484:"....it was around seven o'clock when the 50-person delegation of judges, scientists, reporters and other officials arrived at the Department of Education. Tired and hungry, they hardly looked at the telephone, made some jokes at Bell's expense, and wanted to leave the exhibition quickly when suddenly, Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil from 1840 to 1889, with his wife Empress Theresa and a bevy of courtiers, entered the room. Dom Pedro recognized Bell and exclaimed "Professor Bell, I am delighted to see you again!" The judges at once forgot their tiredness and wondered who this young inventor was who was a friend of an emperor. Dom Pedro had once visited Bell's class of deaf-mutes at Boston University and initiated the first Brazilian school for deaf-mutes in Rio de Janeiro.".... ....The judges stayed the next three hours with Bell. Bell's telephone became the star of the centennial...."
487:"On a hot Sunday afternoon, June 25th, Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) and many other distinguished guests inspected the exhibits. Few paid much attention to Bell, tinkering with his crude instruments. At last the party approached his booth. Among them was Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the Emperor of Brazil. He had met Bell a few weeks previously in Boston and spoke to him as an old friend." "Dom Pedro had met Alec at a school for the deaf in Boston. When the emperor greeted Alec, the judges took note. They wanted to see what the emperor's friend had invented." "The centerpiece of the emperor's trip was the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. There, Dom Pedro II sought out a young, relatively obscure teacher at the School of the Deaf named Alexander Graham Bell, with whom he had exchanged letters."
630:
279:
348:
773:
267:, a lawyer and Bell's future father-in-law; Thomas Sanders, the well-to-do leather merchant father of one of Bell's deaf students (and who was the first to enter into an agreement with Bell); and finally by Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard later registered some of his shares with two other family members. An approximate 10% interest of the patent association was later assigned by its principals to Bell's technical assistant Thomas Watson, in lieu of salary and for his earlier financial support to Bell while they worked together creating their first functional telephones.
438:
2234:
645:. Only three years earlier, Western Union had turned down Gardiner Hubbard's offer to sell it all rights to the telephone for US$ 100,000 (approximately $ 3.16 million in current dollars). In only a few years, Western Union's president would acknowledge that it was a serious business error, one that later nearly led to his company being swallowed up by the newly emerging telecommunications giant into which Bell Telephone would shortly evolve. Western Union was saved from demise only by the U.S. Government's
40:
237:
329:(incorporated on February 12, 1878) to form the National Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on March 13, 1879, with 7,280 shares, later increased to 8,500 shares in May 1880). A little over a year later it was reorganized to become the American Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on April 17, 1880, with 73,500 shares, which included 14,000 trustee shares held by National Bell Telephone). American Bell's outstanding stock rose to 258,863 shares by May 1900.
3743:
2671:
3753:
3732:
3763:
768:
The Bell
Memorial Association also purchased the Bell family's former farmhouse, Melville House, and its orchard at Tutela Heights, opening it as a museum to the family and to the invention of the telephone. In 1996, it was declared a historic landmark, and is now known as the Bell Homestead National
761:
The Bell
Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city of Brantford to
839:
Bell's earliest joint agreement with
Hubbard and Sanders had each being awarded a one-third share of their venture. However, the financing provided to Bell for him to conduct his research and development was inadequately low to the point that he had to continue teaching just to make ends meet. When
506:
Mabel had understood Bell's reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works, so she secretly bought his train ticket to
Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Boston's train station, where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started
355:
Both
Hubbard's and Sanders' roles in the newly born company were pivotal to its early survival and its eventual growth to become a corporate giant. Hubbard's very early structuring of its telephone service by leasing, instead of selling telephones, was critical to its success. He based his decision
409:
Hubbard was satisfied to leave the head of the Bell
Company to another major investor, William Forbes, who was brought into the company as its president and as a member of its board of directors in late 1878. Under Forbes' leadership, a new executive committee was created at its corporate level to
480:
Pivotally, late in the evening moments after the main group of tired judges and newspaper reporters had quickly looked over and derided Bell's telephone display, Emperor Dom Pedro, who was straggling, entered the fair's
Education Building where Bell's two displays were located. As the main group
360:
Shoe
Machinery Company, where its shoe sewing machines were leased, not sold, and royalties also had to be paid to the Gordon McKay Company based on the numbers of shoes produced. Hubbard insisted that leasing was the better option, even if it significantly raised the need for initial capital
364:
Not long after the
National Bell Telephone Company was established, it required substantial new capital in order to maintain its majority share ownership of its affiliate telephone companies and to provide further funds for expansion of its overall telephone infrastructure. On April 17, 1880,
840:
the Bell
Company was organized in 1877, an approximate 10% share was provided to Bell's engineering and mechanical associate, Thomas A. Watson, in consideration for his previous unpaid service and for the loans he made to Bell while they worked together creating their first working telephone.
494:
Bell, who was then a full-time teacher, had not planned to exhibit at the fair because of his heavy teaching schedule and preparation for his student's examinations. He went to Philadelphia only at the stern insistence of Mabel Hubbard, his then-fiancée and future wife and who was an expert
583:
Significant criticism of AT&T (a monopoly) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S.
400:
and later as a shipyard owner and ship builder—always retaining his friendship with Bell. Thomas Sanders, whose entire personal fortune was virtually depleted during the Bell Telephone's first formative years (until a historic settlement was reached with Bell's fierce competitor
405:
on November 10, 1879), quickly sold his Bell shares for almost $ 1,000,000 but then lost most of his wealth with an investment in a Colorado gold mine. He also remained a confidant of Bell, who later helped ensure the welfare of Sanders' deaf son in his adulthood.
664:
on March 3, 1885. Starting from New York City, its long-distance telephone network reached Chicago, Illinois, in 1892, with its multitudes of local exchanges continuing to stretch further and further yearly, eventually creating a continent-wide telephone system.
490:
Startled by the emperor's enthusiastic response to Bell's telephone demonstration—during which the emperor exclaimed "My God! It talks!", the crowd of judges and press members became energized and vied to take turns communicating with Bell over his invention.
481:
started moving on to the next exhibit to be reviewed, Dom Pedro came upon the displays and called out to Bell in his booming voice: "What are you doing here?" The emperor had met Bell before in Boston while visiting schools for the deaf in the United States.
361:
expenses. Sanders for his part, a wealthy leather merchant, provided most of the financing for both Bell's research and the young company, eventually amounting to expenditures of some $ 110,000 "before he received any reimbursement" by the sale of his shares.
336:, and made a wedding gift of 1,487 shares of his allotment to his new wife, keeping only 10 shares for himself. Bell and his wife left not long after for a tour of Europe that lasted over a year, during which time Mabel left her shares with her father under a
469:(Lord Kelvin) recommended his device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell the gold medal for Electrical Equipment, helping to propel him to international fame. Bell also won a second gold medal for his additional display at the exposition,
533:
The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for its various telephone service and production divisions, with its major manufacturing arm being the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC), which was founded in
410:
reorganize and run the overall company with professional management. The company was also recapitalized, with Vail continuing as its head of operations. After leaving the offices of what became the American Bell Telephone Company, Hubbard created the
529:
in order to promote sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent, the Belgian government offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish his European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.
672:
corporate laws were very restrictive, and limited capitalization to $ 10 million, forestalling American Bell's further growth. With this assets transfer on December 30, 1899, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the
392:
shares of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. AT&T President Frederick Fish later returned Bell's single American Bell Telephone Company share to him as a memento after it had been converted and canceled.
550:) in the same year as its Belgian operating subsidiary for telephone service, one of several companies that provided such service in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.
286:
At the time of the organization of the Bell Telephone Company as an association (also known as the Bell Company), on July 9, 1877, as a joint stock company in 1877 by Hubbard, who soon became its trustee and
270:
The verbal patent association agreement was formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27, 1875. The patent association's assets became the foundational assets of the Bell Telephone Company.
713:'s design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was planned to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The
425:" division to handle its long-distance telecommunications. On January 1, 1900, AT&T, a publicly traded corporation, owned the major assets of American Bell and thus became the head of the
668:
On December 30, 1899, the assets of American Bell were transferred into its subsidiary American Telephone and Telegraph Company (formerly only the long lines company); this was because
373:(IBTC) as a holding company for its international subsidiaries. IBTC's first non-North American subsidiary was the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTM), established by Hubbard at
3807:
2476:
709:
formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, near Brantford.
396:
Of the Bell Company's original shareholders, Thomas Watson resigned his position in 1881 with his shares making him a millionaire, thereafter living a colorful life as a
724:
Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances. A series of steps lead to the main section where the allegorical figures of
3822:
2166:
656:. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure. The project was incorporated in
2374:
3007:
2526:
1451:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
3827:
3812:
2269:
1103:
754:, positioned at the other end of the tableau. At each end of the memorial there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing
3817:
2521:
3715:
3687:
3682:
2707:
2597:
2098:
1486:
1396:
2561:
2146:
1697:
Birth of The Blue Bell Telephone Signs: The History of the Blue Bell Telephone Sign as implemented by New England Telephone and Telegraph
1190:
1178:
326:
164:
2501:
2607:
553:
BTMC eventually came under complete ownership by Western Electric, and also established other divisions as national companies across
588:
divested almost all of its international interests in 1925, with the exceptions of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (now called
793:
718:
325:
The Bell Telephone Company was incorporated in Massachusetts on July 30, 1878, with 4,500 shares of stock. It then merged with the
225:
121:
1471:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
538:, Belgium, on 26 April 1882. BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of New York and the
282:
Gardiner Greene Hubbard, first president and a trustee of the Bell Telephone Company, and father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell
3802:
3709:
2602:
1950:
1127:, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Feb., 1946), pp. 116–118. JSTOR Stable URL:
3704:
3694:
3674:
3476:
2612:
2511:
2349:
2304:
2108:
1755:
1716:
1675:
1620:
1367:
1339:
1288:
1256:
1224:
968:
930:
696:
421:(AT&T Company) on the second to last day of 1899. AT&T had been incorporated on April 17, 1880, as American Bell's "
2151:
526:
516:
370:
256:. It was established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the patents produced by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant
206:
2841:
569:
At the close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the
449:
was the indirect source of the Bell Telephone Company's early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. The
429:. By December 31, 1900, it had 569,901 shares of stock outstanding, which rose to 18,662,275 shares at the close of 1935.
3766:
3699:
3545:
2262:
1653:, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.
1431:
The Dynamics of Technological Discontinuities: A Patent Citation Network Analysis Of Telecommunication Switches (thesis)
3471:
2646:
3565:
1667:
1641:
1612:
1359:
1331:
1280:
1248:
1216:
1166:
960:
922:
875:
620:
570:
466:
3350:
2898:
2700:
2635:
220:
The National Bell Telephone Company merged with American Speaking Telephone Company on March 20, 1880, to form the
3461:
2212:
558:
24:
301:
Gertrude McC. Hubbard (née Mercer, likely Gertrude Mercer McCurdy Hubbard, wife of Gardiner Hubbard): 100 shares
3787:
3456:
2674:
2255:
3797:
3481:
2640:
2471:
2118:
2042:
190:
patent #174465. Upon inception, Hubbard was installed as trustee, although he was additionally the company's
347:
3756:
3517:
3414:
2957:
2752:
2724:
1559:
1478:
1458:
1728:
980:
248:(February 27, 1875 – July 9, 1877, a name later assigned by historians), was not a corporate entity but a
3746:
3253:
2693:
2627:
2581:
2551:
646:
411:
3605:
3527:
3466:
3173:
2566:
2556:
2506:
2400:
2207:
1688:
Tosiello, Rosario. "The Birth and Early Years Of The Bell Telephone System, 1876–1880" (dissertation),
952:
789:
714:
457:
in 1876 brought Bell's newly invented telephone international attention. Exhibition judges Emperor Dom
397:
1100:
3377:
3338:
3183:
3083:
3012:
2945:
2772:
2654:
1748:
633:
Alexander Graham Bell ceremonially inaugurating the first New York-to-Chicago telephone line in 1892
278:
201:
Bell Telephone and New England Telephone merged on February 17, 1879, to form two new entities, the
3736:
2978:
2913:
2866:
2826:
2546:
1562:: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
638:
539:
3575:
3560:
3404:
3355:
3278:
3178:
2856:
2742:
2737:
2369:
2339:
2334:
2294:
2124:
2113:
1323:
1319:
777:
692:
522:
474:
295:
264:
160:
96:
1533:
772:
217:
took over its operations, becoming a central figure in its rapid growth and commercial success.
3497:
3283:
3098:
3043:
3038:
2851:
2816:
2430:
2359:
2026:
1909:
1849:
1469:
1449:
1393:
785:
710:
585:
446:
384:
Alexander Graham Bell's ten shares of Bell Telephone Company stock were later converted into a
333:
1307:, Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation, February 1926, Vol. 108, No. 2, p. 21, ISSN 0161-7370.
3399:
3203:
3168:
3088:
3068:
2990:
2878:
2799:
2278:
1304:
1272:
1240:
1207:
1020:, Vol. 66, No. 1, High-Technology Industries (Spring, 1992), pp. 95-126. Article Stable URL:
781:
450:
309:
156:
132:
91:
2732:
3792:
3313:
3273:
3243:
3000:
2935:
2757:
2344:
2171:
1834:
1741:
1583:
Ibbotson, Heather. "A Day Fit For A Queen: Thousands Enjoy Royal Visit To Bell Homestead",
726:
680:
366:
332:
Two days after the company's formation, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Hubbard's daughter
8:
3323:
3263:
3022:
2984:
2782:
2767:
2571:
2379:
1884:
1790:
1585:
1416:
815:
507:
arguing, Mabel turned her sight away from him and became literally deaf to his protests.
418:
179:
629:
3550:
3507:
3438:
3308:
3238:
3213:
3148:
2995:
2716:
2622:
2364:
2329:
1919:
1889:
1633:
797:
653:
554:
458:
422:
381:
subsidiary, wholly owned by the National Bell, had been established two years earlier.
182:, the Bell Telephone Company was started on the basis of holding "potentially valuable
441:
The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876, brought Bell international attention.
224:, also of Boston, Massachusetts. The American Bell Telephone Company evolved into the
3590:
3512:
3426:
3409:
3372:
3218:
3048:
3017:
2883:
2777:
2541:
2516:
2309:
2238:
1929:
1899:
1879:
1712:
1689:
1671:
1663:
1637:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1363:
1355:
1335:
1327:
1284:
1276:
1252:
1244:
1220:
1212:
1162:
964:
956:
926:
918:
871:
652:
A year earlier in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become
608:
437:
337:
195:
150:
60:
3258:
683:
joined Bell Telephone as counsel in 1880 and served as president from 1889 to 1900.
236:
3595:
3555:
3535:
3502:
3431:
3389:
3303:
3158:
3143:
3118:
3093:
3053:
2903:
2762:
2747:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2324:
1994:
1894:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1465:
1445:
810:
750:
462:
318:
273:
257:
3223:
3078:
2846:
2821:
2809:
2461:
2319:
2314:
1955:
1706:
1657:
1648:
1626:
1400:
1380:
1351:
1324:
Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell
1158:
1124:
1107:
1013:
946:
912:
863:
706:
600:
1699:, BellTelephoneSigns.com website, February 26, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
1429:
3421:
3293:
3268:
3228:
3198:
3073:
2908:
2861:
2836:
2794:
2466:
2415:
2395:
1934:
657:
470:
50:
1565:
1553:
39:
3781:
3570:
3343:
3333:
3248:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3108:
2930:
2789:
2617:
2486:
2481:
2405:
2354:
2299:
2103:
1924:
1874:
1864:
669:
642:
402:
304:
Charles Eustis Hubbard (the brother or nephew of Gardiner Hubbard): 10 shares
214:
172:
3448:
3288:
3233:
3163:
3128:
3063:
2962:
2952:
2804:
2456:
2451:
1914:
1869:
454:
357:
1352:
Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet, and the Communications Debate
228:(AT&T), one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world.
3648:
3298:
3208:
3193:
3153:
3113:
2972:
2531:
2491:
2156:
2058:
1829:
1764:
1434:, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2009, pg.53.
674:
624:
589:
577:
496:
426:
378:
365:
National Bell was split into the American Bell Telephone Company, led by
253:
249:
146:
20:
2247:
3653:
3360:
3058:
2967:
2923:
2893:
2871:
2576:
2446:
1128:
1021:
981:
http://cf.collectorsweekly.com/stories/6xeKN4f.lkxuSPAUtAFSvQ-small.jpg
176:
1417:
The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development
3638:
3103:
2918:
2685:
2010:
1904:
1696:
1014:
Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System
738:
732:
702:
599:
In 1925, the European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the
557:
and Russia. Western Electric was itself later majority owned by the
187:
607:, at the start of that company's meteoric rise in the international
561:, returning indirect control of BTMC back to the Bell organization.
3633:
3623:
3540:
3365:
3188:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
574:
388:
share of the American Bell Telephone Company, and still later into
210:
2477:
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
637:
By 1881, American Bell had acquired a controlling interest in the
417:
Ownership of American Bell was transferred to its own subsidiary,
321:(head of operations, and its first full-time employee): 499 shares
3628:
3613:
2831:
1708:
The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires
535:
374:
263:
Approximately one-third of these interests were at first held by
198:. Thomas Sanders, its principal financial backer, was treasurer.
1403:, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
1086:
274:
Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution
3658:
3618:
2940:
2161:
1850:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
1702:
1484:
593:
312:(inventor and the company's 'Chief Electrician'): 1,497 shares
183:
168:
149:
originated to build a continental conglomerate and monopoly in
1733:
1577:
1538:, City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944.
564:
3643:
3580:
2888:
573:(AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and
194:
president, since he also controlled his daughter's shares by
784:. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by
3585:
2536:
604:
500:
240:
The master telephone patent (174465), granted March 7, 1876
1855:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
1845:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
1812:
1574:, Brantford, ON: Bell Homestead Society, undated, c. 2009.
1070:
1068:
1066:
721:, ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.
414:
as its president, with Bell succeeding him the next year.
3808:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
744:
584:
Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president
868:
Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
1125:
Notes In The Early Telephone Companies of Latin America
1063:
948:
Manufacturing The Future: A History Of Western Electric
2375:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
315:
Thomas Sanders (financier and treasurer): 1,497 shares
1208:
American Tel & Tel: the story of a great monopoly
870:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 231.
2527:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
1239:Sammartino McPherson, Stephanie & Butler, Tad.
298:(trustee and president): 1,397 shares, along with
1419:, Longmans, Green, and Co., New York/London, 1915.
780:, commemorating the invention of the telephone by
730:appears over a reclining male figure representing
291:president, 5,000 shares in total were issued to:
231:
1629:Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
1411:
1409:
1114:, Marcel Dekker, 1991. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
858:
856:
758:, one sending and the other receiving a message.
19:For the Canadian telecommunications company, see
3823:Telecommunications companies established in 1877
3779:
1572:Bell Homestead National Historic Site (brochure)
1394:BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies
1305:The Laughed at Him, But He Gave Us the Telephone
907:
905:
686:
473:—developed earlier by his equally famous father
356:on the previous legal work he performed for the
145:was the initial corporate entity from which the
1354:, Gallaudet University Press, 1987, pp. 72–77,
736:, and also pointing to the floating figures of
601:International Telephone & Telegraph Company
542:of Chicago, Illinois. BTMC then established la
1840:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
1406:
1383:, Popular Science, November 1906, pp. 427–438.
1344:
941:
939:
853:
2701:
2522:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
2263:
1749:
1505:
1503:
902:
209:. International Bell became headquartered in
2598:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
2099:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1555:Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell
1437:
1273:The Accidental President of Brazil: A Memoir
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
432:
165:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
3716:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2562:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
2147:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
1647:Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville.
1528:
1526:
1524:
1159:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
936:
914:The Worldwide History Of Telecommunications
565:Divestiture of most international divisions
340:, allowing him to become the new company's
327:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
3752:
2708:
2694:
2502:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
2270:
2256:
1835:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
1756:
1742:
1500:
1386:
1299:
1297:
1267:
1265:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
614:
603:(IT&T, unaffiliated with AT&T) of
571:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
419:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
153:services in the United States and Canada.
38:
3828:American companies disestablished in 1899
2608:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
2277:
1711:, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.
1381:Notes on the Development of the Telephone
1142:
1791:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
1521:
1464:
1444:
794:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
771:
719:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
662:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
628:
436:
346:
277:
235:
226:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
2603:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
1487:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1315:
1313:
1294:
1262:
1235:
1233:
1201:
1199:
995:
3813:American companies established in 1877
3780:
2715:
1977:
1813:Local telephone companies still extant
1729:The Bell Telephone Co. of Buffalo logo
1548:
1546:
1544:
800:Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917.
510:
377:, Belgium, in 1882. The Bell System's
2689:
2613:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
2512:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
2350:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
2251:
2192:
2109:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
2080:
1976:
1811:
1775:
1737:
1485:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1117:
945:Stephen B. Adams, Orville R. Butler.
862:
697:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
592:), and Northern Electric (now called
3818:1877 establishments in Massachusetts
3762:
2167:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2157:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
2152:International Bell Telephone Company
1310:
1243:, Lerner Publications, 2007, p. 28,
1230:
1196:
1022:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117054
701:In 1906 the citizens of the City of
527:International Bell Telephone Company
517:International Bell Telephone Company
371:International Bell Telephone Company
207:International Bell Telephone Company
167:. The company was then organized in
1541:
13:
2647:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
2193:
1776:
1682:
1650:Pioneering The Telephone In Canada
1604:Telephone: The First Hundred Years
1112:Encyclopedia of Telecommunications
1033:Patten & Bell 1926, pp. 11–12.
621:American Telephone & Telegraph
465:and the eminent British physicist
14:
3839:
1722:
1659:The Tangled Web of Patent #174465
548:Bell Telephone Company of Belgium
544:Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell
369:as general manager, and with the
3761:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3351:Free-space optical communication
2670:
2669:
2636:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
2232:
1830:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
1326:, HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006,
1211:, Ayer Publishing, 1971, p. 24,
811:Bell Telephone Company of Canada
445:Alexander Graham Bell's fiancée
379:Bell Telephone Company of Canada
16:American telecommunications firm
2213:Regional Bell Operating Company
1763:
1512:
1422:
1373:
1184:
1172:
1133:
1077:
1054:
1045:
1036:
833:
559:American Bell Telephone Company
232:Predecessor to the Bell Company
222:American Bell Telephone Company
203:National Bell Telephone Company
25:Bell Telephone (disambiguation)
2081:
1951:Southern New England Telephone
1275:, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 11,
1139:Patten & Bell 1926, p. 11.
1074:Patten & Bell 1926, p. 17.
1027:
986:
974:
893:
884:
351:National Bell wall phone, 1907
1:
3803:Telecommunications monopolies
2641:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
2472:Aerial Experiment Association
2119:Telephone Pioneers of America
2043:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
821:
687:Memorials to Bell's invention
186:", principally Bell's master
3737:Telecommunication portal
3518:Telecommunications equipment
1560:National Academy of Sciences
1479:American Antiquarian Society
1459:American Antiquarian Society
1271:Cardoso, Fernando Henrique.
660:as a separate company named
7:
3254:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2582:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
2552:National Geographic Society
2172:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
1018:The Business History Review
804:
647:anti-monopoly interventions
609:telecommunications industry
412:National Geographic Society
163:, also helped organize the
10:
3844:
2958:Telecommunications history
2567:Oriental Telephone Company
2557:National Telephone Company
2507:Canadian Aerodrome Company
2300:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
1607:, Harper & Row, 1976,
1552:Osborne, Harold S. (1943)
1193:, AT&T, April 18, 1905
953:Cambridge University Press
790:Governor General of Canada
715:Governor General of Canada
690:
618:
514:
451:U.S. Centennial Exposition
18:
3725:
3667:
3604:
3566:Public Switched Telephone
3526:
3490:
3447:
3388:
3378:telecommunication circuit
3339:Fiber-optic communication
3322:
3084:Francis Blake (telephone)
3031:
2879:Optical telecommunication
2723:
2665:
2655:The Sound and the Silence
2590:
2439:
2388:
2285:
2229:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2134:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2051:
2035:
2019:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1943:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1181:, AT&T, April 7, 1905
1106:October 23, 2015, at the
983:Pizer 2009, pp. 119, 125.
433:Early promotional success
127:
116:
108:
84:
66:
56:
46:
37:
3477:Orbital angular-momentum
2914:Satellite communications
2753:Communications satellite
2547:Life Extension Institute
1634:Cornell University Press
1191:Letter from Fish to Bell
1179:Letter from Fish to Bell
1099:Brown, Charles L. (ed.)
1060:Pizer 2009, pp. 120–124.
890:Pizer 2009, pp. 123–124.
639:Western Electric Company
540:Western Electric Company
3356:Molecular communication
3179:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3008:Undersea telegraph line
2743:Cable protection system
2618:Bell Telephone Memorial
2370:Melville Bell Grosvenor
2340:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
2335:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2295:Alexander Melville Bell
2125:Spirit of Communication
2114:Bell Telephone Memorial
2052:Regional Bell companies
1860:Diamond State Telephone
1535:Bell Telephone Memorial
788:, was dedicated by the
778:Bell Telephone Memorial
693:Bell Telephone Memorial
615:Acquisition by AT&T
475:Alexander Melville Bell
296:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
265:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
246:Bell Patent Association
175:, on July 9, 1877,. A
161:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
72:; 147 years ago
3498:Communication protocol
3284:Charles Sumner Tainter
3099:Walter Houser Brattain
3044:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2852:Information revolution
2497:Bell Telephone Company
2431:Walter Seymour Allward
2360:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
2142:Bell Telephone Company
1910:Pacific Northwest Bell
801:
705:, Ontario, Canada and
634:
442:
352:
334:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
283:
241:
143:Bell Telephone Company
33:Bell Telephone Company
23:. For other uses, see
3798:AT&T subsidiaries
3788:Alexander Graham Bell
3472:Polarization-division
3204:Narinder Singh Kapany
3169:Erna Schneider Hoover
3089:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3069:Alexander Graham Bell
2800:online video platform
2305:Bell House (Virginia)
2279:Alexander Graham Bell
2239:Telephones portal
1885:New England Telephone
1662:, AuthorHouse, 2009,
1428:Martinelli, Arianna.
1399:July 9, 2013, at the
1379:De Land, Fred (1906)
1241:Alexander Graham Bell
782:Alexander Graham Bell
775:
764:'The Telephone City'.
632:
440:
350:
310:Alexander Graham Bell
281:
239:
157:Alexander Graham Bell
133:Boston, Massachusetts
92:Alexander Graham Bell
3314:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3274:Almon Brown Strowger
3244:Charles Grafton Page
2899:Prepaid mobile phone
2827:Electrical telegraph
2401:Charles Williams Jr.
2345:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
1632:. Ithaca, New York:
1350:Winefield, Richard.
1161:, Wiley-IEEE, 2003,
1157:Huurdeman, Anton A.
917:, Wiley-IEEE, 2003,
911:Huurdeman, Anton A.
798:The Telephone City's
707:its surrounding area
681:John Elbridge Hudson
3264:Johann Philipp Reis
3023:Wireless revolution
2985:The Telephone Cases
2842:Hydraulic telegraph
2572:Phonograph cylinder
1935:Wisconsin Telephone
1656:Pizer, Russell A.
1586:Brantford Expositor
1518:Brooks 1976, p. 107
1415:Kingsbury, John E.
1392:StowgerNet Museum.
1083:Pizer 2009, p. 124.
1051:Bruce 1990, p. 291.
1042:Pizer 2009, p. 122.
992:Pizer 2009, p. 125.
899:Pizer 2009, p. 127.
816:The Telephone Cases
654:AT&T Long Lines
511:Worldwide expansion
398:Shakespearean actor
205:of Boston, and the
180:joint-stock company
120:Merged assets with
97:Gardiner G. Hubbard
34:
3462:Frequency-division
3439:Telephone exchange
3309:Charles Wheatstone
3239:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3214:Innocenzo Manzetti
3149:Reginald Fessenden
2884:Optical telegraphy
2717:Telecommunications
2623:Graham Bell Island
2365:Mabel H. Grosvenor
2330:Edwin S. Grosvenor
1978:Other subsidiaries
1920:South Central Bell
1895:New York Telephone
1303:Wheeler, Edgar C.
802:
635:
555:Continental Europe
443:
353:
284:
242:
61:Telecommunications
32:
3775:
3774:
3513:Store and forward
3508:Data transmission
3422:Network switching
3373:Transmission line
3219:Guglielmo Marconi
3184:Internet pioneers
3049:Mohamed M. Atalla
3018:Whistled language
2683:
2682:
2542:Hubbard Monoplane
2517:Dictation machine
2245:
2244:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2162:Northern Electric
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1930:Southwestern Bell
1915:Pacific Telephone
1900:Northwestern Bell
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1717:978-0-307-26993-5
1690:Boston University
1676:978-1-4389-8402-5
1627:Bruce, Robert V.
1621:978-0-06-010540-2
1368:978-1-56368-056-4
1340:978-0-00-200676-7
1289:978-1-58648-429-3
1257:978-0-8225-7606-8
1225:978-0-8369-5691-7
1012:Galambos, Louis.
969:978-0-521-65118-9
931:978-0-471-20505-0
796:with Dr. Bell in
733:Man, the inventor
338:power of attorney
196:power of attorney
159:'s father-in-law
151:telecommunication
139:
138:
70:July 9, 1877
3835:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3606:Notable networks
3596:Wireless network
3536:Cellular network
3528:Types of network
3503:Computer network
3390:Network topology
3304:Thomas A. Watson
3159:Oliver Heaviside
3144:Philo Farnsworth
3119:Daniel Davis Jr.
3094:Charles Bourseul
3054:John Logie Baird
2763:Data compression
2758:Computer network
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2426:Thomas A. Watson
2421:Thomas Selfridge
2411:Marcellus Bailey
2325:Graham Fairchild
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
1995:Western Electric
1985:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1348:
1342:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1269:
1260:
1237:
1228:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1123:Rippy, J. Fred.
1121:
1115:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1010:
993:
990:
984:
978:
972:
943:
934:
909:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
881:
864:Bruce, Robert V.
860:
841:
837:
523:Gardiner Hubbard
503:since age five.
463:Empire of Brazil
80:
78:
73:
42:
35:
31:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3663:
3600:
3522:
3486:
3443:
3392:
3384:
3325:
3318:
3224:Robert Metcalfe
3079:Tim Berners-Lee
3027:
2847:Information Age
2719:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2661:
2586:
2462:AEA Silver Dart
2435:
2384:
2380:Telephone Cases
2320:David Fairchild
2315:Chichester Bell
2287:
2281:
2276:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2217:
2195:
2176:
2130:
2083:
2064:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1979:
1960:
1956:Cincinnati Bell
1944:Partially owned
1939:
1890:New Jersey Bell
1814:
1795:
1778:
1767:
1762:
1725:
1695:Larned, Larry.
1685:
1683:Further reading
1593:
1589:, 30 June 1997.
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1551:
1542:
1532:Whitaker, A.J.
1531:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1466:McCusker, J. J.
1454:
1446:McCusker, J. J.
1442:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1401:Wayback Machine
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1320:Gray, Charlotte
1318:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1270:
1263:
1238:
1231:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1156:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1108:Wayback Machine
1101:The Bell System
1098:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1011:
996:
991:
987:
979:
975:
955:, 1999, p. 49,
944:
937:
910:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
878:
861:
854:
845:
844:
838:
834:
824:
807:
769:Historic Site.
762:style itself as
699:
691:Main articles:
689:
627:
619:Main articles:
617:
567:
519:
513:
467:William Thomson
435:
276:
234:
135:
104:
76:
74:
71:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Space-division
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Camille Tissot
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Claude Shannon
3266:
3261:
3259:Tivadar Puskás
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Antonio Meucci
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Charles K. Kao
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Harold Hopkins
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Emile Berliner
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Videotelephony
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2909:Radiotelephone
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:Internet video
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:AEA White Wing
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Thomas Cowherd
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Anthony Pollok
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Bras d'Or Lake
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2194:Related topics
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1777:Parent company
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:External links
1721:
1720:
1719:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1654:
1645:
1624:
1601:Brooks, John.
1592:
1591:
1576:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1511:
1499:
1483:1800–present:
1436:
1421:
1405:
1385:
1372:
1343:
1309:
1293:
1261:
1229:
1205:Coon, Horace.
1195:
1183:
1171:
1141:
1132:
1116:
1085:
1076:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
994:
985:
973:
935:
901:
892:
883:
876:
851:
843:
842:
831:
830:
823:
820:
819:
818:
813:
806:
803:
711:Walter Allward
688:
685:
658:New York State
616:
613:
586:Walter Gifford
566:
563:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
471:Visible Speech
434:
431:
323:
322:
316:
313:
307:
306:
305:
302:
275:
272:
233:
230:
137:
136:
131:
129:
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:Thomas Sanders
99:
94:
88:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3840:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3482:Code-division
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Time-division
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:and switching
3391:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3344:optical fiber
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Coaxial cable
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Radia Perlman
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Lee de Forest
3137:
3135:
3134:Thomas Edison
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Donald Davies
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Claude Chappe
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Smoke signals
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:Semiconductor
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:Digital media
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Bell Oionus I
2485:
2483:
2482:Bell Boatyard
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Glenn Curtiss
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Kendall Myers
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2240:
2228:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Bell Boatyard
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:Commemorative
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:Long distance
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:Manufacturing
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Southern Bell
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Mountain Bell
1878:
1876:
1875:Michigan Bell
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Illinois Bell
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:1-4389-8402-2
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:0-8014-9691-8
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:0-06-010540-2
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:1-56368-056-4
1357:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:0-00-200676-6
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:1-58648-429-X
1278:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:0-8225-7606-6
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:0-8369-5691-5
1214:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1167:0-471-20505-2
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
989:
982:
977:
970:
966:
962:
961:0-521-65118-2
958:
954:
950:
949:
942:
940:
932:
928:
924:
923:0-471-20505-2
920:
916:
915:
908:
906:
896:
887:
879:
877:0-8014-9691-8
873:
869:
865:
859:
857:
852:
850:
849:
836:
832:
829:
828:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
765:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
676:
671:
670:Massachusetts
666:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
643:Western Union
640:
631:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
581:
579:
576:
572:
562:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
524:
518:
508:
504:
502:
498:
495:multilingual
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Mabel Hubbard
439:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
407:
404:
403:Western Union
399:
394:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Theodore Vail
362:
359:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
320:
319:Thomas Watson
317:
314:
311:
308:
303:
300:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
290:
280:
271:
268:
266:
261:
259:
258:Thomas Watson
255:
251:
247:
238:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
215:Theodore Vail
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
173:Massachusetts
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
87:
83:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
3449:Multiplexing
3324:Transmission
3289:Nikola Tesla
3279:Henry Sutton
3234:Samuel Morse
3164:Robert Hooke
3129:Amos Dolbear
3064:John Bardeen
2983:
2963:Telautograph
2867:Mobile phone
2822:Edholm's law
2805:social media
2738:Broadcasting
2653:
2645:
2629:
2496:
2457:AEA Red Wing
2452:AEA June Bug
2141:
2123:
1870:Indiana Bell
1823:Wholly owned
1707:
1658:
1649:
1628:
1603:
1596:Bibliography
1595:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1492:February 29,
1490:. Retrieved
1470:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1388:
1375:
1346:
1206:
1186:
1174:
1135:
1119:
1111:
1079:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1017:
988:
976:
947:
913:
895:
886:
867:
847:
846:
835:
826:
825:
786:W.S. Allward
767:
763:
760:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
723:
700:
679:
667:
661:
651:
636:
598:
582:
575:monopolistic
568:
552:
547:
543:
532:
525:founded the
520:
505:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
455:Philadelphia
444:
416:
408:
395:
389:
385:
383:
363:
358:Gordon McKay
354:
341:
331:
324:
288:
285:
269:
262:
245:
243:
221:
219:
202:
200:
191:
155:
142:
140:
128:Headquarters
47:Company type
29:
3793:Bell System
3649:NPL network
3361:Radio waves
3299:Alfred Vail
3209:Hedy Lamarr
3194:Dawon Kahng
3154:Elisha Gray
3114:Yogen Dalal
3039:Nasir Ahmed
2973:Teleprinter
2837:Heliographs
2658:(1992 film)
2650:(1939 film)
2532:Graphophone
2492:Bell System
2208:Divestiture
2061:(1880-1975)
2059:Bell Canada
1765:Bell System
1463:1700–1799:
1443:1634–1699:
727:Inspiration
675:Bell System
625:Bell System
590:Bell Canada
578:Bell System
427:Bell System
344:president.
254:partnership
250:trusteeship
213:, Belgium.
147:Bell System
21:Bell Canada
3782:Categories
3695:Antarctica
3654:Toasternet
3576:Television
3059:Paul Baran
2991:Television
2975:(teletype)
2968:Telegraphy
2946:transistor
2924:Phryctoria
2894:Photophone
2872:Smartphone
2862:Mass media
2577:Photophone
2447:AEA Cygnet
2082:Historical
2027:Long Lines
1509:Bruce 1990
822:References
497:lip reader
423:long lines
177:common law
77:1877-07-09
3679:Americas
3668:Locations
3639:Internet2
3400:Bandwidth
3104:Vint Cerf
3001:streaming
2979:Telephone
2919:Semaphore
2810:streaming
2630:Bras d'Or
2011:Bell Labs
1905:Ohio Bell
933:, p. 179.
866:(1990) .
848:Citations
827:Footnotes
739:Knowledge
703:Brantford
188:telephone
3747:Category
3634:Internet
3624:CYCLADES
3541:Ethernet
3491:Concepts
3415:terminal
3366:wireless
3189:Bob Kahn
3032:Pioneers
2857:Internet
2748:Cable TV
2675:Category
2591:Tributes
2286:Life and
2036:Wireless
2004:Research
1636:, 1990.
1468:(1992).
1448:(1997).
1397:Archived
1104:Archived
805:See also
756:Humanity
521:In 1879
459:Pedro II
342:de facto
289:de facto
211:Brussels
192:de facto
122:AT&T
85:Founders
57:Industry
3767:Commons
3757:Outline
3710:Oceania
3629:FidoNet
3614:ARPANET
3427:circuit
2996:digital
2725:History
2135:Defunct
1703:Wu, Tim
1692:, 1971.
1129:2507711
536:Antwerp
461:of the
375:Antwerp
184:patents
109:Defunct
75: (
67:Founded
3705:Europe
3675:Africa
3659:Usenet
3619:BITNET
3556:Mobile
3432:packet
2941:MOSFET
2936:device
2733:Beacon
2389:People
2288:family
1715:
1674:
1666:
1640:
1619:
1611:
1366:
1358:
1338:
1330:
1287:
1279:
1255:
1247:
1223:
1215:
1165:
967:
959:
929:
921:
874:
751:Sorrow
748:, and
594:Nortel
386:single
252:and a
169:Boston
51:Public
3688:South
3683:North
3644:JANET
3581:Telex
3571:Radio
3410:Nodes
3405:Links
3326:media
2904:Radio
2889:Pager
2817:Drums
2783:video
2778:image
2768:audio
2628:HMCS
2440:Works
1475:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1110:, in
641:from
3700:Asia
3586:UUCP
3546:ISDN
2537:HD-4
1713:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1494:2024
1364:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1163:ISBN
965:ISBN
957:ISBN
927:ISBN
919:ISBN
872:ISBN
776:The
695:and
623:and
605:Cuba
501:deaf
244:The
141:The
117:Fate
112:1899
3591:WAN
3561:NGN
3551:LAN
2832:Fax
2773:DCT
745:Joy
596:).
453:in
390:two
3784::
1705:,
1670:,
1615:,
1558:,
1543:^
1523:^
1502:^
1477:.
1457:.
1408:^
1362:,
1334:,
1322:.
1312:^
1296:^
1283:,
1264:^
1251:,
1232:^
1219:,
1198:^
1144:^
1088:^
1065:^
1016:,
997:^
963:,
951:,
938:^
925:,
904:^
855:^
792:,
742:,
717:,
677:.
649:.
611:.
580:.
499:,
477:.
260:.
171:,
3718:)
3714:(
2709:e
2702:t
2695:v
2271:e
2264:t
2257:v
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1678:.
1644:.
1623:.
1496:.
1481:.
1461:.
1370:.
1291:.
1259:.
1227:.
1169:.
1024:.
971:.
880:.
546:(
79:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
