition to further increasing general quality of life, this development changed the dynamic of work. Under the factory system, workers increasingly collaborate with others, employers serve as authority figures during work hours, and forced labor

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began during the Industrial Revolution, caused by the development of new technologies that allowed for increased production. Many factors affect a consumer's decision to purchase goods through trade. They may consider the nature of the product, its associated cost, the convenience of purchase, and

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in which individuals all communicate and socialize with one another, and these social groups are connected by additional relationships. Human social behavior is affected not only by individual relationships, but also by how behaviors in one relationship may affect others. Individuals that actively

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are used to guide human behavior to determine what is moral. Humans are distinct from other animals in the use of ethical systems to determine behavior. Ethical behavior is human behavior that takes into consideration how actions will affect others and whether behaviors will be optimal for others.

1219:. Social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another. These norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from, and humans often follow them unconsciously or without deliberation. These norms affect every aspect of life in human society, including 2092:

settings. In these societies, production is increased, ending the need for constant work and allowing some individuals to specialize and work in areas outside of food-production. This also created non-laborious work, as increasing occupational complexity required some individuals to specialize in

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models of human behavior, though it does provide community-related benefits. Anthropologists offer competing theories as to why humans adopted religious behavior. Religious behavior is heavily influenced by social factors, and group involvement is significant in the development of an individual's

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debate is one of the fundamental divisions in the study of human behavior; this debate considers whether behavior is predominantly affected by genetic or environmental factors. The study of human behavior sometimes receives public attention due to its intersection with cultural issues, including

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Humans approach work differently based on both physical and personal attributes, and some work with more effectiveness and commitment than others. Some find work to contribute to personal fulfillment, while others work only out of necessity. Work can also serve as an identity, with individuals

1015:. Physiological behavior accounts for actions to maintain the body. It is concerned with basic bodily functions as well as measures taken to maintain health. Economic behavior accounts for actions regarding the development, organization, and use of materials as well as other forms of 1478:

is that between different social groups or demographics. This form of conflict often takes place when groups in society are marginalized, do not have the resources they desire, wish to instigate social change, or wish to resist social change. Significant social conflict can cause

3242: 1655:. Humans typically maintain a standard level of happiness or sadness determined by health and social relationships, though positive and negative events have short-term influences on mood. Humans often seek to improve the moods of one another through 2540:

Adolescents undergo social changes on a large scale, developing a full self-concept and making autonomous decisions independently of adults. They typically become more aware of social norms and social cues than children, causing an increase in

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distinct from other animals. Human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms. Human communication is based heavily on

2610:. Severe disabilities are associated with increased leisure time but also with a lower satisfaction in the quality of leisure time. Productivity and health both commonly undergo long term decline following the onset of a severe disability. 1693:, but it can also be expanded to social creativity, in which a community or society produces and recognizes ideas collectively. Creativity is applied in typical human life to solve problems as they occur. It also leads humans to carry out 1719:

is a set of traditions that are followed based on the teachings of a religious belief system. The nature of religious behavior varies depending on the specific religious traditions. Most religious traditions involve variations of telling

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can be compared to isolate genetic and environmental factors in behavior. Lifestyle, susceptibility to disease, and unhealthy behaviors have been identified to have both genetic and environmental indicators through twin studies.

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behaviors also become varied at this age as children engage in increased physical aggression before learning to favor diplomacy over aggression. Children at this age can express themselves using language with basic grammar.

1701:. Individuals engaging in advanced creative work typically have specialized knowledge in that field, and humans draw on this knowledge to develop novel ideas. In art, creativity is used to develop new artistic works, such as 1269:

of the person and the collective social norms regarding right and wrong. Value judgments are intrinsic to people of all cultures, though the specific systems used to evaluate them may vary. These systems may be derived from

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and interact with other organisms. Human behavior is affected by the environment in which a human lives, and environments are affected by human habitation. Humans have also developed man-made ecosystems such as

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causes humans to require sleep at a regular pattern and is typically calibrated to the day-night cycle and sleep-wake habits. Homeostasis is also maintained, causing longer sleep longer after periods of

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is an associated behavior in which humans consider the welfare of others equally or preferentially to their own. While other animals engage in biological altruism, ethical altruism is unique to humans.

1875:. Some of these behaviors are adaptive while others are learned. Basic behaviors of disgust evolved as an adaptation to prevent contact with sources of pathogens, resulting in a biological aversion to 1458:

When humans oppose one another, it creates conflict. It may occur when the involved parties have a disagreement of opinion, when one party obstructs the goals of another, or when parties experience

1089:, respectively. In other fields, human behavior may be a secondary subject of study when considering how it affects another subject. Outside of formal scientific inquiry, human behavior and the 2202:, or career volunteering in an area of expertise. Casual leisure behaviors provide short-term gratification, but they do not provide long-term gratification or personal identity. These include 2069: 2533:

causes similar risk-taking behavior among adolescent girls. The new hormones cause changes in emotional processing that allow for close friendships, stronger motivations and intentions, and

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in modern societies. It may also serve to create self-esteem and personal worth, provide activity, gain respect, and express creativity. Modern work is typically categorized as laborious or

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proposes that humans can outpace most other animals over long distances through running, though human running causes a higher rate of energy exertion. The human body self-regulates through

3749: 1946:. How humans engage in mating behavior is heavily influenced by cultural norms and customs. Unlike most mammals, human women ovulate spontaneously rather than seasonally, with a 1380:. It takes different forms and is associated with many individual emotions. Many cultures place a higher emphasis on romantic love than other forms of interpersonal attraction. 1049:, and their various branches and schools of thought. There are many different facets of human behavior, and no one definition or field study encompasses it in its entirety. The 1019:. Ecological behavior accounts for actions involving the ecosystem. It is concerned with how humans interact with other organisms and how the environment shapes human behavior. 2218:. Active entertainment involves games in which individuals participate. Sensory stimulation is immediate gratification from behaviors such as eating or sexual intercourse. 2569:

with others during early development of the brain. Human behavior is distinct from the behavior of other animals in that it is heavily influenced by culture and language.

2474:. Children begin expressing more complex emotions in the three- to six-year-old range, including humor, empathy, and altruism, as well engaging in creativity and inquiry. 1753:

or family units allow the sharing and coordination of religious behavior. These social connections reinforce the cognitive behaviors associated with religion, encouraging

1249:. Many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial, such as norms regarding communication and agreements. Norms are enforced by 2085:. In this sense, work is not a distinct activity but a constant that makes up all parts of life, as all members of the society must work consistently to stay alive. 2175:, and improved quality of life for individuals. Engaging in leisure can be beneficial for physical and mental health. It may be used to seek temporary relief from 1174:

Human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It is highly complex and structured, based on advanced

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and development passed down culturally. Humans are able to learn from one another due to advanced theory of mind that allows knowledge to be obtained through

1322:. Cultures also attribute positive or negative value to certain physical traits, causing individuals that do not have desirable traits to be seen as deviant. 5384: 3263: 2093:

technical knowledge and administration. Laborious work in these societies has variously been carried out by slaves, serfs, peasants, and guild craftsmen.

1318:. Deviant actions may be punished to prevent harm to others, to maintain a particular worldview and way of life, or to enforce principles of morality and 2866: 1982: 1384:

is a union between two people, though whether it is associated with romantic love is dependent on the culture. Individuals that are closely related by

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Newson, Lesley (2013). "Cultural Evolution and Human Reproductive Behavior". In Clancy, Kathryn B. H.; Hinde, Katie; Rutherford, Julienne N. (eds.).

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to communicate intention around nine to ten months of age. Verbal communication develops more gradually, taking form during the second year of age.

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Leisure may be defined as serious or casual. Serious leisure behaviors involve non-professional pursuit of arts and sciences, the development of

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are common to all cultures, though social norms regarding the expression of emotion may vary. Other emotions come from higher cognition, such as

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out-groups when none exist, and punishing those that do not comply with the standards of the in-group. These behaviors lead to the creation of

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throughout their life. Behavior is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual. Behavior is also driven, in part, by

2611: 1930:, though humans are unique in that they intentionally control the number of offspring that they produce. Humans engage in a large variety of 2573:

allows humans to develop new behaviors by following the example of others. Culture is also the guiding influence that defines social norms.

4485: 4294: 3741: 1011:. It is concerned with how information is learned and passed on, as well as creative application of knowledge and personal beliefs such as 443: 1631:. These emotions develop over time rather than instantly and are more strongly influenced by cultural factors. Emotions are influenced by 3371: 1521:

Human cognition is distinct from that of other animals. This is derived from biological traits of human cognition, but also from shared

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to prevent and treat illnesses. In industrialized nations, eating habits that favor better nutrition, hygienic behaviors that promote

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Carrier, David R.; Kapoor, A. K.; Kimura, Tasuku; Nickels, Martin K.; Scott, Eugenie C.; So, Joseph K.; Trinkaus, Erik (1984-08-01).

1125: 3670: 2450:, and imitation of tool use takes place within the first year. Communication develops over the first year, and infants begin using 2257:, including wealth, education, and occupation may affect one's purchasing behavior. A consumer's interpersonal relationships and 5132:"What happens to people before and after disability? Focusing effects, lead effects, and adaptation in different areas of life" 2566: 1159: 468: 5420: 2383:

debate considers whether human behavior is predominantly led by individual human impulses or by external structural forces.

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shortly after infancy, in the range of three to six years of age, allowing them to engage in behaviors using the hands and

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can prevent individuals from engaging in typical human behavior or necessitate alternative behaviors. Accommodations and

890: 487: 2210:, passive entertainment, active entertainment, and sensory stimulation. Passive entertainment is typically derived from 1336: 5500: 5439: 5368: 5339: 5310: 5288: 5258: 5239: 4761: 4736: 4672: 4610: 4126: 4091: 4064: 3929: 3780: 3575: 3518: 2884: 3899: 2039:, in which options are weighed in reference to the status quo rather than absolute gains and losses. Humans are also 829: 819: 523: 483: 2249:

around the product. Cultural factors may influence this decision, as different cultures value different things, and

1685:, adaptation to change, learning new information, and novel problem solving. Expression of creativity also supports 1545:, allowing the development of new skills in individual humans. Behavior carried out over time can be ingrained as a 1435: 1178:

that allows humans to attribute thoughts and actions to one another. Through social behavior, humans have developed

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beings. Religious behavior is often demanding and has high time, energy, and material costs, and it conflicts with

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Humans engage in predictable behaviors when considering economic decisions, and these behaviors may or may not be

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toward another. Its nature varies by culture, but it is often contingent on gender, occurring in conjunction with

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are often made available for individuals with physical disabilities in developed nations, including health care,

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can modify the meaning of communications by demonstrating ideas and intent through physical and vocal behaviors.

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Beauchaine, T. P.; Hinshaw, S. P.; Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behavior".

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are trained and cared for by humans. Humans can develop social and emotional bonds with animals in their care.

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to protect and instruct children as they develop over a period of time longer than that of most other mammals.

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When humans make decisions as a group, they engage in politics. Humans have evolved to engage in behaviors of

1355: 946: 844: 498: 1969:. Balance while walking is learned during the first 7–9 years of life, and individual humans develop unique 956:

Social behavior accounts for actions directed at others. It is concerned with the considerable influence of

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of other individuals to engage socially and learn new behaviors. In young infants, this involves imitating

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their surroundings and often take interest in their own limbs or actions they cause by two months of age.

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report, 54% of adults around the world state that religion is very important in their lives as of 2018.

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More advanced societies developed after the Neolithic Revolution, emphasizing work in agricultural and

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There are also unique behaviors that humans undergo to maintain physical health. Humans have developed

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Leisure is activity or lack of activity that takes place outside of work. It provides relaxation,

2043:, fearing loss rather than seeking gain. Advanced economic behavior developed in humans after the 1392:. There are many variations on family structures that may include parents and children as well as 5550: 5321: 3327:

Mitchell, Christopher R. (2005). "Conflict, Social Change and Conflict Resolution. An Enquiry.".

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toward one another. Conflicts purely of disagreement are often resolved through communication or

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affect how behaviors are expressed, formed in conjunction by genetic and environmental factors.

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Steiner, F. (2008). "Human Ecology: Overview". In Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.).

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and the acceptable rate of return at the minimum risk. Human economic decision making is often

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determine how humans are distributed within an ecosystem, both naturally and through planned

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The nature of human work is defined by the complexity of society. The simplest societies are

2064: 1819:. Excrement is often treated as taboo, particularly in developed and urban communities where 1224: 1110: 1050: 1016: 953:, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior. 942: 839: 664: 593: 568: 473: 398: 358: 318: 303: 268: 241: 168: 4603:

The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present

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The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder

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Woody, Debra J.; Woody, David (2019). "Early Childhood". In Hutchison, Elizabeth D. (ed.).

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Goode, Erich (2015). "The Sociology of Deviance: An Introduction". In Goode, Erich (ed.).

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Evans, Jonathan St.B. T.; Newstead, Stephen E.; Byrne, Ruth M. J. (2019). "Introduction".

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during periods of exertion, allowing humans more endurance than other animals. The human

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Charlesworth, Leanne Wood (2019). "Early Childhood". In Hutchison, Elizabeth D. (ed.).

5112: 5028: 4979: 4947:"The Teenage Brain: Surging Hormones – Brain-Behavior Interactions During Puberty" 4946: 4535: 4477: 4355: 4286: 4220: 4168: 4143: 4030: 3995: 3971: 3946: 3891: 3871: 3825: 3798:"Geographies of shit: Spatial and temporal variations in attitudes towards human waste" 3712: 3662: 3612: 3491: 3434: 3234: 3187: 3012: 2977: 2890: 2847: 2542: 2227: 2155: 2134: 2125:

is complex, both contributing to and subtracting from various human needs. The primary

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is the use of previous ideas or resources to produce something original. It allows for

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emotions, and develops identity. An individual's interpersonal relationships form a

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are limited in their ability to interpret their surroundings shortly after birth.

1977:, and coordinate neural control with movement. Humans can achieve higher speed by 5488: 4523: 4116: 4054: 2615: 2558: 2471: 2258: 2203: 2188: 2122: 2110: 2082: 1947: 1923: 1919: 1710: 1686: 1608: 1584: 1534: 1475: 1373: 1279: 1250: 1090: 1059: 1001: 957: 796: 792: 776: 756: 684: 672: 561: 533: 478: 438: 203: 153: 31: 3693:"The Determinants of Religious Behavior: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Test" 1934:

relative to other animals, with various mating structures that include forms of

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Humans undergo many behaviors common to animals to support the processes of the

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may also be used to test behaviors that can then be compared to human behavior.

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are altered in response to the environment. Many behaviors are learned through

2562: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2101: 1974: 1904: 1888: 1800: 1480: 1470:, but incorporation of emotional or obstructive aspects can escalate conflict. 1361: 1341: 1266: 1175: 1129: 1082: 1034: 1028: 985: 864: 780: 772: 768: 764: 716: 676: 263: 4573: 4465: 4266: 3567: 3222: 2240:, and consumers adapt their behavior based on the availability of production. 1799:. These foods may be chosen for their nutritional value, but they may also be 996:

into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors that are deemed

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Vina, J.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Martinez-Bello, V.; Gomez-Cabrera, M.C. (2012).

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Humans exercise control over the animals that live within their environment.

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Studying Human Behavior: How Scientists Investigate Aggression and Sexuality

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Array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with humans

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where technological advance makes industries obsolete, replacing them with

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takes place over 90 minutes, and it repeats 3–5 times during normal sleep.

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Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; McClearn, Gerald E. (2008). "Overview".

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Building Babies: Primate Development in Proximate and Ultimate Perspective

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Runco, Mark A. (2018). Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, James C. (eds.).

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beyond that required for survival to maintain health. Humans engage in

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Human behavior is influenced by biological and cultural elements. The

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Social interaction and creative expression are forms of human behavior

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are those that directly affect cognitive and social behavior. Common

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may have different priorities when it comes to purchasing decisions.

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that obtain and use goods. All production is ultimately designed for

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is a cognitive experience innate to humans. Basic emotions such as

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Choudhury, Suparna; Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne; Charman, Tony (2006).

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What constitutes ethical behavior is determined by the individual

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An essay on diseases incidental to literary and sedentary persons

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Gajjar, Nilesh B. (2013). "Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior".

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is that between nations or governments. It may be solved through

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Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology

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that guides behavior in social settings throughout adolescence.

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infers what conclusions are likely to be true based on context.

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is that between specific individuals or groups of individuals.

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Cognitive behavior accounts for actions of obtaining and using

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significantly improve human health. Humans can also engage in

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are all recognized as biological factors in human behavior.

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to develop theories that more accurately explain phenomena.

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Boomsma, Dorret; Busjahn, Andreas; Peltonen, Leena (2002).

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that have been bred for domestication over many centuries.

2192: 2010: 1990: 1868: 1792: 1721: 1624: 1604: 1592: 1137: 4190: 1855:, medical treatment to eradicate diseases, and the use of 5001: 4902: 4890: 4854: 4842: 3279:"Conceptualizing the Construct of Interpersonal Conflict" 2360: 2351:. Domesticated animals are also kept in laboratories for 2324: 2320: 2319:

are kept for companionship within human homes, including

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Women tending to farm animals in Mangskogs, Sweden (1911)

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objects and applying force with control over the hand's

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are a common method by which human behavior is studied.

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for work is for material gain, which takes the form of

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are hygienic behaviors common to most human societies.

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is more widely available and excrement has no value as

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Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course

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Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course

2809: 2776: 2754: 2752: 5434:(6th ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 251–326. 5253:(6th ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 327–395. 4726: 4424: 4388: 4373: 3527: 3127: 2913: 2713: 2388:

in conjunction with genetic factors. An individual's

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process to make it more enjoyable. Humans dispose of

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Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

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The nature of work changed significantly during the

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst

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International Journal of Research in Health Science

3076: 2901: 2865:Levinson, Stephen C.; Enfield, Nicholas J. (2006). 2764: 2749: 2725: 5232:The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development 3508: 3394: 3064: 3052: 3040: 2121:identifying themselves based on their occupation. 1831:, based on homeostatic and circadian factors. The 1286:, or a combination of these and other principles. 5383:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5230:Bremner, Gavin; Wachs, Theodore D., eds. (2010). 5004:"Social cognitive development during adolescence" 4508:"Leisure and health: why is leisure therapeutic?" 4400: 3860:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 3262:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2355:. Non-domesticated animals are sometimes kept in 1253:, and individuals that violate social norms risk 5542: 4731:(5th ed.). Worth Publishers. pp. 1–4. 4315:Santos, Laurie R; Hughes, Kelly D (2009-02-01). 3562:. 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(2001). 3094: 2409: 2274: 2261:may also influence purchasing behavior. 2154: 2068: 1774: 1508: 1429: 1411: 1358:, and those that do not are introverts. 1335: 1158: 1116:Human behavior may be evaluated through 937:, which provide insight into individual 38: 5348: 5176: 4652: 4052: 3919: 3746:Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 3095:Argyle, Michael; Lu, Luo (1990-01-01). 2954:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322 2797: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2287:Like all living things, humans live in 1113:, and malleability of human behavior. 1073:also place emphasis on human behavior. 14: 5543: 4625: 4079: 3993: 3795: 3101:Personality and Individual Differences 2501:undergo changes in behavior caused by 2264: 2081:that work primarily for sustenance as 2031:. Humans make basic decisions through 5319: 5297: 4596: 4594: 4551: 4549: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4141: 3590: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3390: 3388: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 2975: 2934: 2482:As children grow older, they develop 2374: 2214:, which may include written works or 1736:, determining morality, experiencing 1498: 984:and is regulated by various means of 5391: 5275: 5130:Powdthavee, Nattavudh (2009-12-01). 4754:Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4148:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3734: 3145: 3133: 3082: 2922: 2907: 2016: 1541:in humans and leads to behaviors of 5413:The primate origins of human nature 5283:(4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 4696:Hosey, Geoff; Melfi, Vicky (2014). 4086:. New York: Springer. p. 487. 3752:from the original on 27 August 2018 3471:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 2812:"Classical twin studies and beyond" 1961:. Human walking corresponds to the 1434:A depiction of men fighting in the 24: 5457: 5303:Emotion: A Very Short Introduction 4591: 4546: 4448:Stebbins, Robert A. (2001-01-01). 4436: 3872:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb05482.x 3385: 2976:Ayala, Francisco J. (2010-05-11). 2529:in adolescent boys. Production of 1827:. Humans also regularly engage in 1148: 25: 5572: 5522: 5177:Krueger, Robert F. (1999-10-01). 4506:Caldwell, Linda L. (2005-02-01). 2009:. This allows the use of complex 1950:that typically lasts 25–35 days. 1354:seek out social interactions are 1314:and punished through a system of 1033:Human behavior is studied by the 5528: 4665:10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00626-1 4659:. Elsevier. pp. 1898–1906. 4369:from the original on 2024-02-28. 3963:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01970.x 2658: 2644: 2470:and perform basic activities of 1887:, and animals that are commonly 1513:People being taught to paint in 858: 5355:. University of Chicago Press. 5223: 5170: 5148:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.023 5123: 5068: 4995: 4938: 4745: 4720: 4689: 4646: 4619: 4580:from the original on 2022-08-25 4499: 4488:from the original on 2022-08-25 4324:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 4308: 4297:from the original on 2022-08-25 4242: 4231:from the original on 2022-08-25 4184: 4135: 4108: 4073: 4046: 3987: 3951:British Journal of Pharmacology 3938: 3913: 3902:from the original on 2022-08-11 3847: 3836:from the original on 2022-05-06 3789: 3764: 3723:from the original on 2021-11-03 3684: 3673:from the original on 2022-08-14 3634: 3623:from the original on 2022-08-14 3584: 3551: 3502: 3445: 3374:from the original on 2022-08-12 3335: 3320: 3309:from the original on 2022-06-16 3270: 3245:from the original on 2022-05-03 3198: 3151: 3088: 2969: 2937:"The Evolution of Social Norms" 2935:Young, H. Peyton (2015-08-01). 2928: 2858: 1757:and commitment. According to a 1738:altered states of consciousness 1210: 444:Peace, war, and social conflict 5183:Archives of General Psychiatry 4142:Inman, Verne T. (1966-05-14). 4121:. Academic Press. p. 63. 3996:"A Natural History of Hygiene" 3560:The Nature of Human Creativity 2803: 2505:and the associated changes in 2414:An infant engaging in play in 2221: 1561:inferences about the subject. 1422:Theories of political behavior 949:. Human behavior is shaped by 13: 1: 5411:Van Schaik, Carel P. (2016). 5136:Social Science & Medicine 5077:"Disability in Everyday Life" 3856:"Human sleep/wake regulation" 3773:Essentials of Human Nutrition 3176:10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209 3097:"The happiness of extraverts" 2694: 2576: 1164: 992:behavior, whereby humans are 4556:Stebbins, Robert A. (2001). 4524:10.1080/03069880412331335939 3113:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E 1983:endurance running hypothesis 7: 5305:. Oxford University Press. 5081:Qualitative Health Research 3994:Curtis, Valerie A. (2007). 3802:Progress in Human Geography 3458:Annual Review of Psychology 3401:Topics in Cognitive Science 2988:(supplement_2): 9015–9022. 2871:. Routledge. pp. 1–3. 2637: 2055:in more complex societies. 1326:Interpersonal relationships 970:interpersonal relationships 941:, revealing such things as 10: 5577: 5349:Longino, Helen E. (2013). 5196:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921 4336:10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.005 4326:. Cognitive neuroscience. 4118:Human Reproductive Biology 3591:Simon, Herbert A. (2001). 2941:Annual Review of Economics 2521:in adolescents as well as 2509:production. Production of 2403: 2268: 2225: 2148: 2144: 2062: 2020: 1918:for both reproduction and 1768: 1502: 1415: 1332:Interpersonal relationship 1329: 1152: 1105:considers aspects such as 1026: 115:Human environmental impact 29: 4756:. Wiley. pp. 58–90. 4574:10.1007/s12115-001-1023-8 4466:10.1080/02614360110086561 4267:10.1080/00140130110109702 3568:10.1017/9781108185936.018 3223:10.1017/S1537592704040460 2107:post-industrial societies 1897:disposal of human corpses 1803:. Eating often follows a 1093:is also a major focus of 5392:Neff, Walter S. (1985). 5326:. Wiley. pp. 3–29. 5323:The Handbook of Deviance 5093:10.1177/1049732305278631 4963:10.1177/0963721412473755 4825:Bremner & Wachs 2010 4813:Bremner & Wachs 2010 4801:Bremner & Wachs 2010 4789:Bremner & Wachs 2010 4777:Bremner & Wachs 2010 3920:McKeown, Thomas (1980). 3814:10.1177/0309132510394704 3691:Cornwall, Marie (1989). 3513:. Taylor & Francis. 3211:Perspectives on Politics 2868:Roots of Human Sociality 2689:Human behavioral ecology 1728:, making certain things 1366:interpersonal attraction 1022: 209:Structural functionalism 5394:Work and Human Behavior 5363:(inactive 2024-09-07). 4656:Encyclopedia of Ecology 4053:Baggott, L. M. 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(1997). 3454:"Psychology of Habit" 3331:. Berghof Foundation. 2877:10.4324/9781003135517 2628:personality disorders 2596:Physical disabilities 2468:eye–hand coordination 2434:and understanding of 2413: 2404:Further information: 2279:A girl with lambs in 2278: 2158: 2137:and non-laborious or 2098:Industrial Revolution 2072: 2065:Work (human activity) 2033:cost–benefit analysis 2021:Further information: 1867:to limit exposure to 1778: 1512: 1433: 1416:Further information: 1412:Politics and conflict 1339: 1233:contractual agreement 1225:social responsibility 1162: 1153:Further information: 1051:nature versus nurture 594:Conversation analysis 169:Social stratification 42: 5537:at Wikimedia Commons 4197:Current Anthropology 3922:The Role of Medicine 2674:Behavioral modernity 2632:substance dependence 2604:assistive technology 2535:adolescent sexuality 2381:structure and agency 2313:Domesticated animals 2177:psychological stress 2161:association football 2045:Neolithic Revolution 2023:Behavioral economics 1191:, typically through 1126:experimental methods 1079:evolutionary biology 988:. Social norms also 951:psychological traits 5561:Main topic articles 5489:Sapolsky, Robert M. 5281:Human Relationships 5020:10.1093/scan/nsl024 4875:, pp. 268–269. 4839:, pp. 259–260. 4827:, pp. 398–399. 4815:, pp. 346–347. 4803:, pp. 337–340. 4791:, pp. 264–265. 4779:, pp. 234–235. 4729:Behavioral Genetics 4421:, pp. 142–153. 4013:10.1155/2007/749190 3148:, pp. 121–125. 2612:Mental disabilities 2608:vocational services 2418:, California (2015) 2385:Behavioral genetics 2265:Ecological behavior 2037:reference dependent 1928:desire to procreate 1926:and an instinctive 1759:Pew Research Center 1740:, and believing in 1633:sensory information 1571:inductive reasoning 1563:Deductive reasoning 1406:parental investment 179:Social cycle theory 50:Part of a series on 4144:"Human Locomotion" 4056:Human Reproduction 3659:10.1002/evan.10120 3414:10.1111/tops.12372 2543:self-consciousness 2448:facial expressions 2420: 2375:Causes and factors 2285: 2232:Humans operate as 2228:Consumer behaviour 2193:high-risk behavior 2169: 2115:service industries 2075: 1963:bipedal gait cycle 1916:sexual intercourse 1912:reproduce sexually 1801:eaten for pleasure 1785: 1717:Religious behavior 1519: 1499:Cognitive behavior 1440: 1426:Conflict (process) 1346: 1172: 1103:Philosophy of mind 958:social interaction 865:Society portal 488:History of science 469:Race and ethnicity 149:Social environment 45: 30:For the song, see 5533:Media related to 5495:. 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Geography and 2259:reference groups 2242:Mass consumption 2167:, Ireland (2007) 2135:blue-collar work 2083:hunter-gatherers 1833:circadian rhythm 1805:food preparation 1779:A boy eating in 1771:Psychophysiology 1569:premises, while 1316:criminal justice 1255:social exclusion 1248: 1169: 1166: 1071:natural sciences 1037:, which include 893: 886: 879: 863: 862: 614:Network analysis 504:Sociocybernetics 494:Social movements 224:Social darwinism 174:Social structure 66: 47: 46: 21: 18:Behavior problem 5576: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5541: 5540: 5525: 5503: 5460: 5458:Further reading 5442: 5423: 5404: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5342: 5313: 5291: 5261: 5242: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5189:(10): 921–926. 5175: 5171: 5128: 5124: 5073: 5069: 5063:Van Schaik 2016 5061: 5057: 5051:Van Schaik 2016 5049: 5045: 5000: 4996: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 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5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697:Social Forces 3694: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170:(1–2): 5–61. 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2800:, p. 12. 2799: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2746:, p. 11. 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:accessibility 2597: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2283:, Iran (2018) 2282: 2277: 2272: 2271:Human ecology 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2216:digital media 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:entertainment 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100:in which the 2099: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007:grip strength 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1903:, and use of 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:birth control 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791:. Humans eat 1790: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724:, practicing 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:authentically 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:entertainment 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:embarrassment 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1444:self-interest 1437: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:consanguinity 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Romantic love 1359: 1357: 1352: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:social stigma 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964:, as well as 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 874: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 855: 854: 853: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 830:Organizations 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 809: 804: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779: · 778: 775: · 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 735: · 734: 731: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: · 666: 662: 659: 652: 648: 645: 642: 641: 638: 633: 632: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 584:Computational 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 563: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 489: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Environmental 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 279:Consciousness 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 159:Social equity 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 105:Globalization 103: 101: 98: 97: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 49: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5513: 5492: 5467: 5431: 5412: 5393: 5351: 5322: 5302: 5299:Evans, Dylan 5280: 5250: 5231: 5224:Bibliography 5186: 5182: 5172: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4753: 4747: 4728: 4722: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4655: 4648: 4634:(2): 10–15. 4631: 4627: 4621: 4602: 4582:. Retrieved 4568:(4): 53–57. 4565: 4561: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4490:. Retrieved 4457: 4453: 4426: 4414: 4409:, p. 2. 4402: 4390: 4330:(1): 63–66. 4327: 4323: 4310: 4299:. Retrieved 4258: 4254: 4244: 4233:. Retrieved 4200: 4196: 4186: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4117: 4110: 4082: 4075: 4055: 4048: 4006:(1): 11–14. 4003: 3999: 3989: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3921: 3915: 3904:. Retrieved 3863: 3859: 3849: 3838:. Retrieved 3805: 3801: 3791: 3772: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3736: 3725:. Retrieved 3700: 3696: 3686: 3675:. Retrieved 3650: 3646: 3636: 3625:. Retrieved 3600: 3596: 3586: 3559: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3510: 3504: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3404: 3400: 3376:. Retrieved 3351: 3347: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3311:. Retrieved 3286: 3282: 3272: 3258:cite journal 3247:. Retrieved 3214: 3210: 3200: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3078: 3073:, p. 6. 3066: 3061:, p. 5. 3054: 3049:, p. 7. 3042: 3030: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2903: 2867: 2860: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2798:Longino 2013 2783:Longino 2013 2778: 2773:, p. 8. 2771:Longino 2013 2766: 2761:, p. 1. 2759:Longino 2013 2744:Longino 2013 2739: 2734:, p. 2. 2732:Longino 2013 2727: 2720:Longino 2013 2715: 2708:Longino 2013 2703: 2594: 2580: 2559:neuroplastic 2556: 2539: 2511:testosterone 2497: 2481: 2461: 2441: 2426: 2378: 2369:conservation 2310: 2286: 2255:Social class 2231: 2208:volunteering 2197: 2170: 2159:Men playing 2119: 2095: 2087: 2076: 2026: 1987:perspiration 1957:and move by 1952: 1909: 1846: 1840:. The human 1786: 1742:supernatural 1715: 1677: 1575: 1551: 1520: 1457: 1441: 1394:stepchildren 1374:heterosexual 1360: 1351:social group 1347: 1340:A family in 1293: 1259: 1217:social norms 1214: 1211:Social norms 1205:paralanguage 1173: 1134:Twin studies 1115: 1068: 1032: 1006: 1002:unacceptable 982:social norms 955: 903: 902: 815:Bibliography 729: 657: 656: 643: 609:Mathematical 589:Ethnographic 569:Quantitative 254:Architecture 192:Perspectives 164:Social power 109: 36: 5277:Duck, Steve 4518:(1): 7–26. 3957:(1): 1–12. 2679:Behaviorism 2567:interaction 2527:risk-taking 2499:Adolescents 2494:Adolescents 2416:Los Angeles 2390:personality 2294:urban areas 2251:subcultures 2247:advertising 2238:consumption 2222:Consumption 2049:agriculture 2041:loss averse 2013:by humans. 1953:Humans are 1885:rotten food 1881:body fluids 1842:sleep cycle 1732:, adopting 1657:consolation 1531:human brain 1468:negotiation 1276:natural law 1260:Systems of 1168: 1880 923:individuals 820:Terminology 789:Baudrillard 665:Tocqueville 579:Comparative 574:Qualitative 544:Victimology 374:Immigration 359:Generations 274:Criminology 5545:Categories 5482:0689103476 5450:2018021374 5403:0202303195 5269:2018021374 4584:2022-08-14 4492:2022-08-14 4301:2022-08-23 4255:Ergonomics 4235:2022-08-23 3906:2022-08-11 3840:2022-08-11 3727:2022-08-14 3677:2022-08-14 3627:2022-08-14 3546:Evans 2003 3534:Evans 2003 3378:2022-08-12 3313:2022-08-14 3249:2022-08-15 3071:Goode 2015 3059:Goode 2015 3047:Goode 2015 3035:Goode 2015 2695:References 2590:metabolism 2577:Physiology 2523:aggression 2513:increases 2476:Aggressive 2289:ecosystems 2212:mass media 2183:caused by 2127:motivation 1995:prehensile 1853:sanitation 1825:fertilizer 1821:sanitation 1817:defecation 1795:to obtain 1789:human body 1769:See also: 1703:visual art 1683:innovation 1679:Creativity 1673:meditation 1635:, such as 1558:inferences 1400:emphasize 1378:homosexual 1356:extraverts 1272:divine law 1122:interviews 1099:literature 1095:philosophy 1039:psychology 998:acceptable 912:physically 845:By country 599:Historical 524:Technology 464:Punishment 449:Philosophy 424:Mathematic 414:Literature 379:Industrial 369:Historical 294:Demography 214:Positivism 139:Popularity 94:Key themes 5379:cite book 5205:0003-990X 5156:0277-9536 5101:1049-7323 4971:0963-7214 4714:0889-3675 4683:256490644 4640:2320-771X 4540:144193642 4532:0306-9885 4482:145273350 4474:0261-4367 4431:Neff 1985 4419:Neff 1985 4407:Neff 1985 4395:Neff 1985 4383:Neff 1985 4344:0959-4388 4275:0014-0139 4217:0011-3204 4160:0008-4409 4102:809201501 4022:1712-9532 3880:0515-2720 3830:129647616 3822:0309-1325 3609:0163-075X 3480:0066-4308 3423:1756-8757 3368:0268-1064 3303:1044-4068 3231:1541-0986 3184:1529-5192 3164:Parenting 3146:Duck 2007 3134:Duck 2007 3121:0191-8869 3083:Duck 2007 3004:0027-8424 2963:1941-1383 2923:Duck 2007 2908:Duck 2007 2895:150799476 2836:1471-0064 2531:estradiol 2444:imitation 2394:attitudes 2329:Livestock 2234:consumers 2003:dexterity 1944:polyandry 1899:, use of 1873:pathogens 1813:urination 1797:nutrition 1755:orthodoxy 1734:symbolism 1649:happiness 1527:education 1523:knowledge 1515:Volgograd 1505:Cognition 1489:diplomacy 1402:parenting 1155:Sociology 1107:free will 1075:Neurology 1060:sexuality 1043:sociology 1009:knowledge 994:pressured 990:condition 943:attitudes 661:Martineau 604:Interview 529:Terrorism 509:Sociology 454:Political 394:Knowledge 314:Education 56:Sociology 5512:(1768), 5491:(2017). 5474:Atheneum 5466:. 1970. 5301:(2003). 5279:(2007). 5213:10530634 5164:19833424 5117:24307046 5109:16221878 5038:18985103 4989:26290625 4578:Archived 4486:Archived 4364:Archived 4360:21443957 4352:19541475 4295:Archived 4291:10935674 4283:11936830 4229:Archived 4225:15432016 4040:18923689 3981:22486393 3900:Archived 3866:: 8–10. 3834:Archived 3750:Archived 3721:Archived 3671:Archived 3621:Archived 3488:26361052 3439:51706960 3431:30033618 3372:Archived 3307:Archived 3243:Archived 3192:15440367 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