421:
316:
398:
464:
514:
239:
20:
534:
499:
177:
445:
479:
204:, range in height from 14 cm (5.5 in) to 31 cm (12 in) and were constructed by folding the main sheet along its short axis and then folding its shoulder-pieces to cover the crest and top edges. Class 2 bells are in cast bronze, with the bell and handle cast as a single piece. They are usually slightly smaller, with a range from 31 cm (12 in). Class 4 bells, dating from the 9th century and produced until the 16th century, designate the numerous replicas or imitations of earlier bells.
1501:
133:) are the most numerous surviving forms of early medieval relics from either Ireland, England or Wales, and were likely the most prestigious, given they were widely thought to have been built either for or by the saint. Approximately 300 examples are known, with the majority produced between the 5th and early 12th centuries. The bells were passed between generations of successive abbots and clerics, and served a number of communal functions, including the marking of
283:
55:. They can be classified into two basic formats; at first as fixed mounds attached to the bell known as "applied" shrines (eight examples) and later as separate autonomous metal containers (eleven examples). Those of the latter type could no longer be rung and so were used for ceremonial or display purposes only. Decorative material includes silver, gold, glass and rock crystal, and of designs using
513:
397:
420:
347:
Although four examples are missing their bells, those bells that survive are made of iron: iron bells were no longer being produced by the end of the 10th century, while bronze bells were later and continued to be made into the 12th century, thus making them less likely to have an association with an
294:
A second period of enshrinement lasted from the early 14th to late 15th centuries, when the earlier reliquaries were heavily reworked or refurbished; thus many of these objects are said to have been built in two phases. Shrines from the second phase were often commissioned by secular owners who used
246:
The shrines were commissioned to bestow status and the ecclesiastical location or office holding the original bell-relic. According to Bourke, "enshrinement promoted bells as ecclesiastical trophies and accessories to saint's cults." Objects associated with early saints were venerated in
Ireland and
379:), the badly damaged Corp Naomh (cap and crest 10th century; front and back panels 15th century), the Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin (11th or 12th century) and the Bell Shrine of St. Conall Cael (15th century). From its inscriptions, it is known that Patrick's shrine was commissioned after 1091 by the
95:
invasions of
Ireland. Others were kept by successive generations of hereditary keepers but by the 17th century, had become seen as objects of superstition and of low historical value. The revaluation of early medieval metalwork craftsmanship began in the mid-19th century and since an 1838 a lecture
339:
added in their second, late medieval phase, although some of these are lost. Where the Christ figure does survive, it is often outsized compared to his cross and shows a figure that is obviously dead, with a drooping head and rigid body. According to
Overbey, such foregrounds emphasise the role of
533:
255:
and became an important feature of religious life. Irish monasticism generally avoided dissecting the corporeal remains of its leaders for relics and instead venerated objects with which the saint had had close personal contact. From the 10th century, relics were often cased in elaborate metal
298:
Of the nineteen surviving
Insular bell shrines, fifteen are Irish, three are Scottish, and one is English. Twelve are associated with a particular saint, in the other cases the identity of the saint is lost. It is assumed that by the time the bells were enshrined, they were already venerated
118:
40:, particularly those associated with early Irish saints. Although the enshrinement of bells lasted from the 9th to the 16th centuries, the more well-known examples date from the 11th century. Nineteen such Irish or British bell shrines survive, along with several fragments (mostly
498:
303:; there is no contemporary mention or documentation as to why or by whom they were commissioned or constructed; apart from brief inscriptions on three intact shrines and one crest fragment. Although some sources expect that they were commissioned by high-kings for
323:
The shrines retain the tapered quadrilateral shape of hand-bells. Their basic shape is constructed with a number of iron or bronze plates: four on the sides and one covering the base. The plates are typically richly decorated with material such as silver,
44:), although many more would have been produced. Of those extant, fifteen are Irish, three are Scottish and one is English. Most follow the general shape of a hand-bell capped with a crest above a semicircular cap that matches the shape of a bell handle.
279:) remarked the Irish had "great reverence bells that can be carried about, and staffs belonging to the saints,...so much so that they fear to swear or perjure themselves in making oaths on these, much more than they do in swearing on the gospels".
218:. All of the extant shrines were built for iron bells; presumably as this class was older, they were more likely to be associated with a known early saint. Several were thought to have been owned or constructed by saints such as
463:
351:
The shrines usually have handles or brackets on the short sides. These would have held straps or bronze chains as the shrines were intended to be carried around the shoulder for display at procession, pilgrimage or
86:
The surviving examples are undated and unprovenanced, and very few have inscriptions. A number were found in bogs, within church walls, or at the bottom of rivers, presumably after they were hidden during the
444:
315:
2634:
2629:
307:, the art-historian Karen Overbey observes that the lack of documentary evidence means the objects cannot be contextualized "nor located in secular and ecclesiastical politics".
469:
152:
between mortals and the divine, and so were seen as mediators for the community. This role was reinforced in the settlements where the monks held a bell relic from an early
2599:
2492:
141:. However, by the 12th century hand-bells had largely been replaced by larger church tower bells, and although many stayed in use, their production declined.
485:
478:
353:
238:
19:
168:(d. c. 530) was "taken through the surrounding district for the co-swearing of chieftans and the exaction of the tributes of the saint's monastery."
507:. The bell is 6th century. Although the shrine was initiated in the 12th century it underwent a major reworking in the 15th century. British Museum.
164:(fl. 5th century) supposedly made "a pact for favourable treatment of the Irish in exchange for his services as a missionary". Later the bell of
295:
their prestige to reinforce personal loyalty from a local bishop as insurers of treaties or contracts and to grant authority for tax collection.
344:...holy relics are simultaneously safeguarded and defensive; the saints and their guardians, whether angelic or monastic, protect each other".
144:
In the early medieval period, monks served a number of functions in the communities in which they lived. At the most fundamental level, their
1824:
411:
72:
27:
1104:
96:
by George Petrie on "ancient Irish consecrated Bells", a number of these shrines are considered highpoints of both Irish and
Scottish
356:. The wire chain for the Scottish Bell shrine of Kilmichael survives and is 1,070 cm (420 in) long and made from series of
2683:
391:. It is the earliest known example and is believed by Bourke to have been the innovation on which all later examples were based.
1262:
2639:
2769:
2689:
1422:
1377:
1358:
1315:
1276:
1189:
1166:
348:
early Irish saint. A number of surviving iron bells contain rivets or rivet holes, indicating that they were once enshrined.
2764:
2467:
332:. It is thought that this decoration occurred on flat sheets after the panels were cast, but before they were assembled.
88:
2709:
192:, forty-two are of iron and the rest of bronze. He identified two broad groups. His class 1 bells are made from sheet
2559:
1819:
1075:
248:
1779:
92:
1977:
1797:
1767:
1725:
369:
23:
268:
and pieces of clothing being the most common types. The practice of enshrinement was so unique to
Ireland that
1785:
1286:
Erskine, Sarah (2012). "Is the Cloc ind Édachta St
Patrick's oldest and most important medieval bell-relic?".
450:
184:
The bells vary in size and level and type of decoration depending on their age. They typically have a tapered
2715:
2614:
2574:
2291:
2056:
523:) or the Tor A'bhlarain' bell shrine, 12th century, encasing a 7th–9th century bell possibly associated with
2554:
2754:
2694:
2519:
2462:
2420:
407:
2400:
1871:
1860:
1829:
1557:
1177:
1079:
489:
319:
Christ with closed eyes, drooping head and rigid body on the front plate of the Corp Naomh (15th century)
176:
76:
1268:
504:
2589:
2497:
2390:
1695:
1415:
2661:
2651:
2624:
2594:
2514:
2380:
1221:
2272:
1731:
1611:
1108:
1022:
539:
207:
A small number of the later shrines and shrine fragments have inscriptions. Some have decorative
41:
2704:
2539:
2365:
2350:
2327:
1749:
1465:
2759:
2744:
2656:
2619:
2534:
2332:
2042:
1237:
Crawford, Henry (June 1923). "A Descriptive List of Irish
Shrines and Reliquaries. Part I".
2584:
2579:
2564:
2449:
2161:
1755:
1653:
1605:
1525:
1408:
388:
384:
336:
1845:
1346:
8:
2749:
2699:
2646:
2395:
2305:
2286:
1970:
1909:
1761:
1659:
1587:
1480:
1112:
265:
1719:
165:
2609:
2549:
1689:
1635:
1629:
1551:
1490:
1455:
1334:
1291:
1246:
1208:
551:
145:
1303:
188:
shape. Of the seventy-three surviving examples identified in 1980 by the archeologist
2360:
2207:
1743:
1707:
1671:
1647:
1581:
1563:
1373:
1354:
1311:
1272:
1185:
1162:
287:
2604:
2385:
1865:
1737:
1258:
2569:
2524:
2474:
2355:
1899:
1877:
1773:
1530:
1470:
1327:
Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature
410:: the earliest, most elaborate and best preserved surviving example of the type.
403:
269:
257:
208:
134:
68:
2509:
2439:
2410:
2320:
2310:
2219:
2077:
2047:
1963:
1894:
1855:
1850:
1814:
1683:
1665:
1623:
1569:
1500:
1325:
Mitchelli, Perette (1996). "The
Inscriptions on Pre-Norman Irish Reliquaries".
1026:
454:
138:
101:
80:
1394:
438:). The original bell is lost, as is the identity of the associated saint. NMI.
2738:
2722:
2666:
2504:
2248:
2243:
2229:
2067:
1791:
1701:
1677:
1617:
1599:
1485:
1450:
1154:
380:
357:
219:
215:
189:
185:
161:
2529:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2375:
2315:
2224:
2132:
2022:
2012:
1939:
1914:
1641:
1593:
520:
149:
60:
2544:
2415:
2236:
2200:
2166:
2156:
2072:
2052:
2032:
1919:
1575:
1520:
1515:
1431:
453:. While the structure is intact, most of the decorative panels are lost.
227:
212:
157:
153:
97:
1338:
1295:
1250:
1212:
282:
2444:
2103:
2027:
2017:
1944:
1904:
1713:
1535:
1475:
547:
427:
2279:
2457:
2296:
2214:
2171:
2146:
2125:
2118:
2082:
1929:
1370:
Sacral Geographies: Saints, Shrines and Territory in Medieval Ireland
341:
2183:
2139:
2267:
2195:
2176:
2151:
2113:
2108:
2007:
126:
64:
56:
37:
2098:
117:
2370:
1934:
1460:
524:
261:
252:
223:
2190:
829:
329:
325:
197:
52:
48:
1400:
1351:
Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities
991:
543:
304:
300:
201:
47:
The shrines are mostly of bronze and decorated with silver,
2062:
2002:
1986:
1924:
193:
1239:
The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
1201:
The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
921:
919:
1044:
870:
868:
706:
704:
702:
1955:
1182:
Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland
716:
1118:
1032:
916:
904:
783:
781:
779:
595:
593:
591:
578:
576:
574:
542:, 11th century. Reputed to have come from the Abbey of
2234:
2205:
2181:
1288:
Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
1085:
943:
931:
892:
880:
865:
793:
699:
648:
646:
644:
107:
2137:
2123:
1308:
Irish Art during the Viking Invasions (800–1020 A.D.)
1226:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1056:
1003:
979:
967:
665:
663:
661:
335:
Their front plates typically contain a large central
71:
patterns. The majority are in the collections of the
1264:
Treasures of Early Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.
1130:
955:
841:
817:
805:
776:
752:
740:
687:
675:
629:
588:
571:
121:
View of the St. Patrick's bell and shrine on display
1159:
The Early Medieval Handbells of Ireland and Britain
853:
764:
728:
641:
617:
658:
605:
156:church saint. The role of mediator appears in the
1199:Bourke, Cormac (1980). "Early Irish Hand-Bells".
286:Crest fragment of a reliquary for a bronze bell,
242:Cap and crest of the Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell
2736:
1397:, 2021 video lecture by Cormac Bourke of the NMI
340:"monastic prayer as powerfully apotropaic, even
1345:
997:
36:are metal objects built to hold early medieval
2277:
1971:
1416:
550:(c. 550-645) was the first abbot. Now in the
2430:
180:Early Irish hand-bells on display in the NMI
1978:
1964:
1423:
1409:
1176:Bourke, Cormac (2014). "Bell-Shrines". In
368:The better-known bell shrines include the
1324:
1038:
874:
1236:
1219:
1124:
925:
910:
799:
314:
281:
237:
175:
116:
18:
1367:
1285:
1257:
1105:Bell and Bell Shrine of St. Conall Cael
1091:
985:
949:
937:
898:
886:
835:
823:
811:
710:
693:
681:
635:
2737:
1353:. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland.
1198:
1175:
1153:
1136:
1062:
1050:
1009:
973:
961:
859:
847:
787:
770:
734:
722:
669:
652:
623:
611:
599:
582:
2690:Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg
1959:
1404:
1302:
1222:"The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-shrine"
1220:Caldwell, David; et al. (2013).
758:
746:
2684:Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers
363:
16:Metal objects used to enshrine bells
1068:
108:Early Irish and Scottish hand-bells
13:
1097:
1015:
527:, NMS; drawing by Margaret Stokes.
310:
14:
2781:
1820:Library of Trinity College Dublin
1388:
1184:. London: Yale University Press.
546:, County Donegal, Ireland, where
1499:
532:
519:Bell shrine of Kilmichael (near
512:
497:
477:
462:
443:
419:
396:
1726:Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque
1560:(late 7th or early 8th century)
1430:
1023:Bell shrine of St. Conall Cael
1:
2716:Freedom Bell, American Legion
2292:Russian Orthodox bell ringing
1780:Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm
1692:, (late 9th or early 10th c.)
1395:The Bells of the Irish Saints
1261:(1977). "The Viking Impact".
559:
472:, 11th or 12th century, NMI.
373:
273:
256:covering, with bell shrines,
2770:Medieval history of Scotland
2695:Liberty Bell Memorial Museum
2421:Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris
1798:Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth
1768:Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell
1728:(late 10th or early 11th c.)
1310:. London: Methuen & Co.
370:Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell
160:of a number of such saints;
24:Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell
7:
2765:Medieval history of Ireland
2630:Saarlouiser GlockengieĂźerei
2235:
2206:
2182:
2138:
2124:
1830:National Museum of Scotland
1786:Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin
1558:Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque
1349:; Wallace, Patrick (2002).
1115:. Retrieved 7 November 2022
1082:. Retrieved 22 October 2022
1080:National Museum of Scotland
1029:. Retrieved 22 October 2022
998:Ă“ Floinn & Wallace 2002
490:National Museum of Scotland
451:Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin
233:
77:National Museum of Scotland
10:
2786:
2555:Pieter and François Hemony
1825:National Museum of Ireland
1674:(late 8th or early 9th c.)
1269:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1146:
505:Bell Shrine of Conall Cael
470:Shrine of St. Senan's Bell
412:National Museum of Ireland
112:
73:National Museum of Ireland
28:National Museum of Ireland
2675:
2483:
2391:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
2343:
2257:
2091:
1993:
1985:
1887:
1838:
1807:
1800:(12th & late 14th c.)
1554:(late 6th or early 7th c)
1544:
1508:
1497:
1438:
408:St. Patrick's Bell Shrine
2625:John and William Rufford
2381:Great Bell of Dhammazedi
1668:(8th or 9th & 14 c.)
1306:(1967). "Bell-Shrines".
838:, pp. 136–137, 145.
564:
171:
1732:Bell Shrine of St. Mura
1368:Overbey, Karen (2012).
1109:Cleveland Museum of Art
540:Bell Shrine of St. Mura
211:, perhaps drawing from
2705:National Bell Festival
2535:Gillett & Johnston
2431:
2366:Bell of King Seongdeok
2351:List of heaviest bells
2328:Bolognese bell ringing
2278:
2028:Bell tower / Campanile
1839:Notable art historians
1752:(shrine: late 11th c.)
1750:Cathach of St. Columba
1696:Muiredach's High Cross
1466:Illuminated manuscript
406:patterns on a side of
320:
291:
243:
200:coating and joined by
181:
148:and prayers were seen
122:
30:
2710:Ringing organizations
2333:Veronese bell ringing
1372:. Turnhout: Brepols.
387:, and donated to the
318:
285:
249:early medieval period
241:
179:
120:
22:
2600:GlockengieĂźerei Otto
2565:Franciscus Illenfeld
1756:Clonmacnoise Crozier
1654:Londesborough Brooch
1612:St. Fillan's Crozier
1606:Moylough Belt-Shrine
1526:Insular illumination
1161:. Dublin: Wordwell.
385:Domnall Ua Lochlainn
266:house-shaped shrines
2755:Celtic Christianity
2700:Liberty Bell Museum
2610:Petit & Fritsen
2396:Japanese Peace Bell
2306:Full circle ringing
2287:Ellacombe apparatus
1910:Celtic Christianity
1762:River Laune Crozier
1660:Derrynaflan Chalice
1588:Lindisfarne Gospels
1481:House-shaped shrine
1113:Columbia University
1053:, pp. 307–308.
486:Guthrie Bell Shrine
247:Britain during the
125:Early Irish church
2560:Christopher Hodson
1716:(10th and 15th c.)
1690:Prosperous Crozier
1636:Monymusk Reliquary
1630:Breadalbane Brooch
1552:Ballinderry Brooch
1491:Processional cross
1456:Crucifixion plaque
1290:. 142/143: 74–85.
725:, pp. 52, 54.
552:Wallace Collection
321:
292:
251:for their reputed
244:
196:plates lined with
182:
123:
31:
2732:
2731:
2463:World Peace Bells
2361:Bell of Good Luck
1953:
1952:
1846:Raghnall Ă“ Floinn
1744:Shrine of Miosach
1708:Ardboe High Cross
1672:Kilmainham Brooch
1648:Tully Lough Cross
1582:Lichfield Gospels
1564:Hunterston Brooch
1379:978-2-503-52767-3
1360:978-0-7171-2829-7
1347:Ă“ Floinn, Raghnal
1317:978-0-3001-7919-4
1278:978-0-8709-9164-6
1191:978-0-3001-7919-4
1168:978-0-9017-7788-1
1103:Speakman, Naomi."
364:Selected examples
253:miraculous powers
2777:
2643:
2501:
2436:
2283:
2240:
2211:
2187:
2143:
2129:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1720:Soiscél Molaisse
1698:(9th or 10th c.)
1503:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1364:
1342:
1321:
1304:Henry, Françoise
1299:
1282:
1254:
1233:
1216:
1195:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
656:
650:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
586:
580:
536:
516:
501:
488:, 12th century.
481:
466:
447:
423:
400:
389:Bishop of Armagh
378:
377: 1094–1105
375:
278:
275:
264:(book shrines),
166:Ciarán of Saigir
137:and calling for
26:, 11th century,
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2671:
2637:
2525:Kashpir Ganusov
2520:Royal Eijsbouts
2495:
2485:
2479:
2475:Yongle Big Bell
2356:Balangiga bells
2339:
2253:
2087:
1995:
1994:Background and
1989:
1984:
1954:
1949:
1900:Anglo-Saxon art
1883:
1878:Margaret Stokes
1834:
1803:
1794:(early 12th c.)
1774:Lismore Crozier
1662:(8th or 9th c.)
1656:(8th or 9th c.)
1650:(8th or 9th c.)
1540:
1504:
1495:
1471:Insular crozier
1434:
1429:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1361:
1318:
1279:
1192:
1169:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
700:
692:
688:
680:
676:
668:
659:
651:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
589:
581:
572:
567:
562:
555:
537:
528:
517:
508:
502:
493:
482:
473:
467:
458:
448:
439:
424:
415:
401:
376:
366:
313:
311:Characteristics
276:
270:Gerald of Wales
236:
174:
135:canonical hours
115:
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Richard Phelps
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Andrey Chokhov
2507:
2502:
2489:
2487:
2484:Bell founders
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2440:Sigismund Bell
2437:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Maria Gloriosa
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:Method ringing
2318:
2311:Change ringing
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2258:Ringing styles
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:Striking clock
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Abbey of Kells
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1856:Griffin Murray
1853:
1851:Peter Harbison
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:British Museum
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1788:(late-11th c.)
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:(c. 1094–1105)
1765:
1764:(late 11th c.)
1759:
1758:(late 11th c.)
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:(c. 1001–1011)
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:(c. 9–11th c.)
1699:
1693:
1687:
1684:Book of Armagh
1681:
1675:
1669:
1666:Domnach Airgid
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1624:Ruthwell Cross
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1594:Ardagh Chalice
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1570:Book of Durrow
1567:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:External links
1387:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1343:
1322:
1316:
1300:
1283:
1277:
1259:De Paor, Marie
1255:
1234:
1217:
1196:
1190:
1173:
1167:
1155:Bourke, Cormac
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 201.
1117:
1096:
1094:, p. 134.
1084:
1067:
1065:, p. 309.
1055:
1043:
1039:Mitchelli 1996
1031:
1027:British Museum
1014:
1012:, p. 306.
1002:
1000:, p. 314.
990:
978:
976:, p. 100.
966:
954:
952:, p. 135.
942:
940:, p. 137.
930:
928:, p. 218.
915:
913:, p. 209.
903:
901:, p. 182.
891:
889:, p. 143.
879:
875:Mitchelli 1996
864:
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
775:
763:
761:, p. 125.
751:
749:, p. 124.
739:
727:
715:
713:, p. 136.
698:
686:
674:
657:
640:
628:
616:
604:
602:, p. 304.
587:
585:, p. 305.
569:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
538:
531:
529:
518:
511:
509:
503:
496:
494:
483:
476:
474:
468:
461:
459:
455:British Museum
449:
442:
440:
425:
418:
416:
402:
395:
365:
362:
312:
309:
288:Musée de Cluny
235:
232:
173:
170:
114:
111:
109:
106:
81:British Museum
79:(NMS) and the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2782:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2723:All the Bells
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2667:Geert van Wou
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Bilbie family
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:and foundries
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:Notable bells
2342:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2249:Tubular bells
2247:
2245:
2244:Tintinnabulum
2242:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2230:Standing bell
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Ring of bells
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:George Petrie
1870:
1867:
1866:Máire de Paor
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:Cross of Cong
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:Breac MaodhĂłg
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:Kells Crozier
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:Book of Kells
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:Book of Dimma
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:Rogart Brooch
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:Triple spiral
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Pictish stone
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Celtic brooch
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1139:, p. 97.
1138:
1133:
1126:
1125:Caldwell 2013
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1041:, p. 22.
1040:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
988:, p. ix.
987:
982:
975:
970:
964:, p. 96.
963:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
926:Caldwell 2013
922:
920:
912:
911:Caldwell 2013
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
869:
861:
856:
850:, p. 94.
849:
844:
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
802:, p. 95.
801:
800:Crawford 1923
796:
790:, p. 95.
789:
784:
782:
780:
772:
767:
760:
755:
748:
743:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
705:
703:
696:, p. 12.
695:
690:
684:, p. 74.
683:
678:
671:
666:
664:
662:
655:, p. 52.
654:
649:
647:
645:
638:, p. 11.
637:
632:
626:, p. 11.
625:
620:
613:
608:
601:
596:
594:
592:
584:
579:
577:
575:
570:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
530:
526:
522:
515:
510:
506:
500:
495:
491:
487:
480:
475:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
382:
371:
361:
359:
355:
349:
345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
317:
308:
306:
302:
296:
289:
284:
280:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
240:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Ivory carving
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Cormac Bourke
187:
186:quadrilateral
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
119:
105:
103:
99:
94:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
39:
35:
29:
25:
21:
2760:Medieval art
2745:Bell-shrines
2721:
2714:
2682:
2530:Vanden Gheyn
2450:
2433:Petersglocke
2426:Olympic Bell
2406:Liberty Bell
2401:Justice Bell
2376:Freedom Bell
2316:Call changes
2225:Servant bell
2133:Bicycle bell
2037:
2023:Bell pattern
2013:Bellfounding
1940:Scottish art
1915:Clonmacnoise
1740:(c. 11th c.)
1642:Stowe Missal
1578:(c. 710-750)
1445:
1369:
1350:
1330:
1326:
1307:
1287:
1263:
1245:(1): 74–93.
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1204:
1200:
1181:
1178:Moss, Rachel
1158:
1132:
1120:
1099:
1092:Overbey 2012
1087:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1017:
1005:
993:
986:Overbey 2012
981:
969:
957:
950:Overbey 2012
945:
938:Overbey 2012
933:
906:
899:De Paor 1977
894:
887:Overbey 2012
882:
877:, p. 8.
862:, p. 9.
855:
843:
836:Overbey 2012
831:
826:, p. 6.
824:Overbey 2012
819:
814:, p. 5.
812:Overbey 2012
807:
795:
773:, p. 1.
766:
754:
742:
737:, p. 5.
730:
718:
711:Overbey 2012
694:Overbey 2012
689:
682:Erskine 2012
677:
672:, p. 2.
636:Overbey 2012
631:
619:
614:, p. 5.
607:
521:Lochgilphead
435:
431:
367:
350:
346:
334:
326:rock crystal
322:
297:
293:
245:
206:
183:
150:intercessory
143:
130:
124:
93:Anglo-Norman
85:
49:rock crystal
46:
34:Bell shrines
33:
32:
2662:Whitechapel
2638: [
2595:Olsen Nauen
2590:John Murphy
2545:Miles Graye
2496: [
2451:Temple Bell
2416:Mingun Bell
2220:Ship's bell
2201:Jingle bell
2167:Crotal bell
2157:Church bell
2073:Strike tone
2053:Campanology
2038:Bell shrine
2033:Bell-ringer
1996:terminology
1935:Pictish art
1920:English art
1861:Rachel Moss
1808:Collections
1644:(after 792)
1576:Tara Brooch
1521:Celtic knot
1516:Carpet page
1446:Bell shrine
1432:Insular art
1333:(1): 1–48.
1137:Bourke 2020
1063:Bourke 2014
1051:Bourke 2014
1010:Bourke 2014
974:Bourke 2020
962:Bourke 2020
860:Bourke 2020
848:Bourke 2020
788:Bourke 2020
771:Bourke 2020
735:Bourke 2020
723:Bourke 1980
670:Bourke 2020
653:Bourke 1980
624:Bourke 2020
612:Bourke 2014
600:Bourke 2014
583:Bourke 2014
436:Sacred Body
277: 1223
224:Colum Cille
213:Carolingian
158:hagiography
104:metalwork.
75:(NMI), the
2750:Celtic art
2739:Categories
2652:Hugh Watts
2445:Swan Bells
2104:Altar bell
2018:Bell-gable
1945:Viking art
1905:Celtic art
1714:Corp Naomh
1509:Techniques
1476:High cross
759:Henry 1967
747:Henry 1967
560:References
548:Saint Mura
428:Corp Naomh
383:High King
127:hand-bells
102:Romanesque
100:and early
91:and later
38:hand-bells
2635:Schilling
2575:Marinelli
2540:Grassmayr
2493:Bergholtz
2458:Tsar Bell
2386:Great Tom
2297:Blagovest
2215:Mini-ring
2172:Dead bell
2147:Call bell
2126:Bianzhong
2119:Bell tree
2083:Zvonnitsa
1930:Irish art
1880:(d. 1900)
1874:(d. 1866)
1868:(d. 1994)
1782:(c. 1120)
1776:(c. 1100)
1746:(11th c.)
1734:(11th c.)
1710:(10th c.)
1531:Interlace
1207:: 52–66.
1076:Iona Bell
554:, London.
525:Colmcille
404:Interlace
354:at battle
228:Kentigern
146:devotions
69:interlace
61:cloisonné
2468:Kentucky
2453:(Boston)
2268:Carillon
2264:Chiming
2196:Handbell
2177:Doorbell
2152:Cat bell
2114:Babendil
2109:Aluphone
2008:Bell-cot
1686:(9th c.)
1680:(9th c.)
1638:(8th c.)
1632:(8th c.)
1626:(8th c.)
1620:(8th c.)
1614:(8th c.)
1608:(8th c.)
1602:(8th c.)
1596:(c. 750)
1590:(c. 730)
1584:(c. 730)
1572:(c. 700)
1566:(c. 700)
1545:Examples
1339:25516156
1296:24892511
1251:25513282
1213:25508775
1157:(2020).
381:UĂ NĂ©ill
358:s-curved
342:salvific
262:cumdachs
234:Function
209:lozenges
129:(Irish:
65:openwork
57:filigree
2676:Related
2620:Rudhall
2605:Paccard
2585:Meneely
2580:McShane
2570:Juutila
2371:Big Ben
2280:Canpanò
2162:Cowbell
2048:Bourdon
1888:Related
1461:Cumdach
1180:(ed.).
1147:Sources
492:(NMS).
360:links.
290:, Paris
220:Patrick
162:Patrick
154:insular
113:Origins
98:Insular
2657:Warner
2647:Taylor
2515:Cockey
2191:Ghanta
2184:DĹŤtaku
2140:BonshĹŤ
2043:Belfry
1376:
1357:
1337:
1314:
1294:
1275:
1249:
1211:
1188:
1165:
1111:&
457:(BM).
414:(NMI).
330:niello
328:, and
305:abbeys
301:relics
258:staffs
202:rivets
198:bronze
89:Viking
83:(BM).
67:, and
53:niello
51:, and
42:crests
2642:]
2550:Hatch
2500:]
2273:Chime
2099:AgogĂ´
2092:Types
2057:index
1987:Bells
1439:Types
1335:JSTOR
1292:JSTOR
1247:JSTOR
1241:. 6.
1209:JSTOR
565:Notes
544:Fahan
337:cross
172:Types
2237:Suzu
2208:Kane
2063:Peal
2003:Bell
1925:Iona
1374:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1267:NY:
1186:ISBN
1163:ISBN
484:The
432:Holy
426:The
272:(d.
226:and
194:iron
139:mass
131:clog
1331:96C
1230:142
1205:110
1107:".
1078:".
1025:".
434:or
2741::
2640:de
2498:sv
1329:.
1271:.
1243:13
1228:.
1224:.
1203:.
918:^
867:^
778:^
701:^
660:^
643:^
590:^
573:^
374:c.
274:c.
260:,
230:.
222:,
63:,
59:,
2059:)
2055:(
1979:e
1972:t
1965:v
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
1382:.
1363:.
1341:.
1320:.
1298:.
1281:.
1253:.
1232:.
1215:.
1194:.
1171:.
1074:"
1021:"
430:(
372:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
