257:, and the Belgae in the north. Each of these three parts, he says, differed in terms of customs, laws and language. He noted that the Belgae, were "the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war". Ancient sources such as Caesar are not always clear about the things used to define ethnicity today. While Caesar or his sources described the Belgae as distinctly different from the Gauls,
2633:
970:
457:, the country of the Belgae extended along the coast where 15 tribes were living from the Rhenus (Rhine) to the Liger (Loire). Strabo also says that "Augustus Caesar, when dividing the country into four parts, united the Keltae to the Narbonnaise; the Aquitani he preserved the same as Julius Caesar, but added thereto fourteen other nations of those who dwelt between the Garonne and the river Loire, and dividing the rest into two parts, the one extending to the upper districts of the Rhine (
22:
274:
account of the fertility of the country, and had driven out the Gauls who inhabited those regions; and that they were the only people who, in the memory of our fathers , when all Gaul was overrun, had prevented the
Teutones and the Cimbri from entering their territories; the effect of which was, that, from the recollection of those events, they assumed to themselves great authority and haughtiness in military matters.
30:
530:
882:
and quickly organised his forces. The two Roman legions guarding the baggage train at the rear finally arrived and helped to turn the tide of the battle. Caesar says the Nervii were almost annihilated in the battle, and is effusive in his tribute to their bravery, calling them "heroes" (for more details see
843:
advised him that whichever tribe Caesar attacked first, the others would come to their defence. They broke camp shortly before midnight. At daybreak, satisfied the retreat was not a trap, Caesar sent cavalry to harass the rear guard, followed by three legions. Many of the Belgae were killed in battle.
889:
The
Atuatuci, who were marching to their aid, turned back on hearing of the defeat and retreated to one stronghold, were put under siege, and soon surrendered and handed over their arms. However, the surrender was a ploy, and the Atuatuci, armed with weapons they had hidden, tried to break out during
881:
is thought to be more probable). Their attack was quick and unexpected. The element of surprise briefly left the Romans exposed. Some of the Romans did not have time to take the covers off their shields or to even put on their helmets. However, Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line,
370:
begins: "All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the
Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws." However, many modern scholars believe that the Belgae were
335:
From 250 BC onward, the disposal of the dead was primarily through cremation, with some inhumation practiced. Ceramics and brooches are typical grave goods, while items of feasting appear in wealthier graves. The absence of weapons distinguishes these burials from the funerary practice of communities
2167:
T. F. O'Rahilly, whose historical conclusions have been questioned by archaeologists and historians. In particular, O'Rahilly's thesis on the chronology of the invasion has been subject to serious revision and, consequently, as explained in more detail below, his views on the ethnic makeup of early
468:
Apart from the
Germani, the report of Caesar seems to indicate that more of the Belgae had some Germanic ethnicity, but this is not necessarily what defines a tribe as Belgic. Edith Wightman proposed that Caesar can be read as treating only the southwestern Belgic tribes, the Suessiones, Viromandui
309:
In other words, Tacitus understood that the collective name
Germani had first been used in Gaul, for a specific people there with connections beyond the Rhine, the Tungri being the name of the people living where the Eburones had lived in later imperial times, and was later adopted as a collective
488:
It seems that, whatever their ancestry, at least some of the Belgic tribes spoke a variety of
Gaulish as their main language by Caesar's time, and all of them used such languages in at least some contexts. Luc van Durme summarizes competing evidence of Celtic and Germanic influence at the time of
273:
When Caesar inquired of them what states were in arms, how powerful they were, and what they could do, in war, he received the following information: that the greater part of the Belgae were sprung, from the
Germans, and that having crossed the Rhine at an early period, they had settled there, on
261:
stated that the differences between the Celts (Gauls) and Belgae in countenance, language, politics and way of life was a small one, unlike the difference between the
Aquitanians and Celts. The fact that the Belgae were living in Gaul means that in one sense they were Gauls. This may be Caesar's
842:
The Belgae attacked over the river, but were repulsed after a fierce battle. Realising they could not dislodge the Romans and aware of the approach of the Aedui into the lands of the
Bellovaci, the Belgae decided to disband their combined force and return to their own lands. Caesar's informants
305:. It was the name of this nation, not a race, that gradually came into general use. And so, to begin with, they were all called Germani after the conquerors because of the terror these inspired, and then, once the name had been devised, they adopted it themselves.
1027:
into southern
Britain in Caesar's time. Caesar asserts they had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. The precise extent of their conquests is unknown. After the Roman conquest of Great Britain, the
782:
had lived, and he also stated that they had once been called the Germani (although Caesar had claimed to have wiped out the name of the main tribe, the Eburones). Other tribes that may have been included among the Belgae in some contexts were the
278:
So Caesar used the word "Germani" in two ways. He described a group of tribes within the Belgic alliance as the "Germani", distinguishing them from their neighbours. The most important of these tribes in relation to Caesar's campaigns were the
339:
Around this same time, a characteristic form of enclosed sanctuary began to be built, and from the late 2nd through the mid 1st centuries BC, fortifications with a high earthen rampart and a wide, flat-bottomed ditch are concentrated there.
469:
and Ambiani and perhaps some of their neighbours, as the true ethnic Belgae, as opposed to those in a political and military alliance with them. She reads Caesar as implying a "transition zone" of mixed ethnicity and ancestry for the
869:, along with the Atrebates and Viromandui, decided to fight (the Atuatuci had also agreed to join them, but had not yet arrived). They concealed themselves in the forests and attacked the approaching Roman column at the river
489:
Caesar by saying that "one has to accept the rather remarkable conclusion that Caesar must have witnessed a situation opposing Celtic and Germanic in Belgium, in a territory slightly more to the south than the early medieval
453:" appear to have affected names with older forms, apparently already in the second century BC. Strong evidence for old Celtic placenames, though, is found in the Ardennes and to the south of them. According to
332:. Archaeology suggests cultural continuities from the third through the first centuries BC within this subregion, inhabited in the time of Caesar by Bellovaci, Ambiani, Atrebates, and Veromandui.
811:
Caesar conquered the Belgae, beginning in 57 BC. He writes that the Belgae were conspiring and arming themselves in response to his earlier conquests; to counter this threat, he raised two new
1063:
dating to the mid-second century BC have been found in southern Britain and the remains of a possible Belgic fort have been unearthed in Kent. Within memory of Caesar's time, a king of the
283:. The other way he used the term was to refer to those related tribes east of the Rhine, who were not Celtic. So the Germani among the Belgae are called, based on Caesar's account, the
827:
skirmishes to probe their strengths and weaknesses. Once he was satisfied his troops were a match for them, he made camp on a low hill protected by a marsh at the front and the river
3289:
493:-Germanic language border", but van Durme accepts that Germanic did not block "Celticisation coming from the south" so "both phenomena were simultaneous and interfering".
379:, judging from archaeological, placename and textual evidence. It has also been argued based on placename studies that the older language of the area, though apparently
3709:
387:) and that Celtic, though influential amongst the elite, might never have been the main language of the part of the Belgic area north of the Ardennes. For example,
3189:
3679:
375:
group. On the other hand, at least part of the Belgae may also have had significant cultural and historical connections to peoples east of the Rhine, including
139:
was named after the continental Belgae. The term continued to be used in the region until the present day and is reflected in the name of the modern country of
897:, along with the Nervii, Menapii and Morini, revolted again and wiped out fifteen cohorts, only to be put down by Caesar. The Belgae fought in the uprising of
823:, the largest and fiercest of the Belgae tribes. Wary of the numbers and bravery of the Belgae, Caesar initially avoided a pitched battle, resorting mainly to
2298:
904:
After their final subjugation, Caesar combined the three parts of Gaul, the territory of the Belgae, Celtae and Aquitani, into a single unwieldy province (
854:, the Suessiones surrendered, whereupon Caesar turned his attention to the Bellovaci, who had retreated into the fortress of Bratuspantium (between modern
1673:
Swan, Toril, Endre Mørck, Olaf Jansen Westvik. 1994. Language change and language structure: older Germanic languages in a Comparative Perspective. P.294
2061:
3762:
3787:
1778:, éditions errance 1994), on the contrary, never an inscription in a Germanic language dating back before the fall of the Roman Empire was excavated.
1207:
is evidence for the movement of people into Ireland following upheaval and displacement, triggered by the Belgae arriving into Britain as refugees.
3224:
3219:
2037:
Iron Age Communities in Britain, Fourth Edition: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC, Until the Roman Conquest
1758:
1083:'s rebellion and either joined or established a British branch of his tribe. Based on the development of imagery on coins, by the time of the
3694:
3684:
3820:
3772:
3744:
3719:
3699:
3456:
3318:
3139:
289:, to distinguish them from other Germani living east of the Rhine in what he understood to be their homeland. However, the later historian
3782:
3729:
3664:
2889:
1056:, although more recent studies tend to downplay the role of migration in favour of increasing trade links; the question remains unclear.
3654:
3571:
3279:
2647:
1503:
1458:
1087:, some of the tribes of south-eastern Britain likely were ruled by a Belgic nobility and were culturally influenced by them. The later
2012:
3169:
3159:
2662:
2008:
1518:
343:
The coinage of the Belgae in Gaul shows commonalities in design and distribution patterns from the 4th through the 1st centuries BC.
3659:
3144:
2909:
2569:
2291:
441:, have been argued to show evidence of the pre-Roman presence of early Germanic languages throughout the Belgic area north of the
25:
Map with the approximate location of pre-Roman Belgic Gaul shortly before Roman conquest, according to an interpretation of Caesar
3061:
2806:
1284:
3797:
2598:
2233:
2144:
391:
suggested that prior to Celtic and Germanic influences the Belgae may have comprised a distinct Indo-European branch, termed
1471:
2284:
1594:
Les Celtes: Rites funeraires en Gaule du Nord entre le VI et I siècle avant Jésus Christ. Recherches récentes en Wallonie
1567:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing J.R. Collis, "Pre-Roman burial rites in north-western Europe," in
1413:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing C.F.C. Hawkes and G.G. Dunning, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain,"
4057:
4042:
969:
2040:
890:
the night. The Romans had the advantage of position and killed 4,000. The rest, about 53,000, were sold into slavery.
4062:
1969:
1932:
1899:
1805:
1294:
1261:
1577:
Actes e la table ronde. "Les Gestuelles Funéraires au Second Âge du Fer” tenue à Soissons les 6 et 7 novembre 2008,
322:
as Caesar sketched it is suggested by the maintaining of these borders, more or less, in administrative divisions (
245:
Julius Caesar describes Gaul at the time of his conquests (58–51 BC) as divided into three parts, inhabited by the
4047:
2116:
2632:
4067:
2098:
1396:, Opera Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis 18 (2018), p. 336, with reference to Caesar
928:), including parts of what is now western Switzerland, with its capital at the city of the Remi (Reims). Under
1392:
Andrew W. Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain: Revisiting Cross-Channel Contacts in the Later Iron Age," in
2069:
485:
in the northeast. (Caesar also mentions his allies the Remi being closest to the Celts amongst the Belgae.)
433:
speakers at this time. It has been remarked that Germanic speakers might have been no closer than the river
2562:
1959:
366:
203:
116:
1052:
in 1890, which was then thought to show "the demonstrable reality of a Belgic invasion", according to Sir
1588:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 337, citing D. Bayard and N. Buchez, "Les tombes gauloises du
1486:, trans. S. A. Handford, revised with a new introduction by Jane F. Gardner (Penguin Books 1982), II.1.6.
310:
name for the non-Celtic peoples beyond the Rhine, the other, better-known way that Caesar used the term.
262:
meaning when he says "The Belgae have the same method of attacking a fortress as the rest of the Gauls".
2307:
1041:
1437:; C. Haselgrove, "The age of enclosure: Later Iron Age settlement and society in northern France," in
1197:. O'Rahilly's theory has been challenged by historians and archaeologists, and is no longer accepted.
3689:
1084:
414:. Surviving inscriptions also indicate that Gaulish was spoken in at least part of Belgic territory.
1635:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 337, citing Bayard and Buchez, "Les tombes gauloises du
1558:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing Haselgrove, "The age of enclosure," 493–494.
429:) with no distinction of language intended. The east of the Rhine was not necessarily inhabited by
425:: by "Germanic", Caesar may simply have meant "originating east of the Rhine" (the homeland of the
392:
355:
3974:
406:, and this is indeed also true of the tribes immediately over the Rhine at this time, such as the
329:
4052:
3949:
2555:
1190:
1068:
878:
380:
1771:
1319:(ZcP). Volume 44, Issue 1, Pages 67–69, ISSN (Online) 1865-889X, ISSN (Print) 0084-5302, //1991
1033:
846:
Caesar next marched into the territory of the Suessiones and besieged the town of Noviodunum (
3209:
2609:
2538:
1664:
Bell, Andrew Villen. 2000. The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe. P.112
1977:
González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim",
1912:
1852:
González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim",
526:
Caesar names the following as Belgic tribes, which can be related to later Roman provinces:
2381:
1132:
8:
3979:
2667:
2592:
2373:
1189:(Érainn) and their offshoots. He believes the memory of Belgae settlers was preserved in
1071:
was not only the most powerful king of Belgic Gaul, but also ruled territory in Britain.
883:
1622:(Paris, 1997), and C. Haselgrove, "The development of Iron Age coinage in Belgic Gaul,"
1044:
across the southeastern corner of Britain has been related to the Belgic invasion since
3131:
2464:
2255:. An Post, The Irish Times, the National Museum of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy.
2136:
1938:
1695:
1174:
558:
458:
285:
124:
2696:
242:. These four communities are widely thought to have been the original Belgae in Gaul.
214:
could be interpreted as "the people who swell (particularly with anger/battle fury)".
2951:
2690:
2686:
2246:
2229:
1965:
1942:
1928:
1895:
1801:
1744:
1421:
33 (1968) 170–182; R. Hachmann, "The problem of the Belgae seen from the continent,"
1290:
1204:
1200:
737:
564:
490:
438:
430:
388:
920:
was bounded on its east by the Rhine and extended all the way from the North Sea to
3754:
3646:
2927:
2701:
2183:
1986:
1920:
1861:
498:
376:
372:
302:
44:
4037:
3066:
2250:
2223:
1795:
1024:
100:
2271:
2267:
398:
However, most of the Belgic tribal and personal names recorded are identifiably
167:
meaning "to swell (particularly with anger/battle fury/etc.)", cognate with the
3714:
3194:
3031:
2946:
2876:
2728:
2162:
2090:
2052:
2032:
1991:
1955:
1866:
1791:
1747:, Enkele Belgische leenwoorden in de toponymie, in Naamkunde 7 (1975), pp. 1-6.
1376:
1360:
1344:
1216:
1182:
1150:
1053:
986:
921:
917:
913:
576:
462:
450:
196:
168:
136:
1924:
4031:
3934:
3328:
3116:
2434:
2276:
2056:
1495:
1450:
1221:
1094:
1080:
898:
828:
689:
384:
359:
120:
112:
1040:, who were probably linked to the Belgae as well. The arrival and spread of
3939:
3907:
3739:
3254:
3174:
2966:
2801:
2603:
2368:
2358:
2219:
2179:
1888:
1648:
1328:
1045:
851:
812:
792:
729:
156:
665:
Caesar sometimes calls them Belgae, sometimes contrasts them with Belgae.
293:
was informed that the name Germania was known to have changed in meaning:
21:
3845:
3179:
3021:
2941:
2923:
2861:
2841:
2615:
2509:
2363:
2338:
1913:"Genesis and Evolution of the Romance-Germanic Language Border in Europe"
1825:
1241:
1145:
1136:
1110:
1102:
625:
437:
in the time of Caesar. However, studies of place names, such as those of
418:
297:
The first people to cross the Rhine and oust the Gauls, those now called
188:
3989:
3902:
3825:
3536:
3406:
3396:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3346:
3336:
3312:
3269:
3249:
3149:
3121:
3036:
2971:
2935:
2931:
2884:
2866:
2846:
2761:
2621:
2504:
2494:
2424:
2348:
1122:
1064:
992:
929:
796:
610:
605:
534:
239:
127:
believed that some had moved further west and he equated them with the
1605:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing J.-L. Brunaux,
1536:, trans. H. Mattingly, revised by J. B. Rives (Penguin Books 2009), 2.
481:, all living in the northwest of the Belgic region, neighbours to the
111:, from at least the third century BC. They were discussed in depth by
4004:
3897:
3855:
3830:
3810:
3767:
3669:
3636:
3631:
3596:
3586:
3541:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3481:
3466:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3356:
3308:
3264:
3199:
3091:
3076:
2996:
2991:
2781:
2776:
2756:
2746:
2711:
2519:
2459:
2444:
2404:
2328:
2318:
1076:
1049:
820:
600:
595:
422:
235:
227:
123:
were also called Belgae and had apparently moved from the continent.
1571:(London, 1977), 3–8; F. Malrain et al., "La protohistoire récente,"
3984:
3954:
3944:
3879:
3874:
3863:
3850:
3840:
3777:
3704:
3674:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3566:
3556:
3511:
3471:
3401:
3381:
3361:
3341:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3259:
3154:
3106:
3086:
3041:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2986:
2961:
2904:
2791:
2786:
2766:
2751:
2741:
2524:
2514:
2479:
2474:
2454:
2419:
2399:
2394:
2353:
2343:
1618:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing S. Scheers,
1231:
1194:
1139:
to this day. In addition to Venta Belgarum, the ancient geographer
909:
894:
859:
847:
800:
760:
755:
745:
707:
679:
674:
533:
According to Strabo: the Belgian tribes (in orange), including the
442:
411:
407:
280:
253:
in the biggest central part, who in their own language were called
246:
128:
529:
3964:
3889:
3859:
3805:
3734:
3621:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3551:
3531:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3476:
3461:
3391:
3229:
3214:
3164:
3111:
3096:
3081:
3071:
3051:
3046:
3026:
3001:
2956:
2919:
2914:
2899:
2856:
2851:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2771:
2736:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2414:
2409:
2389:
2333:
1529:
1178:
1155:
1140:
1127:
1089:
1072:
1060:
1029:
949:
824:
788:
771:
750:
719:
684:
669:
637:
590:
515:
507:
470:
399:
290:
231:
140:
132:
2157:
Brady, Ciaran; O'Dowd, Mary; Mercer Walker, Brian, eds. (1989).
510:, an otherwise unattested legendary founder of Trier, the Roman
3994:
3969:
3959:
3912:
3835:
3724:
3561:
3546:
3386:
3351:
3304:
3244:
3234:
3204:
3184:
3101:
3056:
2981:
2976:
2826:
2816:
2429:
1820:
1545:
Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing Fichtl,
1226:
1186:
1079:, Caesar's former ally, fled to Britain after participating in
874:
870:
866:
855:
775:
696:
647:
642:
620:
575:
Southeast: not mentioned as Belgae, but part of imperial Roman
478:
474:
454:
298:
258:
1427:
Tribal Societies in North Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective
210:("to swell, bulge, billow"). Thus, a Proto-Celtic ethnic name
62:
29:
4018:
3999:
3869:
3431:
2894:
2796:
2706:
2657:
2578:
2469:
2439:
1976:
1851:
1767:
1763:
1236:
1161:
1037:
945:
937:
836:
816:
784:
724:
503:
461:) he made dependent upon Lugdunum, the other to the Belgae (
324:
254:
250:
108:
104:
92:
2156:
1919:(Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border),
1740:
1738:
1736:
1131:(this was itself built on the site of two earlier abandoned
346:
The Belgae of this period do not appear to have drunk beer.
3815:
3239:
2836:
2652:
2449:
832:
657:
434:
96:
83:
74:
53:
1417:
87 (1931), 241–242; Hawkes, "New Thoughts on the Belgae,"
908:, "long-haired Gaul") that was reorganized by the emperor
328:) mapped out later by the Romans and still evident in the
59:
2195:
1733:
1177:
suggested in 1946 that a branch of the Belgae settled in
80:
2547:
1910:
1400:
5.12, 5. 24–25, 8.46, 8.49, 8.43, and citing S. Fichtl,
1036:, who were also a Belgic tribe, and to the east by the
1032:
of the Belgae was bordered to the north by the British
151:
The consensus among linguists is that the ethnic name
1917:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
1620:
Traite de numismatique Celtique II: La Gaule Belgique
554:
sometimes described by Caesar as if not in "Belgium"
183:"being angry" (strong perfect participle of obsolete
1911:
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine; Willemyns, Roland (2002),
77:
71:
56:
50:
2114:
68:
47:
2039:, near Figure 1.4, 2012 (4th edition), Routledge,
175:"very angry" (weak perfect participle of the verb
1711:King, Anthony. 1990. Roman Gaul and Germany. P.32
1579:Revue Archéologique de Picardie 2009, pp. 30, 37.
862:). They quickly surrendered, as did the Ambiani.
4029:
1842:, Vol. 1, George Bell & Sons, 1892, p. 265.
1423:Bulletin of the London Institute of Archaeology
1351:(1959), Bern - Muenchen - Francke, pp. 125-126.
16:Historical Gallic-Germanic tribal confederation
2306:
1964:, University of California Press, p. 27,
1726:De Taalgrens: Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen
1719:
1717:
119:of his wars in Gaul. Some peoples in southern
2563:
2292:
2191:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1967. p. 5.
912:into its traditional cultural divisions. The
544:Belgae of Caesar's "Belgium", in later Roman
1723:
1383:, Celtic, DIAS, 1960 (reprint 1983), p. 231.
2245:
2201:
2189:The Celtic Realms: History and Civilization
1786:
1784:
1714:
633:Northwest and considered remote by Romans:
506:claims that the Belgae were descendants of
226:is a geographical subregion comprising the
2570:
2556:
2299:
2285:
2045:
1349:Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
2225:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1990:
1892:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1865:
1653:Celtic culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1365:Dictionary of Celtic religion and culture
1333:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1125:), which was built on top of an Iron Age
1023:The Belgae had made their way across the
806:
715:Possibly Belgae, later within Belgica I:
2103:Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain
1954:
1790:
1781:
1439:The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond
528:
269:, II.4 also contrasted them with Gauls:
217:
28:
20:
2066:The Doddington Village Appraisal (1997)
1609:(Paris, 1986) and Fichtl (1994), p. 20.
1394:ΕΥΔΑΙΜΩΝ: Studies in Hnor of Jan Bouzek
1286:The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook
1173:In his theory of Ireland's prehistory,
1067:(also referred to as Suaeuconi) called
521:
449:lived. The sound changes described by "
4030:
1700:Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology
1508:
955:
616:Southwest: possibly not in "Belgium":
2599:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
2551:
2280:
2218:Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In
2217:
2145:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2095:Britannia: a History of Roman Britain
1547:Les Peuples Gaulois: III–I a.v. J.-C.
1381:The pre-Celtic inhabitants of Ireland
1367:, Boydell & Brewer, 1997, p. 272.
653:South, not in alliance against Rome:
417:The Romans were not precise in their
107:, and the northern bank of the river
33:Map of northeastern Gaul around 70 AD
2059:were of possible Belgic origin. See
2041:google preview, with no page numbers
1724:Lamarcq, Danny; Rogge, Marc (1996),
1682:Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane. 1995.
1317:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
1282:
831:behind, near Bibrax (between modern
1756:Inscriptions in Celtic language on
1575:3/4 (2005) 145–146; Pinard et al.,
815:and ordered his Gallic allies, the
13:
2105:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
1800:, University of California Press,
1429:(Amsterdam, 1990), p. 13; Fichtl,
1135:); Winchester remains Hampshire's
14:
4079:
2261:
2252:History of Ireland in 100 Objects
2141:Early Irish History and Mythology
1607:Les Gaulois: sanctuaires et rites
1283:Sage, Michael (11 January 2013).
819:, to invade the territory of the
187:"to make angry"), as well as the
2631:
2097:, third edition, Pimlico, 1987;
1185:, later becoming the historical
1018:
968:
839:) in the territory of the Remi.
91:) were a large confederation of
43:
2211:
2173:
2168:Ireland are no longer accepted.
2150:
2130:
2108:
2084:
2026:
2017:
1998:
1948:
1904:
1882:
1873:
1845:
1832:
1814:
1750:
1705:
1689:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1642:
1629:
1612:
1599:
1582:
1561:
1552:
1539:
1523:
1489:
1476:
1464:
1444:
1431:Les Gaulois de Nord de la Gaule
1425:13 (1976) 117–138; N. Roymans,
1402:Les Gaulois de Nord de la Gaule
1059:A large number of coins of the
893:In 53 BC, the Eburones, led by
330:parishes of the Carolingian era
202:), derived ultimately from the
2228:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200.
2159:Ulster: An Illustrated History
1407:
1386:
1370:
1354:
1338:
1322:
1310:
1276:
1254:
873:(previously thought to be the
1:
1247:
1093:(administrative division) of
936:(capital Augusta Trevirorum,
774:mentioned a tribe called the
2006:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1592:, décourvertes récentes, in
1516:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1441:(Oxford, 2007), pp. 492–493.
1048:published his excavation of
367:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
146:
7:
1210:
1168:
349:
10:
4084:
2308:Iron Age tribes in Britain
2117:"The Geography of Ptolemy"
1992:10.4000/etudesrurales.9499
1867:10.4000/etudesrurales.9499
1289:. Routledge. p. 314.
1042:Aylesford-Swarling pottery
741:(still later Germania I):
586:
353:
313:
265:Inconsistently, Caesar in
4058:Tribes of ancient Britain
4043:Historical Celtic peoples
4013:
3925:
3888:
3796:
3753:
3645:
3327:
3130:
2875:
2727:
2720:
2640:
2629:
2585:
2577:
2533:
2314:
2115:www.roman-britain.co.uk.
2051:Earthworks discovered at
1925:10.1080/01434630208666450
1838:Hamilton, H.C. (trans.),
1569:Burial in the Roman World
1264:. Collins Dictionary. n.d
1008:
1000:
981:
976:
967:
962:
574:
562:, in northeast. Imperial
556:
549:
543:
402:, including those of the
318:The cultural cohesion of
4063:Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul
1335:. ABC-CLIO 2006, p. 198.
356:Ancient Belgian language
336:to the north and south.
155:probably comes from the
135:. The Roman province of
2539:Celtic tribes in Europe
2062:"History of Doddington"
1840:The Geography of Strabo
1829:, Book IV chapter IV, 3
1404:(Paris, 1994), pp. 4–5.
963:Belgae in Great Britain
179:"to become angry") and
103:, the west bank of the
4048:Early Germanic peoples
1415:Archaeological Journal
850:). Seeing the Romans'
807:Conquest of the Belgae
550:Belgae in later Roman
538:
383:, was not Celtic (see
249:in the southwest, the
195:, "to be angry" (from
34:
26:
4068:Former confederations
2610:First Transalpine War
2023:Archaeologia 52, 1891
1596:(Namur, 1998), p. 61.
1191:medieval Irish legend
948:) formed part of the
735:Not Belgae, later in
532:
502:compiled by monks of
218:Origins of the Belgae
32:
24:
1956:Wightman, Edith Mary
1792:Wightman, Edith Mary
1624:Numismatic Chronicle
1484:The Conquest of Gaul
1097:had towns including
522:Tribes of the Belgae
2668:Gallo-Roman culture
2593:Battle of the Allia
1762:were discovered in
1696:Kipfer, Barbara Ann
1626:159 (1999) 111–168.
1573:Revue Archéologique
956:Belgae outside Gaul
884:Battle of the Sabis
877:, but recently the
695:Descendants of the
301:, were then called
222:In Caesar's usage,
204:Proto-Indo-European
95:living in northern
3950:Basel-Münsterhügel
2165:. pp. 22–23.
2033:Cunliffe, Barry W.
1776:La langue gauloise
1502:, trans. Devitte,
1457:, trans. Devitte,
780:Germani cisrhenani
701:Germani Cisrhenani
559:Germani Cisrhenani
539:
514:, "Augusta of the
512:Augusta Treverorum
483:Germani cisrhenani
459:Gallia Lugdunensis
447:Germani cisrhenani
427:Germani cisrhenani
404:Germani cisrhenani
286:Germani cisrhenani
35:
27:
4025:
4024:
3921:
3920:
2952:Bituriges Vivisci
2545:
2544:
2385:
2377:
2235:978-1-85109-440-0
2072:on 8 October 2007
1205:Keshcarrigan Bowl
1016:
1015:
996:
926:Lacus Brigantinus
778:living where the
768:
767:
738:Germania Superior
565:Germania Inferior
439:Maurits Gysseling
389:Maurits Gysseling
4075:
2725:
2724:
2635:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2383:
2375:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2256:
2239:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1958:(January 1985),
1952:
1946:
1945:
1908:
1902:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1788:
1779:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1684:The Celtic World
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1411:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1004:Southern Britain
990:
972:
960:
959:
541:
540:
499:Gesta Treverorum
377:Germanic peoples
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4009:
3927:
3917:
3884:
3792:
3749:
3641:
3323:
3126:
2871:
2716:
2697:La Tène culture
2636:
2627:
2581:
2576:
2546:
2541:
2529:
2310:
2305:
2264:
2259:
2247:O'Toole, Fintan
2236:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2155:
2151:
2137:T. F. O'Rahilly
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2004:Julius Caesar,
2003:
1999:
1972:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1909:
1905:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1782:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1583:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1514:Julius Caesar,
1513:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1412:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1377:Pokorny, Julius
1375:
1371:
1361:Maier, Bernhard
1359:
1355:
1345:Pokorny, Julius
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1213:
1175:T. F. O'Rahilly
1171:
1165:of the Belgae.
1117:capital was at
1025:English Channel
1021:
958:
942:Belgica Secunda
809:
524:
373:Celtic-speaking
362:
352:
316:
220:
149:
125:T. F. O'Rahilly
101:English Channel
67:
46:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Gallia Belgica
4050:
4045:
4040:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3798:Eastern Europe
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Bituriges Cubi
2944:
2939:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:(50 BC–476 AD)
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2258:
2257:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2184:Chadwick, Nora
2172:
2163:Batsford Books
2149:
2129:
2107:
2099:John Creighton
2091:Sheppard Frere
2083:
2053:Sharsted Court
2044:
2025:
2016:
1997:
1979:Études rurales
1970:
1961:Gallia Belgica
1947:
1933:
1903:
1881:
1872:
1854:Études rurales
1844:
1831:
1813:
1806:
1797:Gallia Belgica
1780:
1749:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1688:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1641:
1628:
1611:
1598:
1581:
1560:
1551:
1549:(Paris, 2012).
1538:
1522:
1507:
1488:
1475:
1463:
1443:
1406:
1385:
1369:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1309:
1295:
1275:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1203:suggested the
1201:Fintan O'Toole
1183:5th century BC
1170:
1167:
1119:Venta Belgarum
1085:Roman conquest
1054:Barry Cunliffe
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
987:Venta Belgarum
983:
979:
978:
974:
973:
965:
964:
957:
954:
922:Lake Constance
918:Gallia Belgica
808:
805:
766:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
733:
732:
727:
722:
712:
711:
710:
699:, living near
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
662:
661:
660:
651:
650:
645:
640:
630:
629:
628:
623:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
585:
584:
577:Gallia Belgica
573:
555:
548:
523:
520:
463:Gallia Belgica
364:Caesar's book
351:
348:
315:
312:
307:
306:
276:
275:
219:
216:
197:Proto-Germanic
148:
145:
137:Gallia Belgica
99:, between the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4080:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Longostaletes
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Gabrantovices
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:Roman-Britain
2269:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:Koch, John T.
2216:
2215:
2204:, p. 45.
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:Dillon, Myles
2176:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1985:(2): 93–111,
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:9780520052970
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:9781853596278
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:1-85109-440-7
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:Koch, John T.
1885:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1860:(2): 93–111,
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1807:9780520052970
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:, Davidsfonds
1727:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1649:Koch, John T.
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Julius Caesar
1492:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:Geography 4.1
1467:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Julius Caesar
1447:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1298:
1296:9781134682881
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Nordwestblock
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:Aquae Calidae
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Portus Adurni
1096:
1095:Roman Britain
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:Vercingetorix
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1019:Great Britain
1012:Diviciacus(?)
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:Belgica Prima
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:Gallia Comata
902:
900:
899:Vercingetorix
896:
891:
887:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:siege engines
849:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
802:
799:includes the
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
739:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
702:
698:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
582:
579:(later Roman
578:
571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
553:
547:
542:
536:
531:
527:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
496:The medieval
494:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
385:Nordwestblock
382:
381:Indo-European
378:
374:
369:
368:
361:
360:Nordwestblock
357:
347:
344:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
326:
321:
311:
304:
300:
296:
295:
294:
292:
288:
287:
282:
272:
271:
270:
268:
267:Bello Gallico
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:Julius Caesar
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
40:
31:
23:
19:
4015:
3940:Argentomagus
3908:Tolistobogii
3740:Vertamocorii
3290:Vertamocorii
3255:Segovellauni
3175:Budenicenses
2967:Coriosolites
2802:Mediomatrici
2612:(125–121 BC)
2604:Galatian War
2595:(ca. 387 BC)
2535:
2369:Corionototae
2359:Catuvellauni
2323:
2251:
2224:
2212:Bibliography
2202:O'Toole 2013
2197:
2188:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2140:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2065:
2047:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2005:
2000:
1982:
1978:
1960:
1950:
1916:
1906:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1816:
1811:pages 12–14.
1796:
1775:
1772:P-Y. Lambert
1759:instrumentum
1757:
1752:
1745:M. Gysseling
1725:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1285:
1278:
1268:24 September
1266:. Retrieved
1256:
1199:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1088:
1058:
1046:Arthur Evans
1022:
985:
941:
933:
925:
905:
903:
892:
888:
864:
845:
841:
810:
793:Mediomatrici
779:
769:
736:
734:
730:Mediomatrici
714:
700:
694:
664:
652:
632:
615:
580:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
525:
511:
497:
495:
487:
482:
467:
446:
445:, where the
426:
421:of northern
416:
403:
397:
365:
363:
345:
342:
338:
334:
323:
319:
317:
308:
284:
277:
266:
264:
244:
223:
221:
211:
207:
199:
192:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
160:
157:Proto-Celtic
152:
150:
38:
36:
18:
3928:settlements
3846:Hercuniates
3695:Gallianates
3685:Bromanenses
3180:Camactulici
3132:Narbonensis
3022:Nitiobroges
2942:Bodiocasses
2924:Brannovices
2862:Veliocasses
2842:Silvanectes
2616:Gallic Wars
2510:Trinovantes
2122:3 September
2076:28 December
1826:Geographica
1242:Belgic foot
1181:around the
1137:county town
1111:Southampton
1103:Portchester
803:, as well.
570:Germania II
537:(in purple)
451:Grimm's law
419:ethnography
189:Old English
4032:Categories
3990:Magetobria
3903:Tectosages
3826:Cornacates
3821:Britolagai
3773:Lactorates
3745:Votodrones
3720:Montunates
3700:Gennanates
3537:Savincates
3457:Cosuanetes
3407:Bodiontici
3397:Benacenses
3377:Ausuciates
3372:Aneuniates
3367:Ambisontes
3347:Adunicates
3337:Acitavones
3319:Vulgientes
3313:Tectosages
3270:Tricastini
3250:Segobrigii
3150:Allobroges
3140:Agesinates
3122:Viducasses
3037:Petrocorii
2972:Durocasses
2936:Eburovices
2932:Diablintes
2885:Abrincatui
2867:Viromandui
2847:Suessiones
2762:Caeracates
2622:Roman Gaul
2618:(58–50 BC)
2505:Textoverdi
2495:Suessiones
2425:Durotriges
2384:(Northern)
2349:Carnonacae
1500:Gallic War
1455:Gallic War
1329:Koch, John
1302:17 January
1248:References
1123:Winchester
1107:Clausentum
1069:Diviciacus
1065:Suessiones
993:Winchester
930:Diocletian
901:in 52 BC.
801:Armoricani
797:Posidonius
626:Veliocassi
611:Viromandui
606:Suessiones
552:Belgica II
546:Belgica II
535:Armoricani
423:barbarians
354:See also:
240:Veromandui
171:adjective
4005:Vertillum
3980:Entremont
3926:Pre-Roman
3898:Aigosages
3856:Scordisci
3831:Costoboci
3811:Arabiates
3783:Tarusates
3768:Cocosates
3755:Aquitania
3730:Subinates
3670:Arusnates
3665:Anesiates
3647:Cisalpina
3637:Vindelici
3632:Vesubiani
3597:Vediantii
3587:Triulatti
3542:Sebaginni
3527:Rucinates
3522:Quariates
3517:Nemeturii
3507:Nantuates
3482:Graioceli
3467:Eguiturii
3452:Ceutrones
3447:Caturiges
3442:Catubrini
3437:Catenates
3427:Calucones
3422:Brixentes
3417:Brigianii
3412:Brigantii
3357:Ambidravi
3309:Arecomici
3265:Tolosates
3200:Dexivates
3092:Tricasses
3077:Segusiavi
2997:Lemovices
2992:Latobrigi
2890:Ambiliati
2782:Catalauni
2777:Catuslugi
2757:Bellovaci
2747:Atrebates
2712:Vergobret
2687:Cisalpine
2520:Venicones
2460:Ordovices
2445:Lopocares
2405:Deceangli
2382:Cornovii
2376:(Central)
2374:Cornovii
2339:Caledonii
2329:Brigantes
2319:Atrebates
1943:144862907
1639:," p. 61.
1419:Antiquity
1133:hillforts
1077:Atrebates
1050:Aylesford
1034:Atrebates
977:Geography
952:of Gaul.
944:(capital
821:Bellovaci
601:Bellovaci
596:Atrebates
581:Belgica I
236:Atrebates
228:Bellovaci
185:verbelgen
181:verbolgen
147:Etymology
4016:Part of:
3985:Gergovia
3975:Ensérune
3955:Bibracte
3945:Avaricum
3880:Varciani
3875:Taurisci
3864:Celegeri
3851:Latobici
3841:Eravisci
3778:Sotiates
3705:Insubres
3690:Cenomani
3675:Bagienni
3655:Anamares
3627:Vergunni
3617:Vennones
3612:Venostes
3607:Venisami
3602:Velaunii
3572:Suanetes
3567:Sogionti
3557:Segusini
3512:Nemaloni
3472:Gallitae
3402:Bergalei
3382:Avantici
3362:Ambilici
3342:Adanates
3300:Vocontii
3295:Verucini
3285:Tritolli
3280:Tricorii
3275:Tricores
3260:Suelteri
3190:Cenomani
3155:Anatilii
3107:Vellavii
3087:Tigurini
3042:Pictones
3017:Namnetes
3012:Mandubii
3007:Lingones
2987:Helvetii
2962:Carnutes
2928:Cenomani
2905:Andecavi
2792:Eburones
2787:Condrusi
2767:Caeroesi
2752:Atuatuci
2742:Aresaces
2702:Religion
2691:Galatian
2683:Language
2648:Ambactus
2606:(189 BC)
2536:Part of:
2525:Votadini
2515:Vacomagi
2480:Setantii
2475:Selgovae
2455:Novantae
2420:Dumnonii
2400:Decantae
2395:Damnonii
2364:Coritani
2354:Carvetii
2344:Cantiaci
2249:(2013).
1794:(1985),
1730:page 44.
1698:. 2007.
1686:. P.607.
1534:Germania
1482:Caesar,
1433:(1994),
1262:"Belgae"
1232:Isogloss
1211:See also
1195:Fir Bolg
1169:Ireland?
1001:Location
914:province
910:Augustus
895:Ambiorix
860:Beauvais
848:Soissons
761:Helvetii
756:Rauricii
746:Lingones
708:Atuatuci
680:Eburones
675:Condrusi
443:Ardennes
431:Germanic
412:Usipetes
408:Tencteri
350:Language
281:Eburones
247:Aquitani
208:*bhelgh-
129:Fir Bolg
3965:Cenabum
3890:Galatia
3860:Dindari
3806:Anartes
3788:Vasates
3735:Taurini
3710:Libicii
3622:Veragri
3592:Ucennii
3582:Tebavii
3577:Suetrii
3552:Segovii
3532:Salassi
3502:Medulli
3497:Licates
3492:Ingauni
3487:Iemerii
3477:Genauni
3462:Ecdinii
3392:Belouni
3230:Nearchi
3215:Ligauni
3210:Libicii
3170:Bormani
3165:Avatici
3160:Atacini
3112:Venelli
3097:Tulingi
3082:Sequani
3072:Senones
3067:Santoni
3052:Redones
3047:Rauraci
3032:Parisii
3027:Osismii
3002:Lexovii
2957:Cadurci
2920:Aulerci
2915:Arverni
2900:Ambarri
2877:Celtica
2857:Triboci
2852:Treveri
2832:Paemani
2822:Nemetes
2812:Menapii
2772:Caletes
2737:Ambiani
2729:Belgica
2721:Peoples
2678:Oppidum
2673:Nemeton
2663:Eubages
2641:Culture
2586:History
2500:Taexali
2490:Smertae
2485:Silures
2415:Dobunni
2410:Demetae
2390:Creones
2334:Caereni
2222:(ed.).
2147:. 1946.
2057:Newnham
1894:(2006)
1766:and in
1655:. p.196
1637:Belgium
1590:Belgium
1530:Tacitus
1470:Strabo
1217:Parisii
1193:as the
1179:Ireland
1156:Iscalis
1141:Ptolemy
1128:oppidum
1115:civitas
1113:). The
1090:civitas
1075:of the
1073:Commius
1061:Ambiani
1030:civitas
982:Capital
950:diocese
825:cavalry
813:legions
789:Treveri
772:Tacitus
770:Later,
751:Sequani
720:Treveri
685:Paemani
670:Caerosi
638:Menapii
591:Ambiani
516:Treveri
508:Trebeta
491:Romance
471:Menapii
400:Gaulish
393:Belgian
320:Belgium
314:Culture
303:Germani
291:Tacitus
232:Ambiani
224:Belgium
212:*Bolgoi
200:*balgiz
173:gebelgd
141:Belgium
133:Ireland
121:Britain
117:account
115:in his
4038:Belgae
3995:Noreia
3970:Cularo
3960:Bibrax
3935:Alesia
3913:Trocmi
3836:Gotini
3725:Orobii
3715:Marici
3660:Anauni
3562:Sentii
3547:Seduni
3387:Belaci
3352:Alauni
3329:Alpina
3305:Volcae
3245:Salyes
3235:Oxybii
3225:Memini
3205:Helvii
3195:Comani
3185:Cavari
3145:Albici
3117:Veneti
3102:Turoni
3057:Ruteni
2982:Gabali
2977:Esuvii
2910:Arouii
2827:Nervii
2817:Morini
2465:Parisi
2430:Epidii
2324:Belgae
2268:Belgae
2232:
1968:
1941:
1931:
1898:
1821:Strabo
1804:
1702:. P.63
1651:2006.
1435:passim
1293:
1227:Frisii
1187:Iverni
1162:poleis
1153:) and
1143:lists
1105:) and
1009:Rulers
940:) and
875:Sambre
867:Nervii
856:Amiens
776:Tungri
697:Cimbri
648:Nervii
643:Morini
621:Caleti
479:Morini
475:Nervii
455:Strabo
299:Tungri
259:Strabo
255:Celtae
238:, and
193:belgan
177:belgen
165:*bolg-
161:*belg-
153:Belgae
93:tribes
39:Belgae
4019:Celts
4000:Tylis
3870:Serdi
3432:Carni
3062:Sagii
2895:Aedui
2807:Meldi
2797:Leuci
2707:Vātes
2658:Druid
2579:Gauls
2470:Regni
2440:Iceni
2055:near
1939:S2CID
1770:(cf.
1768:Arras
1764:Bavai
1237:Builg
1038:Regni
946:Reims
938:Trier
879:Selle
871:Sabis
837:Reims
829:Aisne
817:Aedui
785:Leuci
725:Leuci
690:Segni
504:Trier
251:Gauls
206:root
191:verb
169:Dutch
159:root
109:Seine
105:Rhine
3862:and
3816:Boii
3763:Boii
3680:Boii
3311:and
3240:Reii
2837:Remi
2653:Bard
2450:Lugi
2230:ISBN
2182:and
2124:2023
2078:2007
1966:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1879:II.3
1802:ISBN
1504:II.4
1304:2015
1291:ISBN
1270:2014
1151:Bath
865:The
858:and
835:and
833:Laon
791:and
658:Remi
477:and
465:)."
435:Elbe
410:and
358:and
325:pagi
97:Gaul
37:The
2270:at
2013:5.2
2009:2.4
1987:doi
1921:doi
1862:doi
1519:2.4
1459:I.1
1159:as
916:of
886:).
568:or
518:".
163:or
131:in
4034::
2934:,
2930:,
2926:,
2689:,
2186:.
2161:.
2143:.
2139:,
2101:,
2093:,
2064:.
2035:,
2011:,
1981:,
1975:;
1937:,
1927:,
1915:,
1856:,
1823:,
1783:^
1774:,
1735:^
1716:^
1532:,
1498:,
1453:,
1398:BG
1379:,
1363:.
1347:.
1331:.
932:,
795:.
787:,
703::
583:)
572:.
473:,
395:.
371:a
234:,
230:,
143:.
84:aɪ
63:iː
60:dʒ
3866:)
3858:(
3315:)
3307:(
2938:)
2922:(
2693:)
2685:(
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
2238:.
2126:.
2080:.
1989::
1983:2
1923::
1864::
1858:2
1461:.
1306:.
1272:.
1149:(
1121:(
1109:(
1101:(
995:)
991:(
924:(
87:/
81:ɡ
78:l
75:ɛ
72:b
69:ˈ
66:,
57:l
54:ɛ
51:b
48:ˈ
45:/
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
