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State Security Service (Belgium)

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410:, with the bombing of the Belgian national airport and a metro carriage in the European quarter. The circumstances that led to the failure to prevent the attacks were investigated by a parliamentary commission that recommended a substantial increase in the security services' manpower and budgets and a better integration of the different actors, as well as improvements of information management and sharing. Since 2016, the VSSE has increased its counterterrorism capabilities, helped by long-awaited financial injections. Cooperation with the other security services is also occurring at previously unseen levels of intensity. To further support public understanding of the work of the intelligence service, the VSSE celebrated the 20th anniversary of its legal framework by launching its 340:, and which were coordinated in the participating nations by their secret services. The ensuing parliamentary inquiries found that the Belgian security apparatus was flawed in that it was fragmented and unsupervised. The main recommendation therefore was to provide a legal framework for the intelligence and security services to operate in, and to place them under parliamentary oversight. The State Security entered the post-Cold War era clouded by uncertainty about its future. Despite a widespread demoralisation among the staff because of this, the service continued to successfully counteract the remaining KGB operations in Belgium. Throughout most of the 1990s, the service attempted to reorganise and revitalize itself. 380:. Reorganisation and modernisation of the service was happening slowly and a first performance audit by the Committee I found a number of flaws. The root of the problem was however a chronic underfunding and political disinterest in the security services. Substantial reorganisation was needed when the service was finally allowed to conduct technical surveillance operations, requiring not only the equipment to do so, but also the right mindset to meet the demands for proper justification of the use of the methods granted by the 2010 BIM-law. 373:(CUTA). Dassen did however try to lift the State Security's veil of secrecy, by publishing for the first time a public activity report in 2005, the same year the State Security celebrated its 175th anniversary with a conference ana book on its history and activities. However, the service was embarrassed by the escape of a Kurdish terrorist, as VSSE officers had been put to the task of guarding her while under house arrest. Dassen resigned, stating that guarding suspects was not a task fit for intelligence, but a job for the police. 663:, BIM) BIM methods make it possible to conduct surveillance with technical means and intercept communications. Their use falls under the strict supervision of the Committee I, during and after the operation, and can be suspended by the supervisory body if the use of the method is deemed unlawful. The most intrusive BIMs have to be approved beforehand by a separate committee of three specially appointed magistrates, called the BIM-Commission, and are again subjected to checks during and after by the Committee I. 357:, 'BIM' see below). Until then, the Belgian police had superior capabilities, having been allowed to use wiretapping and technical surveillance methods in 2003 (it had been the intention to provide the intelligence services with similar competences, but this work was left unfinished until 2009). Naturally, this caused a good deal of discontent with the State Security, which had to cede its place as the international preferred Belgian partner for counterterrorism. 271:, the Administration for Public Safety destroyed its archives to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Nothing is known of its history during the war. At the front, a military intelligence service was founded in 1915 that conducted all intelligence work and coordinated the activity of the resistance. Soon after the end of the war, the rivalry between the Public Safety and its military counterpart, known today as the General Information and Security Service ( 255:
engage in provocation operations. In 1886, this led to a scandal when a paid informer was caught planning a bombing attack: the Pourbaix Affair, as it was called, led to a slashing of the Public Safety's budget. Before long, funds had to be increased again however, as a wave of terrorist attacks by Russian anarchists struck Europe. During this time the Belgian intelligence service entered into a very close relationship with the Paris office of the Russian
238:) was installed to protect the fledgling state against attempts by the Dutch king William I to suppress the Belgian rebels. The Public Safety would have two directorates, one being the alien police and the other the security service. As a security service, Public Safety had to protect the Belgian state against Dutch spies and republicans. Intelligence gathering happened only internally: spying abroad was considered a potential breach of the country's 678: 295:, who had decided to stay in Belgium and thus fall into the hands of the Nazis. The government, unwilling to trust the military intelligence service because of their loyalty to their commander-in-chief made prisoner of war, favoured the State Security. This greatly exacerbated the rivalry between the two services, whose mutual animosity forced the government to appoint a High Commissioner to coordinate their actions. 1439: 324:") which gradually intensified in the level of violence used. Whereas the CCC was effectively neutralized within a year, the Brabant killers would continue their bloody activities before disappearing in November 1985 after their most violent raid on a supermarket that claimed 28 fatalities. The case, as well as the identities of the perpetrators, remain unsolved. 202:
relations, the carrying out of security inquiries, and the performance of tasks in relation to the protection of certain important people. That last mission was transferred to the Belgian Federal Police in 2016. The State Security is also one of the main providers of threat intelligence to Belgium's threat analysis fusion centre, the
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spies. As counterespionage required the expenditure of dedication manpower and resources, from the 1970s onward, the spectre of international terrorism would come to haunt Europe again. As a convenient transit country, Belgium would often feature in terrorist activity, giving the State Security a key
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From the late 1870s and especially during the 1880s, the Public Safety's main concern was the rise of socialist movements. Its freedom from political control - due to the lack of a legal framework and politicians who preferred to keep their secret service at arms' length - led the service to actively
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When in 1998 the Intelligence Services Act came in effect, the State Security finally had a legal framework that determined its remit and competences to fulfill its missions. The sensitivity of intelligence work, after the scandals of the 1980s, had led the lawmakers to postpone the authorisation to
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In the 1930s, State Security was occupied dealing by left- and right-wing extremis, and a surge in German espionage activity. The German threat caused the Belgian government to reinstate the military intelligence service in 1937. As war became imminent, the two services were briefly brought together
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and the Dutch secret service, which was allowed to install itself in Brussels while waiting for the liberation of the Netherlands. The service would play a substantial part in the tracking and punishing of those who had collaborated with the Germans. Afterwards a severe political crisis ensued, as
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The main objective of the State Security is the collection, analysis and processing of all intelligence that might prove relevant to the prevention of any activity that might be a threat against the internal or external security of the state, democratic and constitutional order, or international
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which was imposed by the other European states as a condition for Belgian independence. The service did initiate contacts with foreign intelligence services almost from the outset, building up tight relationships with other European secret services. After peace with the Netherlands, the service
353:(HUMINT). Technical collection of intelligence was not allowed, significantly putting the Belgian intelligence services behind their foreign counterparts in terms of collection and effectiveness. This was changed only in 2010 through the introduction of the Special Intelligence Methods Act ( 2998: 3517: 327:
In attempts to investigate the traumatic events, the State Security's activities came under scrutiny. Revelations about the ties between certain intelligence officers and right-wing organisations coincided with hints that the Brabant killers were actually linked to the NATO-led
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The entitlements of the Security Service were granted by the Intelligence Services Act of 30 November 1998. Belgian intelligence does not have policing power and is only able to gather and analyse information. In accordance with the 2010 Special Intelligence Methods Act
2886: 391:. As the number of foreign fighters, grew the service quickly became overwhelmed, and requests for additional financial support were not met by the government even after the VSSE provided the information that foiled a terrorist cell in the border town of 279:, the Public Safety had to take over again. In 1929, an administrative reform made the alien police an independent department and the Public Safety was given the name it still has today: Security of the State (Veiligheid van de Staat/Sûrete de l'Etat). 2762: 650:, was established to bring these agencies, not previously subject to any outside control, under the authority of Belgium's federal parliament. Legislation governing the missions and methods of these agencies was put in place in 1998. 185:. The current Administrator-General is Jaak Raes, after his predecessor Alain Winants occupied the position between 2006 and 2014. The VSSE takes part in a number of international intelligence cooperative relationships, such as the 2856: 3513: 3168: 2994: 2210: 3652: 3501: 2824: 1681: 3870: 2898: 360:
Another cause for frustration was the installation of a threat intelligence fusion centre in 2006, a consequence of a European agreement to establish such centres as a reaction to the terrorist attacks on
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many Belgians opposed the return from captivity of the discredited Leopold III. The State Security had to monitor the opposing forces, especially the nascent communist movement. The onset of the
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role in many successful counterterrorism operations. Despite this, starting in 1982, Belgium would fall victim to a surge of violence. The attacks by the communist terror group
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The majority of the methods used (between 1500 and 2000 in recent years) concern localisations and identifications of cell phone numbers, in connection with counterterrorism.
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in 2004–2005. Fearing competition and even potential obsolescence, State Security chief Koenraad Dassen actively attempted to harm the establishment of the
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In the 2010s, the VSSE found espionage to be on the rise as never before, a result of the valuable and sensitive information present in Brussels,
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shifted the focus almost entirely on communism. The threat of Soviet espionage would take priority when Belgium became the host nation of
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use intrusive technical means to collect intelligence. Instead, the Belgian intelligence services were only authorised to work with
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to London to undertake the coordination of the resistance once again. This was impeded by the rift between the government and
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In these years Belgian intelligence was adjusting to being subject to the oversight of the parliamentary review committee
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brought attention and criticism to the activities and ineffectiveness of the nation's police and intelligence agencies.
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focused on subversive elements, successfully thwarting an attempted republican coup d'état instigated by
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in 1848. Other successes include the formation of an impromptu foreign intelligence service during the
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
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revealed Belgium to be the centre of terrorist activity, a connection given bloody confirmation on
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The Belgian Security Service has had the following directors (called 'administrateur général'):
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to support the Belgian Army, which was standing guard for a potential invasion of Belgium.
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
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In 1991, following two government enquiries, a permanent parliamentary committee,
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intelligence and security agency. Established in 1830, it is the world's oldest
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Les secrets de la sûreté de l'état. Enquête sur une administration de l'ombre
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about an Iraqi terrorist. A murder plot targeting former American president
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and publishing, for the first time in seven years, an activity report.
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
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Lasoen, Kenneth (2016). "185 Years of Belgian Security Service".
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De Staatsveiligheid: essays over 175 jaar Veiligheid van de Staat
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Alien Police in Belgium 1840-1940. The creation of guest workers
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
774:"Veiligheid van de Staat - Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie" 333: 1337:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium" 1137:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium" 996:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium" 862:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium" 3388: 277:
a scandal involving the Belgian occupation of the Rhineland
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La Sûreté. Essais sur les 175 ans de la Sûreté de l'État
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During the 1980s, a number of incidents including the
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M. Cools, K. Dassen, R. Libert, P. Ponsaerts (eds.),
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https://vsse.be/sites/default/files/1-av-nl-2018.pdf
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La Sûreté de l'État: histoire d'une déstabilisation
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Tielt: Editions Lannoo. 978: 395:planning an attack shortly after the 371:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis 204:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis 1257: 1240:, Bruxelles, Courier du CRISP, 1999. 1120:Jens Franssen (September 17, 2022). 287:, Belgian intelligence followed the 236:Administration de la Sûreté Publique 4277:Surveillance issues in smart cities 404:13-14 November 2015 attack on Paris 283:under the same ministry. After the 24: 2699:South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, 601:Godelieve Timmermans (2000 – 2002) 318:Cellulles Combattantes Communistes 25: 4364: 1432: 2915:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 2323:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 1650:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 1437: 1380:Terrorism and Political Violence 1080:Terrorism and Political Violence 816:Terrorism and Political Violence 744:Terrorism and Political Violence 676: 1279:Journal of Intelligence History 1177: 1128: 1113: 1102: 1071: 1036: 987: 972: 937: 902: 585:Stephane Schewebach (1990–1993) 385:seat of various EU institutions 355:Bijzondere Inlichtingenmethoden 343: 262: 225: 1229:C. Carpentier & F. Moser, 853: 807: 780: 766: 735: 721: 653: 134:Federal Public Service Justice 18:Belgian State Security Service 13: 1: 4353:Belgian intelligence agencies 4168:List of intelligence agencies 3107:Republic of North Macedonia: 2581:Republic of North Macedonia: 1940:Republic of North Macedonia: 1444:State Security Service (VSSE) 1417:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501 1388:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445 1353:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110 1320:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111 1291:10.1080/16161262.2016.1145854 1198:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501 1153:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110 1088:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445 1057:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501 1012:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110 958:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111 923:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501 878:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110 824:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445 789:Activiteitenverslag 2017-2018 752:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445 702: 604:Koenraad Dassen (2002 – 2006) 417:In 2022, the VSSE tipped the 143:State Security Service (VSSE) 4343:Political history of Belgium 1308:Journal of Strategic Studies 946:Journal of Strategic Studies 628:Brabant supermarket killings 428: 57:6, Boulevard du Roi Albert, 7: 4348:Military history of Belgium 4021:Crime Intelligence Division 2911:CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau 1254:, Brussels, Politeia, 2005. 692:Belgian stay-behind network 669: 607:Alain Winants (2006 – 2014) 249:Franco-Prussian War of 1870 10: 4369: 4265:Turbulence (NSA programme) 4201:Mass surveillance in China 1247:, New York - Oxford, 2000. 220: 196: 4285: 4154: 4121: 4053: 3917: 3725: 3610: 3324: 2844: 2194: 1503: 979:Cools, Marc, ed. (2005). 632:Combatant Communist Cells 622:Parliamentary supervision 129: 115: 107: 99: 53: 45: 40: 35: 2263:Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1590:Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1335:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). 1135:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). 994:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). 860:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). 496:Adolphe Gautier de Rasse 470:Napoleon Joseph Verheyen 84:50.8576917°N 4.3551611°E 4196:Great Firewall of China 540:Alfred Rémy (1927-1929) 267:On the outbreak of the 4305:Law enforcement agency 4179:Diplomatic cable leaks 3647:Air Intelligence Group 2156:United Arab Emirates: 1217:Literature and sources 1497:intelligence agencies 1446:at Wikimedia Commons 610:Jaak Raes (2014–2022) 522:Jean Baptiste De Rode 89:50.8576917; 4.3551611 983:. Brussel: Politeia. 332:operation, known in 232:Belgian independence 171:intelligence service 4317:Intelligence agency 1258:Bové, Lars (2015). 289:government in exile 183:Ministry of Defense 175:Ministry of Justice 80: /  32: 4235:Call detail record 2781:Security Service ( 1964:Papua New Guinea: 1233:, Ottignies, 1993. 613:Francisca Bostyn, 589:Bart van Lijsebeth 30: 4325: 4324: 4272:National security 3590:Derzhspetszviazok 1442:Media related to 697:Gladio in Belgium 639:Westland New Post 451:Emmanuel François 425:was thus foiled. 309:NATO headquarters 139: 138: 16:(Redirected from 4360: 4338:Counterterrorism 4043:United Kingdom: 3966:Baintelkam Polri 3891:United Kingdom: 3865:Rosfinmonitoring 3709:United Kingdom: 3687:Air Intelligence 3594:United Kingdom: 3279:United Kingdom: 2933:Czech Republic: 2779:United Kingdom: 2427:Baintelkam Polri 2335:Czech Republic: 2162:United Kingdom: 1668:Czech Republic: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1466: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1453:Official website 1441: 1428: 1399: 1374: 1364: 1331: 1302: 1273: 1236:L. Van Outryve, 1210: 1209: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1023: 991: 985: 984: 976: 970: 969: 941: 935: 934: 906: 900: 899: 889: 857: 851: 845: 836: 835: 811: 805: 799: 793: 784: 778: 777: 770: 764: 763: 739: 733: 732: 731:. 28 March 2014. 725: 719: 713: 686: 681: 680: 679: 597: 574:Ludovic Caeymaex 530: 517: 509:François Delatou 504: 491: 478: 465: 446: 438:Isidore Plaisant 322:Bende van Nijvel 293:King Leopold III 216: 162:Sûreté de l'État 152:Staatsveiligheid 116:Agency executive 95: 94: 92: 91: 90: 85: 81: 78: 77: 76: 73: 33: 29: 21: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4281: 4220:Security agency 4208:Law enforcement 4156: 4150: 4123: 4117: 4055: 4049: 3920: 3913: 3897:United States: 3728: 3721: 3715:United States: 3613: 3606: 3600:United States: 3327: 3320: 3285:United States: 2847: 2840: 2801:United States: 2196: 2190: 2172:United States: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1451: 1450: 1435: 1362:1854/LU-8512001 1270: 1243:F. Caestecker, 1219: 1214: 1213: 1182: 1178: 1162:1854/LU-8512001 1133: 1129: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1076: 1072: 1041: 1037: 1021:1854/LU-8512001 992: 988: 977: 973: 942: 938: 907: 903: 887:1854/LU-8512001 858: 854: 846: 839: 812: 808: 800: 796: 785: 781: 772: 771: 767: 740: 736: 727: 726: 722: 714: 710: 705: 682: 677: 675: 672: 656: 624: 591: 524: 511: 498: 485: 472: 459: 440: 431: 389:Syrian conflict 346: 285:German invasion 269:First World War 265: 230:Within days of 228: 223: 206: 199: 125: 88: 86: 82: 79: 74: 71: 69: 67: 66: 65: 41:Agency overview 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4366: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4108:United Kingdom 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4023: 4019:South Africa: 4017: 4011: 3993: 3983: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3869:Saudi Arabia: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3546:South Africa: 3544: 3540:Saudi Arabia: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3413: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3205: 3201:South Africa: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3171: 3167:Saudi Arabia: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3137: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3011: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2799: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2755: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2693:South Africa: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2669:Saudi Arabia: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2451: 2437: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2138:Turkmenistan: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2048:South Africa: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2018:Sierra Leone: 2016: 2010: 2006:Saudi Arabia: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1434: 1433:External links 1431: 1430: 1429: 1400: 1375: 1347:(3): 464–490. 1332: 1314:(7): 927–962. 1303: 1274: 1268: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1176: 1147:(3): 464–466. 1127: 1112: 1101: 1070: 1035: 1006:(3): 464–490. 986: 971: 952:(7): 927–962. 936: 901: 872:(3): 464–490. 852: 837: 806: 794: 779: 765: 734: 720: 707: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 694: 688: 687: 684:Belgium portal 671: 668: 655: 652: 623: 620: 619: 618: 617:(2022–present) 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 586: 583: 577: 571: 565: 559: 556:Fernand Lepage 553: 547: 541: 538: 532: 519: 506: 493: 480: 467: 454: 448: 430: 427: 423:George W. Bush 345: 342: 264: 261: 227: 224: 222: 219: 198: 195: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 119: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4365: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Club de Berne 4129: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4113:United States 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3985:Philippines: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3837:Netherlands: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3691:Philippines: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3657:New Zealand: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3564:Switzerland: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3466:North Korea: 3465: 3463: 3460:New Zealand: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3450:Netherlands: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3269:GENKUR İ.D.B. 3266: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3235:Switzerland: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3207:South Korea: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3133:Philippines: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3101:North Korea: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3089:New Zealand: 3088: 3086: 3083:Netherlands: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987:General Staff 2984: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2723:Switzerland: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2627:Philippines: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2575:North Korea: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2563:New Zealand: 2562: 2560: 2557:Netherlands: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239:Azerbaijan: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2084:Switzerland: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2054:South Korea: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1970:Philippines: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1954:Palace Office 1951: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1934:North Korea: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1922:New Zealand: 1921: 1919: 1916:Netherlands: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1802:Ivory Coast: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 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Keunings, 1221: 1220: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 982: 975: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 940: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 905: 897: 893: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 856: 849: 844: 842: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 810: 803: 798: 791: 790: 783: 775: 769: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 738: 730: 724: 717: 712: 708: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 685: 674: 667: 664: 662: 651: 649: 648: 642: 640: 637: 633: 629: 616: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 598:(1994 – 1999) 595: 590: 587: 584: 582:(1977 – 1990) 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 568:Robert de Foy 566: 563: 560: 558:(1940 - 1944) 557: 554: 551: 550:Robert de Foy 548: 545: 544:René Beltjens 542: 539: 536: 533: 528: 523: 520: 515: 510: 507: 502: 497: 494: 489: 484: 483:Victor Berden 481: 476: 471: 468: 463: 458: 455: 452: 449: 444: 439: 436: 435: 434: 426: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 408:22 March 2016 405: 401: 399: 398:Charlie Hebdo 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 358: 356: 352: 351:human sources 341: 339: 335: 331: 325: 323: 319: 314: 310: 306: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 280: 278: 274: 270: 260: 258: 252: 250: 246: 241: 237: 233: 218: 214: 210: 205: 194: 192: 188: 187:Club de Berne 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 135: 132: 130:Parent agency 128: 121: 120: 118: 114: 110: 108:Annual budget 106: 102: 98: 93: 72:50°51′27.69″N 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 34: 19: 4290:Border guard 4225:Surveillance 4146:Egmont Group 4122:Intelligence 4054:Intelligence 3940:Bangladesh: 3921:intelligence 3754:Bangladesh: 3748:Azerbaijan: 3729:intelligence 3614:intelligence 3534: 3444:Kazakhstan: 3341:Bangladesh: 3328:intelligence 3047:Kazakhstan: 2879:Bangladesh: 2848:intelligence 2811:Uzbekistan: 2782: 2533:Luxembourg: 2493:Kazakhstan: 2258: 2245:Bangladesh: 2197:intelligence 2178:Uzbekistan: 2165: 2102:Tajikistan: 1910:Mozambique: 1898:Montenegro: 1832:Kyrgyzstan: 1820:Kazakhstan: 1572:Bangladesh: 1560:Azerbaijan: 1506:intelligence 1436: 1408: 1404: 1379: 1344: 1340: 1311: 1307: 1282: 1278: 1259: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1115: 1104: 1079: 1073: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1003: 999: 989: 980: 974: 949: 945: 939: 914: 910: 904: 869: 865: 855: 815: 809: 802:Lasoen 2017a 797: 788: 782: 768: 743: 737: 723: 716:Lasoen 2017b 711: 665: 660: 657: 645: 643: 625: 614: 432: 416: 397: 382: 375: 359: 354: 347: 344:21st century 329: 326: 297: 281: 266: 263:20th century 253: 235: 229: 226:19th century 200: 161: 160: 151: 150: 142: 140: 111:€ 50 million 75:4°21′18.58″E 54:Headquarters 4295:Coast guard 4260:Stone Ghost 4230:Big Brother 4093:New Zealand 3964:Indonesia: 3934:Australia: 3928:Argentina: 3818:Lithuania ( 3800:Indonesia: 3742:Australia: 3736:Argentina: 3639:Indonesia: 3621:Australia: 3415:Indonesia: 3335:Australia: 3308:Venezuela: 3223:Sri Lanka: 3183:Singapore: 3115:E-tjenesten 3053:Lithuania: 3013:Indonesia: 2999:SAHEFAVEDJA 2867:Australia: 2817:Venezuela: 2711:Sri Lanka: 2681:Singapore: 2609:Palestine: 2517:Lithuania: 2425:Indonesia: 2403:Hong Kong: 2227:Australia: 2215:Argentina: 2066:Sri Lanka: 2024:Singapore: 1948:E-tjenesten 1856:Lithuania: 1766:Indonesia: 1554:Australia: 1536:Argentina: 848:Lasoen 2016 654:Entitlement 647:Committee I 592: [ 580:Albert Raes 576:(1958–1977) 570:(1947–1958) 564:(1944-1947) 552:(1933-1943) 546:(1929-1933) 537:(1906-1927) 535:Louis Gonne 531:(1903-1906) 525: [ 518:(1890-1903) 512: [ 505:(1882-1890) 499: [ 492:(1869-1882) 486: [ 479:(1852-1869) 473: [ 466:(1840-1852) 460: [ 457:Alexis Hody 453:(1831-1839) 447:(1830-1831) 441: [ 378:Committee I 330:Stay Behind 313:Warsaw Pact 207: [ 87: / 4332:Categories 4068:Bangladesh 3952:Finland: 3697:Portugal: 3685:Pakistan: 3651:Malaysia: 3535:Spetssvyaz 3478:Pakistan: 3371:Ethiopia: 3349:2ª Sch/EMD 3261:Thailand: 3195:Slovenia: 3189:Slovakia: 3149:Portugal: 3119:Pakistan: 3065:Maldives: 3059:Malaysia: 3019:Pusintelad 2834:Zimbabwe: 2741:Thailand: 2651:Portugal: 2615:Paraguay: 2599:Pakistan: 2545:Malaysia: 2317:Colombia: 2287:Bulgaria: 2269:Botswana: 2114:Thailand: 2108:Tanzania: 2036:Slovenia: 2030:Slovakia: 1982:Portugal: 1958:Pakistan: 1892:Mongolia: 1874:Malaysia: 1704:Ethiopia: 1694:Mukhabarat 1680:Djibouti: 1620:Cameroon: 1614:Bulgaria: 1596:Botswana: 1124:. VRT NWS. 703:References 615:ad interim 240:neutrality 145:(known in 4240:Carnivore 4189:CIA leaks 4184:NSA leaks 4164:Espionage 4141:Maximator 4136:Five Eyes 4124:alliances 4063:Australia 4056:community 4013:Romania: 3997:BWiIK KGP 3907:Vatican: 3806:Ireland: 3788:Iceland: 3727:Financial 3705:TsVTI GRU 3659:GEOINT NZ 3627:Finland: 3588:Ukraine: 3526:Romania: 3426:Ireland: 3393:Germany: 3377:Finland: 3365:Croatia: 3314:Vietnam: 3273:Ukraine: 3155:Romania: 3095:Nigeria: 3077:Myanmar: 3071:Morocco: 3023:Ireland: 2979:Hungary: 2967:Germany: 2953:PE TIEDOS 2951:Finland: 2939:Denmark: 2921:Croatia: 2893:ADIV/SGRS 2891:Belgium: 2887:GRU MO RB 2885:Belarus: 2873:Austria: 2855:Algeria: 2823:Vietnam: 2773:Ukraine: 2687:Somalia: 2657:Romania: 2569:Nigeria: 2551:Moldova: 2523:Lebanon: 2453:Ireland: 2413:Hungary: 2377:Germany: 2371:Georgia: 2359:Finland: 2353:Estonia: 2341:Denmark: 2329:Croatia: 2293:Burundi: 2257:Belgium: 2251:Belarus: 2233:Austria: 2221:Armenia: 2203:Algeria: 2184:Vietnam: 2150:Ukraine: 2126:Tunisia: 2042:Somalia: 1994:Romania: 1928:Nigeria: 1904:Morocco: 1886:Moldova: 1862:Lebanon: 1850:Liberia: 1784:Ireland: 1754:Hungary: 1728:Germany: 1722:Georgia: 1698:Estonia: 1686:Ecuador: 1674:Denmark: 1656:Croatia: 1586:ADIV/SGRS 1584:Belgium: 1578:Belarus: 1566:Bahrain: 1548:Austria: 1542:Armenia: 1524:Algeria: 1518:Albania: 1495:National 1425:158963928 1396:149729772 1371:157376383 1328:157685300 1299:147394882 1206:158963928 1171:157376383 1096:149729772 1065:158963928 1030:157376383 966:157685300 931:158963928 896:157376383 832:149729772 760:149729772 562:Pol Bihin 429:Directors 273:ADIV/SGRS 245:Karl Marx 100:Employees 4245:Dishfire 4213:Interpol 4098:Pakistan 4005:ZOŚ KGSG 3995:Poland: 3946:Canada: 3919:Criminal 3885:Turkey: 3863:Russia: 3843:Poland: 3831:Mexico: 3778:France: 3766:Canada: 3760:Brazil: 3703:Russia: 3663:Poland: 3645:Israel: 3576:Turkey: 3558:Sweden: 3532:Russia: 3506:gOR 3.FO 3484:Poland: 3472:Norway: 3432:Israel: 3383:France: 3353:Canada: 3347:Brazil: 3267:Turkey: 3255:Taiwan: 3229:Sweden: 3203:SANDF-ID 3173:Serbia: 3161:Russia: 3139:Poland: 3113:Norway: 3079:Sa Ya Pa 3029:Israel: 3015:BAIS TNI 2995:SAHEFASA 2991:SAHEFAJA 2957:France: 2905:CFINTCOM 2903:Canada: 2897:Brazil: 2861:Angola: 2846:Military 2767:Uganda: 2757:Turkey: 2735:Taiwan: 2717:Sweden: 2675:Serbia: 2671:Mabahith 2663:Russia: 2637:Poland: 2587:Norway: 2511:Latvia: 2505:Kosovo: 2485:TMPD PSB 2469:Shin Bet 2467:Israel: 2397:Greece: 2365:France: 2299:Canada: 2281:Brunei: 2275:Brazil: 2209:Angola: 2195:Domestic 2144:Uganda: 2132:Turkey: 2096:Taiwan: 2078:Sweden: 2012:Serbia: 2000:Russia: 1976:Poland: 1946:Norway: 1880:Mexico: 1844:Latvia: 1838:Kuwait: 1814:Jordan: 1790:Israel: 1748:Greece: 1716:Gambia: 1710:France: 1626:Canada: 1608:Brunei: 1602:Brazil: 1530:Angola: 1411:: 5–19. 1382:: 1–19. 1192:: 5–19. 1082:: 1–19. 1051:: 5–19. 917:: 5–19. 818:: 1–19. 746:: 1–19. 670:See also 636:neo-Nazi 634:and the 400:massacre 393:Verviers 305:Cold War 189:and the 59:Brussels 4300:Customs 4250:ECHELON 4155:Related 4073:Croatia 4025:Spain: 4009:ZK KGŻW 3975:Italy: 3958:India: 3881:SEPBLAC 3875:Spain: 3857:Qatar: 3825:Malta: 3812:Italy: 3794:India: 3780:Tracfin 3768:FINTRAC 3744:AUSTRAC 3677:12.BBSP 3633:India: 3629:PVTIEDL 3612:Imagery 3578:MİT-SİB 3570:Syria: 3552:Spain: 3510:CRiWWRE 3438:Japan: 3405:India: 3399:Ghana: 3379:PVTIEDL 3359:China: 3326:Signals 3245:Syria: 3217:Spain: 3041:Japan: 3035:Italy: 3003:India: 2973:Ghana: 2945:Egypt: 2909:China: 2803:I&A 2729:Syria: 2705:Spain: 2539:Macau: 2499:Kenya: 2479:Japan: 2473:Italy: 2419:India: 2387:Ghana: 2347:Egypt: 2311:China: 2305:Chile: 2090:Syria: 2072:Sudan: 2060:Spain: 1988:Qatar: 1868:Libya: 1826:Kenya: 1808:Japan: 1796:Italy: 1760:India: 1734:Ghana: 1692:Egypt: 1644:China: 1638:Chile: 1592:OSA-OBA 1504:Foreign 792:, p. 8. 412:website 257:Okhrana 221:History 197:Mission 167:Belgian 165:) is a 63:Belgium 4157:topics 4103:Russia 4083:Israel 4078:France 3991:PNP-IG 3903:FinCEN 3772:Fiji: 3699:CIGeoE 3693:NMARSC 3681:JW NIL 3653:MaCGDI 3522:JW NIL 3518:6.ORel 3514:2.ORel 3361:SIGINT 3275:HUR MO 3151:CISMIL 2985:Iran: 2927:Cuba: 2917:DEMIAP 2789:NDEDIU 2751:Togo: 2621:Peru: 2593:Oman: 2439:Iran: 2409:CPGNSO 2253:KGB RB 2120:Togo: 1952:Oman: 1822:Syrbar 1792:Mossad 1778:Iraq: 1772:Iran: 1688:SENAIN 1662:Cuba: 1632:Chad: 1580:KGB RB 1423:  1394:  1369:  1326:  1297:  1266:  1204:  1169:  1094:  1063:  1028:  964:  929:  894:  830:  786:VSSE, 758:  402:. The 367:London 363:Madrid 338:Gladio 157:French 46:Formed 4310:Types 4255:PRISM 4174:Leaks 4088:Italy 3981:DIGOS 3887:MASAK 3871:GDOFI 3808:GNECB 3802:PPATK 3784:DNRED 3711:DGIFC 3582:UAE: 3310:DGCIM 3302:USAFI 3219:CIFAS 3169:AFISC 3135:ISAFP 2981:KNBSZ 2947:DMISR 2819:SEBIN 2707:CITCO 2565:NZSIS 2259:VS/SE 2211:SINSE 2164:SIS ( 1924:NZSIS 1882:CISEN 1520:SHISH 1421:S2CID 1392:S2CID 1367:S2CID 1324:S2CID 1295:S2CID 1202:S2CID 1167:S2CID 1092:S2CID 1061:S2CID 1026:S2CID 962:S2CID 927:S2CID 892:S2CID 828:S2CID 756:S2CID 596:] 529:] 516:] 503:] 490:] 477:] 464:] 445:] 334:Italy 215:] 147:Dutch 4035:CGPJ 4031:SIGC 4015:DGPI 4001:CBŚP 3948:CISC 3936:ACIC 3930:DNIC 3909:ASIF 3845:GIIF 3839:FIOD 3827:FIAU 3820:FNTT 3796:CEIB 3762:COAF 3596:GCHQ 3502:NCBC 3480:JSIB 3462:GCSB 3456:JSCU 3434:8200 3417:BSSN 3411:NTRO 3389:DRSD 3385:DGSE 3373:INSA 3343:NTMC 3263:AFSC 3251:AFID 3241:LWND 3231:MUST 3157:DGIA 3109:MSSI 3091:DDIS 3085:MIVD 3073:DGED 3067:MNDF 3055:AOTD 3031:Aman 2963:DGSE 2929:DCIM 2923:VSOA 2881:DGFI 2875:HNaA 2857:DCSA 2797:NBIS 2743:ISOC 2737:MJIB 2719:SÄPO 2701:KNPA 2689:NISA 2633:NICA 2623:DINI 2559:NCTV 2535:SREL 2489:PSIA 2475:AISI 2449:PAVA 2445:IRGC 2441:VAJA 2373:SSSG 2367:DGSI 2361:SUPO 2355:KAPO 2301:CSIS 2289:DANS 2265:SIPA 2229:ASIO 2217:SIDE 2152:SZRU 2110:TISS 2104:GKNB 2044:NISA 2038:SOVA 2020:CISU 1984:SIED 1972:NICA 1918:AIVD 1912:SISE 1906:DGST 1876:MEIO 1864:GDGS 1834:UKMK 1810:CIRO 1798:AISE 1780:INIS 1774:VAJA 1712:DGSE 1706:NISS 1700:EFIS 1682:BSRG 1670:ÚZSI 1628:CSIS 1604:ABIN 1556:ASIS 1538:SIDE 1264:ISBN 365:and 141:The 49:1830 36:VSSE 4045:NCA 4039:UCO 4027:CGI 3987:NBI 3977:DIA 3960:CBI 3954:NBI 3942:CID 3899:TFI 3893:NCA 3877:SVA 3859:FIU 3853:CBA 3849:SCS 3833:UIF 3814:UIF 3774:FIU 3756:FIU 3750:MMX 3738:UIF 3717:NGA 3673:ORO 3669:SWW 3641:BIG 3635:DAI 3623:AGO 3602:NSA 3584:SIA 3566:NDB 3560:FRA 3554:CCN 3548:SSA 3542:PSS 3528:STS 3498:SWW 3494:SKW 3490:ABW 3474:NSM 3468:RGB 3452:NSO 3446:NSC 3440:DIH 3428:CIS 3407:JCB 3401:RDU 3395:BND 3367:OTC 3355:CSE 3337:ASD 3316:TC2 3297:MIC 3292:ONI 3287:DIA 3257:MIB 3237:MND 3225:DMI 3213:DCC 3209:DIA 3197:OVS 3185:MIO 3179:VOA 3175:VBA 3163:GRU 3145:SWW 3141:SKW 3103:RGB 3097:DIA 3061:DIO 3049:NSC 3043:DIH 3037:CII 3009:DIA 3005:DMI 2975:MIU 2969:MAD 2959:DRM 2899:DIE 2869:DIO 2863:SIM 2836:CIO 2825:TC5 2813:SNB 2807:FBI 2793:NCA 2783:MI5 2775:SBU 2769:ISO 2759:MİT 2753:ANR 2731:GSD 2725:NDB 2713:SIS 2695:SSA 2683:ISD 2677:BIA 2665:FSB 2659:SRI 2653:SIS 2643:SOP 2639:ABW 2629:NBI 2617:SNI 2611:PSS 2605:FIA 2595:ISS 2589:PST 2577:SSD 2571:SSS 2553:SIS 2529:LSS 2525:ISF 2519:STT 2513:VDD 2507:AKI 2501:NIS 2495:NSC 2481:NPA 2463:NSU 2459:SDU 2455:CSB 2435:BIN 2433:), 2405:NSD 2399:EYP 2393:CID 2389:GPS 2383:LfV 2379:BfV 2349:EHS 2343:PET 2337:BIS 2331:SOA 2325:ANR 2319:DNI 2313:MSS 2307:ANI 2295:SNR 2283:IRD 2271:DIS 2241:DTX 2235:DSN 2223:NSS 2205:CSS 2186:TC2 2180:SSS 2174:CIA 2166:MI6 2158:SIA 2146:ESO 2140:MNS 2134:MİT 2128:TIA 2122:NIA 2116:NIA 2098:NSB 2092:GSD 2086:NDB 2080:KSI 2074:GIS 2068:SIS 2062:CNI 2056:NIS 2050:SSA 2032:SIS 2026:SID 2014:BIA 2008:GIP 2002:SVR 1996:SIE 1990:QSS 1966:NIO 1960:ISI 1942:UBK 1936:RGB 1930:NIA 1900:ANB 1894:GIA 1888:SIS 1858:VSD 1852:NSA 1846:SAB 1840:KSS 1828:NIS 1816:GID 1804:NSC 1768:BIN 1762:RAW 1750:EYP 1744:RDU 1740:BGU 1736:BNI 1730:BND 1724:GIS 1718:SIS 1658:SOA 1652:ANR 1646:MSS 1640:ANI 1634:ANS 1622:BMM 1616:DAR 1610:BRD 1598:DIS 1574:NSI 1568:NSA 1562:XKX 1550:DSN 1544:NSS 1532:SIE 1526:DRS 1514:GDI 1413:doi 1384:doi 1357:hdl 1349:doi 1316:doi 1287:doi 1194:doi 1157:hdl 1149:doi 1084:doi 1053:doi 1016:hdl 1008:doi 954:doi 919:doi 882:hdl 874:doi 820:doi 748:doi 419:FBI 336:as 300:MI6 191:CTG 149:as 103:600 4334:: 4037:, 4033:, 4029:, 4007:, 4003:, 3999:, 3989:, 3979:, 3970:id 3901:, 3879:, 3851:, 3847:, 3790:SR 3782:, 3679:, 3675:, 3671:, 3667:, 3665:AW 3572:MI 3520:, 3516:, 3512:, 3508:, 3504:, 3500:, 3496:, 3492:, 3488:, 3486:AW 3454:, 3421:id 3409:, 3387:, 3281:DI 3249:, 3247:MI 3239:, 3211:, 3191:VS 3177:, 3143:, 3129:AI 3127:, 3125:NI 3123:, 3121:MI 3025:G2 3017:, 3007:, 2997:, 2993:, 2989:, 2961:, 2941:FE 2935:VZ 2829:vi 2805:, 2795:, 2791:, 2787:, 2763:İB 2761:, 2747:SB 2745:, 2647:SM 2645:, 2641:, 2631:, 2603:, 2601:IB 2583:IA 2547:SB 2541:DS 2527:, 2487:, 2483:, 2461:, 2457:, 2447:, 2443:, 2431:id 2421:IB 2415:AH 2407:, 2391:, 2381:, 2277:PF 2247:SB 1978:AW 1870:MJ 1786:G2 1756:IH 1742:, 1738:, 1676:FE 1664:DI 1419:. 1409:32 1407:. 1390:. 1365:. 1355:. 1345:30 1343:. 1339:. 1322:. 1312:40 1310:. 1293:. 1283:15 1281:. 1200:. 1190:32 1188:. 1165:. 1155:. 1145:30 1143:. 1139:. 1090:. 1059:. 1049:32 1047:. 1024:. 1014:. 1004:30 1002:. 998:. 960:. 950:40 948:. 925:. 915:32 913:. 890:. 880:. 870:30 868:. 864:. 840:^ 826:. 754:. 594:nl 527:fr 514:fr 501:nl 488:nl 475:nl 462:nl 443:fr 259:. 213:nl 211:; 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Index

Belgian State Security Service
Brussels
Belgium
50°51′27.69″N 4°21′18.58″E / 50.8576917°N 4.3551611°E / 50.8576917; 4.3551611
Federal Public Service Justice
Dutch
French
Belgian
intelligence service
Ministry of Justice
General Information and Security Service
Ministry of Defense
Club de Berne
CTG
Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis
fr
nl
Belgian independence
neutrality
Karl Marx
Franco-Prussian War of 1870
Okhrana
First World War
ADIV/SGRS
a scandal involving the Belgian occupation of the Rhineland
German invasion
government in exile
King Leopold III
MI6
Cold War

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