410:, with the bombing of the Belgian national airport and a metro carriage in the European quarter. The circumstances that led to the failure to prevent the attacks were investigated by a parliamentary commission that recommended a substantial increase in the security services' manpower and budgets and a better integration of the different actors, as well as improvements of information management and sharing. Since 2016, the VSSE has increased its counterterrorism capabilities, helped by long-awaited financial injections. Cooperation with the other security services is also occurring at previously unseen levels of intensity. To further support public understanding of the work of the intelligence service, the VSSE celebrated the 20th anniversary of its legal framework by launching its
340:, and which were coordinated in the participating nations by their secret services. The ensuing parliamentary inquiries found that the Belgian security apparatus was flawed in that it was fragmented and unsupervised. The main recommendation therefore was to provide a legal framework for the intelligence and security services to operate in, and to place them under parliamentary oversight. The State Security entered the post-Cold War era clouded by uncertainty about its future. Despite a widespread demoralisation among the staff because of this, the service continued to successfully counteract the remaining KGB operations in Belgium. Throughout most of the 1990s, the service attempted to reorganise and revitalize itself.
380:. Reorganisation and modernisation of the service was happening slowly and a first performance audit by the Committee I found a number of flaws. The root of the problem was however a chronic underfunding and political disinterest in the security services. Substantial reorganisation was needed when the service was finally allowed to conduct technical surveillance operations, requiring not only the equipment to do so, but also the right mindset to meet the demands for proper justification of the use of the methods granted by the 2010 BIM-law.
373:(CUTA). Dassen did however try to lift the State Security's veil of secrecy, by publishing for the first time a public activity report in 2005, the same year the State Security celebrated its 175th anniversary with a conference ana book on its history and activities. However, the service was embarrassed by the escape of a Kurdish terrorist, as VSSE officers had been put to the task of guarding her while under house arrest. Dassen resigned, stating that guarding suspects was not a task fit for intelligence, but a job for the police.
663:, BIM) BIM methods make it possible to conduct surveillance with technical means and intercept communications. Their use falls under the strict supervision of the Committee I, during and after the operation, and can be suspended by the supervisory body if the use of the method is deemed unlawful. The most intrusive BIMs have to be approved beforehand by a separate committee of three specially appointed magistrates, called the BIM-Commission, and are again subjected to checks during and after by the Committee I.
357:, 'BIM' see below). Until then, the Belgian police had superior capabilities, having been allowed to use wiretapping and technical surveillance methods in 2003 (it had been the intention to provide the intelligence services with similar competences, but this work was left unfinished until 2009). Naturally, this caused a good deal of discontent with the State Security, which had to cede its place as the international preferred Belgian partner for counterterrorism.
271:, the Administration for Public Safety destroyed its archives to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Nothing is known of its history during the war. At the front, a military intelligence service was founded in 1915 that conducted all intelligence work and coordinated the activity of the resistance. Soon after the end of the war, the rivalry between the Public Safety and its military counterpart, known today as the General Information and Security Service (
255:
engage in provocation operations. In 1886, this led to a scandal when a paid informer was caught planning a bombing attack: the
Pourbaix Affair, as it was called, led to a slashing of the Public Safety's budget. Before long, funds had to be increased again however, as a wave of terrorist attacks by Russian anarchists struck Europe. During this time the Belgian intelligence service entered into a very close relationship with the Paris office of the Russian
238:) was installed to protect the fledgling state against attempts by the Dutch king William I to suppress the Belgian rebels. The Public Safety would have two directorates, one being the alien police and the other the security service. As a security service, Public Safety had to protect the Belgian state against Dutch spies and republicans. Intelligence gathering happened only internally: spying abroad was considered a potential breach of the country's
678:
295:, who had decided to stay in Belgium and thus fall into the hands of the Nazis. The government, unwilling to trust the military intelligence service because of their loyalty to their commander-in-chief made prisoner of war, favoured the State Security. This greatly exacerbated the rivalry between the two services, whose mutual animosity forced the government to appoint a High Commissioner to coordinate their actions.
1439:
324:") which gradually intensified in the level of violence used. Whereas the CCC was effectively neutralized within a year, the Brabant killers would continue their bloody activities before disappearing in November 1985 after their most violent raid on a supermarket that claimed 28 fatalities. The case, as well as the identities of the perpetrators, remain unsolved.
202:
relations, the carrying out of security inquiries, and the performance of tasks in relation to the protection of certain important people. That last mission was transferred to the
Belgian Federal Police in 2016. The State Security is also one of the main providers of threat intelligence to Belgium's threat analysis fusion centre, the
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315:
spies. As counterespionage required the expenditure of dedication manpower and resources, from the 1970s onward, the spectre of international terrorism would come to haunt Europe again. As a convenient transit country, Belgium would often feature in terrorist activity, giving the State
Security a key
254:
From the late 1870s and especially during the 1880s, the Public Safety's main concern was the rise of socialist movements. Its freedom from political control - due to the lack of a legal framework and politicians who preferred to keep their secret service at arms' length - led the service to actively
348:
When in 1998 the
Intelligence Services Act came in effect, the State Security finally had a legal framework that determined its remit and competences to fulfill its missions. The sensitivity of intelligence work, after the scandals of the 1980s, had led the lawmakers to postpone the authorisation to
282:
In the 1930s, State
Security was occupied dealing by left- and right-wing extremis, and a surge in German espionage activity. The German threat caused the Belgian government to reinstate the military intelligence service in 1937. As war became imminent, the two services were briefly brought together
302:
and the Dutch secret service, which was allowed to install itself in
Brussels while waiting for the liberation of the Netherlands. The service would play a substantial part in the tracking and punishing of those who had collaborated with the Germans. Afterwards a severe political crisis ensued, as
201:
The main objective of the State
Security is the collection, analysis and processing of all intelligence that might prove relevant to the prevention of any activity that might be a threat against the internal or external security of the state, democratic and constitutional order, or international
242:
which was imposed by the other
European states as a condition for Belgian independence. The service did initiate contacts with foreign intelligence services almost from the outset, building up tight relationships with other European secret services. After peace with the Netherlands, the service
353:(HUMINT). Technical collection of intelligence was not allowed, significantly putting the Belgian intelligence services behind their foreign counterparts in terms of collection and effectiveness. This was changed only in 2010 through the introduction of the Special Intelligence Methods Act (
2998:
3517:
327:
In attempts to investigate the traumatic events, the State
Security's activities came under scrutiny. Revelations about the ties between certain intelligence officers and right-wing organisations coincided with hints that the Brabant killers were actually linked to the NATO-led
3680:
3521:
658:
The entitlements of the
Security Service were granted by the Intelligence Services Act of 30 November 1998. Belgian intelligence does not have policing power and is only able to gather and analyse information. In accordance with the 2010 Special Intelligence Methods Act
2886:
391:. As the number of foreign fighters, grew the service quickly became overwhelmed, and requests for additional financial support were not met by the government even after the VSSE provided the information that foiled a terrorist cell in the border town of
279:, the Public Safety had to take over again. In 1929, an administrative reform made the alien police an independent department and the Public Safety was given the name it still has today: Security of the State (Veiligheid van de Staat/Sûrete de l'Etat).
2762:
650:, was established to bring these agencies, not previously subject to any outside control, under the authority of Belgium's federal parliament. Legislation governing the missions and methods of these agencies was put in place in 1998.
185:. The current Administrator-General is Jaak Raes, after his predecessor Alain Winants occupied the position between 2006 and 2014. The VSSE takes part in a number of international intelligence cooperative relationships, such as the
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3168:
2994:
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3652:
3501:
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Another cause for frustration was the installation of a threat intelligence fusion centre in 2006, a consequence of a European agreement to establish such centres as a reaction to the terrorist attacks on
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1609:
3844:
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1911:
1803:
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2019:
303:
many Belgians opposed the return from captivity of the discredited Leopold III. The State Security had to monitor the opposing forces, especially the nascent communist movement. The onset of the
2616:
3196:
370:
203:
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1531:
275:), would arise as both services' activities overlapped sometimes. The military intelligence service had been given the counterespionage mission, but after it was suspended in 1923 because of
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2990:
2121:
3969:
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2430:
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1845:
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2408:
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3144:
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1651:
316:
role in many successful counterterrorism operations. Despite this, starting in 1982, Belgium would fall victim to a surge of violence. The attacks by the communist terror group
3908:
3262:
2127:
666:
The majority of the methods used (between 1500 and 2000 in recent years) concern localisations and identifications of cell phone numbers, in connection with counterterrorism.
212:
2706:
3801:
3767:
2974:
3072:
2552:
2484:
1887:
3400:
2788:
1881:
1743:
495:
469:
3445:
3360:
3048:
2494:
773:
1905:
1486:
208:
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1983:
1875:
1839:
521:
3156:
2558:
1591:
3348:
2204:
1525:
3672:
3134:
2378:
1965:
508:
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in 2004–2005. Fearing competition and even potential obsolescence, State Security chief Koenraad Dassen actively attempted to harm the establishment of the
588:
3698:
3268:
2382:
2252:
1941:
1579:
68:
4183:
3743:
3230:
2103:
573:
437:
3309:
543:
387:. The CUTA and VSSE were the first security services to warn about the threat of foreign fighters returning to their country in the early days of the
2910:
4014:
3296:
3224:
3090:
3084:
2946:
2892:
1585:
555:
272:
178:
383:
In the 2010s, the VSSE found espionage to be on the rise as never before, a result of the valuable and sensitive information present in Brussels,
3622:
482:
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3941:
3898:
3108:
3024:
2968:
2628:
1785:
1443:
17:
3929:
3886:
3737:
3427:
2652:
2228:
2139:
534:
456:
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4145:
3838:
3577:
3342:
3004:
2582:
2318:
2097:
1669:
1479:
1121:
320:(CCC) coincided with a number of incidents committed by a band of gangsters (eventually acquiring the name of "Les tueurs du Brabant" or "
307:
shifted the focus almost entirely on communism. The threat of Soviet espionage would take priority when Belgium became the host nation of
3935:
3658:
3547:
3315:
3060:
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2622:
2234:
2185:
2055:
1687:
1549:
561:
350:
728:
4309:
3953:
3832:
3274:
3030:
2880:
2752:
2109:
2037:
1705:
4072:
3749:
3571:
3461:
3384:
3246:
3208:
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2922:
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2632:
2564:
2366:
2360:
2264:
2043:
1971:
1923:
1917:
1821:
1815:
1711:
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349:
use intrusive technical means to collect intelligence. Instead, the Belgian intelligence services were only authorised to work with
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3218:
3014:
2928:
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2736:
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2534:
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2300:
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2067:
1995:
1929:
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1749:
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to London to undertake the coordination of the resistance once again. This was impeded by the rift between the government and
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3996:
3819:
3354:
3202:
3096:
2500:
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2031:
2001:
1899:
1827:
1699:
4347:
4178:
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3795:
3559:
3473:
3301:
2958:
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2742:
2730:
2700:
2434:
2091:
2073:
2061:
2049:
1767:
1615:
217:(CUTA/OCAD/OCAM). In recent years, the State Security's activities have focused on the terror threat emanating from Daesh.
376:
In these years Belgian intelligence was adjusting to being subject to the oversight of the parliamentary review committee
4289:
4276:
4026:
3990:
3628:
3493:
3378:
3372:
3212:
3140:
3018:
3008:
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2488:
2240:
2222:
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1675:
1543:
1513:
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brought attention and criticism to the activities and ineffectiveness of the nation's police and intelligence agencies.
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3710:
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3250:
3184:
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2354:
2312:
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2133:
2025:
1851:
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3042:
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1735:
1633:
1267:
631:
284:
4097:
3858:
3848:
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3416:
3120:
3078:
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2330:
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1833:
1657:
1639:
4102:
4030:
3959:
3634:
3420:
3066:
3054:
2952:
2818:
2806:
2610:
2512:
2454:
2440:
2007:
1773:
384:
4082:
3336:
3114:
3036:
2768:
2600:
2414:
2145:
1947:
1573:
174:
133:
2642:
4167:
4107:
4087:
4008:
3852:
3467:
3124:
3102:
2658:
2518:
1935:
1723:
1603:
182:
4254:
3876:
3541:
3451:
3394:
3291:
3256:
3178:
2676:
2604:
2404:
2336:
2013:
1729:
1663:
4020:
3686:
3583:
3565:
3553:
3479:
3286:
3240:
3128:
2774:
2724:
2420:
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2216:
2173:
2157:
2085:
1959:
1537:
691:
500:
474:
403:
366:
299:
288:
243:
focused on subversive elements, successfully thwarting an attempted republican coup d'état instigated by
4200:
3640:
2506:
1761:
362:
311:. With British and American help, Belgian intelligence was significantly expanded to meet the surge of
247:
in 1848. Other successes include the formation of an impromptu foreign intelligence service during the
4337:
4299:
2594:
2348:
317:
3190:
1378:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
1078:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
814:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
742:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
3704:
3601:
3174:
3162:
2718:
2664:
2646:
2546:
2524:
2276:
1869:
1755:
526:
406:
revealed Belgium to be the centre of terrorist activity, a connection given bloody confirmation on
4195:
3455:
2528:
2448:
239:
190:
433:
The Belgian Security Service has had the following directors (called 'administrateur général'):
4038:
3726:
3646:
3505:
2458:
407:
396:
292:
276:
513:
4294:
4044:
4004:
3918:
3892:
2845:
2792:
2746:
593:
4239:
3611:
3325:
3280:
2874:
2388:
1989:
1953:
1621:
696:
251:
to support the Belgian Army, which was standing guard for a potential invasion of Belgium.
450:
8:
3406:
1496:
627:
442:
248:
170:
4234:
1420:
1391:
1366:
1323:
1294:
1201:
1166:
1108:
1091:
1060:
1025:
961:
926:
891:
827:
787:
755:
231:
1306:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
944:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
4271:
4224:
3589:
1739:
1424:
1395:
1370:
1327:
1298:
1263:
1205:
1170:
1095:
1064:
1029:
965:
930:
895:
831:
759:
638:
308:
4264:
3864:
1412:
1383:
1356:
1348:
1315:
1286:
1193:
1156:
1148:
1083:
1052:
1015:
1007:
953:
918:
881:
873:
819:
747:
487:
388:
337:
321:
1416:
1387:
1352:
1319:
1290:
1197:
1152:
1087:
1056:
1011:
957:
922:
877:
823:
751:
644:
In 1991, following two government enquiries, a permanent parliamentary committee,
4304:
4219:
4207:
3664:
3485:
1977:
1464:
156:
169:
intelligence and security agency. Established in 1830, it is the world's oldest
683:
461:
422:
146:
1336:
1136:
995:
861:
4331:
4130:
1260:
Les secrets de la sûreté de l'état. Enquête sur une administration de l'ombre
567:
549:
186:
83:
70:
421:
about an Iraqi terrorist. A murder plot targeting former American president
1361:
1161:
1020:
886:
4259:
646:
579:
377:
312:
268:
635:
414:
and publishing, for the first time in seven years, an activity report.
193:. It has contacts with over 90 sister services across four continents.
4173:
4163:
4135:
3433:
244:
173:. The State Security is a civilian agency under the authority of the
4244:
4212:
2670:
2468:
392:
304:
58:
1403:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
1184:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
1122:"Golden Belgian tip helps to foil assassination of George W. Bush"
1043:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
909:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
4249:
4188:
3880:
3779:
1277:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2016). "185 Years of Belgian Security Service".
981:
De Staatsveiligheid: essays over 175 jaar Veiligheid van de Staat
256:
166:
62:
1245:
Alien Police in Belgium 1840-1940. The creation of guest workers
3150:
2916:
1791:
1438:
1519:
1405:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1341:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1186:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1141:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1045:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1000:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
911:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
866:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
774:"Veiligheid van de Staat - Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie"
333:
1337:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
1137:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
996:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
862:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
3388:
277:
a scandal involving the Belgian occupation of the Rhineland
2780:
2163:
1459:
418:
1252:
La Sûreté. Essais sur les 175 ans de la Sûreté de l'État
626:
During the 1980s, a number of incidents including the
1452:
1250:
M. Cools, K. Dassen, R. Libert, P. Ponsaerts (eds.),
411:
1109:
https://vsse.be/sites/default/files/1-av-nl-2018.pdf
843:
841:
673:
1231:
La Sûreté de l'État: histoire d'une déstabilisation
1494:
795:
709:
838:
630:, the activities of terrorist groups such as the
298:In 1944, State Security returned to Belgium with
4329:
1226:, in: Intelligence and National Security, 1989.
1224:The Secret Police in nineteenth century Brussels
1460:Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee
177:, while the military intelligence agency, the
1480:
1119:
1238:Les services de renseignement et de sécurité
621:
661:"Wet op de Bijzondere Inlichtingenmethoden"
1487:
1473:
729:"Jaak Raes nieuwe topman Staatsveiligheid"
31:Veiligheid van de Staat - Sûreté de l'Etat
1360:
1216:
1160:
1019:
885:
234:, an "Administration for Public Safety" (
179:General Information and Security Service
27:Belgian intelligence and security agency
1334:
1305:
801:
715:
122:Francisca Bostyn, administrator-general
14:
4330:
1402:
1377:
1276:
1183:
1134:
1077:
1042:
993:
943:
908:
859:
847:
813:
741:
181:, operates under the authority of the
1468:
1262:(in French). Tielt: Editions Lannoo.
978:
395:planning an attack shortly after the
371:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis
204:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis
1257:
1240:, Bruxelles, Courier du CRISP, 1999.
1120:Jens Franssen (September 17, 2022).
287:, Belgian intelligence followed the
236:Administration de la Sûreté Publique
4277:Surveillance issues in smart cities
404:13-14 November 2015 attack on Paris
283:under the same ministry. After the
24:
2699:South Korea: Intelligence Bureau,
601:Godelieve Timmermans (2000 – 2002)
318:Cellulles Combattantes Communistes
25:
4364:
1432:
2915:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
2323:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
1650:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
1437:
1380:Terrorism and Political Violence
1080:Terrorism and Political Violence
816:Terrorism and Political Violence
744:Terrorism and Political Violence
676:
1279:Journal of Intelligence History
1177:
1128:
1113:
1102:
1071:
1036:
987:
972:
937:
902:
585:Stephane Schewebach (1990–1993)
385:seat of various EU institutions
355:Bijzondere Inlichtingenmethoden
343:
262:
225:
1229:C. Carpentier & F. Moser,
853:
807:
780:
766:
735:
721:
653:
134:Federal Public Service Justice
18:Belgian State Security Service
13:
1:
4353:Belgian intelligence agencies
4168:List of intelligence agencies
3107:Republic of North Macedonia:
2581:Republic of North Macedonia:
1940:Republic of North Macedonia:
1444:State Security Service (VSSE)
1417:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1388:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
1353:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
1320:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111
1291:10.1080/16161262.2016.1145854
1198:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1153:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
1088:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
1057:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1012:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
958:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111
923:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
878:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
824:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
789:Activiteitenverslag 2017-2018
752:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
702:
604:Koenraad Dassen (2002 – 2006)
417:In 2022, the VSSE tipped the
143:State Security Service (VSSE)
4343:Political history of Belgium
1308:Journal of Strategic Studies
946:Journal of Strategic Studies
628:Brabant supermarket killings
428:
57:6, Boulevard du Roi Albert,
7:
4348:Military history of Belgium
4021:Crime Intelligence Division
2911:CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau
1254:, Brussels, Politeia, 2005.
692:Belgian stay-behind network
669:
607:Alain Winants (2006 – 2014)
249:Franco-Prussian War of 1870
10:
4369:
4265:Turbulence (NSA programme)
4201:Mass surveillance in China
1247:, New York - Oxford, 2000.
220:
196:
4285:
4154:
4121:
4053:
3917:
3725:
3610:
3324:
2844:
2194:
1503:
979:Cools, Marc, ed. (2005).
632:Combatant Communist Cells
622:Parliamentary supervision
129:
115:
107:
99:
53:
45:
40:
35:
2263:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1590:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1335:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
1135:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
994:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
860:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
496:Adolphe Gautier de Rasse
470:Napoleon Joseph Verheyen
84:50.8576917°N 4.3551611°E
4196:Great Firewall of China
540:Alfred Rémy (1927-1929)
267:On the outbreak of the
4305:Law enforcement agency
4179:Diplomatic cable leaks
3647:Air Intelligence Group
2156:United Arab Emirates:
1217:Literature and sources
1497:intelligence agencies
1446:at Wikimedia Commons
610:Jaak Raes (2014–2022)
522:Jean Baptiste De Rode
89:50.8576917; 4.3551611
983:. Brussel: Politeia.
332:operation, known in
232:Belgian independence
171:intelligence service
4317:Intelligence agency
1258:Bové, Lars (2015).
289:government in exile
183:Ministry of Defense
175:Ministry of Justice
80: /
32:
4235:Call detail record
2781:Security Service (
1964:Papua New Guinea:
1233:, Ottignies, 1993.
613:Francisca Bostyn,
589:Bart van Lijsebeth
30:
4325:
4324:
4272:National security
3590:Derzhspetszviazok
1442:Media related to
697:Gladio in Belgium
639:Westland New Post
451:Emmanuel François
425:was thus foiled.
309:NATO headquarters
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
4360:
4338:Counterterrorism
4043:United Kingdom:
3966:Baintelkam Polri
3891:United Kingdom:
3865:Rosfinmonitoring
3709:United Kingdom:
3687:Air Intelligence
3594:United Kingdom:
3279:United Kingdom:
2933:Czech Republic:
2779:United Kingdom:
2427:Baintelkam Polri
2335:Czech Republic:
2162:United Kingdom:
1668:Czech Republic:
1489:
1482:
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1455:
1453:Official website
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739:
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732:
731:. 28 March 2014.
725:
719:
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686:
681:
680:
679:
597:
574:Ludovic Caeymaex
530:
517:
509:François Delatou
504:
491:
478:
465:
446:
438:Isidore Plaisant
322:Bende van Nijvel
293:King Leopold III
216:
162:Sûreté de l'État
152:Staatsveiligheid
116:Agency executive
95:
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3897:United States:
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2196:
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1505:
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1493:
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1362:1854/LU-8512001
1270:
1243:F. Caestecker,
1219:
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1182:
1178:
1162:1854/LU-8512001
1133:
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1021:1854/LU-8512001
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269:First World War
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230:Within days of
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2018:Sierra Leone:
2016:
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2006:Saudi Arabia:
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1433:External links
1431:
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1347:(3): 464–490.
1332:
1314:(7): 927–962.
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2557:Netherlands:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2496:
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2302:
2298:
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2274:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:Azerbaijan:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2187:
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2177:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:Switzerland:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:South Korea:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:Philippines:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:Palace Office
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:North Korea:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:New Zealand:
1921:
1919:
1916:Netherlands:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
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1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:Ivory Coast:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
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1753:
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1747:
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1737:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
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1715:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
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1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
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1667:
1665:
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1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1647:
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1631:
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1625:
1623:
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1607:
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1601:
1599:
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1583:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:Afghanistan:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:(2): 98–116.
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:9789401425902
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:L. Keunings,
1221:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
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951:
947:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
849:
844:
842:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
803:
798:
791:
790:
783:
775:
769:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
730:
724:
717:
712:
708:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
674:
667:
664:
662:
651:
649:
648:
642:
640:
637:
633:
629:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
598:(1994 – 1999)
595:
590:
587:
584:
582:(1977 – 1990)
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:Robert de Foy
566:
563:
560:
558:(1940 - 1944)
557:
554:
551:
550:Robert de Foy
548:
545:
544:René Beltjens
542:
539:
536:
533:
528:
523:
520:
515:
510:
507:
502:
497:
494:
489:
484:
483:Victor Berden
481:
476:
471:
468:
463:
458:
455:
452:
449:
444:
439:
436:
435:
434:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:22 March 2016
405:
401:
399:
398:Charlie Hebdo
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
351:human sources
341:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
260:
258:
252:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
218:
214:
210:
205:
194:
192:
188:
187:Club de Berne
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
135:
132:
130:Parent agency
128:
121:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:Annual budget
106:
102:
98:
93:
72:50°51′27.69″N
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
4290:Border guard
4225:Surveillance
4146:Egmont Group
4122:Intelligence
4054:Intelligence
3940:Bangladesh:
3921:intelligence
3754:Bangladesh:
3748:Azerbaijan:
3729:intelligence
3614:intelligence
3534:
3444:Kazakhstan:
3341:Bangladesh:
3328:intelligence
3047:Kazakhstan:
2879:Bangladesh:
2848:intelligence
2811:Uzbekistan:
2782:
2533:Luxembourg:
2493:Kazakhstan:
2258:
2245:Bangladesh:
2197:intelligence
2178:Uzbekistan:
2165:
2102:Tajikistan:
1910:Mozambique:
1898:Montenegro:
1832:Kyrgyzstan:
1820:Kazakhstan:
1572:Bangladesh:
1560:Azerbaijan:
1506:intelligence
1436:
1408:
1404:
1379:
1344:
1340:
1311:
1307:
1282:
1278:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1115:
1104:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1003:
999:
989:
980:
974:
949:
945:
939:
914:
910:
904:
869:
865:
855:
815:
809:
802:Lasoen 2017a
797:
788:
782:
768:
743:
737:
723:
716:Lasoen 2017b
711:
665:
660:
657:
645:
643:
625:
614:
432:
416:
397:
382:
375:
359:
354:
347:
344:21st century
329:
326:
297:
281:
266:
263:20th century
253:
235:
229:
226:19th century
200:
161:
160:
151:
150:
142:
140:
111:€ 50 million
75:4°21′18.58″E
54:Headquarters
4295:Coast guard
4260:Stone Ghost
4230:Big Brother
4093:New Zealand
3964:Indonesia:
3934:Australia:
3928:Argentina:
3818:Lithuania (
3800:Indonesia:
3742:Australia:
3736:Argentina:
3639:Indonesia:
3621:Australia:
3415:Indonesia:
3335:Australia:
3308:Venezuela:
3223:Sri Lanka:
3183:Singapore:
3115:E-tjenesten
3053:Lithuania:
3013:Indonesia:
2999:SAHEFAVEDJA
2867:Australia:
2817:Venezuela:
2711:Sri Lanka:
2681:Singapore:
2609:Palestine:
2517:Lithuania:
2425:Indonesia:
2403:Hong Kong:
2227:Australia:
2215:Argentina:
2066:Sri Lanka:
2024:Singapore:
1948:E-tjenesten
1856:Lithuania:
1766:Indonesia:
1554:Australia:
1536:Argentina:
848:Lasoen 2016
654:Entitlement
647:Committee I
592: [
580:Albert Raes
576:(1958–1977)
570:(1947–1958)
564:(1944-1947)
552:(1933-1943)
546:(1929-1933)
537:(1906-1927)
535:Louis Gonne
531:(1903-1906)
525: [
518:(1890-1903)
512: [
505:(1882-1890)
499: [
492:(1869-1882)
486: [
479:(1852-1869)
473: [
466:(1840-1852)
460: [
457:Alexis Hody
453:(1831-1839)
447:(1830-1831)
441: [
378:Committee I
330:Stay Behind
313:Warsaw Pact
207: [
87: /
4332:Categories
4068:Bangladesh
3952:Finland:
3697:Portugal:
3685:Pakistan:
3651:Malaysia:
3535:Spetssvyaz
3478:Pakistan:
3371:Ethiopia:
3349:2ª Sch/EMD
3261:Thailand:
3195:Slovenia:
3189:Slovakia:
3149:Portugal:
3119:Pakistan:
3065:Maldives:
3059:Malaysia:
3019:Pusintelad
2834:Zimbabwe:
2741:Thailand:
2651:Portugal:
2615:Paraguay:
2599:Pakistan:
2545:Malaysia:
2317:Colombia:
2287:Bulgaria:
2269:Botswana:
2114:Thailand:
2108:Tanzania:
2036:Slovenia:
2030:Slovakia:
1982:Portugal:
1958:Pakistan:
1892:Mongolia:
1874:Malaysia:
1704:Ethiopia:
1694:Mukhabarat
1680:Djibouti:
1620:Cameroon:
1614:Bulgaria:
1596:Botswana:
1124:. VRT NWS.
703:References
615:ad interim
240:neutrality
145:(known in
4240:Carnivore
4189:CIA leaks
4184:NSA leaks
4164:Espionage
4141:Maximator
4136:Five Eyes
4124:alliances
4063:Australia
4056:community
4013:Romania:
3997:BWiIK KGP
3907:Vatican:
3806:Ireland:
3788:Iceland:
3727:Financial
3705:TsVTI GRU
3659:GEOINT NZ
3627:Finland:
3588:Ukraine:
3526:Romania:
3426:Ireland:
3393:Germany:
3377:Finland:
3365:Croatia:
3314:Vietnam:
3273:Ukraine:
3155:Romania:
3095:Nigeria:
3077:Myanmar:
3071:Morocco:
3023:Ireland:
2979:Hungary:
2967:Germany:
2953:PE TIEDOS
2951:Finland:
2939:Denmark:
2921:Croatia:
2893:ADIV/SGRS
2891:Belgium:
2887:GRU MO RB
2885:Belarus:
2873:Austria:
2855:Algeria:
2823:Vietnam:
2773:Ukraine:
2687:Somalia:
2657:Romania:
2569:Nigeria:
2551:Moldova:
2523:Lebanon:
2453:Ireland:
2413:Hungary:
2377:Germany:
2371:Georgia:
2359:Finland:
2353:Estonia:
2341:Denmark:
2329:Croatia:
2293:Burundi:
2257:Belgium:
2251:Belarus:
2233:Austria:
2221:Armenia:
2203:Algeria:
2184:Vietnam:
2150:Ukraine:
2126:Tunisia:
2042:Somalia:
1994:Romania:
1928:Nigeria:
1904:Morocco:
1886:Moldova:
1862:Lebanon:
1850:Liberia:
1784:Ireland:
1754:Hungary:
1728:Germany:
1722:Georgia:
1698:Estonia:
1686:Ecuador:
1674:Denmark:
1656:Croatia:
1586:ADIV/SGRS
1584:Belgium:
1578:Belarus:
1566:Bahrain:
1548:Austria:
1542:Armenia:
1524:Algeria:
1518:Albania:
1495:National
1425:158963928
1396:149729772
1371:157376383
1328:157685300
1299:147394882
1206:158963928
1171:157376383
1096:149729772
1065:158963928
1030:157376383
966:157685300
931:158963928
896:157376383
832:149729772
760:149729772
562:Pol Bihin
429:Directors
273:ADIV/SGRS
245:Karl Marx
100:Employees
4245:Dishfire
4213:Interpol
4098:Pakistan
4005:ZOŚ KGSG
3995:Poland:
3946:Canada:
3919:Criminal
3885:Turkey:
3863:Russia:
3843:Poland:
3831:Mexico:
3778:France:
3766:Canada:
3760:Brazil:
3703:Russia:
3663:Poland:
3645:Israel:
3576:Turkey:
3558:Sweden:
3532:Russia:
3506:gOR 3.FO
3484:Poland:
3472:Norway:
3432:Israel:
3383:France:
3353:Canada:
3347:Brazil:
3267:Turkey:
3255:Taiwan:
3229:Sweden:
3203:SANDF-ID
3173:Serbia:
3161:Russia:
3139:Poland:
3113:Norway:
3079:Sa Ya Pa
3029:Israel:
3015:BAIS TNI
2995:SAHEFASA
2991:SAHEFAJA
2957:France:
2905:CFINTCOM
2903:Canada:
2897:Brazil:
2861:Angola:
2846:Military
2767:Uganda:
2757:Turkey:
2735:Taiwan:
2717:Sweden:
2675:Serbia:
2671:Mabahith
2663:Russia:
2637:Poland:
2587:Norway:
2511:Latvia:
2505:Kosovo:
2485:TMPD PSB
2469:Shin Bet
2467:Israel:
2397:Greece:
2365:France:
2299:Canada:
2281:Brunei:
2275:Brazil:
2209:Angola:
2195:Domestic
2144:Uganda:
2132:Turkey:
2096:Taiwan:
2078:Sweden:
2012:Serbia:
2000:Russia:
1976:Poland:
1946:Norway:
1880:Mexico:
1844:Latvia:
1838:Kuwait:
1814:Jordan:
1790:Israel:
1748:Greece:
1716:Gambia:
1710:France:
1626:Canada:
1608:Brunei:
1602:Brazil:
1530:Angola:
1411:: 5–19.
1382:: 1–19.
1192:: 5–19.
1082:: 1–19.
1051:: 5–19.
917:: 5–19.
818:: 1–19.
746:: 1–19.
670:See also
636:neo-Nazi
634:and the
400:massacre
393:Verviers
305:Cold War
189:and the
59:Brussels
4300:Customs
4250:ECHELON
4155:Related
4073:Croatia
4025:Spain:
4009:ZK KGŻW
3975:Italy:
3958:India:
3881:SEPBLAC
3875:Spain:
3857:Qatar:
3825:Malta:
3812:Italy:
3794:India:
3780:Tracfin
3768:FINTRAC
3744:AUSTRAC
3677:12.BBSP
3633:India:
3629:PVTIEDL
3612:Imagery
3578:MİT-SİB
3570:Syria:
3552:Spain:
3510:CRiWWRE
3438:Japan:
3405:India:
3399:Ghana:
3379:PVTIEDL
3359:China:
3326:Signals
3245:Syria:
3217:Spain:
3041:Japan:
3035:Italy:
3003:India:
2973:Ghana:
2945:Egypt:
2909:China:
2803:I&A
2729:Syria:
2705:Spain:
2539:Macau:
2499:Kenya:
2479:Japan:
2473:Italy:
2419:India:
2387:Ghana:
2347:Egypt:
2311:China:
2305:Chile:
2090:Syria:
2072:Sudan:
2060:Spain:
1988:Qatar:
1868:Libya:
1826:Kenya:
1808:Japan:
1796:Italy:
1760:India:
1734:Ghana:
1692:Egypt:
1644:China:
1638:Chile:
1592:OSA-OBA
1504:Foreign
792:, p. 8.
412:website
257:Okhrana
221:History
197:Mission
167:Belgian
165:) is a
63:Belgium
4157:topics
4103:Russia
4083:Israel
4078:France
3991:PNP-IG
3903:FinCEN
3772:Fiji:
3699:CIGeoE
3693:NMARSC
3681:JW NIL
3653:MaCGDI
3522:JW NIL
3518:6.ORel
3514:2.ORel
3361:SIGINT
3275:HUR MO
3151:CISMIL
2985:Iran:
2927:Cuba:
2917:DEMIAP
2789:NDEDIU
2751:Togo:
2621:Peru:
2593:Oman:
2439:Iran:
2409:CPGNSO
2253:KGB RB
2120:Togo:
1952:Oman:
1822:Syrbar
1792:Mossad
1778:Iraq:
1772:Iran:
1688:SENAIN
1662:Cuba:
1632:Chad:
1580:KGB RB
1423:
1394:
1369:
1326:
1297:
1266:
1204:
1169:
1094:
1063:
1028:
964:
929:
894:
830:
786:VSSE,
758:
402:. The
367:London
363:Madrid
338:Gladio
157:French
46:Formed
4310:Types
4255:PRISM
4174:Leaks
4088:Italy
3981:DIGOS
3887:MASAK
3871:GDOFI
3808:GNECB
3802:PPATK
3784:DNRED
3711:DGIFC
3582:UAE:
3310:DGCIM
3302:USAFI
3219:CIFAS
3169:AFISC
3135:ISAFP
2981:KNBSZ
2947:DMISR
2819:SEBIN
2707:CITCO
2565:NZSIS
2259:VS/SE
2211:SINSE
2164:SIS (
1924:NZSIS
1882:CISEN
1520:SHISH
1421:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1367:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1202:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1092:S2CID
1061:S2CID
1026:S2CID
962:S2CID
927:S2CID
892:S2CID
828:S2CID
756:S2CID
596:]
529:]
516:]
503:]
490:]
477:]
464:]
445:]
334:Italy
215:]
147:Dutch
4035:CGPJ
4031:SIGC
4015:DGPI
4001:CBŚP
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3936:ACIC
3930:DNIC
3909:ASIF
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3839:FIOD
3827:FIAU
3820:FNTT
3796:CEIB
3762:COAF
3596:GCHQ
3502:NCBC
3480:JSIB
3462:GCSB
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3417:BSSN
3411:NTRO
3389:DRSD
3385:DGSE
3373:INSA
3343:NTMC
3263:AFSC
3251:AFID
3241:LWND
3231:MUST
3157:DGIA
3109:MSSI
3091:DDIS
3085:MIVD
3073:DGED
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2963:DGSE
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2797:NBIS
2743:ISOC
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2689:NISA
2633:NICA
2623:DINI
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2475:AISI
2449:PAVA
2445:IRGC
2441:VAJA
2373:SSSG
2367:DGSI
2361:SUPO
2355:KAPO
2301:CSIS
2289:DANS
2265:SIPA
2229:ASIO
2217:SIDE
2152:SZRU
2110:TISS
2104:GKNB
2044:NISA
2038:SOVA
2020:CISU
1984:SIED
1972:NICA
1918:AIVD
1912:SISE
1906:DGST
1876:MEIO
1864:GDGS
1834:UKMK
1810:CIRO
1798:AISE
1780:INIS
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