165:, an American, joined the expedition there. The Brazilians were also very interested in the Belgian scientific undertaking. The Historical and Geographical Society of Rio held a special meeting where the scientists and officers of the expedition were offered membership. A few weeks later, in Montevideo, Amundsen wrote in his diary that he had never seen so many beautiful women "in one place at the same time".
33:
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220:
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and seals were hunted and their meat stored before the onset of winter left the region devoid of wildlife. Warm clothing was improvised from the materials available. On 21 March 1898, Cook wrote: "We are imprisoned in an endless sea of ice ... We have told all the tales, real and imaginative, to
296:
and various tools to create the channel. Finally, on 15 February, they managed to start slowly down the channel they had cleared during the weeks before. It took them nearly a month to cover seven miles (11 km) and, on 14 March, they cleared the ice. The expedition returned to
Antwerp on 5
305:
In
Antwerp, the return of the expedition was heartily welcomed. A special committee had been planning the festivities for months. Typical for polar expeditions in this age, feelings of national and regional pride surrounded the homecoming celebrations. On the day they first set foot on Belgian soil
279:
in the Arctic. He retrieved the frozen penguin and seal meat and insisted that each man eat some each day. Even
Gerlache began to eat the meat and slowly the men recovered their health. It is now known that raw meat and organs contain a small amount of Vitamin C.
287:
was still trapped in ice about seven feet (2 m) thick and the possibility of another winter in the ice seemed real. Open water was visible about one-half mile (800 m) away and Cook suggested that trenches be cut to the open water to allow
113:
to organize a national subscription, but was able to outfit his expedition only after the
Belgian government voted in favor of two large subsidies, making it a state-supported undertaking. With a multinational crew that included
738:
We are imprisoned in an endless sea of ice, and find our horizon monotonous. We have told all the tales, real and imaginative, to which we are equal. Time weighs heavily upon us as the darkness slowly advances.
905:
3538:
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November 1899. Though the circumstances had been severe, the expedition had nevertheless managed to collect scientific data, including a full year of meteorological observations.
180:
was named in his honor. Sailing in between the Graham Land coast and a long string of islands to the west, Gerlache named the passage "Belgica Strait"; it was later renamed
268:
was named in his honor. Several men reportedly lost their sanity at this point, including one
Belgian sailor who left the ship "announcing he was going back to Belgium."
859:
687:
236:
expedition was poorly equipped and did not have enough winter clothing for every man on board. There was a shortage of food, and what there was lacked in variety.
900:
580:
Through The First
Antarctic Night 1898–1899: A Narrative Of The Voyage Of The "Belgica" Among Newly Discovered Lands And Over An Unknown Sea About The South Pole
283:
Several months of hardship followed. Even as spring and summer arrived, attempts to free the ship and its crew from the grip of the ice failed. By
January 1899,
423:
Adam
Tollefsen – Norwegian – able seaman; suffered a mental breakdown during the expedition and had to be committed to a mental institution on his return
271:
Cook and
Amundsen took command as Gerlache and Lecointe were unable to fulfill their roles due to scurvy. The true cause of scurvy as a deficiency of
248:
Gerlache disliked the penguin and seal meat that had been stored and initially tried to ban its consumption, but eventually encouraged it. Signs of
766:
Moreover, Gerlache had sampled the animals, badly prepared by cook Louis
Michotte, and found them so disgusting that he tried to ban them from the
310:
sounded and the national flag was seen waving from many houses. The Belgian state honored Gerlache and his men by making them members of the Royal
386:
241:
which we are equal. Time weighs heavily upon us as the darkness slowly advances." Several weeks later, on 17 May, the perpetual darkness of
4147:
2700:
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was not discovered until the 1920s, but Cook was convinced that raw meat was a possible cure for scurvy due to his experiences with
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1991:
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Carl August Wiencke – Norwegian – able seaman; washed overboard and drowned on January 22, 1898, on the way to Antarctica.
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Josef Duvivier – Belgian – mechanic; fired on 26 October 1897 in Rio de Janeiro, rehired in Montevideo, fired again in
184:
in his honor. After charting and naming several islands from some twenty separate landings, the expedition crossed the
17:
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and morale in general was extremely poor. Lieutenant Danco fell ill from a heart condition and died on 5 June.
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2002:
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A. Cabay, 'The funding of the Belgian Antarctic expedition 1897–1899' in: Decleir, H. en C. De Broyer ed.,
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2015:
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781:'Expedition Antarctique Belge. Reception solonnelle des explorateurs a leurs arrivée a Anvers' in:
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Lecointe, G., C. Kaiser and H. Goldfine (translation), In the Land of the Penguins (Erskine 2020)
257:
4013:
3579:
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396:– Belgian – geophysical observations; died on June 5, 1898, from heart problems and exhaustion
207:
in order to freeze his vessel into the ice for the winter. Despite the crew's efforts to free
67:, it was the first Belgian Antarctic expedition and is considered the first expedition of the
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2009:
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211:, they quickly realised that they would be trapped for the duration of the Antarctic winter.
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79:, explorers who would later attempt the respective conquests of the North and South Poles.
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was received particularly enthusiastically in Rio, where a large Belgian community lived.
8:
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1997:
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Madhouse at the End of the Earth: The Belgica's Journey into the Dark Antarctic Night
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Maurice Warzee – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
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Jan Van Damme – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
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The Belgica expedition centennial: perspectives on Antarctic science and history
917:
Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary. The first scientific expedition to the Antarctic
609:
Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary: The First Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic
549:
The Belgica expedition centennial: perspectives on Antarctic science and history
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Frans Dom – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
439:
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335:
261:
200:
177:
176:. On 22 January, Carl Wiencke was washed overboard during a storm and drowned.
162:
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72:
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1205:
1183:
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483:
Lemonier – French – cook; fired on 13 November 1897, due to insubordination
477:
276:
265:
4098:
3998:
3946:
3764:
3551:
3339:
2714:
2646:
2408:
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2230:
2130:
2122:
1930:
1266:
663:
Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
242:
192:
173:
752:
Hoosh: Roast Penguin, Scurvy Day, and Other Stories of Antarctic Cuisine
219:
3897:
3800:
3784:
3626:
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3460:
2869:
2818:
2778:
2100:
1826:
1754:
1696:
1089:
1057:
195:
on 28 February, Gerlache's expedition became trapped in the ice of the
154:
3419:
2256:
1808:
1591:
457:
272:
53:
1001:
860:"Adrien de Gerlache, Belgica Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–1899"
3351:
204:
110:
3978:
3358:
1623:
1599:
1587:
237:
146:
139:
2145:
203:. It is likely that Gerlache intentionally sailed deep into the
2224:
1549:
249:
32:
1610:
473:
Julliksen – Norwegian – carpenter; resigned on 22 August 1897
96:
470:
Johansen – Norwegian – boatswain; resigned on 22 August 1897
445:
Johan Koren – Norwegian – cabin boy and assistant zoologist
322:
902:
Expedition Belge au Pôle Sud: la Belgica et son Equipage
362:– Belgian – captain, executive officer, and hydrographer
292:
to escape the ice. The weakened crew used the explosive
2815:
349:
The expedition team included many notable individuals:
252:
began to show in some of the men. Gerlache and Captain
52:
of 1897–1899 was the first expedition to winter in the
383:– Polish – geologist, oceanographer, and meteorologist
377:– American – surgeon, anthropologist, and photographer
979:
Poolnacht: Adrien de Gerlache en de Belgica-expeditie
815:
637:
Antarctic Pioneers. The Voyage of the Belgica 1897–99
889:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Géographie d'Anvers
783:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Géographie d'Anvers
801:. Google Books: Penguin Random House. p. 278.
630:
628:
402:– Romanian – zoologist, botanist, and speleologist
145:En route to the Antarctic, the expedition visited
962:Gerlache de Gomery, A., M. Raraty (translation),
895:Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge de Géographie
749:
456:. He died on 22 June 1898, and was buried in the
426:Ludvig-Hjalmar Johansen – Norwegian – able seaman
4124:
625:
530:
924:Before the heroes came. Antarctica in the 1890s
606:
87:In 1896, after a period of intensive lobbying,
838:. Shepperton: Nauticalia Ltd. pp. 59–60.
659:
1017:
607:Amundsen, Roald (1999). Decleir, Hugo (ed.).
432:Gustave-Gaston Dufour – Belgian – able seaman
936:Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898–1899
716:Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898-1899
82:
719:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
666:. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
420:Louis Michotte – Belgian – steward and cook
411:Jules Melaerts – Belgian – third lieutenant
260:. Two of the crew started to show signs of
91:purchased the Norwegian-built whaling ship
1024:
1010:
602:
600:
429:Engebret Knudsen – Norwegian – able seaman
89:Adrien Victor Joseph de Gerlache de Gomery
976:
821:
4082:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
688:"Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–1899"
583:. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
321:
218:
105:. Gerlache had worked together with the
31:
3657:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
794:
597:
371:Henri Somers – Belgian – chief engineer
14:
4125:
634:
572:
570:
27:Late-19th century Antarctic expedition
2801:
1043:
1031:
1005:
833:
827:
435:Jan Van Mirlo – Belgian – able seaman
929:
852:
712:
576:
4148:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
3443:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1640:Norse colonization of North America
915:Amundsen, Roald, Decleir, H. (ed),
754:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 47.
567:
537:(in French). Bruxelles: Ch. Bulens.
508:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
448:Koren brought on board Nansen, the
69:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
24:
2972:United States Exploring Expedition
973:(Antwerp 2011). ISBN 9789081833509
955:Decleir, H., de Broyer, C. (eds),
408:– Polish – assistant meteorologist
245:set in, and lasted until 23 July.
25:
4164:
4046:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3414:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
862:. Cool Antarctica. Archived from
639:. Oslo, Norway: The Fram Museum.
3940:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3333:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
971:Antarctica. De Belgen op de pool
95:, which, following an extensive
964:Fifteen months in the Antarctic
881:
788:
775:
743:
562:Fifteen months in the Antarctic
256:became so ill they wrote their
191:Failing to find a way into the
912:(Anvers: Bellemans, s.a. 1897)
795:Sancton, Julian (4 May 2021).
706:
680:
653:
554:
541:
534:Quinze Mois dans l'Antarctique
524:
466:Personnel resigned or let go:
13:
1:
3319:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3254:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2802:
635:Kløver, Geir O., ed. (2010).
513:List of Antarctic expeditions
4138:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3676:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3492:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3298:French Antarctic Expeditions
3228:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3114:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1232:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
836:Ship's Cats in War and Peace
518:
317:
300:
58:Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery
50:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
7:
2761:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2440:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1305:Andrée's balloon expedition
981:(in Dutch). Tielt: Lannoo.
713:Cook, Frederick A. (2014).
577:Cook, Frederick A. (1900).
496:
417:– Belgian – second engineer
406:Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski
10:
4169:
1962:Franklin's lost expedition
1662:Christian IV's expeditions
1044:
750:Anthony, Jason C. (2012).
560:A. de Gerlache de Gomery,
3779:
3510:
3097:
2837:
2814:
2810:
2797:
2316:Great Northern Expedition
2210:
1992:Rae–Richardson expedition
1741:
1586:
1192:British Arctic Expedition
1084:
1056:
1052:
1039:
897:. vol. 20–24 (1896–1900).
891:. vol. 20–24 (1896–1900).
531:Gerlache, Adrien (1902).
503:Belgian Antarctic Program
214:
83:Preparation and surveying
71:. Among its members were
3600:British Antarctic Survey
3594:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2839:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
368:– Norwegian – first mate
4076:Pole of inaccessibility
3739:Antarctic Treaty System
2080:2nd Grinnell expedition
941:Doubleday & McClure
908:2 February 2017 at the
660:R. K. Headland (1989).
442:was named in his honor.
977:Verlinden, J. (1993).
551:(Brussels 2001) 83–92.
346:
229:
45:
4133:Antarctic expeditions
3746:Transglobe Expedition
3645:Operation Deep Freeze
3054:Challenger expedition
1920:Coppermine expedition
1441:Drifting ice stations
564:(Bluntisham 1998) 22.
356:– Belgian – commander
325:
222:
172:reached the coast of
168:During January 1898,
35:
611:. Bluntisham Books.
415:Max Van Rysselberghe
326:From left to right:
107:Geographical Society
3916:South magnetic pole
2582:Brusilov expedition
1691:Danish colonization
1129:North magnetic pole
834:Lewis, Val (2002).
480:due to incompetence
142:on 16 August 1897.
3607:Operation Windmill
3588:Operation Highjump
2563:Rusanov expedition
2468:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2212:North East Passage
2016:McClure expedition
354:Adrien de Gerlache
347:
230:
228:trapped in the ice
197:Bellingshausen Sea
46:
18:Belgica Expedition
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
3574:Operation Tabarin
3436:Far Eastern Party
3282:Nimrod Expedition
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2352:M. Pronchishcheva
2274:Siberian Cossacks
1743:Northwest Passage
1076:Research stations
1033:Polar exploration
966:(Bluntisham 1998)
919:(Bluntisham 1999)
866:on 9 October 2010
761:978-0-8032-4474-0
694:on 9 October 2010
673:978-0-521-30903-5
618:978-1-85297-058-1
590:978-0-905838-40-3
334:, Somers, Danco,
16:(Redirected from
4160:
3621:Ronne Expedition
3106:
3100:
2964:Dumont d'Urville
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2347:V. Pronchishchev
1054:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
1002:
992:
969:Lambrechts, J.,
952:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
850:
849:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:
792:
786:
779:
773:
772:
747:
741:
740:
735:
733:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
690:. Archived from
684:
678:
677:
657:
651:
650:
632:
623:
622:
604:
595:
594:
574:
565:
558:
552:
545:
539:
538:
528:
395:
381:Henryk Arctowski
360:Georges Lecointe
340:Van Rysselberghe
312:Order of Leopold
254:Georges Lecointe
188:on 15 February.
186:Antarctic Circle
128:Henryk Arctowski
21:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4108:
3783:
3775:
3651:McMurdo Station
3520:Modern research
3518:
3506:
3241:O. Nordenskjöld
3104:
3098:
3093:
3009:Ross expedition
2833:
2806:
2785:
2214:
2206:
1747:Northern Canada
1745:
1737:
1590:
1582:
1088:
1080:
1048:
1035:
1030:
995:
989:
959:(Brussels 2001)
926:(Nebraska 1994)
922:Baughman, T.H.
910:Wayback Machine
884:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
853:
846:
832:
828:
820:
816:
809:
793:
789:
785:24 (1900) 5–17.
780:
776:
762:
748:
744:
731:
729:
727:
711:
707:
697:
695:
686:
685:
681:
674:
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654:
647:
633:
626:
619:
605:
598:
591:
575:
568:
559:
555:
546:
542:
529:
525:
521:
499:
454:Fridtjof Nansen
389:
320:
303:
217:
182:Gerlache Strait
85:
56:region. Led by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4153:Wiencke Island
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:Vostok Station
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:Cherry-Garrard
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3859:Southern Cross
3855:
3854:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3789:
3787:
3781:Farthest South
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3478:Ross Sea party
3474:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3172:Southern Cross
3165:Southern Cross
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3109:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3030:
3024:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:Bellingshausen
2901:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:Russian Arctic
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1658:
1653:
1651:Snæbjörn galti
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1553:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1086:Farthest North
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
987:
974:
967:
960:
953:
927:
920:
913:
898:
892:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:
851:
844:
826:
822:Verlinden 1993
814:
807:
787:
774:
760:
742:
725:
705:
679:
672:
652:
645:
624:
617:
596:
589:
566:
553:
540:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
474:
471:
464:
463:
462:
461:
452:, named after
443:
440:Wiencke Island
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
397:
384:
378:
375:Frederick Cook
372:
369:
366:Roald Amundsen
363:
357:
319:
316:
308:La Brabançonne
302:
299:
262:mental illness
216:
213:
201:Peter I Island
178:Wiencke Island
163:Frederick Cook
151:Rio de Janeiro
138:set sail from
116:Roald Amundsen
84:
81:
77:Roald Amundsen
73:Frederick Cook
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4165:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:Discovery Hut
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:A. Sibiryakov
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:Glavsevmorput
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:J. Richardson
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
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118:from Norway,
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99:, he renamed
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3305:Pourquoi-Pas
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3275:Orcadas Base
3273:
3265:
3252:
3246:C. A. Larsen
3234:
3226:
3212:
3205:
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3184:
3178:Borchgrevink
3171:
3163:
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3080:
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3052:
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2143:
2129:
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2065:
2036:
2024:Investigator
2023:
2014:
1990:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1947:
1918:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1835:
1820:
1790:
1709:
1689:
1660:
1656:Erik the Red
1638:
1616:
1609:
1566:submersibles
1563:
1557:Arktika 2007
1555:
1548:
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1522:
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1510:
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1446:
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1322:
1311:S. A. Andrée
1303:
1290:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1230:
1212:
1199:
1190:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1127:
978:
970:
963:
956:
939:. New York:
935:
923:
916:
901:
894:
888:
882:Bibliography
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
854:
835:
829:
817:
797:
790:
782:
777:
767:
765:
751:
745:
737:
730:. Retrieved
715:
708:
696:. Retrieved
692:the original
682:
662:
655:
636:
608:
579:
561:
556:
548:
543:
533:
526:
478:Punta Arenas
465:
348:
304:
289:
284:
282:
277:Robert Peary
270:
266:Danco Island
247:
233:
231:
224:
208:
190:
169:
167:
158:
144:
135:
101:
92:
86:
63:
49:
47:
41:anchored at
37:
29:
4143:Graham Land
3765:Lake Vostok
3715:Tryoshnikov
3637:Schlossbach
3528:Christensen
3470:James Caird
3391:E. R. Evans
3157:Dobrowolski
3127:de Gerlache
2829:Expeditions
2715:Aviaarktika
2669:Samoylovich
2540:Kolomeitsev
2434:Middendorff
2394:Gedenshtrom
1814:I. Fyodorov
1576:Chilingarov
1464:E. Fyodorov
1071:Expeditions
931:Cook, F. A.
390: [
387:Émile Danco
243:polar night
193:Weddell Sea
174:Graham Land
60:aboard the
4127:Categories
3988:Terra Nova
3893:Shackleton
3836:J. C. Ross
3795:Resolution
3785:South Pole
3560:New Swabia
3484:Mackintosh
3456:Shackleton
3375:Terra Nova
3368:Terra Nova
3102:Heroic Age
3062:Challenger
3022:J. C. Ross
2932:Bransfield
2864:Resolution
2779:icebreaker
2743:Chelyuskin
2484:expedition
2462:Expedition
2404:Matyushkin
2362:Kh. Laptev
2357:Chelyuskin
2251:Heemskerck
2241:Chancellor
2236:Willoughby
2231:Koch boats
2174:Stefansson
2108:McClintock
2072:Inglefield
1914:J. C. Ross
1821:Resolution
1673:Cunningham
1571:Sagalevich
1260:expedition
1219:Stephenson
1179:C. F. Hall
1166:expedition
1140:J. C. Ross
1103:Heemskerck
1090:North Pole
732:28 January
698:19 October
450:ship's cat
155:Montevideo
4087:Tolstikov
3873:Discovery
3843:HMS
3828:HMS
3810:Adventure
3808:HMS
3793:HMS
3729:Tolstikov
3450:Endurance
3235:Antarctic
3220:Drygalski
3193:Discovery
3186:Discovery
3147:Arctowski
3060:HMS
3033:HMS
3027:Abernethy
3015:HMS
2993:USS
2980:Vincennes
2978:USS
2958:Astrolabe
2898:San Telmo
2879:Adventure
2877:HMS
2862:HMS
2857:Kerguelen
2819:Continent
2804:Antarctic
2681:Urvantsev
2639:Vilkitsky
2492:Jeannette
2490:USS
2482:Jeannette
2446:Weyprecht
2424:Pakhtusov
2374:Chichagov
2367:D. Laptev
2310:Permyakov
2285:Stadukhin
2280:Perfilyev
2257:Mangazeya
2195:H. Larsen
2160:Rasmussen
2115:HMS
2086:USS
2035:HMS
2022:HMS
1986:Collinson
1976:HMS
1968:HMS
1946:HMS
1894:HMS
1879:HMS
1864:HMS
1849:Mackenzie
1836:Discovery
1834:HMS
1819:HMS
1791:Discovery
1770:Frobisher
1733:Rasmussen
1646:Gunnbjörn
1592:Greenland
1521:USS
1512:USS
1384:Ellsworth
1326:Roosevelt
1256:Nansen's
1213:Discovery
1211:HMS
1198:HMS
1145:Abernethy
1113:Marmaduke
870:5 October
519:Footnotes
458:Antarctic
338:, Bryde,
318:Personnel
301:Reception
273:Vitamin C
54:Antarctic
4099:A. Fuchs
4056:V. Fuchs
4036:McKinley
3999:E. Evans
3958:Bjaaland
3953:Amundsen
3903:Marshall
3816:Furneaux
3668:V. Fuchs
3632:E. Ronne
3627:F. Ronne
3566:Ritscher
3420:SY
3408:Filchner
3352:Framheim
3346:Amundsen
3152:Racoviță
3137:Amundsen
3132:Lecointe
3001:Ringgold
2995:Porpoise
2885:Furneaux
2721:Shevelev
2676:Begichev
2655:Amundsen
2617:Nagórski
2595:Brusilov
2589:Sv. Anna
2503:Melville
2473:Palander
2429:Tsivolko
2389:Sannikov
2384:Billings
2327:Chirikov
2246:Barentsz
2188:St. Roch
2179:Bartlett
2153:Amundsen
2137:Sverdrup
2037:Resolute
1926:Franklin
1854:Kotzebue
1721:Sverdrup
1704:Scoresby
1678:Lindenov
1529:Plaisted
1514:Nautilus
1459:Shirshov
1433:Belyakov
1428:Baydukov
1402:Nautilus
1364:Amundsen
1324:SS
1283:Sverdrup
1278:Johansen
1248:Brainard
1243:Lockwood
1098:Barentsz
949:83229343
933:(1900).
906:Archived
497:See also
336:Amundsen
328:Gerlache
238:Penguins
205:pack ice
111:Brussels
4104:Messner
4051:Hillary
4031:Balchen
3979:Polheim
3973:Wisting
3851:Crozier
3823:Weddell
3801:J. Cook
3771:Kapitsa
3752:Fiennes
3694:Klenova
3663:Hillary
3613:Ketchum
3539:BANZARE
3514:·
3359:Polheim
3325:Shirase
3311:Charcot
3121:Belgica
3040:Crozier
2952:Morrell
2947:Weddell
2925:Lazarev
2870:J. Cook
2824:History
2774:Arktika
2750:Krassin
2735:Voronin
2707:Schmidt
2693:Ushakov
2632:Vaygach
2600:Albanov
2569:Rusanov
2550:Kolchak
2545:Matisen
2519:Makarov
2498:De Long
2399:Wrangel
2379:Lyakhov
2332:Malygin
2290:Dezhnev
2117:Pandora
2088:Advance
2055:Kennedy
2050:Belcher
2043:Kellett
2030:McClure
1954:Beechey
1948:Blossom
1941:Simpson
1909:Crozier
1902:Hoppner
1859:J. Ross
1827:J. Cook
1775:Gilbert
1668:J. Hall
1634:Ingólfr
1624:Naddodd
1618:Vikings
1605:Brendan
1600:Pytheas
1588:Iceland
1542:Arktika
1534:Herbert
1499:Badygin
1469:Krenkel
1454:Papanin
1423:Chkalov
1409:Wilkins
1374:Wisting
1318:F. Cook
1224:Markham
1184:Bessels
1173:Polaris
1164:Polaris
1135:J. Ross
1118:Carolus
1066:History
768:Belgica
344:Andvord
306:again,
290:Belgica
285:Belgica
234:Belgica
225:Belgica
209:Belgica
199:, near
170:Belgica
159:Belgica
147:Madeira
140:Antwerp
136:Belgica
124:Romania
102:Belgica
64:Belgica
38:Belgica
4014:Bowers
4009:Wilson
3968:Hassel
3963:Helmer
3932:Mackay
3922:Mawson
3887:Nimrod
3845:Terror
3830:Erebus
3757:Burton
3552:Rymill
3428:Mawson
3422:Aurora
3401:Lashly
3386:Wilson
3289:Nimrod
3266:Scotia
3073:Murray
3048:Cooper
3035:Terror
3017:Erebus
2986:Wilkes
2937:Palmer
2905:Vostok
2852:Bouvet
2776:-class
2756:Gakkel
2624:Taymyr
2605:Konrad
2574:Kuchin
2512:Yermak
2419:Lavrov
2337:Ovtsyn
2322:Bering
2300:Ivanov
2263:Hudson
2225:Pomors
2202:Cowper
2167:Karluk
2066:Isabel
2060:Bellot
2010:Austin
1978:Terror
1970:Erebus
1866:Griper
1842:Clerke
1802:Baffin
1785:Hudson
1716:Nansen
1629:Garðar
1550:Barneo
1417:ANT-25
1393:Italia
1369:Nobile
1338:Henson
1297:Amedeo
1273:Nansen
1238:Greely
1108:Hudson
1046:Arctic
985:
947:
842:
805:
758:
723:
670:
643:
615:
587:
332:Nansen
294:tonite
250:scurvy
215:Winter
153:, and
132:Poland
126:, and
93:Patria
4094:Crary
4041:Dufek
4004:Oates
3994:Scott
3927:David
3908:Adams
3879:Barne
3700:Mirny
3689:Somov
3499:Quest
3396:Crean
3381:Scott
3260:Bruce
3214:Gauss
3207:Gauss
3081:Jason
3068:Nares
2942:Davis
2919:Mirny
2892:Smith
2847:Roché
2767:Lenin
2687:Sadko
2612:Wiese
2557:Sedov
2528:Zarya
2451:Payer
2414:Litke
2409:Anjou
2342:Minin
2305:Vagin
2295:Popov
2268:Poole
2123:Young
1936:Dease
1881:Hecla
1872:Parry
1797:Bylot
1780:Davis
1755:Cabot
1728:Peary
1710:Jason
1697:Egede
1611:Papar
1523:Skate
1504:Wiese
1484:NP-37
1477:NP-36
1357:Norge
1345:Sedov
1333:Peary
1291:Jason
1206:Nares
1200:Alert
1155:Hayes
1123:Parry
1061:Ocean
394:]
258:wills
130:from
122:from
97:refit
4026:Byrd
3947:Fram
3898:Wild
3580:Marr
3546:BGLE
3533:Byrd
3461:Wild
3340:Fram
3142:Cook
2663:AARI
2648:Maud
2535:Toll
2460:Vega
2146:Gjøa
2131:Fram
2094:Kane
1931:Back
1896:Fury
1887:Lyon
1809:Munk
1448:NP-1
1350:Byrd
1267:Fram
1258:Fram
1150:Kane
983:ISBN
945:OCLC
872:2010
840:ISBN
803:ISBN
756:ISBN
734:2022
721:ISBN
700:2009
668:ISBN
641:ISBN
613:ISBN
585:ISBN
232:The
75:and
48:The
3723:3rd
3709:2nd
3683:1st
3516:IGY
3512:IPY
2102:Fox
1998:Rae
1564:Mir
1540:NS
109:of
62:RV
4129::
2628:/
943:.
764:.
736:.
627:^
599:^
569:^
392:fr
342:,
330:,
157:.
149:,
134:,
3105:"
3099:"
3042:)
3038:(
3029:)
3020:(
1025:e
1018:t
1011:v
991:.
951:.
874:.
848:.
824:.
811:.
770:.
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