Benazir Bhutto - Knowledge

2091: 2613: 2258: 2245:. During her second term, Bhutto also became increasingly open about her support for such an economic policy, pursuing broadly similar approaches to those of Sharif. Her second term therefore witnessed a liberal approach to economics and the privatisation of industrial plants. Pakistan saw a record $ 20 billion of foreign investment during this term, largely in the power industry. The country also entered the list of the world's top ten developing capital markets. There were far fewer public hopes regarding the second Bhutto premiership than there had been for the first. The country's financial situation left no funds for her to pursue the desired social programs; 70% of national revenues went on paying off the national debt, while much of the other 30% went on the military, which would not tolerate cuts to its budget. The 1990s had seen severe economic problems for Pakistan; the country's economic growth had declined to between 3 and 4%, poverty rose to 33%, and the percentage of households living in 1072: 2926:. She expressed bemusement as to why many thought her spending was lavish: "I mean, what is poor and what is rich? If you mean, am I rich by European standards, do I have a billion dollars, or even a hundred million dollars, even half that, no, I do not. But if you mean that I'm ordinary rich, yes, my father had three children studying at Harvard as undergraduates at the same time. But this wealth never meant anything to my brothers or me." She maintained that the charges against her and her husband were purely political. Bhutto ignored the summons to travel to Switzerland to serve her sentence. She challenged the court ruling and secured a retrial which overturned the previous ruling. However, Allen commented: "no one seriously suggested that the evidence had been fixed or that Bhutto and Zardari were not thieves on a grand scale.". 1769:, as provincial Chief Minister. Both Sharif and Bhutto attempted to remove the other from power, with Bhutto accusing Sharif of having rigged the election to become Chief Minister. Sharif benefited from growing Punjabi chauvinism toward the country's Sindhi minority, as well as a perception that Bhutto—a Sindhi—was attacking the Punjab. Although Bhutto had long supported greater autonomy for Pakistan's provinces, she opposed it in the case of the Punjab. Sharif's Punjabi authority refused to accept the federal officials whom Bhutto posted there. Relations between Bhutto and Pakistan's civil service also deteriorated, causing paralysis of many state affairs; Bhutto spoke of it as "Zia's bureaucracy" and her perceived anti-Punjabi stance impacted many civil servants, of whom 80% were Punjabi. 2625:

the United States intervened, Indian operations for conducting the nuclear tests were called off and the Japanese government attempted to mediate. In 1996, Benazir Bhutto met with Japanese officials and warned India about conducting nuclear tests. She revealed for the first time that Pakistan had achieved parity with India in its capacity to produce nuclear weapons and their delivery capability. She told the Indian press, that Pakistan "cannot afford to negate the parity we maintain with India". These statements represented a departure from Pakistan's previous policy of "nuclear ambivalence". Bhutto issued a statement on the tests and told the international press that she condemned the Indian nuclear tests. "If conducts a nuclear test, it would force her to ... follow suit", she said.

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Suvorova similarly observed that Bhutto presented herself differently when in the West compared to when she was in Pakistan. While in Pakistan Bhutto presented herself as a conservative Muslim who always wore her head covered, but as a student in Oxford she had adopted a more liberal lifestyle, tending to wear a T-shirt and jeans and occasionally drinking wine. As a politician, she was conscious of how her image was presented in Pakistan; she dressed modestly, was never photographed with a glass lest it is interpreted as containing alcohol, and would refuse to shake men's hands. In the country, she also wore a white dupatta on her head to placate Islamist opposition; her mother and other female family members had not covered their hair in this manner.

2191:, a group established in 1996. Bhutto oversaw the creation of a women's division in the government, headed by a senior female civil servant, as well as a women's bank. She opened a series of all-female police stations, staffed with female officers, to make women feel safer in coming forward to report crimes. She established family courts with female judges to deal with child custody and family issues, and in 1994–95 the first women judges were appointed to the Supreme Courts of Peshawar and Sindh. The fundamentalist Islamic laws introduced to restrict women's rights under Zia nevertheless remained in place; her failure to remove the hudood ordinances brought criticism from liberal circles and damaged her relations with women's and human rights groups. 2113:, was nominated and duly elected to the presidency in November. Zardari was freed from prison after Bhutto returned to office in 1993. During her second term, Bhutto appointed both her husband and mother to her cabinet. The former was appointed investment minister, chief of the Intelligence Bureau, director-general of the Federal Investigation Agency, and chair of the new Environment Protection Council. She gave him a monopoly on the country's gold imports, a post that earned him $ 10 million, which he deposited in an Indian bank. Allen suggested that measures like these reflected how Bhutto had "given up on all her previous ideals and simply caved into the culture of corruption—indeed excelled in it, as she had excelled in so many other areas". 3352:

democratic state. Allen commented that although the PPP had once been officially socialist in ideology, Bhutto "was not a natural socialist, or even as adept at talking the talk as Zulfikar had been". She disagreed with her father's socialist economic policies, and when in power sought to privatise various industries that had been nationalised in the 1970s. Ahmed thus suggested that while under Bhutto the PPP continued to profess ideals of egalitarianism and claimed it would enhance the welfare of peasants and workers, such "progressive phraseology" couched an absence of economic policies to benefit the poor. Instead, Ahmed thought, its policies primarily benefited "the privileged classes" and was thus a right-wing rather than left-wing party.

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curtail corruption and deal with the economic crisis. In response, she gave up her role as Minister of Finances and dismissed most of her economic advisers in October 1996. She nevertheless maintained that the country's economic problems were the fault of Sharif's previous administration. Citing the eighth amendment of the Constitution, on 5 November, Leghari dismissed Bhutto's government on the grounds of corruption and incompetence. He added the suspicion that Bhutto had been involved in her brother's death. Troops surrounded Bhutto's residence, while Zardari tried to leave the country for Dubai, but was arrested and imprisoned, charged with money laundering and involvement in Murtaza's murder. He remained in prison until 2004.

2343: 2159: 3322:. Although it was not in the commission's remit to identify a culprit, Muñoz later expressed the view that the assassination was likely carried out by the Pakistani Taliban, perhaps with the support of Mehsud, and that they may well have been assisted by rogue elements in the country's intelligence agencies. He also expressed the view that the original police investigation had been deliberately botched. In February 2012, the Pakistani official enquiry issued its final report, placing responsibility for the attack with 27 different militant groups. In May 2013, the state's main prosecutor in the Bhutto case, Zulfikar Ali, was himself assassinated in Islamabad. There was never a 45: 2911: 3628:

especially valor in the face of opposition. Within the Islamic world, Bhutto was often regarded as "a genuine Muslim political leader" and recognised as the head of Pakistan's most popular political party. Bhargava expressed the view that at the time of her initial election, Bhutto's "personal popularity" was "tremendous", larger than any that her father had previously achieved, with Suvorova suggesting that at this point in her life Bhutto was often regarded as a "quasi-saint" by her supporters. In 1996, the Guinness Book of Records named her the most popular international politician of the year, and she also received such awards at the French

1604:(ISI). The ISI also engaged in vote rigging in an attempt to secure an IJI victory. Despite these difficulties, Bhutto led the PPP to victory in the election, taking 93 of the 205 contested seats. The IJI took only 54 seats, although the party secured control of Punjab, the country's largest and most powerful province. This meant that the PPP had the largest number of seats, although not a clear majority. Both the PPP and IJI courted independent MPs hoping to woo them to their side, and unsuccessful attempts were also made by the country's right-wing forces to convince some of the elected PPP parliamentarians to switch allegiance to the IJI. 3193: 3470:

confidence, and the fact that she could talk to people of various backgrounds with empathy. She had the rare quality of humor, which she never lost in spite of leading an uncertain and challenging life. Above all, she could use the media effectively. Her faults as a political leader were many. Too many stories of corruption stuck to her. She was not a good administrator. She was too inclined to listen to her small kitchen cabinet, which very often consisted of people who would say what they thought she wanted to hear. She became prime minister at a particularly young age and had no prior political or other cabinet experience.

2898:, a French aircraft manufacturer, had agreed to pay Zardari and another Pakistani man $ 200 million to ensure he would facilitate a $ 4 billion sales of fighter jets. It was also revealed that in both Bhutto and Zardari had taken approximately $ 15 million in exchange for awarding a customs contract to the Swiss firms SGS/Cotecna when she was prime minister. Devaud concluded that Bhutto "knew she was acting in a criminally reprehensible manner by abusing her role in order to obtain for herself and for her husband considerable sums in the interest of her family at the cost of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan". 14763: 2867:; it received the largest number of votes but only 63 seats in the National Assembly. Musharraf agreed to release Zardari in November 2004 as a symbol of good will; following his release, Zardari travelled to New York for medical treatment. Bhutto flew to New York roughly every three weeks to visit him. The couple did not officially acknowledge it, but their relationship was essentially over. Figures in the PPP alleged that Musharraf held a longstanding animosity towards Bhutto and her family because, under her father, Musharraf's father had been sacked from his position, accused of involvement in a scam. 1735: 15133: 1832:, which was then to be formed into a capital from which the country's anti-Soviet, Islamist-dominated opposition forces could operate. When the operation failed and the Pakistanis were driven out by the Afghan Army, Gul blamed Bhutto's administration for the failure, claiming that someone in her entourage had leaked details of the mission to the Afghan government. Gul was too powerful for Bhutto to force him into retirement, but in May 1989 she transferred him from the ISI to another section of the military, placing a more trusted military figure in his role. 2122:, investigated the business transactions of Bhutto and his wife, exposing the scale of their corruption. By 1996, their takings through these various deals were estimated at $ 1.5 billion. A subsequent inquiry by Pakistan's Accountability Bureau found that in that year, Bhutto, her husband, and her mother only declared assets totaling $ 1.2 million, leaving out the extensive foreign accounts and properties that they possessed. Despite their significant earnings, the couple did not pay the amount of tax owed; between 1993 and 1994, Bhutto paid no 1188: 1564: 2805: 2517: 1731:

delivered because the Pakistani state was unable to finance them; she had claimed that a million new homes would be built each year and that universal free education and healthcare would be introduced, none of which was economically feasible for her government to deliver. The country also faced a growing problem with the illegal narcotics trade, with Pakistan being among the world's largest heroin exporters and the drug's use rapidly increasing domestically. Bhutto pledged that she would take tough action on the powerful drug barons.

1657:. Bhutto biographer Brooke Allen stating that it was "pre-eminently a political performance" written for a Western audience, with the intent of "seducing Western opinion and opinion-makers". As well as whitewashing her father's regime, Bhutto's autobiography contained several factual falsifications; she wished to present herself as a ground-breaker when it came to gender issues, and thus presented her mother Nusrat as being far more conservative than she really was, for instance falsely claiming that Nusrat had urged her to wear the 2902:

Ehtesab Commission, Islamabad, where she handed over corruption references against then PM Nawaz Sharif and his brother Shehbaz Sharif to Abdul Jaleel, Director Special Enquiries at the Ehtesab Commission. These references contained charges of corruptions against Sharif family and Saif-ur-Rehman who was a close aide of Nawaz Sharif. Ms Bhutto gave full statements of facts of complaints. In 1998, Switzerland issued a request for the arrest of Bhutto on suspicion of money laundering. The Geneva City Court subsequently charged Zardari

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not want him to join the PPP, fearing him as a potential challenger to her leadership of the party, however his mother Nusrat campaigned for him, helping him win the election. Having won, he flew back to Pakistan in November to take up his new position. Around ninety criminal charges had been brought against him under Zia's regime, so on arrival, Murtaza was arrested and held for eight months in solitary confinement. Suvorova suggested that Bhutto had allowed this as a concession to those, including President Leghari and the

1506:. Bhutto varyingly claimed that Shahnawaz had been murdered by his wife, Raehana, or had been killed on the orders of Zia. Zia's government allowed her to bring her brother's body to Pakistan in August, where it could be interred in the family cemetery at Larkana. Shortly after the burial, she was arrested and detained under house arrest in Karachi until November, at which point she was released and returned to Europe. In December 1985, martial law was lifted in Pakistan and Bhutto decided to return home. She arrived at 2856:

anyone serving more than two terms as prime minister, thus disqualifying both Bhutto and Sharif, whom he called "useless politicians". Musharraf also consolidated power around himself; in June 2001 he appointed himself to the Presidency, holding this position alongside his positions as chief executive and chief of the army staff. He talked about the need for a return to democracy and to respect human rights. He was a secularist and repealed the Hudood Ordinances, an achievement Bhutto had been unable to make. In an

3026: 1968:. Late in 1989, the MQM—whose party represented mohajir interests—left Bhutto's coalition government. The MQM then joined other voices in calling for a general strike to protest Bhutto's government. In May 1990, she ordered the army to restore peace in Karachi and Hyderabad. Within months of Bhutto's election, dissolution had set in among her liberal supporters. Her narrow majority in the National Assembly had left her unable to reverse many of the Islamist reforms that Zia had introduced. She did not repeal the 3654:

similarly believed that "for a woman to win an election in a male-dominated society was an achievement", and that "her victory over the forces of reaction and persecution was an unprecedented accomplishment in political history." Ahmed thought that the election of a female prime minister in a Muslim-majority country served as "a proclamation that Islam was a forward-thinking religion". He added that as a pioneering female leader, Bhutto had "barely half a dozen" parallels, among them Indira Gandhi, Thatcher,

1334:, a vocal critic of Zulfikar's government. After the coup, Bhutto's brothers were sent abroad to canvass international support for their father. Bhutto and her mother remained in Pakistan, although they were repeatedly detained for short periods. When she was able, Bhutto visited her father in prison. She and her mother put out a book about their father and encouraged PPP supporters to demonstrate in support of him. She also assisted in the preparation of his defence case, which was put before first the 15050: 3433: 3162: 551: 3286: 2424: 2292:

supporters thought that Bhutto and her husband were responsible. When Bhutto tried to attend her brother's funeral in Larkana, local Murtaza supporters pelted her car with rocks. At the funeral, Nusrat—who had the early stages of Alzheimer's disease—also blamed Bhutto for her brother's death. Bhutto initially blamed the killing on a conspiracy against her family; she suggested that President Leghari had been involved, in an act designed to destabilise her government. She brought in

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are more generous and forgiving, male leaders tend to be more inflexible and more rigid." In contrast to those Islamic clerics who insisted that her involvement in politics contrasted with Islamic values, she insisted that there was no conflict. In her view, "it was men's interpretation of our religion that restricted women's opportunities, not our religion itself. Islam in fact had been quite progressive towards women from its inception." Bhutto described her main role model as

2001: 1438: 3403:. Thus, Suvorova argued, Bhutto opposed the secularisation of Islamic societies. Bhutto also took a hard stance against militant Islamism. Although she had to compromise with Pakistan's powerful Islamist lobby, she favored a secular government for the country. Allen wrote that "at no time in her years in power did Bhutto, Westernized though she was, feel comfortable in seriously challenging Pakistan's Islamists". Although during her campaigns she vowed to abolish the 3131: 2284:

an act of disrespect to his brother-in-law. A rumour spread that in one incident, Murtaza invited Zardari to his house, only to have him pinned down by bodyguards and half his mustache forcibly shaved off. Nusrat continued to support Murtaza, damaging her relationship with Bhutto; mother and daughter increasingly criticised one another. Bhutto was so angry with her mother's actions that she ousted her as co-chair of the PPP. This angered Nusrat, who told

2028:. From this position she attacked Sharif's every policy, highlighting his government's failings in dealing with Pakistan's problems of poverty, unemployment, and lack of healthcare, although not also discussing her own administration's failures on those same issues. To journalists she remained unrepentant about her period in office, insisting that she had made no mistakes. She subsequently also accused Sharif of backing the Salafi jihadist militant group 1453:. There, she socialised with friends, going shopping, hosting dinner parties, and visiting the cinema. One friend said that after her time in prison she remained in "a mildly traumatized state, jumping at sudden noise and worrying about who might be spying on her". In March, Bhutto visited New York City and Washington D.C., where she met with media figures and middle-ranking government officials but was kept at bay by the administration of President 1676: 3384: 977: 3170:

returned to Pakistan, where she was briefly placed under house arrest. She then publicly denounced Musharraf, fearing that any association with him would damage her credibility. On 26 November, Sharif returned from exile; that same day, Bhutto filed papers to contest two parliamentary seats in the Larkana constituency. As he had previously agreed with Bhutto, Musharraf then retired as army chief and was sworn in as Pakistan's civilian president.

3057:, a measure which nullified all pending criminal proceedings against politicians. The Ordinance also lifted Musharraf's ban on individuals serving more than two terms as prime minister. It was agreed that if Musharraf stepped down from his military positions and was elected as a civilian president, then Bhutto would be willing to serve under him as prime minister. Many of Musharraf's close allies had reservations about his concessions to Bhutto. 2692:, had strong Western-democratic views and were generally close to Bhutto as they had resisted Nawaz Sharif's conservatism. Unlike Nawaz Sharif's second democratic term, Benazir worked with the military on many issues where the military disagreement, solving many problems relating directly to civil-military relations. Her tough and hardline policies on Afghanistan, Kashmir, and India, which the military had backed Benazir Bhutto staunchly. 3582:

religion" to go through with it and that her high public profile made it difficult for her to find a husband through other means. She consistently presented an image of respect and loyalty for her husband, throughout the many accusations and periods of imprisonment he faced. Allen commented that it would probably never be known how happy the couple's marriage was, for Bhutto "always projected support and loyalty for her unpopular mate".

3340:. Her friend Catherine Drucker, who knew her while the two women were at Oxford University, said Bhutto's political views were then akin to those "commonplace" within the "mild leftism of the day". Bhargava added that, through her education in governance and politics at Harvard and then Oxford, Bhutto had "a thorough exposure to political theory and practice, in historical perspective as well as in the contemporary setting". 1156:. While in Simla, she attracted much attention from both local and national Indian press, the first time she received such notice. She attributed this to the fact that—in her words—she "symbolized a new generation. I had never been an Indian. I had been born in independent Pakistan. I was free of the complexes and prejudices which had torn Indians and Pakistanis apart in the bloody trauma of partition." In 1974, she flew to 1754:, but President Khan refused to permit this. Bhutto disliked Khan's hostile attitude toward her, but he had the backing of the military. In the presidential election, Bhutto initially proposed Malik Qasim, who had been involved in the MRD, as the PPP's nominee, but the military refused to accept this. Bhutto relented and agreed that Khan could be nominated as the PPP's presidential candidate. Bhutto also wanted to replace 2273:, who insisted that Murtaza face criminal proceedings for his militant activities. Murtaza maintained that it was he, rather than his sister, who was the standard-bearer for their father's championing of the downtrodden. He espoused a socialist platform different from his sister's and called for internal elections within the PPP, which could have resulted in the removal of Bhutto. Animosity grew between the two siblings. 606: 1401:, the government used this as the pretext for re-arresting Bhutto and her mother in March. Bhutto disapproved of the hijacking, believing that it strengthened Zia's hand; that she was punished for it may have exacerbated tensions with her brothers. In July 1981, Nusrat was released so that she could seek medical treatment for cancer abroad, but Bhutto was not. She was kept for a time in Karachi before being moved to 1390:, and the Tahrik-i-Istiqlal. The MRD called for a four-point program: an end to martial law, the restoration of the 1973 constitution, parliamentary elections, and the transfer of political power from the military to the elected representatives. There was nevertheless much mutual suspicion among the parties in the MRD, with Bhutto having reluctantly allowed groups that firmly opposed her father's government to join. 1580:. A joint U.S.–Pakistani investigation was unable to ascertain the cause of the crash, although sabotage was widely suspected, with the Soviets, Americans, Indians, and Israelis all presented as potential culprits. Bhutto privately attributed it to an act of God. After Zia's death, the Supreme Court announced that the election should take place on a party basis, rather than the non-party basis that Zia had desired. 15142: 2200:

information about enrichment for missile technology. Bhutto later claimed that on her 1993 visit to North Korea, she secretly carried a computer CD containing nuclear data, although she subsequently retracted this claim. Bhutto also made a state visit to the U.S. in 1995, where she convinced Congress to repeal sanctions that they had imposed on Pakistan over its nuclear weapons programme in 1990.

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Suvorova specified that Bhutto's assassination created "a real family cult", one which was "fuelled by various apocrypha, rituals, and relics". In the wake of Bhutto's death, the election was postponed from January to February 2008, when it resulted in the formation of a coalition government bringing together the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz). The new coalition put forth PPP member

2980:(NAB) accused Bhutto, Malik and Ali Jaffery of owning Petrofine. Bhutto and the PPP denied this. In April 2006 an NAB court froze assets owned in Pakistan and elsewhere by Bhutto and Zardari. The $ 1.5 billion in assets were acquired through corrupt practices, the NAB said, and noting that the 1997 Swiss charges of criminal money-laundering were still in litigation. At Pakistan's request, 2840:

was ascertained that undue political bias was exerted on the judges. Bhutto also campaigned for Zardari's release from prison. Some of her close political advisers suggested that she abandon him for the sake of her political career, but she refused. While in Dubai, she also focused on raising her children and caring for her mother, whose Alzheimer's disease had progressed to a severe stage.

3453:, who went to school with Bhutto, wrote that she was a "pampered and precocious" child. Bhatia claimed that at Oxford, where he first met her, Bhutto was spoilt, self-obsessed, and prone to throwing temper tantrums, although at the same time was humorous and generous, willing to pay for her friends' meals whenever at a restaurant. Allen suggested that Bhutto retained her "characteristic 1934:, who showed her a mock-up of the Pakistani nuclear weapon and stated his opinion that research the project it had reached a crescendo in the final years of Zia's government. William's revelations came as a shock to Bhutto, who was unaware of how advanced Pakistan's nuclear development had become. The United States wanted to prevent Pakistan from creating such a device, and President 577: 2106:, came second with 73 seats. The PPP performed extremely well in Bhutto's native province, Sindh, and rural Punjab, while the PML-N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi. Bhutto was again prime minister, but this time had a weaker parliamentary mandate than she had had in 1988. She was officially sworn in on 19 October 1993. 1591:. Amid predictions that the PPP would win, it received 18,000 prospective candidates, many offering the party money for their selection; this influx of new members and candidates caused upset among many established members, who felt that Bhutto was deserting them. In the build-up to the election, there was a great sense of hope among liberal sectors of Pakistani society. However, 3154:, killing 149 and injuring 402. Bhutto herself was physically unharmed. Bhutto alleged that there were four suicide squads that had been dispatched to eliminate her and that there were key officials in the government involved in the plot; she sent a list naming these officials to Musharraf. Bhutto requested that Musharraf bring in the British Scotland Yard or the United States' 1793: 2647:, with vehement criticism of India. Vajpayee responded, saying: "It is Pakistan which is flouting the United Nations resolution by not withdrawing its forces from Kashmir ... You people create problems every time. You know the Kashmiri people themselves acceded to India. First, the Maharajah, then the Kashmiri parliament, both decided to go with India". 1243:. Despite the ongoing tensions between Pakistan and India, she interacted socially with Indian students, and while at Oxford also made proposals of marriage to two fellow Pakistani students, but was rebuffed on both occasions. Bhutto biographer Brooke Allen thought that her time at Oxford was "almost certainly the happiest, most carefree time of her life". 3045:, the pair developed a joint plan of action. In May 2006 they both signed a Charter of Democracy, a document calling for an end to military rule. They established a committee consisting of four Pakistani senators, two from the PPP and two from the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz). Henceforth, Bhutto avoided openly criticizing Sharif as she once had. 3146:, although her deal with Musharraf and links with the U.S. had dented her popularity and Sharif—still in Saudi Arabia—was more popular in the opinion polls. Musharraf was annoyed at her arrival, having requested that she return only after the election. Her husband and daughters remained in Dubai, while her son was still studying at Oxford. 1099:, who became a lifelong friend. Murtaza joined Bhutto at Harvard a year later. Bhutto found it difficult adjusting to life in the United States. A fellow student said she "cried most of her first semester", although Bhutto later called her time at Harvard "four of the happiest years of my life". She became a campus tour guide with the 3636:

that her participation in politics meant associating with men to whom she was not related and that this compromised the modesty required by Islam. Conservative clerical opponents also claimed that by being prime minister, Bhutto was failing her religious duty, which was to focus her energies on having as many children as possible.

2508:(UBL), but its management sent the recommendation for the privatisation which dismayed the labour union. The United Group of Employees Management asked Bhutto for the issue of the regulation sheet which she denied. The holding of UBL in government control turned out to be a move that ended in "disaster" for Bhutto's government. 1642:("respected lady"). There was hope among many observers that her premiership would mark a new era of multi-party democracy, growing gender equality, and better relations with India. She personally stated that her electoral victory was "the tipping point in the debate raging in the Muslim world on the role of women in Islam". 3278:." The PPP accused the government of a cover-up, with several PPP figures claiming that Bhutto had been killed by a sniper linked to the intelligence agencies. Within Pakistan, there was also public speculation that the attack might have been masterminded by India or the United States. Musharraf agreed to invite Britain's 1027:

affairs with other women, and when Nusrat objected he had her thrown out of their house. She moved to Iran, but after Zulfikar prevented her children from joining her there, she returned to Pakistan six months later, settling in Karachi. Throughout her life, Bhutto never publicly acknowledged this internal family discord.

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pro-Bhutto elements from the military. In the ensuing election, which took place in February 1997, Sharif was re-elected. The PPP had secured only 18 seats in the National Assembly. Some Pakistani feminist groups had refused to back Bhutto's re-election because, despite her repeated promises, she had not removed the

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campaign on "the five E's": employment, education, energy, environment, and equality. The PPP's manifesto called for greater civilian oversight of, and restrictions on, the military and intelligence agencies. They also vowed to rid the intelligence services of elements driven by political or religious motives.

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convictions" and a "self-evidently progressive outlook", while Suvorova thought that Bhutto presented herself as "the outpost of universal liberal values in conservative Pakistan" for a Western audience. Bhutto biographer G. S. Bhargava thought that in the context of Pakistani politics, she could "pass" for a

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that "it's wrong for the West simply to mourn Benazir Bhutto as a martyred democrat since her legacy was far murkier and more complex". Despite her western and positive image in the world, Bhutto's controversial policies and support have made her legacy much more complicated. Benazir Bhutto failed to

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Allen commented that "the cards might have been stacked in Bhutto's favor—she was rich, educated, aristocratic, the favored daughter of a very powerful father—nevertheless, her achievement was a remarkable one" given the male-dominated environment of late-20th century Pakistani society. Mushtaq Ahmed

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At the same time there were many Pakistanis who despised her, disliking her popularity, her ties to Western nations, and her modernizing agenda. Extremist Sunni Islamist elements opposed her because of their belief that female leaders are un-Islamic, and because she was a Shia Muslim. They maintained

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branch of Sunni Islam. Allen thought her to have "some genuine, if unorthodox, religious belief, mixed up with superstition". Bhargava stated that Bhutto was "dedicated and devout in her religious principles but modern and emancipated in her behavior and outlook". In conversation, she often used the

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instinct, and the courage, part, and parcel of their arrogance, that was so characteristic of both". Allen also believed that Bhutto was so dedicated to her father that "psychologically", she was "unable to admit to any imperfection" in him. After his death she repeatedly presented his execution as a

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than his sister, whom he symbolically distanced from the family by referring to her as "Begum Zardari". Murtaza focused much of his criticism on Bhutto's husband Zardari, whom he blamed of being responsible for government corruption. He hung a picture of Zardari up in the guest toilet of his house as

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made him unsuitable. Ultimately, the university declined to award the honorary degree. In later years, Bhutto acknowledged that at this time she had been ignorant of the Pakistani Army's complicity in the atrocities in Bangladesh, although always maintained that her father was blameless on the issue.

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According to Bhutto biographer Shyam Bhatia, Bhutto possessed a desire to be liked and to be popular, and for this reason "was prepared to be all things to all people", having a "chameleon-like" quality to blend into her environment. Muñoz concurred, describing Bhutto as "a woman of contradictions".

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nature of rural Pakistan. Under Bhutto, Ahmed wrote, people from the wealthy feudal class dominated the PPP "both at the federal and provincial levels". Bhargava suggested that, because of the period in which she was operating, Bhutto did not need to engage in the "verbal radicalism" employed by her

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In early December, Bhutto met with Sharif to publicise their demand that Musharraf fulfil his promise to lift the state of emergency before January's parliamentary elections, threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply. On 16 December, Musharraf did so. Bhutto announced that the PPP would

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Relations between the pair were further strained when Musharraf declared a state of emergency and suspended the constitution in November, at which point Bhutto was visiting Dubai. The PPP and PML-N launched protests at Musharraf's actions. Against the warnings of some of her advisors, Bhutto quickly

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Bhutto described the main problem facing her country as the clash between "moderation and extremism", and was pessimistic about her safety. Musharraf himself had survived several assassination attempts by Islamist militants, and warned Bhutto that she too would be a target. She requested that the US

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took place in 2006 and 44 in 2007. The US government increasingly saw Bhutto as an important figure who could help to constrain Pakistan's domestic problems. They nevertheless wanted a power-sharing deal and did not want Musharraf removed from power completely, regarding him as a vital ally in their

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with laundering money and taking bribes of $ 15 million from SGS and Cotecna. A Swiss court ordered her to turn over $ 11.9 million to the Pakistani state and to serve 180 days in prison. 17 Swiss bank accounts owned by the Zardari-Bhutto family were frozen by the country's government. In 2004,

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Major-General Pervez Musharraf worked closely with Bhutto and her government in formulating an Israel strategy. In 1993 Bhutto ordered Musharraf, then Director-General of the Pakistani Army's Directorate-General for the Military Operation (DGMO), to join her state visit to the United States, unusual

2414:

This operation backfired and had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy. President Khan saw this as a major economic failure despite Khan's permission granted to Bhutto for the approval of her economic policies. Khan blamed Bhutto for this extensive economic slowdown and her policy that failed to

2133:

Bhutto ordered the construction of a new residence in Islamabad; it covered 110 acres of ground and cost $ 50 million to construct. In 1993, Bhutto declared that her family burial ground would be converted into an official mausoleum and would undergo significant expansion. She dropped the first

1730:

Among the problems facing Pakistan when Bhutto took the Premiership was soaring employment and high unemployment. The Pakistani government was bankrupt, with Zia having borrowed at high-interest rates to pay government wages. Many of the policy promises she had made in her election campaign were not

1537:

as a suitable husband. He was from a landowning family, and his father had obtained additional wealth through the construction and cinema industries. The marriage ceremony took place in the Clifton Palace Gardens at Karachi in December 1987. The event was billed as the "People's Wedding", serving as

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being held by Zia's regime. Although she was the party's acting chairperson, many of its elder members were unhappy with this situation, believing her insufficiently committed to socialism and fearing that the party would become nothing more than a Bhutto family fiefdom. Murtaza believed that it was

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principles. Socialists, intellectuals, and journalists were arrested. Zulfikar, too, was arrested, initially for less than a month. After a crowd of over one million people greeted Zulfikar's release in Karachi and demonstrations were held in support of the ousted president, Zia decided to eliminate

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In the final years of Bhutto's life, she and her husband lived apart. According to Allen, she would have been aware that a divorce or a public separation would have resulted in the end of her political career in Pakistan due to social stigma around the subject. In a 2007 interview, Bhutto said that

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as prime minister. Musharraf, facing likely impeachment, resigned as president in August. He fled to London although, in February 2011, a Rawalpindi court issued a subpoena for him on the grounds that he had not acted on known threats to Bhutto and had provided insufficient security to protect her.

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She remained in Dubai for eight years, for five of which her husband remained imprisoned in Pakistan. She remained head of the PPP, and spent much of her time in exile fighting the corruption charges that were being brought against her and her husband. Two years later a retrial was ordered after it

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while announcing forthcoming elections for February 1997. Bhutto challenged the constitutionality of Leghari's decision, taking the issue to the Supreme Court, but they ruled in agreement with the president in January in a 6–1 ruling. The Supreme Court's decision also resulted in the removal of all

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As many PPP members became increasingly dissatisfied with Bhutto during the 1990s, they referred to her brother Mir Murtaza, still in exile, as Zulfikar's true heir. From Syria, Murtaza campaigned as an independent candidate for Larkana in the Sindh Legislative Assembly election of 1993. Bhutto did

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As dissatisfaction with Sharif's government grew, the PPP began to restore the support it had lost during Bhutto's premiership. Encouraging public protests, in November 1992, she organised a 10-mile march from Rawalpindi to Islamabad in protest at the IJI government. Sharif ordered her to be placed

1921:

to the region to dissuade the Pakistanis from going to war. He could not meet Bhutto—who was in Yemen as part of a tour of the Gulf states—but met with President Khan, informing him that the U.S. would not support Pakistani military action. He convinced Pakistan to step back from hostilities and to

1900:

originally promised in 1948. Bhutto visited a training camp for pro-independence Kashmiris on the Pakistani side of the border and pledged $ 5 million for their cause; she followed this with further statements in support of the pro-independence groups. In one speech, she incited Kashmiri Muslims to

1701:

Following her election, there remained significant mistrust between Bhutto and the right-wing military administration; many senior military figures viewed her, like her father, as a threat to their dominant role in Pakistan's political arena. The country's three most powerful figures—the army chief

1609:

The people of Pakistan had rejected bigotry and prejudice in electing a woman Prime Minister. It was an enormous honor and an equally enormous responsibility... I had not asked for this role; I had not asked for this mantle. But the forces of destiny and the forces of history had thrust me forward,

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In May 1988, Zia dissolved the assemblies and called a November election. He had not wanted Bhutto to win, and his choice of date may have been deliberately chosen to coincide with the date when Bhutto was projected to give birth, thus hindering her ability to campaign. He also sought to hinder her

1278:

Other women on the subcontinent had picked up the political banners of their husbands, brothers, and fathers before me. The legacies of political families passing down through the women had become a South Asian tradition: Indira Gandhi in India; Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka; Fatima Jinnah and

3666:. Comparisons with Aquino were often made — and welcomed by Bhutto — because both women had fought against a military dictatorship and spent time in exile. She became a global icon for women's rights, and inspired many Pakistani girls and women by her example. The Pakistani women's rights activist 3410:

Bhutto was indignant when faced with sexism, and regarded herself as an ardent supporter of women's rights; however, Suvorova stated that she was "never a feminist in theory or practice". Bhutto expressed the view that there were differences between male and female leaders, and that "women leaders

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a UK court ruled that Rockwood Estate in Surrey—which Zardari owned, despite his repeated denials—should be sold and the proceeds given to the Pakistani state, who were the rightful owners. Zardari protested, admitting that he owned the property and that he should receive the proceeds of its sale.

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in which she argued that the international community should go further than imposing economic sanctions on India, but should launch a preemptive bomb strike on India's nuclear facilities. She called on Sharif to retaliate with a series of Pakistani military tests. After Sharif's government did so,

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assignment. Benazir Bhutto enjoyed strong relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces, and president who was hand-picked by her did not question her authority. She hand-picked officers and promoted them based on their pro-democracy views while the President gave constitutional authorisation for their

2624:

In 1995, the ISI reported to Bhutto that Narasimha Rao had authorised nuclear tests and that they could be conducted at any minute. Benazir put the country's nuclear arsenal programme on high-alert made emergency preparations, and ordered the Pakistani armed forces to remain on high-alert. However

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Overall, the living standard for people in Pakistan declined as inflation and unemployment grew at an exponential rate particularly as UN sanctions began to take effect. During her first and second term, the difference between rich and poor visibly increased and the middle class in particular were

1942:

aid to the country would cease unless Pakistan refrained from producing nuclear bomb cores, the final step in creating the weapon. Between January and March 1989, she authorised cold tests of nuclear weaponry, without fissionable material, although this did not satisfy the military authorities. In

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described her legacy as "mixed", and commented that: "it's only in death that she will become an icon—in some ways, people will look at her accomplishments through rose-tinted glasses rather than remembering the corruption charges, her lack of achievements or how much she was manipulated by other

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arrogance, a relic of her feudal upbringing", arguing that her key character flaw had been "a belief in the special, almost sacred destiny of herself and the Bhutto family" and that accordingly, while she "spoke like a democrat ... she thought and felt as a dynast". In later life, Bhutto was

2901:

Benazir Bhutto was embroiled in a number of cases being pursued by Nawaz Sharif's government in 1997. She termed those cases as a part of Sharif's plan to eliminate her from politics. In an effort to challenge Sharif government's "ehtesab drive", Ms Bhutto along with other PPP leaders visited the

2784:

Newly re-elected, Sharif moved quickly to curtail the powers of the presidency and judiciary. He removed the constitution's Eighth Amendment which had been used by successive presidents to oust both Bhutto and himself from office. Sharif also launched judicial proceedings against Bhutto. In 1998,

2334:, intensified the internal security operations and steps, gradually putting down the opposition's political rallies, while she did not completely abandon the reconciliation policy. In her own worlds, Benazir Bhutto announced: "There was no basis for ... in view of the ongoing political process". 2172:

The PPP Government made dramatic reforms in women's rights. I appointed several women to my cabinet and established a Ministry of Women's Development. We created women's studies programs in universities. We established a Women's Development Bank to give credit only to enterprising women... And we

1987:

Tales of corruption in public-sector industries began to surface, which undermined the credibility of Bhutto. The unemployment and labour strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country, and Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to the cold war with the

1925:

After Bhutto became prime minister, President Khan and the military were reluctant to tell her about Pakistan's nuclear program, and it remains unknown how much Bhutto knew about the issue during her first term in office. She later related that to find out more she contacted key scientists in the

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active in India, something which Zia had encouraged to destabilise Indian control in their half of the Punjab. This warming of relations angered many domestic Islamist and conservative forces; they alleged that she and Gandhi were having a sexual relationship, said that she was secretly an Indian

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into the air in celebration, accidentally resulting in one death and multiple injuries. Bhutto would have been aware that being married gave her an image of respectability which would improve her chances of being elected. She kept the Bhutto family name rather than taking that of her new husband.

3648:

who curried favor with Western governments while alienating their domestic audience. Bhutto gained popularity in Western nations in part because she could present herself as being "part of their world", speaking a high standard of English and having been educated at Harvard and Oxford. While her

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in the United Kingdom; she was, according to biographer Mushtaq Ahmed, a "zealous convert" to privatisation and market economics. Bhutto advocated the creation of an expanded economically and politically stable middle class in Pakistan, believing that this was needed in order to sustain a stable

2855:

In April 2000, Sharif was convicted of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. At the request of the Saudi monarch, Sharif was released from prison after a year and exiled to Saudi Arabia; he was also disqualified from holding public office. In 2002, Musharraf amended the constitution to ban

2851:

which ousted Sharif from power. Bhutto called the coup "disturbing" and "distressing" but noted that it had got rid of Sharif, "an unpopular despot who was hounding the press, the judiciary, the opposition, the foreign investors." She called on Western countries to push for a return to electoral

2763:

Relations between Bhutto and Leghari had declined after she suggested he had been involved in her brother's murder. Leghari sought the backing of the Army Chief, Karamat, to move against her premiership. Leghari warned Bhutto that he would dismiss her government unless she introduced measures to

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secured power in Afghanistan. Bhutto's government was one of only three countries to recognize it as the legitimate Afghan government, a move that further distanced it from its Western allies. The Taliban's rise coincided with a broader growth in opposition to Bhutto from Salafi Islamist groups.

2067:

In February 1993, Bhutto gave birth to her daughter, Asifa. That year, she also declared herself chair of the PPP for life. This move reflected the lack of internal democracy within the party, which was increasingly referred to as the "Bhutto Family Party" (BFP). During her campaign for the 1993

1980:

and gained the nickname "Mr Ten Percent". The ISI had extensively spied upon Bhutto and her husband throughout her period in office, President Khan privately paid plaintiffs to file corruption suits against Bhutto's husband. While the investigations into his corruption were therefore politically

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introduced by Zia's military administrations. She entrusted Shamsul Hasan with dismantling the National Press Trust, a conglomerate of over 15 newspapers, but President Khan delayed signing the documents and thus the Trust would only be broken up during her second premiership. A number of social

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Bhutto's first cabinet was the largest in Pakistan's history. She appointed herself as the new treasury minister, with her mother as a senior minister without portfolio, and her father-in-law as chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee, quashing hopes that her administration would

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faction within her party. She was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. Bhutto became the first female prime minister in a Muslim-majority country, as well as Pakistan's second nationally elected prime minister. At 35 years old, she was the youngest elected leader in the

3627:

Muñoz described Bhutto as "one of Pakistan's most important political figures, a respected world leader, and the leading stateswoman in the Islamic world". Allen suggested that although Bhutto's record in office was that of a "corrupt, compromised politician", she displayed admirable qualities,

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Commentators and biographers have said that Bhutto shared her father's charisma but also his arrogance, and that like him she was impatient with criticism. The connection between Bhutto and her father was endorsed by Allen, who stated that they "had much in common: strength, charisma, political

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Her approval poll rose by 38% after she appeared and said in a private television interview after the elections: "We are unhappy with the manner in which tampered electoral lists were provided in a majority of constituencies; our voters were turned away." The Conservatives attracted voters from

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Bhutto stated that once back in the office, she asked for reasons why the Kahuta enrichment plant had broken her command by producing weapons-grade uranium and implemented a new system of security at the plant to provide greater oversight of the facility's scientists. Both the military and ISI,

1800:

During her first premiership, Bhutto went on a number of foreign trips, enhancing her image as the first female prime minister in the Islamic world. In these, she sought to attract foreign investment and aid for Pakistan. She also made efforts to cultivate good relationships with the leaders of

1495: 3581:

On returning to Pakistan in 1987, Bhutto's mother arranged for her marriage to the businessman Asif Ali Zardari. Many of her friends were surprised that Bhutto acquiesced to Islamic tradition given her liberal attitudes, however, she later related that she "felt obligations to my family and my

2291:

On 20 September 1996, Murtaza was ambushed by police near Karachi; they opened fire, killing him and seven others. All witnesses were taken into police custody, where two of them died. It was widely believed in Pakistan that the killing had been ordered by a senior government figure; Murtaza's

2219:

Bhutto was prime minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan. Ethnic violence had broken out in Sindh as muhajir—mobilised by the MQM—rioted in protest at what they saw as their poor treatment. Abductions, bombings, and murders became increasingly common in Karachi. To deal with the

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a system which would allow the country to strike all of Pakistan's major cities, and as a counter, many in the Pakistani administration believed that they needed an equivalent launch pad system for their nuclear warheads. They decided to make a deal with the North Korean government, exchanging

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Sharif had attempted to reduce the president's powers. Relations between Sharif and President Khan also soured and the prime minister came under pressure to resign from the armed forces. With growing tensions between him and President Khan, in April 1993 the latter used the Eighth Amendment to

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Throughout her youth, Bhutto idolised her father, and he, in turn, encouraged her educational development in contravention of traditional approaches to women then pervasive in Pakistan. Relations between her parents were however strained during her childhood; Zulfikar embarked on extra-marital

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In Bhutto's political will, she had designated her son Bilawal, who was then 19, as her political heir as chair of the PPP. It also specified that her husband should serve as custodial chairman until Bilawal completed his formal education. Zardari became co-chair of the PPP. The academic Anna

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strategy to attract votes, promising "roti, kapra aur makan" (bread, clothes, and housing) for every Pakistani and insisting that the disputed territory of Kashmir would be transferred from Indian to Pakistani control. Benazir immediately joined. Amid riots against the government of President

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further deteriorated. Like her father, Benazir Bhutto used rhetoric to oppose India and campaign in the international community against the Indian nuclear program. On 1 May 1995, she used harsh language in her public warning to India that "continuation of nuclear program would have terrible

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from ₨. 21 to ₨.30 per U.S. dollar. Soon economic progress became her top priority but her investment and industrialisation programs faced major setbacks due to conceptions formed by investors based upon her People's Party nationalisation program in the 1970s. By the 1990s, Khan and Bhutto's

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constituency in the 1977 general election. Bhutto biographer Shyam Bhatia thought that this was probably Zulfikar's intention, as the latter would have recognised the significant impediments to a woman being elected leader in a conservative Islamic society like Pakistan. Benazir nevertheless

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had told him that the U.S. would make "a horrible example" of him if he did not terminate Pakistan's efforts to build a nuclear bomb. Now in control of the country, Zia suspended the constitution, and initiated a regime that combined military rule with social programs designed to further the

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Familial charisma is rare, but in Benazir's case the Bhutto name matters, in that her father's charisma easily transferred to her. She had her own charisma when she emerged in the 1980s as a young, articulate, well-educated, and well-spoken woman. Her chief assets were her intelligence, her

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Bhutto was committed to democracy and modernisation, and believed that the future of the Islamic world lay in the embrace of these processes. However, Allen thought that it was "hard to pin down" what Bhutto's "core political values" actually were. Bhatia described Bhutto as having "liberal

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with the Indian Rupee which beat the value of Pakistan rupee for the first time in the 1970s. Bhutto's denationalisation program also suffered from many political setbacks, as many of her government members were either directly or indirectly involved with the government corruption in major

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Concerned about the instability of their ally, the US government pushed Musharraf to meet with Bhutto and come to an arrangement that might strengthen his legitimacy. This was also encouraged by the UK government. In January 2007, Musharraf held his first meeting with Bhutto at a hotel in

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policies, which she called a "disciplined macroeconomics policy". After the 1993 general elections, the privatisation programme of state-owned banks and utilities accelerated; more than ₨ 42 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised corporations and industries, and another US$

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Having encountered her later in life, Muñoz regarded Bhutto as a "charming and intelligent" woman. Close friends called her "BB", a name with which she signed some of her personal letters. Her parents gave her the childhood nickname of "Pinkie", possibly alluding to her rosy complexion.

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concurred that this was probable, although Mehsud denied the accusation. Mehsud nevertheless had a motive: he believed that Bhutto's pro-American and secularist agenda would undermine the Pakistani Taliban's control of South Waziristan and hinder the growth of Sunni Islamist radicalism.

3680:

magazine, the journalist Adele M. Stan called Bhutto "An Imperfect Feminist", commenting that despite her efforts towards women's rights, these were sometimes offset by her compromises with Pakistan's Islamists and her support of the Taliban's rise to power in neighbouring Afghanistan.

2016:

area of London. In October, Zardari was arrested on charges of extortion. According to the allegations, he had attached a remote-control bomb to the leg of a businessman and forced the latter to enter a bank and withdraw money. He was convicted and remained in prison for three years.

1988:

President. In August 1990, Khan dismissed Bhutto's government under the Eighth Amendment of the constitution. He claimed that this was necessary owing to her government's corruption and inability to maintain law and order. A caretaker government under the control of former PPP member

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democracy in Pakistan. Musharraf stated that both Sharif and Bhutto had "misgoverned the country" and had failed to allow internal democracy within their own parties, pointing to Bhutto's appointment as chair for life of the PPP, something he compared to "the old African dictators".

1881:

And the brave women of Kashmir? They know how to fight and also to live. And when they live, they do so with dignity. From every village only one voice will emerge: freedom; from every school only one voice will emerge: freedom; every child will shout, "freedom, freedom, freedom".

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said it was un-Islamic for the country to have a female leader. Their propaganda foregrounded what they presented as her un-Islamic behaviour, including a photo of her dancing in a Parisian nightclub. Zia loyalists and Islamic fundamentalists united to form a new political party,

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chances by declaring that the election would be held on a non-party basis, with candidates standing as individuals rather than as representatives of a political party. Bhutto and the PPP launched a legal challenge against this latter stipulation. In August, Zia suddenly died when

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to meet with prominent U.S. political and business leaders. In October 2007, Musharraf was elected president by Pakistan's parliament. In keeping with the agreement made by Bhutto and Musharraf, the PPP representatives abstained rather than voting against Musharraf's nomination.

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After the coup, Zulfikar had appointed his wife co-chair of the PPP, while in October 1977 Benazir was appointed to the PPP's central committee. After Zulfikar's death, Benazir replaced his role in the party, becoming its co-leader. In February 1981, she formally established the

1745:

Bhutto often argued with Beg, Gul, and Khan over her desired policies, and—according to Allen—"won some battles but ultimately lost the war" against them. Bhutto succeeded in getting Khan's approval to change two of the country's four provincial governors; she appointed General

2881:

In June 1997, the Pakistani government formally requested that the Swiss government review bank accounts owned by Bhutto and her husband. In 1998, a Swiss magistrate, Daniel Devaud, seized a safe-deposit box containing a $ 190,000 necklace that Bhutto had purchased in London's

3639:

Ahmed stated that Bhutto was one of the very few political leaders who had been able to "assume the iconic status of a political martyr in the West while simultaneously evoking strong sentiments in the Muslim world". He therefore contrasted her with contemporaries like Iraq's

2043:

Despite an economic recovery in late 1993, the IJI government faced public unease about the direction of the country and industrialisation that revolved around and centered only in Punjab Province. Amid protest and civil disorder in Sindh Province following the imposition of

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legalized and encouraged women's participation in international sports, which had been banned in the years of the Zia military dictatorship. It was a solid start in a society where Islam had been exploited to repress the position of women in society for a bitter generation.

3485:. Bhutto imitated many of her father's mannerisms and his style of speech; the journalist Carla Hall referred to her having a "vaguely British accent". She was an accomplished orator, having honed her skill at public speaking while president of the Oxford Debating Society. 3041:, in 2006 Bhutto and Sharif began a process of reconciliation. Ayala believed that this was a prerequisite for ensuring Pakistan's transition back to democratic elections. Both Bhutto and Sharif had residences in London, not far from one another. Facilitated by the lawyer 3606:(born on 3 February 1993). When she gave birth to Bakhtawar, she became the first elected head of government to give birth while in office. Bhutto was devoted to her father and husband. In later life, she increasingly came to see success through the prism of her family. 2366:, Benazir attempted to privatise major industries that had been nationalised in the 1970s. Bhutto promised to end the nationalisation programme and to carry out the industrialisation programme by means other than state intervention; however, Bhutto did not carry out the 1901:

rise up against their administration. Later, in a 1993 interview, Bhutto stated that supporting proxy wars in Punjab and Kashmir was the "one right thing" undertaken by Zia, presenting these in part as revenge for India's role in "the humiliating loss of Bangladesh".

1710:, and President Khan—all had contempt for her family. This opposition was substantial and contributed to Bhutto's inability to pass any major legislation during her first term in office. However, she had some successes with initiatives to encourage the development of 3503:

magazine. She read a number of self-help books, telling a friend that "for all the lows in my life, those self-help books helped me survive, I can tell you". Her father had also encouraged her to read the writings of various prominent political figures, among them

1976:. Throughout her first term, Bhutto was criticised for being indecisive and unable to maintain control. There had been anger that her husband had been allowed to attend cabinet meetings despite not being a member of the government. He was also accused of receiving 1215:. One of her fellow students at Oxford stated that there, she "epitomized the classic spoilt rich girl from a third world country". She nevertheless made friends, who later described her as a humorous and intellectually curious individual. In 1977, she was elected 1912:

as part of an attempt to annex Kashmir; Bhutto refused to back the plan, believing that the international condemnation would be severe. With both armies mobilizing on either side of the border, there were growing fears that tensions over Kashmir could result in a

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worked together to ensure a transition back to electoral democracy in Pakistan. The UK and Spain both dropped criminal investigations into Bhutto's corruption, although Switzerland refused to do so. In August 2007, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,

1624:

was constitutionally obliged to invite Bhutto to form the next government, but was reticent to do so. Under growing pressure—including from the U.S., a key ally—he reluctantly did so two weeks after the election. To build her government, Bhutto formed a

946:

Benazir, in her autobiography "Daughter of the East", said "The diaries of one of our ancestors, giving the family details, were washed away in a great flood in my great-grandfather's time. But as children, we were told we were either descended from the

1959:, through which they used bribery and intimidation to discourage National Assembly members from voting with the PPP. By 1990, the revelation of Midnight Jackal lessened President Khan's influence in national politics, government and the military. 3616:

The Benazir Bhutto of 1988 was a uniting figure for her country; that of twenty years later, a divisive one. In retrospect, her best and worst qualities seem so intimately linked that the course of her career might almost have been predicted.

1878:

The people of Kashmir do not fear death because they are Muslims. The Kashmiris have the blood of the mujahids and ghazis. The Kashmiris have the blood of muhajadeens because Kashmiris are the heirs of Prophet Mohammed, Hazrat Ali, and Hazrat

1780:, who sought to overthrow her government and replace it with an Islamic theocracy. Her conservative critics continued to claim it was un-Islamic for a woman to govern, and unsuccessfully tried to have Pakistan suspended from the international 1259:

After her Oxford education, she returned to Pakistan in June 1977, where she was scheduled to work at the Prime Minister's office and the "Inter-Provincial Council of Common Interests" during the rest of the summer. Intent on a career in the

1828:. The U.S. was funneling money to these mujahedeen through Pakistan, although preferred to deal directly with Beg, Gul, and Ishaq Khan rather than through Bhutto. In April 1989, Gul led an invasion of Afghanistan with the purpose of seizing 3326:

in the Bhutto investigation. Many in Pakistan had reasons for wanting Bhutto dead; some saw her as corrupt, and her killing was considered advantageous to both the military establishment and to the Islamic fundamentalists who despised her.

3053:, followed by further talks in June. As a result of their discussions, it was agreed that the Pakistani authorities would drop all charges of corruption against both Bhutto and her husband. This was achieved through the introduction of the 2276:

In June 1994, Murtaza was released on bail, and at his subsequent trial he was acquitted of all charges. In 1995, he established his own party, the PPP (Shaheed Bhutto); the party's name implied that he was closer to the Bhutto's family's

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20 billion from the foreign investment made the United States. After 1993, the country's national economy again entered in the second period of the stagflation and more roughly began bite the country's financial resources and the

2313:

class in 1993 elections, in the context that she had no Urdu-speaking sentiment in her circle and discrimination was continued even in her government. Her stance on these issues was perceived as part of rising public disclosure which

9500: 1930:, herself, bypassing the president and military hierarchy. On her trip to the United States, she told Congress that "we do not possess, nor do we intend to make, a nuclear device". While in Washington D.C., she met with CIA director 3009:—but they gradually lost faith in his ability to rule successfully. His domestic popularity was slipping; a mid-2007 poll gave him only a 26% approval rating. In 2007, mass anti-Musharraf protests broke out in what was known as the 2525:

and unconventional participation. Bhutto and Musharraf chaired a secret meeting with Israeli officials who traveled to the US especially for the meeting. Under Bhutto's guidance Musharraf intensified the ISI's liaison with Israel's

3721:, a member of Bhutto's PPP, asked Musharraf to pardon convicts on death row on her birthday in honour of Bhutto. Several months after Bhutto's death, a series of Pakistani postage stamps were announced to mark her 55th birthday. 2800:

of 1999; the conflict humiliated Pakistan both militarily and politically and left the country with a very poor international standing. Bhutto observed the conflict from abroad, describing it as "Pakistan's biggest blunder".

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Bhutto photographed in 1988. Allen stated that had Bhutto died that year, "she would be remembered as a shining example of what youth, fortitude, and idealism can accomplish even in the most brutal and repressive political

2860:, Musharraf extended his presidential mandate for a further five years. Bhutto expressed concern that with mainstream politicians removed from Pakistan's political arena, the vacuum would be filled by Islamist extremists. 2318:

called "racism". Due to Benazir Bhutto's stubbornness and authoritative actions, her political rivals gave her the nickname "Iron Lady" of Pakistan. No response was issued by Bhutto, but she soon associated with the term.

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said that the marriage should not be judged by ordinary standards. According to Schofield, after Zardari's return from prison, the Bhuttos' marriage was going through a process of "readjustment". In 2018, Bhutto's friend

1425:. When Zia visited Washington D.C. in December 1982, they raised the issue of Bhutto's imprisonment with him. As international pressure mounted, the Pakistani government agreed to release her, placing her on a flight to 2415:

stop the illegal immigration. Khan attributed Bhutto's government members corruption in government-owned industries as the major sinkhole in Pakistan's economy that failed to compete with neighboring India's economy.

2537:, and repeatedly visited Beijing for mutual trade and international political co-operation the two countries. In 1995, Benazir Bhutto made another state visit to the United States and held talks with U.S. president 1417:. In December, she was moved into house arrest, where she would remain for two years. In the United States—a key ally of Zia's regime—Peter Galbraith helped rally support for Bhutto, including from the politicians 3224:

vehicle, she opened the car's escape hatch and stood up to wave to the surrounding crowds. A man standing within two to three metres of the car fired three gunshots at her and detonated a suicide vest packed with

3113:

during the 1990s. She argued that Huntington's theory denied the universality of democratic ideals and created a "self-fulfilling prophecy of fear" whereby it provoked the conflicts that it claimed to predict. In

1148:. In December 1971, Zulfikar assumed the presidency of Pakistan, the first democratically elected leader after 13 years of military rule. In 1972, Benazir accompanied her father to the India-Pakistan Summit in 2495:

for which the privatisation involved little competition. Furthermore, Benazir denied that privatisation of the Pakistan Railways would take place despite the calls made in Pakistan, and was said to have told

1480:

While in exile, Benazir became a rallying point for the PPP. Her flat became the unofficial headquarters of its members in exile; these volunteers devoted themselves to raising international awareness of the

3237:

on arrival and attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful. No autopsy was conducted, and the body was swiftly transported to Chaklala Air Base. The following day, she was buried next to her father in the

2820:, giving her a five years prison sentence, an $ 8.6 million fine, and disqualifying her from public office. The Pakistani authorities unsuccessfully tried to secure her arrest and extradition through 2228:, a violent crackdown on the MQM. By the time that the Operation was officially completed, the government announced that 3,000 had been killed in Karachi, although the number may have been far larger. An 3492:

Allen described Bhutto as "a woman of action rather than an intellectual". Bhutto's choice of reading material was usually either utilitarian or pleasurable rather than intellectual; she enjoyed reading

3558:

in Cairo, where she accused the West of "seeking to impose adultery, abortion, intercourse education and other such matters on individuals, societies, and religions which have their own social ethos".

2052:

dismiss Sharif as prime minister, citing corruption and misadministration. An agreement was reached whereby both Sharif and Khan would step down. The military formed an interim government and called a

2249:

doubled. With rapidly growing inflation and higher taxes, there was growing discontent over Pakistan's economic situation. The announcement of the 1995 budget was met with strikes and demonstrations.

2184: 13547: 2747:". During this course, General Rana directly reported to the prime minister and led the intelligence operations after which were approved by Benazir Bhutto. In 1995, Benazir also appointed Admiral 2715:— took control of the security of Benazir Bhutto, that directly reported to Chief of Army Staff and the Prime Minister. Benazir Bhutto ordered General Abdul Waheed Kakar and the Lieutenant-General 4013: 958:, a Muslim tribe of Punjab, who have a subclan called Bhutta, and they also claim to be descended from the Arabs who entered India in AD 712 while others say that Benazir is descended from the 2824:. Bhutto claimed that this was politically motivated. She was in London at the time of the judgment, and rather than returning to Pakistan she relocated to Dubai. She decided on Dubai because 2090: 13134: 2612: 2232:

report commented that while Bhutto had declared that her government would end human rights abuses, the use of torture, rape, and extrajudicial killings remained common in Pakistani prisons.

3150:

or UK take responsibility for her security, but they refused, and her security detail was instead organised by Musharraf. While her cavalcade was making its way through a crowd in Karachi,

5847: 3586:

she and her husband were living apart because of his medical requirements, adding that she visited him every month in New York. Regarding the rumors of separation, in 2008 Bhutto's friend

3360:

father, not needing to "clamor for a socialist identity" in order to win votes and allowing her to be "a pragmatist in both word and deed". Lamb described Bhutto at being skilled in using

1864:. The two countries agreed to reduce their military levels along the border and agreed not to attack their respective nuclear installations. Bhutto claimed that she terminated support for 2296:

to investigate, partly to quell rumors that she had ordered the killing, although the case remained unsolved. After Murtaza's death, Bhutto re-established a relationship with her mother.

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to begin air sorties and to patrol the Indo-Pakistan border on day-and-night regular missions. All of these squadrons are part of the Strategic Command. On 30 May, India test-fired a

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Western supporters sometimes had doubts about her ability to govern, they generally viewed her as a progressive figure who could advance democracy and counter-terrorism in Pakistan.

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for the next decade. A widening corruption inquiry culminated in a 2003 conviction in a Swiss court. Following the United States–brokered negotiations with then president, general

6086: 2957:(UAE) in 2000. The Petrofine was "politically sensitive", they said, and "declined to accept Mrs. Bhutto as a client". A United Nations committee chaired by former head of the US 7998: 10723: 3246:, her family graveyard near Larkana. Musharraf declared a three-day period of mourning, while PPP supporters rioted in various parts of Pakistan, leading to at least 50 deaths. 2024:, the PPP only secured 45 of the 217 seats. The IJI, under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif, won a majority in the Parliament, and Sharif became prime minister. Bhutto became the 2914:

Benazir Bhutto handing over corruption references against Nawaz Sharif and Shehbaz Sharif to Abdul Jaleel, Director Special Enquiries at the Ehtesab Commission, Islamabad, 1997

1727:

reforms were carried out, such as the establishment of new literacy centres, new pension rights, and the abolition of admission and bed fees forced upon during the Zia regime.

2876: 1947:

informed her that information obtained by U.S. satellites indicated that her commitment to not produce weapons-grade uranium had been breached at the Kahuta enrichment plant.

1638:

Islamic world, the world's youngest prime minister, and the youngest female prime minister ever elected. After her election, party workers were encouraged to refer to her as

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Islamic countries who also had good relationships with her father, including Libya's Gaddafi, Abu Dhabi's Sheikh Zayed, and the Saudi royal family. In 1989, she attended the

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as the Chief of Naval Staff, as the Admiral had personal contacts with the Benazir's family. However, it was the Admiral's large-scale corruption, sponsored by her husband

965:

The couple had married in September 1951, and Benazir was their first child. She was given the name of an aunt who had died young. The Bhuttos' three younger children were

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Bhutto returned to Pakistan in October 2007, arriving in Karachi. It was widely thought that she had a strong chance of becoming the country's next prime minister in the

2134:

architect she employed to do the job after deciding that she wanted a more Islamic design; she replaced him with Waqar Akbar Rizvi, instructing him to visit the tombs of

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as the Chief of Army Staff. General Abdul Waheed was an uptight, strict, and a professional officer with a view of Westernised democracy. Benazir also appointed Admiral

1813:. In January 1989, she made a second pilgrimage to Mecca, and in June visited the U.S. to address both houses of Congress and giving the commencement speech at Harvard. 2411:

refused to accept the deportees and reportedly sent two planeloads back to Pakistan. Religious parties also criticised Bhutto and dubbed the crackdown as anti-Islamic.

15541: 3229:. Bhutto was fatally injured; reports differ as to whether she was hit by bullets or by shrapnel from the explosion. Twenty-two others also died. Bhutto was rushed to 2395:

for the rich improved while the standard of living for the poor declined. Benazir attributed this economic inequality to be a result of ongoing and continuous illegal

9343: 8122: 1211:. At her father's insistence, she remained in Oxford to study for a one-year postgraduate degree, reading international law and diplomacy; at this point she attended 9715: 9687: 9652: 9589: 9366: 9205: 8655: 8242: 4551: 3449:

believed that in being raised in a wealthy and aristocratic family, Bhutto was unable to appreciate the struggles of Pakistan's poorest. The Islamic studies scholar

2483:

of these industries. The process of privatisation of the nationalised industries was associated with the marked performance and improvement, especially the terms of

2216:, she highlighted this protest as evidence for the growth of Salafi ideology in Britain, commenting that it would generate problems for Western countries in future. 10521: 1896:. Amid growing Kashmiri protests against Indian rule, in interviews Bhutto expressed support for the Kashmiri Muslim community. She called on the United Nations to 13718: 13305: 7654: 9408: 3282:

to investigate the assassination, although its eventual report proved inconclusive. Requests for the body to be exhumed for an autopsy were rejected by Zardari.

2655:

During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed General

1772:

In April 1989, opposition parties organised a parliamentary no-confidence vote in Bhutto's leadership, but it was defeated by 12 votes. Bhutto claimed that many

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as her financial advisor. Beg made it clear to Bhutto that the military would not tolerate her interference in their control of the defence and foreign affairs.

11579:"Ultimatum Delivered: Pakistan's leading opposition leaders have united (sort of) against President Pervez Musharraf. But their impact will probably be minimal" 9474: 8051: 2886:

the previous year. Over the following six years, he investigated how Bhutto had obtained the money used to buy this item. His investigations were followed by a

2208:

Increasingly, there were Salafist protests against Bhutto in countries other than Pakistan. During a trip to London, Bhutto faced Islamist protests outside the

1246:

At Oxford, she led a campaign calling for the university to give her father an honorary degree; she gained the support of her father's old tutor, the historian

1091:. She started when she was sixteen, which was younger than normal, but Zulfikar had pulled strings to allow her premature admittance. Zulfikar asked his friend 15566: 14808: 10579: 3555: 3460:

accused of being addicted to power, although Allen thought it more accurate to state that she was "addicted to adulation", suggesting that this stemmed from a

2937:

leak. 7 September 2001 London law firm Richard Rooney and Co told MF-BVI (Mossack Fonseca British Virgin Islands) to create Petroline International Inc in the

2504:, "Railways privatisation will be the 'black hole' of this government. Please never mention the railways to me again". Bhutto always resisted privatisation of 14545: 13475: 15456: 15676: 13539: 3693:

revert the controversial Hudood Ordinance – a contentious presidential ordinance which suppressed women's rights, making them subordinate to men. In 2009,

9626: 1750:, one of the few senior military officers who were loyal to her, as the Governor of Punjab. She sought to replace the chair of the joint chiefs of staff, 15184: 2545:

and launch a campaign against extremism. She criticised US nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United States honor its contractual obligation.

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program or liberalisation of the economy during her first government. No nationalised units were privatised and few economic regulations were reviewed.

15581: 15476: 11526: 4039: 4009: 3602:, was born in September 1988, while she was campaigning for that year's election. She also had two daughters, Bakhtawar (born on 25 January 1990) and 1397:

group which trained its members to carry out acts of assassination and sabotage to oust Zia's military government. After Al Zulfikar orchestrated the

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with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its position. After a year of study, Bhutto implemented and enforced the

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Akhter, M. Javaiid (2009). "Politics of Reconciliation and Accommodation: A Study of Benazir Bhutto's First Era Democratic Government 1988–1990".

4826: 3595:

described the marriage as "probably not all bad", although added that Bhutto did not consider her husband to be an equal partner in the marriage.

3419:, stating that she admired her piety, wisdom, and courage. She also described the Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi as a political inspiration. 2984:

issued notices—but not arrest warrants—for Bhutto and her husband. On 27 January 2007, she was invited by the United States to speak to President

11862: 2048:, the IDA government lost control of the province. The Peoples Party attacked the IDA government's record on unemployment and industrial racism. 2008:

Khan called for new elections. In the meantime, Bhutto and her husband were forbidden to leave Pakistan, although they purchased an apartment in

13364: 9912:"Pakistan Supreme Court Upholds Benazir Bhutto's Dismissal on the basis of Corruption and Extra-Judicial Killings of MQM Workers and Supporters" 1758:

as a finance minister, but again the military opposed her. Compromising, she accepted ul Haq's continued role as finance minister but appointed

1095:, an economics professor at Harvard who had formerly been a U.S. ambassador to India, to be her local guardian. Through him, Bhutto met his son 15636: 13445: 12054: 10491: 7858: 3741: 2832:, had been a longstanding friend of her family. She brought her mother and three children to live there with her, settling into a villa in the 1718:

detained under the Zia government. and lifted the ban on trade unions and student associations. She removed many of the constraints imposed on

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Under Bhutto's leadership, the PPP was officially secular, as were the governments which she led. However, in Pakistan at the time, the term "

1123:

although was sceptical of some of the views expressed within the movement. At Harvard, Bhutto majored in comparative government and graduated

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finally captured Ramzi before he could flee the country. In a matter of weeks, Ramzi was secretly extradited to the United States, while the

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he, and not Benazir, who was their father's designated political heir; as evidence, he cited that he had been asked to manage his father's

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In September 2008, Zardari was elected President of Pakistan by the country's electoral college; he remained in that position until 2013.

1840:

Bhutto initially attempted to improve relations with neighbouring India, withdrawing Zia's offer of a no-war pact and announcing the 1972

850:

Bhutto was a controversial figure who remains divisive. She was often criticised as being politically inexperienced, was accused of being

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given to her by the Emirati government. She claimed that were she to return to Pakistan then she would be imprisoned and then murdered.

858:

and modernising agenda. In the early years of her career, she was nevertheless domestically popular and also attracted support from the

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in the country. Most of those in the administration had little political experience. Various members of the PPP old guard, including

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debating society, the first Asian woman to hold that post. After her three-month term was up, she was succeeded by her close friend,

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claimed responsibility for the assassination, declaring that "We terminated the most precious American asset which vowed to defeat

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Bhutto was the oldest of four children. Of these, her younger sister Sanam, or "Sunny", remained close to her throughout her life.

2744: 1821: 784: 15616: 15436: 15431: 15169: 15164: 2561:, which further escalated events, leading to full-fledged war. When this news reached Bhutto, she responded by high-alerting the 2488: 1630: 9297: 3395:" was often understood not as reflecting the separation of religious institutions and the state, but rather had connotations of 2553:

consequences". India responded to this saying she was interfering in an "internal matter" of India, and the Indian Army fired a

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in Pakistan have been named after her. The Pakistani government honored Bhutto on her birthday by renaming Islamabad's airport

3315: 2562: 2471:

On many occasions, Bhutto resisted to privatise globally competitive and billion-dollar-worth state-owned enterprises (such as

2399:. Bhutto ordered a crackdown on and deportation of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants. Her action strained and created tensions in 2383:

government-owned industries, and her appointed government members allegedly sabotaged her efforts to privatise the industries.

1250:. Bhutto's campaign was opposed by counter-protests, who believed that her father's supposed involvement in the persecution of 1216: 973:(1958). When the elderly Shah Nawaz died in 1957, Zulfikar inherited the family's land holdings, making him extremely wealthy. 13398: 10776: 10441: 2350:

as a percentage of the U.S. GDP per capita stood between 8.4% (in the 1970s) and 8.3% (in 1993–96), periods of nationalisation

15641: 15596: 15591: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 14794: 14188: 14103: 14048: 14017: 13979: 13948: 13927: 13892: 13842: 13809: 13743: 13691: 13583: 9759: 9443: 9278: 9251: 7842: 7536: 3731: 3717:, Muree Road of Rawalpindi as Benazir Bhutto Road and Rawalpindi General Hospital as Benazir Bhutto Hospital. Prime Minister 3006: 2829: 2796:

and arrive at a bilateral agreement on nuclear proliferation with India. Tensions between India and Pakistan resulted in the

2793: 14163: 14109: 14023: 13954: 13898: 13848: 13815: 8114: 1063:, in 1968 Zulfikar was arrested and imprisoned for three months, during which he wrote to Benazir to encourage her studies. 15621: 15576: 15516: 14776: 14531: 9335: 8234: 3714: 2578: 2574: 2315: 1776:

voters had been bribed to vote against her, with $ 10 million having been supplied for this by a Saudi Salafi cleric,

356: 106: 13104: 9723: 9679: 9656: 9597: 9374: 9201: 8665: 4540: 2941:. Petroline International Inc is owned by Bhutto, her nephew Hassan Ali Jaffery Bhutto, and her aide and head of security 1354:. Just before his execution, Zulfikar urged his wife and daughter to leave Pakistan, but they refused. He was executed by 15701: 15081: 14562: 14472: 14383: 10513: 2949:. Mossack Fonseca had declined to do business with Bhutto's first company, similarly named Petrofine FZC, established in 2465: 2060:

occurred, with both parties making many promises but not explaining how they were going to pay for them. Bhutto promised

2025: 1897: 1781: 1161: 1004: 761: 192: 13057: 2894:. Devaud's investigations revealed a range of corrupt deals that Zardari had been involved with. It was discovered that 1583:

Bhutto insisted that the PPP campaign separately from the MRD, and dropped its socialist platform in favour of economic

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After accusations of being too conciliatory towards India, Bhutto took a harder line against them, particularly on the

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When Bhutto was five, her father became the cabinet minister for energy, and when she was nine he became the country's

1008: 9400: 15671: 15656: 15651: 15626: 15611: 15506: 14157: 13672: 10601: 10571: 10284: 9466: 8059: 4921: 3817: 3122:" to aid the poor in Muslim-majority countries, believing that this would improve Islamic attitudes toward the West. 3054: 2704: 2449: 2400: 2102:, the PPP won the most seats, although it fell short of an outright majority, with 86 seats. Sharif's new party, the 2064:

for agriculture, pledged a partnership between government and business, and campaigned strongly for the female vote.

1765:

At the time, 60% of the country's population lived in Punjab province, which was under the control of Zia's protégé,

1446: 1212: 1060: 528: 4659: 2755:, that shrunk the credibility of Benazir Bhutto by the end of 1996 that led to the end of her government after all. 2354:

Bhutto was an economist by profession; therefore during her terms as prime minister, she herself took charge of the

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however, supported the development of material that could produce viable nuclear weaponry. India had developed the

2085: 1327: 1046:. When she was thirteen, he resigned from the government and a year later established his own political party, the 15132: 13467: 6942: 3407:

restrictions on women that Zia had introduced, she never did so; instead these were revoked by Musharraf in 2006.

2848: 550: 15360: 7662: 3183: 3155: 3143: 2864: 2342: 2158: 2099: 2073: 2053: 2021: 1670: 1290: 1141: 824: 812: 796: 772: 753: 729: 662: 391: 2358:. Bhutto sought to improve the country's declining economy. She disagreed with her father's nationalisation and 1510:

in April 1986, where she was greeted by a large crowd. An estimated two million people came to see her speak at

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In autumn 1973, Bhutto relocated to the United Kingdom and began studying for a second undergraduate degree, in

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economics—transformed the PPP's platform from a socialist to a liberal one, before leading it to victory in the

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Realising the threat to her premiership posed by an unsympathetic president, Bhutto ensured that a PPP member,

1719: 1302: 1034:. From an early age, she was exposed to foreign diplomats and figures who were visiting her father, among them 1019:

Bhutto and the other pupils underwent air-raid practices. Taking her exams in December 1968, Bhutto passed her

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in April 1979. Benazir and Nusrat were then imprisoned for six months, before being released and placed under

15546: 11534: 10192: 9315: 3685: 2479:), instead the grip of nationalisation in those state-owned enterprises was tightened in order to secure the 2468:) was doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994, as the policies were weak and incoherent. 2309:

whose support had collapsed. In confidential official documents Benazir Bhutto had objected to the number of

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summit. Rajiv returned on a bilateral visit six months later. She pleased him by revoking Zia's offer of the

1773: 1522:, speaking to further crowds, and re-established links with the MRD, taking part in a pro-democracy rally on 1104: 1003:

as a child. Benazir initially attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School in Karachi. She was then sent to the

4747: 15686: 15209: 14817: 10690:"Panama Papers: Benazir Bhutto's oil firm paid huge bribes to Iraqi President Saddam Hussain for contracts" 10632:"In oil-for-food shadow, Benazir Bhutto set up a firm too; from google (benazir bhutto petrofine) result 1" 4035: 3074: 2530: 2505: 2452:

to overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and

2388: 2146:, southern England; to hide evidence of ownership, he obtained the property through companies based in the 14043:. Life and Trends in Foreign Policy. Saarbrücken, Germany: The Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP) Company. 2373:

Pakistan suffered a currency crisis when the government failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of the

1869:

agent, and also placed renewed emphasis on the fact that Bhutto's paternal grandmother had been born to a

1741:, a conservative who had been loyal to Zia, remained a constant nemesis of Bhutto's throughout her career. 15214: 14860: 14482: 5978: 3262: 3230: 2910: 2735:

managed to kill or apprehend all the culprits behind the plot. In 1995, she personally appointed General

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on 14 August. Following the rally, she was again arrested and detained for several weeks in Landhi Jail.

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A memorial to Bhutto erected at the site of her assassination, featuring a portrait framed by pink tiles

15199: 15156: 14554: 14414: 14290: 13372: 11303: 5942: 4830: 2825: 2127: 2103: 1939: 1145: 1047: 1016: 984: 724:'s military government and then self-exiled to Britain in 1984. She returned in 1986 and—influenced by 658: 642: 518: 411: 60: 13612:

Houtman, Gustaaf; Ahmed, Akbar (2008). "Benazir Bhutto (1953–2007): A Conversation with Akbar Ahmed".

11870: 5858: 3192: 1457:. Over the coming few years, Bhutto made several additional visits to the United States, spoke to the 15536: 14594: 14497: 3258: 2857: 2633: 1956: 1375: 1339: 1255: 1164:'s summit. Here, she met a number of the assembled senior Muslim world leaders, who included Libya's 1152:

as a replacement for her mother, who was ill. There, she was introduced to the Indian prime minister

44: 13429: 10483: 3524:. She had a love of French and Italian cuisine, and was a great fan of the music of American singer 2387:

the ones who bore the brunt of the economic inequality. According to a calculation completed by the

2150:. She spent much of her second term abroad, making 24 foreign trips during its first twelve months. 15394: 14870: 14656: 14403: 9915: 5569: 3574:

during her 1989 state visit to the United States. She carried her son; her husband followed behind.

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about Benazir, termed her " a victim, as well as in part a culprit, of its chronic instability".

3517: 3073:, had several meetings with Bhutto in New York City. There, Bhutto also gave a public talk at the 2183:

Seeking to advance women's rights, in her second term Bhutto signed Pakistan to the international

2135: 819:

oversight of the military and opposition to growing Islamist violence. After a political rally in

779:. Her government was damaged by several controversies, including the assassination of her brother 15666: 15416: 15387: 15074: 14952: 13509: 13302:"Following in Benazir's footsteps, Malala aspires to become PM of Pakistan – The Express Tribune" 3844: 3239: 3197: 3038: 3030: 3013:. Pakistan was also experiencing growing levels of violence from Islamist militants, such as the 2570: 2306: 2267: 1810: 1597: 1080: 859: 840: 757: 401: 13328: 11355: 8052:"Top Two Political Powers Resign in Pakistan – Benazir Bhutto Sees Opportunity To Regain Status" 4853: 3455: 1962:

In the 1980s, ethnic violence had broken out in Sindh province, with most of those killed being

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that tackled the local opposition aggressively. Bhutto, through her Internal Security Minister

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At the University of Oxford, Bhutto stayed at Lady Margaret Hall for her undergraduate studies.

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From abroad, her brothers, Murtaza and Shahnawaz, turned to paramilitary action, founding the

1370:(MRD), a group that brought together the PPP with other political parties in the country: the 15242: 15117: 14833: 14589: 13333: 10980: 10914: 10358: 9749: 5748: 3676: 3659: 3603: 3217: 2712: 2327: 2229: 1567:

The flag of the Pakistan People's Party, which Bhutto co-chaired after her father's execution

1519: 1251: 646: 478: 13702: 11830: 11698: 9922: 3912: 2695:

After the assassination was attempted, Benazir Bhutto's civilian security team headed under

2529:. A final meeting took place in 1995, which Musharraf also joined. Bhutto also strengthened 839:

and rogue elements of the intelligence services was widely suspected. She was buried at her

15426: 15421: 14875: 14723: 14712: 14695: 14632: 14515: 14376: 14300: 14283: 11564: 9044: 6841: 4155: 3271: 3151: 3110: 3010: 2954: 2644: 2617: 2476: 2142:

for inspiration. In 1995, Zardari purchased a fifteen-bedroom country house at Rockwood in

1989: 1973: 1626: 1406: 1204: 1120: 693: 360: 250: 167: 155: 6473: 1734: 8: 15355: 15339: 15334: 15257: 15099: 15090: 15007: 14973: 14854: 14746: 14706: 14616: 4545: 4344: 3718: 3014: 2946: 2660: 2640: 2549: 2484: 2359: 1972:, which remained in law until 2006. Her opposition to legalised abortion frustrated many 1482: 1458: 1379: 1298: 1294: 1100: 980: 888: 721: 709: 701: 645:

from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first woman elected to head a

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Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History

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During her second term, Bhutto continued to follow former prime minister Nawaz Sharif's

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unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate her twice. Yousef went on to play a role in the

2004:

Bhutto with United States congressman Gary Ackerman at his office in Washington, c. 1990

1887:— Bhutto's speech rallying Kashmiri militants to fight for independence from India, 1990 1231:

and it is through this connection that she is widely believed to have introduced future

862:, seen as a champion of democracy. Posthumously, she came to be regarded as an icon for 15329: 15067: 15039: 14979: 14930: 14668: 14644: 14584: 14579: 14424: 13049: 9529: 9236: 7852: 3587: 3505: 3295: 3243: 3201: 3161: 2891: 2768: 2700: 2668: 2656: 2590: 2542: 2480: 2392: 2225: 2118: 2045: 1931: 1865: 1715: 1634: 1577: 1224: 1200: 1088: 689: 119: 12169: 5608: 4210: 951:...or from the Arabs who entered India through our home province of Sindh in AD 712." 15324: 15252: 14880: 14701: 14523: 14184: 14153: 14132: 14099: 14080: 14054: 14044: 14013: 13994: 13975: 13944: 13923: 13888: 13869: 13838: 13805: 13786: 13758: 13739: 13708: 13704:

Getting Away with Murder: Benazir Bhutto's Assassination and the Politics of Pakistan

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missile near the Pakistan border, which Bhutto condemned. She responded by deploying

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rate was at ~4.37% in 1993, which fell to ~1.70% in 1996, before Bhutto's dismissal.

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was appointed chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first (and to date only) Pakistani

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In July 1985, Shahnawaz died under unexplained circumstances in the French city of

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prison and then back again to Karachi. During much of this period, she was held in

1305:. Both Zulfikar and Benazir believed that Zia's coup had been assisted by the U.S. 1130: 1031: 1000: 970: 808: 788: 522: 512: 423: 380: 308: 13783:

Benazir Bhutto's Foreign Policy: A Study of Pakistan's Relations with Major Powers

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program that Petrofine FZC had paid US$ 2 million to the Iraqi government of

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India tested its first nuclear weapon; Bhutto responded with an editorial for the

1187: 983:, her father, was the Prime Minister of Pakistan and the founding chairman of the 708:

platform in 1973. She returned to Pakistan in 1977, shortly before her father was

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Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide

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established a three-person team to lead the investigation comprising the Chilean

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As premier, Bhutto was reluctant to challenge the ISI's support for the Islamist

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for a further six months. The two women were only fully released in April 1980.

15272: 14913: 14838: 14752: 14740: 14438: 14366: 14345: 13096: 12115: 10165: 9432:"The Democratically elected Governments' Failures to Deal with Economic crises" 8936: 8086: 7865: 6865: 5800: 5549: 4411: 3663: 3641: 3554:

and spoke forcefully against abortion, most notably at the 1994 meeting of the

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During her years in office, Bhutto also did nothing to seriously challenge the

3306:

investigation into his wife's assassination. In 2009, the UN Secretary General

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near the Indian border, which escalated the conflict, but effectively kept the

2598: 2347: 2196: 2110: 1698:, left the party in frustration at the pro-capitalist direction she had taken. 1507: 1445:

From Geneva, Bhutto proceeded to the United Kingdom, undergoing surgery on her

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was also dismissed on corruption charges, Bhutto led the PPP to victory in the

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Dangerous deterrent: nuclear weapons proliferation and conflict in South Asia

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The US and UK had supported Musharraf because of his role in assisting their

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After the wedding, she soon became pregnant and gave birth to her first son,

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who were popular domestically but hated in the West, and those like Egypt's

2918:

Through a spokesman, Bhutto said that the charges against her represented a

2743:, who later commanded the Pakistan Army's assets in which came to known as " 2288:, "She's talked a lot about democracy, but she's become a little dictator." 1981:

motivated, there also was significant evidence of his guilt in this regard.

1263:, she was scheduled to take the service's entrance exams later in the year. 1050:(PPP). The PPP used the motto "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, 15314: 15304: 15012: 14963: 14946: 14924: 14890: 14729: 14718: 14689: 14674: 14650: 14638: 14465: 14455: 14393: 11004: 5820: 3533: 3525: 3209: 3135: 3042: 2962: 2942: 2816:

In April 1999, the Ehtesab Bench of the Lahore High Court convicted Bhutto

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In September, Zulfikar was re-arrested and charged with the 1974 murder of

1315: 1220: 1125: 928: 768: 697: 262: 215: 98: 81: 14216:"Benazir Bhutto – Great South Asian Leader, Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan" 10314: 5164: 2185:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

1964: 1437: 15194: 14936: 14907: 14335: 13004: 11983: 11734: 11670: 9142: 8537: 5329: 5120: 3699: 3592: 3344: 3323: 3307: 3221: 2923: 2883: 2736: 2676: 2672: 2602: 2444:. Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the 2408: 2147: 1914: 1759: 1588: 1584: 1491:

maintained that her father had always wanted her to become a politician.

1410: 1394: 1236: 1169: 1108: 1107:. She involved herself in campaigns against American involvement in the 725: 619: 590: 269: 12189: 11634: 10548: 10100: 9533: 9517: 9028: 8808: 8593: 2945:, who later became a senator and Interior Minister in the government of 2094:

At the 1993 meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in Cyprus

1653:

in the United States. It was written with the assistance of an American

1633:(MQM) party, which had 13 seats in parliament, an action that upset the 15309: 14848: 14735: 14610: 9304:. Pakistan directorate. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. 3655: 3521: 3461: 3400: 3275: 3213: 3165:

Bhutto (center) speaking to supporters outside her house, November 2007

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my own mother in Pakistan. I just never thought it would happen to me.

1240: 1136:

In 1971, while she was at Harvard, Zulfikar invited her to join him in

1035: 940: 855: 820: 745: 654: 650: 638: 376: 14205: 11263: 10084: 7161: 6797: 6213: 5148: 3383: 3253:. They claimed to have proof that the attack had been masterminded by 2779: 2723:, to start a sting and manhunt operation to hunt down the ringmaster, 1675: 976: 15027: 15002: 14985: 14958: 14941: 12254: 11111: 8836: 5732: 3543: 3482: 3208:

On the morning of 27 December 2007, Bhutto met with Afghan President

3109:

theory that had been popularised by the American political scientist

3050: 2589:

missiles; however, they were not armed. Benazir Bhutto permitted the

2586: 1995: 1977: 1829: 1707: 1703: 1051: 705: 635: 12742: 11928: 11802: 11603: 10068: 9873: 9126: 9110: 8996: 8852: 8695: 8553: 8235:"Bhutto Elected Pakistan's Premier, Says She Hopes to End Isolation" 7897: 7677: 7631: 7041: 6952: 6950: 3130: 1844:

as the basis of future relations. She invited Indian prime minister

995:

less frequently although she was fluent, and barely spoke the local

14558: 13275: 13072: 12981: 12099: 11583: 11578: 10137: 9273:. United States: Greewood publishing Group, Inc. pp. 182–250. 7933: 7931: 6885: 6720: 6718: 6457: 6373: 6018: 5926: 5772: 5664: 5481: 4395: 4316: 3694: 3416: 3361: 3267: 3089:

paid Bhutto half a million dollars to produce a book, to be titled

2981: 2895: 2821: 2029: 1870: 1691: 1494: 1414: 1409:, and experienced a range of health problems, including hair loss, 1271: 1075:

Bhutto took her undergraduate degree at Radcliffe College, Harvard.

1055: 1020: 854:, and faced much opposition from Pakistan's Islamist lobby for her 832: 816: 749: 737: 673: 11897: 11083: 10330: 10017: 9012: 6600: 6493: 6413: 5465: 5092: 5052: 4877: 4788: 4643: 4501: 3249:

Authorities claimed that the assassin had been a teenage boy from

2643:

upset and angered the Indian delegation, headed by prime minister

2636:

meeting at the United Nations, Bhutto, who was accompanied by her

1514:, where she rallied against Zia's regime. She then visited Sindh, 12423: 11999: 11035: 10791: 7586: 7461: 7201: 6947: 6781: 6325: 4566: 3412: 3396: 3204:, where Bhutto was buried alongside several members of her family 2950: 2629: 2279: 2204: 1992:

was sworn in, with Khan declaring a state of national emergency.

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In 1987, Bhutto married Asif Ali Zardari (pictured here in 2008).

1487: 1441:

While in exile, Bhutto lived in central London's Barbican Estate.

1355: 919:, a prominent politician who had served as Prime Minister of the 896: 880: 681: 669: 352: 12138: 11378: 10602:"World News Briefs: Bhutto's Jailed Husband Sworn In as Senator" 10240: 9754:. Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK: Mazhar. pp. 80–81. 8896: 8868: 8340: 7928: 7302: 6813: 6715: 6633: 6441: 6357: 6341: 6125: 6109: 14215: 14209: 5184: 4627: 4458: 4246: 4230: 4194: 3936: 3538: 3356: 2558: 2526: 2143: 1909: 1852:

as her guests for a three-day visit in Islamabad following the

1503: 1426: 1402: 1157: 1012: 959: 948: 900: 804: 593:, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of 15141: 12528: 9438:. United States: Columbia University Press. pp. 158–170. 7834:

Pakistan: A Hard Country §The President-Prime minister dilemma

6297: 6051: 5397: 4989: 4949: 4837: 3792: 3093:. Co-written with the U.S. political scientist and journalist 2996: 2877:

Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari

1685:

on her head to attract political support from Islamic clerics.

1309:(CIA); Zulfikar claimed that in a 1975 meeting, U.S. diplomat 1289:

In July 1977, Zulfikar Bhutto—who had just been re-elected in

787:, and a further bribery scandal involving her and her husband 12675: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12587: 11686: 9233: 7129: 6141: 3803: 3547: 3212:. In the afternoon, she gave a speech at a PPP rally held in 3188:

International reaction to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto

2548:

During her second term, relations with Indian prime minister

2534: 2040:

under house arrest to prevent her instigating any uprisings.

1984:

In 1990, Bhutto gave birth to her first daughter, Bakhtawar.

1943:

1990, shortly before leaving office, the American Ambassador

1658: 1543: 1474: 1470: 1149: 955: 932: 884: 800: 744:

and the powerful military. Her administration was accused of

677: 15059: 13127:"It's a girl! Jacinda Ardern gives birth to her first child" 12918: 11156: 9436:

Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia

8628: 8191: 7655:"Midnight Jackal' was launched to overthrow Benazir: Imtiaz" 4601:

WOMAN IN THE NEWS; Daughter of Determination: Benazir Bhutto

3364:

strategies in election campaigns. In a 2007 article for the

3125: 2812:

launched a military coup and became the country's president.

2462:

Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia

2130:

ranked Pakistan as the world's second most corrupt country.

2079: 1546:

stadium being attended by 200,000 people. There, some fired

1432: 752:

and dismissed by Khan in 1990. Intelligence services rigged

732:. As prime minister, her attempts at reform were stifled by 11134: 11132: 11130: 10387: 10385: 10058: 10056: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9799: 9797: 9795: 8786: 8784: 8771: 8769: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 7981: 7979: 7814: 7812: 7439: 7437: 3809: 3786: 3780: 1664: 1342:, which upheld that decision. Former U.S. attorney general 992: 991:

Benazir's first language was English; as a child she spoke

904: 879:

Bhutto was born at Pinto's Nursing Home on 21 June 1953 in

12664: 12652: 12584: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12411: 10659:"In oil-for-food shadow, Benazir Bhutto set up a firm too" 9965: 8742: 8525: 8482: 7256: 7254: 6690: 6688: 5848:"Pakistani Crowd Hails Return Of Exiled Opposition Leader" 4809: 4807: 1792: 866:

due to her political success in a male-dominated society.

13993:. Islamabad: National Commission on History and Culture. 13801:

Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto

13665:

Goodbye Shahzadi: A Political Biography of Benazir Bhutto

12399: 11501:"Musharraf: State of emergency will end before elections" 10955: 10953: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10464: 10397: 10285:"Pakistan Court Bars Former Prime Minister From Election" 9518:"Benazir Bhutto's Visit to the Peoples Republic of China" 8824: 8730: 8356: 8279: 7999:"Pakistan Threatens to Arrest Bhutto if March Goes Ahead" 7782: 7602: 7407: 6705: 6703: 5042: 5040: 4474: 2887: 2843:

In October 1999, the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

2767:

Leghari installed a civilian caretaker government led by

2178:— Bhutto on the women's rights advances of her government 2036:

in May 1991, Bhutto visited India to attend his funeral.

13197: 12957: 12945: 12889: 12862: 12806: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12608: 12606: 12492: 12470: 12468: 12466: 12377: 12375: 12309: 12282: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12159: 12157: 12015: 11918: 11916: 11790: 11722: 11624: 11622: 11463: 11461: 11227: 11205: 11203: 11144: 11127: 11025: 11023: 10970: 10968: 10720:"Court orders confiscation of Zardari's entire property" 10536: 10382: 10302: 10211: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10053: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9946: 9894: 9892: 9792: 9100: 9098: 9073: 9071: 8924: 8884: 8796: 8781: 8766: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8685: 8683: 8609: 8581: 8494: 8472: 8470: 8457: 8455: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8298: 8296: 8294: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7278: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7222: 7220: 7189: 7177: 7105: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7002: 7000: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6926: 6924: 6829: 6754: 6752: 6576: 3138:

on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, 6 December 2007

1917:

between Pakistan and India. The U.S. sent special envoy

1679:

Bhutto in Washington, D.C., in 1989. She wore the white

1645:

In 1988, Bhutto published her autobiography, sub-titled

1615:— Bhutto on becoming prime minister in her autobiography 1054:

is our economy. All power to the people." It employed a

835:

claimed responsibility, although the involvement of the

13913: 13221: 13209: 13185: 13097:"Ardern and Bhutto: Two different pregnancies in power" 12908: 12906: 12904: 12879: 12877: 12782: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12623: 12621: 12572: 12562: 12560: 12540: 12516: 12480: 12439: 12345: 12333: 12321: 12299: 12297: 11961: 11959: 10230: 10228: 10226: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9292: 9290: 8569: 8179: 7752: 7750: 7375: 7251: 6685: 6661: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6285: 6041: 6039: 6037: 5720: 5598: 5596: 5413: 5317: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5080: 4893: 4804: 4267: 4265: 4101: 2965:, concluded in a 2005 investigation into abuses of the 2487:. A number of privatisation of industries such as gas, 2418: 2212:, where she was staying. Speaking to UK Prime Minister 1015:. Murree is near the border with India, and during the 14553: 13238: 13236: 13161: 13149: 12794: 12362: 12360: 12270: 11971: 11188: 10950: 10938: 10895: 10807: 10409: 10346: 9780: 9653:"India pushing Pakistan towards missile race: Leghari" 9182: 7918: 7916: 7885: 7057: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6739: 6737: 6700: 6649: 6514: 6512: 6429: 6273: 5136: 5037: 4977: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4711: 4522: 4520: 4491: 4489: 4436: 4434: 4373: 4371: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4138: 4136: 3556:

International Conference on Population and Development

2727:. After few arrests and intensive manhunt search, the 1922:

disband the Kashmiri training camps in its territory.

587:, written from right to left with some letters joined. 13940:

Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani Prime Minister and Activist

13490: 13173: 12969: 12721: 12603: 12463: 12387: 12372: 12217: 12205: 12154: 12027: 11944: 11913: 11863:"Named: the al-Qaeda chief who 'masterminded murder'" 11818: 11619: 11541: 11458: 11446: 11414: 11291: 11215: 11200: 11071: 11020: 10965: 10883: 10871: 10859: 10421: 10153: 10116: 10000: 9889: 9831:"Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest" 9095: 9083: 9068: 8912: 8754: 8711: 8680: 8467: 8452: 8425: 8406: 8387: 8368: 8328: 8291: 8022:"Pakistan Government Collapses; Elections Are Called" 7947: 7794: 7728: 7693: 7614: 7569: 7557: 7506: 7494: 7477: 7419: 7358: 7290: 7266: 7232: 7217: 7024: 7012: 6997: 6978: 6966: 6921: 6749: 6389: 6097: 5882: 5788: 5680: 5628: 3964: 3818: 3789: 3783: 3077:. Bhutto and Khalizad also traveled to a luncheon in 3037:

Assisted by Luis Ayala, the secretary-general of the

2973:

to obtain US$ 115–145 million in oil contracts.

2776:

ordinances that Zia's administration had introduced.

2456:. But, according to American ambassador to Pakistan, 2162:

Bhutto with venture financier and hedge-fund manager

811:, she returned to Pakistan in 2007 to compete in the 799:

and in 1998 she went into self-exile, living between

13684:

Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy

13540:"Stamps, posters to mark Bhutto's birth anniversary" 12901: 12874: 12830: 12818: 12709: 12697: 12633: 12618: 12557: 12294: 11956: 11885: 11279: 11251: 11239: 11099: 10442:"Bhutto Clan Leaves Trail of Corruption in Pakistan" 10223: 9977: 9364: 9287: 9170: 9158: 8513: 8167: 8074: 7747: 7716: 7449: 7117: 7093: 6673: 6616: 6588: 6401: 6157: 6067: 6034: 6006: 5966: 5914: 5708: 5652: 5640: 5593: 5497: 5281: 5232: 4687: 4446: 4383: 4332: 4277: 4262: 3806: 3800: 3777: 3674:—cited Bhutto as a personal inspiration. Writing in 2680:

promotion. The senior military leadership including

2322:

Benazir Bhutto expanded the authoritative rights of

16:

11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan (1953–2007)

13233: 12770: 12758: 12685: 12504: 12451: 12357: 10193:"UK: Benazir Bhutto Comments on Pakistan Army Coup" 7913: 7647: 7081: 7069: 6764: 6734: 6564: 6509: 6313: 6261: 6249: 5345: 5305: 5293: 5249: 5220: 5108: 5068: 5025: 4965: 4930: 4771: 4699: 4615: 4582: 4517: 4486: 4431: 4368: 4301: 4133: 3976: 3797: 3774: 3118:

she proposed that Western countries finance a new "

2780:

Second term as leader of the opposition (1996–1999)

954:Some say that Benazir Bhutto is descended from the 13915: 13399:"Benazir Bhutto's Mixed Legacy For Women's Rights" 13276:"New airport not to be named after Benazir Bhutto" 11354:Gall, Carlotta; Masood, Salman (20 October 2007). 9716:"Pakistan's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India" 9680:"Pakistan is alert: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto" 9235: 4069: 3952: 2988:and Congressional and State Department officials. 1996:First term as leader of the opposition (1990–1993) 686:politically important, wealthy aristocratic family 15542:Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates 14816: 14149:Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's Military Economy 13468:"PM renames Murree Road as "Benazir Bhutto Road"" 13362: 9336:"Privatisation income to be used to retire debts" 6087:"Opposition Chief Bhutto Of Pakistan Bears A Son" 2667:as Chief of Air Staff. Whilst, Air Chief Marshal 15408: 14091: 13914:Doherty, Katherine M.; Craig A. Doherty (1990). 11347: 10777:"Pakistan's ex-PM Bhutto to meet President Bush" 9751:Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state 9709: 9707: 9705: 9655:. Dawn Wire Service. 1 June 1995. Archived from 9629:. NTI; Pakistan Television (PTV). Archived from 9234:James L. Dietz; James M. Cypher (1 April 2004). 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8112: 8019: 3550:supported the equality of the sexes. Bhutto was 2220:unrest, Bhutto permitted her interior minister, 1854:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 1272:Zulfikar's death and Benazir's arrest: 1977–1984 1066: 641:and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th 13392: 13390: 13294: 11527:"Pakistan's Bhutto launches election manifesto" 11356:"After Bombing, Bhutto Assails Officials' Ties" 9645: 4541:"Behind 'Pinkie' Bhutto's Passion for Politics" 4538: 3177: 2933:, whose customer records were disclosed in the 13578:. Icons Series. New York: Amazon/New Harvest. 13054:"The Assassination, Episode 2: Family Matters" 13048: 10774: 10656: 9394: 9392: 8270:Bhutto Wins Plurality and Faces a New Struggle 8115:"After a Year of Tumult, Pakistanis Will Vote" 3743:Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West 3632:and Oxford University's Doctor Honours Causa. 3475:— Islamic studies scholar Akbar S. Ahmed, 2008 2628:Bhutto also ratcheted up her policy on Indian 2153: 1787: 1542:political rally, with a subsequent party in a 1399:1981 Pakistan International Airlines hijacking 716:took control of the PPP and led the country's 649:in a Muslim-majority country. Ideologically a 15567:Pakistani politicians convicted of corruption 15075: 14802: 14539: 14009:Benazir Bhutto: From Prison to Prime Minister 13738:. Karachi: Oxford University Press Pakistan. 10439: 9713: 9702: 9333: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 8640: 7524: 4916:. London: John Blake Publishing. p. 69. 3099:Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy and the West 2863:She was in Dubai while the PPP contested the 2711:— an army brigade tasked with countering the 1835: 1338:, which sentenced him to death, and then the 14145: 13611: 13387: 13358: 13356: 13056:(Podcast). BBC. Event occurs at 22.58 min. 12752: 12679: 12597: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9495: 9194: 8044: 3347:economic policies pursued by Prime Minister 286:12 November 1982 – 27 December 2007 15677:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2000s 13757:(third ed.). London: C. Hurst and Co. 13736:Benazir Bhutto: A Multidimensional Portrait 10514:"It's between Benazir and Ehtesab: Shujaat" 9747: 9677: 9389: 2997:Negotiating a return to Pakistan: 2006–2007 2699:, was disbanded by the Pakistan Army whose 1558: 1346:attended the trial, relating that it was a 1103:and the social secretary of her dormitory, 795:dismissed her government. The PPP lost the 767:After the IJI government of Prime Minister 205:17 February 1997 – 12 October 1999 15082: 15068: 14809: 14795: 14546: 14532: 13038:(Podcast). BBC. Event occurs at 9.59 min. 13033: 11353: 10608:. Agence France-Presse. 30 December 1997. 10195:. Associated Press (AP). 12 October 1999. 9743: 9741: 9590:"Pakistan against forces of extremism: PM" 9220: 8264: 8262: 8260: 7857:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7824: 4914:Theresa May: The Downing Street Revolution 3835: 3609: 3158:to investigate the crime, but he refused. 2650: 2533:with its most important partner communist 2241:economics and his government had promoted 2166:, at Prime Minister's House, December 1995 2032:, established by bin Laden. Following the 887:, Pakistan. Her father was the politician 73:18 October 1993 – 5 November 1996 43: 15582:People convicted of misusing public funds 15477:Convent of Jesus and Mary, Karachi alumni 13868:(in Urdu). Lahore: al-Hamd Pablikeshanz. 13353: 13268: 10650: 9809: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9266: 8228: 8226: 4911: 3537:, Bhutto described her allegiance to the 3497:romance novels and the celebrity-focused 3387:Bhutto meeting with M. M. Chandio in 1996 3126:Return to Pakistan: October–December 2007 2252: 2080:Second term as Prime Minister (1993–1996) 2056:. Their policies were very similar but a 1714:; she ensured the release of a number of 1433:Release and self-imposed exile: 1984–1987 1368:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy 1079:From 1969 to 1973, Bhutto studied for an 756:to ensure a victory for the conservative 718:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy 15482:Convent of Jesus and Mary, Murree alumni 15457:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford 15447:21st-century Pakistani women politicians 14179:Skard, Torild (2014). "Benazir Bhutto". 13880: 13830: 13733: 13592: 13254: 13227: 13215: 13203: 13191: 13078: 12987: 12963: 12951: 12924: 12895: 12868: 12848: 12812: 12800: 12788: 12658: 12578: 12551: 12534: 12522: 12498: 12486: 12445: 12351: 12339: 12327: 12288: 12244: 12179: 12128: 12109: 12039: 12021: 11938: 11860: 11844: 11812: 11796: 11780: 11760: 11728: 11712: 11660: 11644: 11613: 11483: 11436: 11404: 11341: 11317: 11233: 11182: 11162: 11150: 11138: 10994: 10928: 10849: 10829: 10687: 10564: 10554: 10542: 10391: 10372: 10320: 10308: 10266: 10217: 10175: 10147: 10106: 10074: 10062: 10043: 9971: 9959: 9936: 9879: 9863: 9803: 9152: 9132: 9116: 9058: 9034: 9002: 8986: 8966: 8946: 8930: 8890: 8858: 8846: 8814: 8802: 8790: 8775: 8701: 8634: 8622: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8547: 8507: 8488: 8213: 8197: 8096: 7985: 7875: 7818: 7772: 7637: 7443: 7401: 7393: 7381: 7348: 7324: 7260: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7155: 6911: 6895: 6875: 6855: 6835: 6694: 6667: 6610: 6582: 6558: 6503: 6483: 6463: 6219: 6203: 6024: 5996: 5984: 5956: 5948: 5904: 5872: 5814: 5778: 5762: 5698: 5670: 5618: 5583: 5559: 5539: 5519: 5487: 5455: 5435: 5419: 5387: 5367: 5335: 5323: 5271: 5154: 5126: 5098: 5086: 5058: 5046: 5019: 5011: 4899: 4887: 4867: 4859: 4813: 4761: 4753: 4729: 4677: 4665: 4649: 4572: 4511: 4425: 4358: 4326: 4220: 4184: 4123: 4107: 4095: 3970: 3942: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3882: 3565: 3431: 3382: 3284: 3191: 3160: 3129: 3024: 2909: 2870: 2803: 2688:, Farooq Feroze Khan, Abbas Khattak and 2611: 2515: 2422: 2378:government had also ultimately lost the 2341: 2256: 2187:. She was also a founding member of the 2157: 2089: 1999: 1809:, where Pakistan was re-admitted to the 1803:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1791: 1733: 1674: 1665:First term as Prime Minister (1988–1990) 1562: 1493: 1436: 1186: 1119:. She encountered activists involved in 1070: 975: 634:(21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a 240:6 November 1990 – 18 April 1993 135:2 December 1988 – 6 August 1990 15472:Children of prime ministers of Pakistan 14074: 13969: 13365:"Pakistan's flawed and feudal princess" 13329:"Benazir Bhutto: An Imperfect Feminist" 11503:. CNN. 29 November 2007. Archived from 9738: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9204:. Press Directorate. 14 December 1995. 8257: 8137: 8106: 7837:. Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 250. 2991: 2792:Bhutto called for Pakistan to sign the 2464:, the Eighth Plan (which reflected the 874: 15409: 14124: 14112:from the original on 23 September 2024 14077:Benazir & British Press, 1986–1990 14065: 14038: 14026:from the original on 23 September 2024 14005: 13988: 13957:from the original on 23 September 2024 13936: 13901:from the original on 23 September 2024 13851:from the original on 23 September 2024 13818:from the original on 23 September 2024 13797: 13752: 13721:from the original on 23 September 2024 13662: 13649: 13448:from the original on 23 September 2024 13363:William Dalrymple (30 December 2007). 13282:from the original on 23 September 2024 13167: 13155: 13015:from the original on 23 September 2024 12975: 12852: 12836: 12703: 12627: 12566: 12315: 12276: 12005: 11977: 11903: 11836: 11776: 11704: 11333: 11309: 11269: 11194: 11174: 11089: 11057: 11010: 10986: 10959: 10944: 10920: 10908: 10813: 10756:from the original on 30 September 2009 10612:from the original on 23 September 2024 10415: 10364: 10352: 10336: 10090: 10023: 9928: 9859: 9786: 9582: 9564:Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Pakistan 9515: 9365:Muhammad Ali Siddiqi (13 April 1995). 9322: 9242:. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 9202:"Law and Order Situation under Bhutto" 9188: 9148: 9089: 9050: 9018: 8982: 8962: 8902: 8842: 8653: 8559: 8543: 8531: 8346: 8334: 8318: 8223: 8209: 7903: 7891: 7830: 7625: 7580: 7518: 7512: 7500: 7467: 7413: 7397: 7369: 7344: 7328: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7207: 7147: 7047: 7035: 7018: 7006: 6956: 6930: 6907: 6851: 6823: 6803: 6787: 6655: 6639: 6554: 6534: 6530: 6479: 6447: 6395: 6383: 6363: 6347: 6239: 6179: 6131: 6115: 6103: 6093:. Associated Press. 21 September 1988. 5952: 5932: 5900: 5888: 5868: 5864: 5826: 5806: 5794: 5754: 5738: 5726: 5686: 5634: 5614: 5579: 5555: 5535: 5515: 5471: 5451: 5431: 5383: 5363: 5287: 5243: 5210: 5206: 5190: 5170: 5015: 4971: 4955: 4943: 4863: 4843: 4794: 4757: 4733: 4693: 4669: 4633: 4480: 4464: 4452: 4417: 4401: 4389: 4350: 4338: 4322: 4283: 4271: 4252: 4236: 4216: 4200: 4119: 4087: 4060: 3982: 3958: 3922: 3878: 3598:The couple had three children: a son, 3415:, the daughter of the Islamic prophet 2068:general election, the Salafi jihadist 1820:forces in Afghanistan which were then 1722:, and introduced measures to lift the 1690:depart from the entrenched systems of 1227:. Bhutto was also active in the local 720:; Bhutto was repeatedly imprisoned by 15637:Deaths by improvised explosive device 15063: 14790: 14527: 14178: 14152:(2nd ed.). London: Pluto Press. 14128:Benazir Bhutto: A Political Biography 13863: 13780: 13700: 13640: 13573: 13496: 13427: 13396: 13262: 13242: 13179: 13082: 12991: 12939:Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology 12912: 12883: 12856: 12824: 12736: 12715: 12646: 12612: 12474: 12433: 12429: 12417: 12405: 12393: 12381: 12303: 12264: 12260: 12248: 12240: 12228: 12211: 12199: 12195: 12183: 12175: 12163: 12148: 12144: 12132: 12124: 12105: 12047:"Bhutto's son, husband to lead party" 12033: 12009: 11993: 11989: 11965: 11950: 11934: 11922: 11907: 11891: 11861:Fletcher, Martin (29 December 2007). 11848: 11840: 11824: 11808: 11784: 11764: 11756: 11744: 11740: 11716: 11708: 11692: 11680: 11676: 11664: 11656: 11640: 11628: 11609: 11547: 11487: 11479: 11467: 11452: 11440: 11432: 11420: 11408: 11400: 11388: 11384: 11337: 11321: 11313: 11297: 11285: 11273: 11257: 11245: 11221: 11209: 11178: 11121: 11117: 11105: 11093: 11077: 11065: 11061: 11045: 11041: 11029: 11014: 10998: 10990: 10974: 10932: 10924: 10889: 10877: 10865: 10853: 10845: 10833: 10825: 10801: 10797: 10582:from the original on 31 December 2007 10558: 10470: 10452:from the original on 23 February 2022 10433: 10427: 10403: 10376: 10368: 10340: 10324: 10282: 10270: 10262: 10250: 10246: 10234: 10199:from the original on 19 December 2019 10179: 10171: 10159: 10143: 10131: 10110: 10094: 10078: 10047: 10039: 10027: 10011: 9994: 9940: 9932: 9898: 9883: 9867: 9828: 9690:from the original on 12 February 2012 9560:"Pakistan China diplomatic relations" 9473:. UBL Dawn Wire Services Management. 9429: 9411:from the original on 29 February 2012 9176: 9164: 9136: 9120: 9104: 9077: 9062: 9054: 9038: 9022: 9006: 8990: 8970: 8950: 8942: 8918: 8906: 8878: 8874: 8862: 8830: 8818: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8705: 8689: 8603: 8519: 8476: 8461: 8446: 8419: 8400: 8381: 8362: 8350: 8322: 8314: 8302: 8285: 8232: 8217: 8185: 8173: 8100: 8092: 8080: 8032:from the original on 17 November 2016 7970: 7941: 7937: 7907: 7879: 7871: 7803: 7788: 7776: 7768: 7756: 7741: 7710: 7687: 7641: 7608: 7596: 7592: 7563: 7488: 7471: 7428: 7352: 7332: 7312: 7308: 7245: 7226: 7211: 7167: 7151: 7051: 6991: 6972: 6960: 6915: 6891: 6879: 6871: 6859: 6807: 6791: 6758: 6728: 6724: 6709: 6679: 6643: 6627: 6594: 6538: 6487: 6467: 6451: 6423: 6407: 6367: 6351: 6335: 6307: 6291: 6243: 6223: 6207: 6199: 6187: 6183: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6135: 6119: 6073: 6061: 6045: 6028: 6000: 5992: 5972: 5960: 5936: 5920: 5908: 5876: 5834: 5830: 5810: 5782: 5766: 5758: 5742: 5714: 5702: 5674: 5658: 5646: 5622: 5602: 5587: 5563: 5543: 5523: 5503: 5491: 5475: 5459: 5439: 5407: 5403: 5391: 5371: 5351: 5339: 5311: 5299: 5275: 5267: 5255: 5226: 5214: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5158: 5142: 5130: 5114: 5102: 5074: 5062: 5031: 4999: 4995: 4983: 4959: 4883: 4871: 4847: 4798: 4782: 4765: 4741: 4737: 4717: 4705: 4681: 4673: 4653: 4637: 4621: 4588: 4576: 4554:from the original on 20 December 2022 4526: 4507: 4495: 4468: 4440: 4421: 4405: 4377: 4362: 4354: 4310: 4295: 4256: 4240: 4224: 4204: 4188: 4180: 4142: 4127: 4091: 4075: 3996:"pakistan, a Shia-leads a Sunni Army" 3930: 3926: 3906: 3886: 3843: 3733:Daughter of Destiny: An Autobiography 3570:Bhutto embarking from an airplane at 2830:President of the United Arab Emirates 2794:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 1826:country's Marxist–Leninist government 1284:— Bhutto on the impact of her father. 661:(PPP) from the early 1980s until her 15587:People convicted of money laundering 15527:Leaders of the Opposition (Pakistan) 15452:Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford 13681: 13258: 13094: 13060:from the original on 9 February 2019 12776: 12764: 12748: 12691: 12510: 12457: 12366: 12057:from the original on 3 February 2011 10681: 10524:from the original on 4 November 2021 10494:from the original on 3 November 2021 9768:from the original on 5 February 2023 9612: 9477:from the original on 7 November 2011 9398: 8245:from the original on 7 November 2012 7922: 7722: 7683: 7545:from the original on 5 February 2023 7455: 7135: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 6847: 6819: 6775: 6743: 6606: 6570: 6550: 6518: 6499: 6435: 6419: 6379: 6331: 6319: 6303: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6235: 6175: 6057: 6012: 5988: 5575: 3946: 3756: 3715:Benazir Bhutto International Airport 3029:Bhutto being interviewed during the 2745:Pakistan's secret war in Afghanistan 2609:from launching any surprise attack. 2419:Privatisation and era of stagflation 1350:and that Zulfikar did not receive a 1207:. After three years, she received a 760:(IJI), at which point Bhutto became 712:and executed. Bhutto and her mother 15647:Women federal ministers of Pakistan 15602:People murdered in Punjab, Pakistan 15562:Pakistan People's Party politicians 15557:Pakistani people of Kurdish descent 15552:Pakistani people of Iranian descent 14131:. Oriental Books Publishing House. 13831:Anderson, Mercedes Padrino (2004). 13550:from the original on 1 January 2021 13502: 13397:Dodds, Paisley (11 February 2009). 13341:from the original on 25 August 2017 13308:from the original on 17 August 2016 12087:from the original on 2 January 2008 11591:from the original on 6 January 2008 11561:"Sharif, Bhutto and the ex-general" 9298:"Indo-Pakistan-Bangladesh standoff" 9238:The Process of Economic Development 8656:"Altaf accuses Benazir of 'racism'" 8113:Edward A. Gargan (6 October 1993). 4532: 4162:from the original on 6 October 2021 3853: 3834: 3302:As president, Zardari called for a 3097:, it would be published in 2008 as 3017:. Official figures held that eight 2758: 2466:planned economy of the Soviet Union 2299: 1796:Bhutto at an award ceremony in 1990 1782:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 1529:Back in Pakistan, she agreed to an 1162:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 13: 15692:20th-century women prime ministers 15682:Children of presidents of Pakistan 15462:Assassinated Pakistani politicians 15442:21st-century Pakistani politicians 14166:from the original on 25 April 2023 13773: 11563:. 29 November 2007. Archived from 11533:. 30 November 2007. Archived from 10775:Khalida Mazhar (25 January 2007). 10726:from the original on 8 August 2016 10700:from the original on 19 April 2016 10669:from the original on 16 April 2016 10638:from the original on 16 April 2016 10283:Rohde, David (14 September 2002). 9714:Masood Haider (5 September 1995). 9570:from the original on 17 March 2022 9516:Abbasi, Abdur Razzaq Khan (1989). 8005:. 18 November 1992. Archived from 4827:"Note at St. Catherine's web site" 4042:from the original on 10 April 2022 4016:from the original on 21 April 2023 3376:" linked to the U.S. government's 2337: 2261:Bhutto in 1994 on a visit to Spain 1860:award to the former Indian leader 1661:when she had reached adolescence. 1449:before renting a flat in London's 1318:of Pakistani society according to 1197:Philosophy, Politics and Economics 704:, was elected prime minister on a 14: 15718: 15607:People named in the Panama Papers 15572:Pakistani prisoners and detainees 14199: 13520:from the original on 8 March 2021 13510:"Pakistan pays tribute to Bhutto" 13478:from the original on 8 March 2019 13428:Burke, Jason (27 December 2007). 13137:from the original on 21 June 2018 13107:from the original on 22 June 2018 12077:"Bhutto's son named as successor" 10746:"Pakistan seeks arrest of Bhutto" 9829:Burns, John F (5 November 1996). 9334:Bureau Report (1 February 1996). 8151:. 18 October 1993. Archived from 8125:from the original on 24 July 2016 8020:Edward A. Gargan (19 July 1993). 3724: 3711:universities and public buildings 3464:element to Bhutto's personality. 3055:National Reconciliation Ordinance 2663:as Chief of Naval Staff; General 2616:Bhutto and Indian prime minister 2541:. Bhutto urged him to revise the 2520:Bhutto in the United States, 1989 2511: 2362:. Soon after the collapse of the 2054:general election for October 1993 1266: 1007:in Karachi and from there to the 915:descent. Zulfikar was the son of 696:, where she was President of the 15697:Politicians assassinated in 2007 15512:Ministers of finance of Pakistan 15140: 15131: 15048: 14761: 14092:Sansevere-Dreher, Diane (1991). 13804:. Oxford University Press, USA. 13626:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2008.00557.x 13576:Benazir Bhutto: Favored Daughter 13532: 13460: 13421: 13326: 13320: 13119: 13088: 13042: 13027: 12997: 12930: 12069: 11854: 11571: 11553: 11519: 11493: 11366:from the original on 5 June 2015 10768: 10738: 10712: 10624: 10594: 10506: 10476: 10440:John F. Burns (9 January 1998). 10276: 10185: 9904: 9678:Kamran Khan (25 December 1995). 9671: 9552: 9540:from the original on 10 May 2022 9509: 9489: 9459: 9423: 9358: 9346:from the original on 9 June 2012 9260: 9208:from the original on 9 June 2012 8233:Moore, Molly (20 October 1993). 8013: 7991: 7661:. 28 August 2009. Archived from 6936: 6079: 5840: 3770: 3422: 3372:, called her "a puppet 'democrat 2632:, rallying against India. At an 2491:, and electricity general, were 2086:Second Benazir Bhutto government 1908:proposed a military invasion of 1610:and I felt privileged and awed. 657:, she chaired or co-chaired the 604: 575: 549: 15467:Children of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 13597:. London: Aspect Publications. 13566: 13034:Kate Clark (17 February 2008). 10657:Jay Mazoomdaar (5 April 2016). 8239:Washington Post Foreign Service 4905: 4819: 4594: 4539:Sunder, Madhavi (8 June 1989). 4148: 4054: 4028: 4002: 3622:— Biographer Brooke Allen, 2016 3184:Assassination of Benazir Bhutto 3156:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2739:as the Director-General of the 2235:Sharif had been a proponent of 2074:1993 World Trade Center bombing 1671:First Benazir Bhutto Government 1600:(IJI), which was funded by the 1297:("Operation Fair Play") led by 1160:to accompany her father at the 1142:United Nations Security Council 969:(born 1954), Sanam (1957), and 432: 15617:Presidents of the Oxford Union 15437:21st-century Pakistani writers 15432:20th-century Pakistani writers 13884:Benazir Bhutto: Prime Minister 13707:. W. W. Norton & Company. 13645:. Karachi: Royal Book Company. 13095:Khan, M Ilyas (21 June 2018). 8654:Ranjha, Khalid (1 June 1995). 8058:. 19 July 1993. Archived from 3988: 3763: 3427: 3134:Bhutto visiting the shrine in 2978:National Accountability Bureau 2189:Council of Women World Leaders 2116:John Burns, a journalist from 2104:Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) 1898:oversee the Kashmir plebiscite 1720:non-governmental organisations 1213:St Catherine's College, Oxford 680:parentage, Bhutto was born in 529:St Catherine's College, Oxford 1: 15662:Women prime ministers in Asia 15522:Karachi Grammar School alumni 15089: 14818:Finance Ministers of Pakistan 14146:Siddiqa-Agha, Ayesha (2017). 14125:Shaikh, Muhammad Ali (2000). 14079:. Lahore: Gautam Publishers. 13989:Haidar, Sayyid Afzal (1996). 13974:. W. H. Allen; Virgin Books. 13864:Bazmī, Mumtāz Ḥusain (1996). 9684:Dawn, 1995 (25 December 1995) 6943:PPP Government’s Achievements 4036:"Benazir's Hindu Connections" 3751: 3105:was partly a response to the 2865:October 2002 general election 2401:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations 2100:October 1993 general election 2034:assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 1140:, where he was involved in a 1067:University studies: 1969–1977 999:. Her mother taught her some 869: 700:. Her father, the PPP leader 34: 15642:Terrorism deaths in Pakistan 15597:People from Larkana District 15592:People from Clifton, Karachi 15210:National Students Federation 13881:Bouchard, Elizabeth (1992). 13652:Journal of Political Studies 13595:Benazir: Pakistan's New Hope 10484:"Ehtesab a la Saifur Rehman" 9467:"Concern over UBL sale move" 9399:Aziz, Sartaj (18 May 1995). 9270:Public Enterprise management 4912:Blackburn, Virginia (2016). 3865: 3845:[beːnəˈziːrˈbʱʊʈːoː] 3178:Assassination: December 2007 3075:Council of Foreign Relations 2506:United Bank Limited Pakistan 2389:Federal Bureau of Statistics 1950: 1576:shortly after take-off from 939:or landed gentry. They were 740:forces, including President 7: 15622:Prime ministers of Pakistan 15577:Pakistani women in business 15517:Islamic democracy activists 15215:Peoples Students Federation 14861:Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash 14039:Khuhro, Amir Ahmed (2013). 13972:Biography of Benazir Bhutto 3330: 3263:Central Intelligence Agency 3231:Rawalpindi General Hospital 2565:. It ordered heavily armed 2563:Air Force Strategic Command 2489:water supply and sanitation 2154:Domestic and foreign policy 1788:Foreign and military policy 1649:in its British edition and 1602:Inter-Services Intelligence 1307:Central Intelligence Agency 911:merchant family of partial 758:Islamic Democratic Alliance 10: 15723: 15702:Deaths by explosive device 14415:Prime Minister of Pakistan 14291:Prime Minister of Pakistan 13755:Pakistan: A Modern History 13643:Benazir: Politics of Power 13036:"Profile Asif Ali Zardari" 10572:"Bhutto's Husband Appeals" 9401:"The Curse of Stagflation" 7531:. NUS Press. p. 118. 3181: 2874: 2826:Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 2128:Transparency International 2083: 1836:India and the nuclear bomb 1668: 1328:Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri 1254:and atrocities during the 1017:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 815:; her platform emphasised 643:prime minister of Pakistan 519:Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford 61:Prime Minister of Pakistan 15532:Pakistani anti-communists 15379: 15348: 15225: 15150:Organizations and parties 15149: 15129: 15110: 15097: 15046: 14824: 14770: 14759: 14570: 14512: 14502: 14498:Marich Man Singh Shrestha 14494: 14489: 14479: 14470: 14462: 14452: 14443: 14435: 14421: 14412: 14400: 14390: 14381: 14373: 14363: 14354: 14342: 14332: 14323: 14311: 14297: 14288: 14280: 14275: 14265: 14255: 14241: 14233: 14228: 14183:. Bristol: Policy Press. 13866:Zindānon̲ se aivānon̲ tak 10688:Ali Zain (4 April 2016). 9430:Milam, William B (2009). 9314:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5701:, pp. 148, 150–151; 4764:, pp. 115, 117–118; 4672:, pp. xiii–xiv, 16; 3854: 3561: 3546:", and insisted that the 3531:In a 2002 interview with 2634:Inter-Parliamentary Union 2446:second era of stagflation 1957:Operation Midnight Jackal 1376:Pakistan Democratic Party 1261:Pakistani Foreign Service 1256:Bangladesh Liberation War 1005:Convent of Jesus and Mary 931:, wealthy landlords from 895:. The latter was born in 791:; in response, President 710:ousted in a military coup 567: 557: 545: 501: 487: 463: 442: 417: 407: 397: 388:Manner of death 387: 366: 357:Federal Capital Territory 339: 334: 330: 322: 318: 302: 290: 279: 268: 256: 244: 233: 221: 209: 198: 191: 187: 180: 176: 161: 149: 139: 128: 113: 92: 77: 66: 58: 54: 42: 33: 23: 15672:Pakistani businesspeople 15657:Women opposition leaders 15652:Female finance ministers 15627:Radcliffe College alumni 15612:Politicians from Karachi 15507:Female defence ministers 15502:Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999 15497:Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996 15492:Pakistani MNAs 1990–1993 15487:Pakistani MNAs 1988–1990 15395:Songs of Blood and Sword 15111:Ideology and initiatives 14473:Leader of the Opposition 14404:Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi 14384:Leader of the Opposition 14229:Party political offices 14075:Rafique, Lubina (1994). 13682:Lamb, Christina (1991). 13593:Bhargava, G. S. (1990). 13371:. London. Archived from 12936:Turner, Brian S. (2003) 12753:Houtman & Ahmed 2008 12680:Houtman & Ahmed 2008 12598:Houtman & Ahmed 2008 11992:, pp. 35, 161–162; 11869:. London. Archived from 11743:, pp. 34, 144–146; 11679:, pp. 32, 137–138; 11659:, pp. 31, 137–138; 9505:. New York: Grove Press. 9407:. Islamabad. p. 1. 9367:"MOU worth $ 6bn signed" 7138:, pp. 100, 107–109. 4061:Bhutto, Benazir (2008). 4010:"From Jinnah to Benazir" 2890:documentary team led by 2849:launched a military coup 2675:to have reached to such 2026:leader of the opposition 1631:Muttahida Qaumi Movement 1587:and a commitment to the 1559:Electoral campaign: 1988 1239:, to her future husband 1229:Conservative Association 762:Leader of the Opposition 193:Leader of the Opposition 182:Other political offices 103:Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi 15388:Jochona O Jononir Golpo 15157:Pakistan People's Party 15104:timeline: 1947–present) 13943:. Coughlan Publishing. 13734:Suvorova, Anna (2015). 13701:Muñoz, Heraldo (2013). 13641:Ahmed, Mushtaq (2005). 12198:, pp. 15, 80, 82; 11695:, pp. 32, 142–143. 9267:Farazmand, Ali (1996). 7831:Lieven, Anatol (2010). 3670:—who received the 2014 3610:Public image and legacy 3240:Bhutto family mausoleum 3198:Bhutto family mausoleum 3144:2008 national elections 3039:Socialist International 3031:Socialist International 2976:In 2006, the Pakistani 2929:Bhutto was a client of 2651:Relations with military 2595:Crotale missile defence 2397:Bangladeshi immigration 2328:provisional governments 2307:religious society (MMA) 2203:In September 1996, the 1904:In 1990, Major General 1811:Commonwealth of Nations 1598:Islami Jamhoori Ittehad 1593:Islamic fundamentalists 1386:, Quomi Mahaz-e-Azadi, 1144:meeting on that year's 1048:Pakistan People's Party 1011:, a boarding school in 985:Pakistan People's Party 860:international community 785:failed 1995 coup d'état 659:Pakistan People's Party 412:Pakistan People's Party 402:Bhutto family mausoleum 14259:Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 14245:Pakistan Peoples Party 14066:Pepper, W. F. (1983). 14006:Hughes, Libby (2000). 13798:Akhund, Iqbal (2000). 13663:Bhatia, Shyam (2008). 13574:Allen, Brooke (2016). 12178:, pp. 35, 78–79; 10323:, pp. 86, 88–89; 7525:S. Paul Kapur (2009). 4156:"The death of an icon" 3684:Assessing her legacy, 3619: 3575: 3572:Andrews Air Force Base 3472: 3438: 3388: 3290: 3205: 3166: 3139: 3107:Clash of Civilisations 3034: 2939:British Virgin Islands 2915: 2813: 2621: 2521: 2432: 2351: 2324:Police Combatant Force 2271:Syed Abdullah Ali Shah 2262: 2253:Relations with Murtaza 2175: 2167: 2095: 2058:clash of personalities 2005: 1884: 1822:engaged in a civil war 1797: 1752:Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey 1742: 1686: 1612: 1568: 1533:; her mother selected 1499: 1442: 1388:Jamiat-i-Ulema-i-Islam 1372:Pakistan Muslim League 1320:Islamic fundamentalist 1281: 1233:British Prime Minister 1192: 1093:John Kenneth Galbraith 1076: 1009:Jesus and Mary Convent 988: 612:This article contains 583:This article contains 313:Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 274:Pakistan Peoples Party 15118:Socialism in Pakistan 14834:Chaudhry Muhammad Ali 14590:Chaudhry Muhammad Ali 13937:Englar, Mary (2007). 13837:. Chelsea House Pub. 13334:The American Prospect 12537:, pp. 86, 88–89. 5586:, pp. 148, 150; 3677:The American Prospect 3660:Chandrika Kumaratunga 3614: 3569: 3518:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3467: 3435: 3386: 3288: 3218:Liaquat National Bagh 3195: 3164: 3133: 3028: 2922:and compared them to 2913: 2875:Further information: 2871:Charges of corruption 2858:April 2002 referendum 2807: 2713:psychological warfare 2684:, Musharraf, Kayani, 2615: 2519: 2426: 2345: 2268:Sindhi Chief Minister 2260: 2230:Amnesty International 2170: 2161: 2136:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2093: 2084:Further information: 2022:1990 general election 2003: 1876: 1795: 1737: 1678: 1669:Further information: 1607: 1566: 1497: 1440: 1293:—was overthrown in a 1276: 1252:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1190: 1074: 979: 893:Begum Nusrat Ispahani 663:assassination in 2007 647:democratic government 15547:Pakistani financiers 14876:Abdul Hafeez Pirzada 14516:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 14377:Khan Abdul Wali Khan 14301:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi 14284:Muhammad Khan Junejo 13970:Fathers, M. (1992). 13887:. Blackbirch Press. 13781:Ahmad, Ejaz (1993). 13753:Talbot, Ian (2009). 13667:. Lotus Collection. 13304:. 10 December 2014. 13005:"Destiny's daughter" 12420:, pp. 136, 271. 12263:, pp. 201–202; 12243:, pp. 161–162; 12083:. 30 December 2007. 12053:. 31 December 2007. 11759:, pp. 146–147; 11643:, pp. 134–135; 11567:on 20 February 2008. 11403:, pp. 31, 129; 11320:, pp. 266–267; 11272:, pp. 117–118; 11120:, pp. 124–125; 11017:, pp. 120, 123. 11013:, pp. 112–113; 10557:, pp. 251–252; 10269:, pp. 257–258; 10093:, pp. 111–112; 9748:Mazhar Aziz (2008). 9633:on 19 September 2011 8751:, pp. 265, 268. 8546:, pp. 100–101; 8145:"Second Time Lucky?" 8062:on 10 September 2012 7686:, pp. 138–139; 6486:, pp. 180–181; 5999:, pp. 169–170; 5875:, pp. 158–162; 5621:, pp. 148–149; 5458:, pp. 143–145; 5338:, pp. 138–139; 5157:, pp. 131–132; 5129:, pp. 130–131; 4870:, pp. 120–121; 4606:6 April 2019 at the 4063:Daughter of the East 3272:Mustafa Abu al-Yazid 3261:. The United States 3111:Samuel P. Huntington 2992:Later life and death 2955:United Arab Emirates 2719:director-general of 2645:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2618:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2477:Pakistan Steel Mills 1990:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi 1647:Daughter of the East 1574:his aircraft crashed 1469:, and undertook the 1407:solitary confinement 1384:National Awami Party 1205:University of Oxford 1121:second wave feminism 875:Childhood: 1953–1968 754:that year's election 694:University of Oxford 251:Khan Abdul Wali Khan 168:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi 156:Muhammad Khan Junejo 15687:People from Karachi 15340:Yousaf Raza Gillani 15258:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 15100:History of Pakistan 15008:Abdul Hafeez Shaikh 14974:Abdul Hafeez Shaikh 14855:Syed Mohammad Ahsan 14747:Anwaar ul Haq Kakar 14707:Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 14617:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 14446:Minister of Finance 14357:Minister of Defence 14326:Minister of Finance 14012:. Backinprint.com. 13785:. Lahore: Classic. 12927:, pp. 208–209. 12408:, pp. 102–103. 11767:, pp. 144–145. 11587:. 4 December 2007. 11324:, pp. 140–141. 11165:, pp. 200–201. 10856:, pp. 138–139. 10752:. 26 January 2006. 10473:, pp. 129–130. 10406:, pp. 133–134. 10113:, pp. 127–128. 9918:on 14 October 2009. 9841:on 18 February 2011 9302:South Asia Analysis 9155:, pp. 239–240. 9041:, pp. 118–119. 8833:, pp. 117–118. 8821:, pp. 117–118. 8739:, pp. 120–121. 8637:, pp. 212–213. 8606:, pp. 125–126. 8534:, pp. 100–101. 8365:, pp. 113–114. 8288:, pp. 111–112. 8268:Edward A. Gargan. " 8200:, pp. 202–203. 7791:, pp. 109–110. 7665:on 5 September 2009 7659:Daily Times Monitor 7611:, pp. 105–106. 7114:, pp. 112–113. 6482:, pp. 55, 92; 6422:, pp. 16, 45; 5955:, pp. 28, 29; 4833:on 13 January 2009. 4760:, pp. 2–3, 6; 4546:The Harvard Crimson 4483:, pp. 106–107. 4219:, pp. 13, 14; 4158:. 25 October 2011. 3719:Yousaf Raza Gillani 3343:Bhutto admired the 3060:The United States' 3015:Siege of Lal Masjid 2947:Yousaf Raza Gillani 2661:Saeed Mohammad Khan 2641:Yousaf Raza Gillani 2550:P. V. Narasimha Rao 2498:Planning Commission 2485:labour productivity 2360:socialist economics 2356:Ministry of Finance 1974:Pakistani feminists 1716:political prisoners 1651:Daughter of Destiny 1483:political prisoners 1459:European Parliament 1380:Mazdoor Kisan Party 1303:Chief of Army Staff 1299:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1209:second-class degree 1101:Crimson Key Society 981:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 891:and her mother was 889:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 722:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 492:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 15040:Muhammad Aurangzeb 14980:Saleem Mandviwalla 14931:Shahid Javed Burki 14669:Malik Meraj Khalid 14425:Malik Meraj Khalid 14276:Political offices 13922:. Franklin Watts. 13614:Anthropology Today 13050:Owen Bennett-Jones 12942:(p. 118) Routledge 11360:The New York Times 11316:, pp. 28–29; 10663:The Indian Express 10606:The New York Times 10576:The New York Times 10446:The New York Times 10289:The New York Times 10042:, pp. 68–69; 9835:The New York Times 8274:The New York Times 8155:on 28 October 2010 8119:The New York Times 8026:The New York Times 8003:The New York Times 7906:, pp. 30–31; 7416:, pp. 61, 62. 7347:, pp. 60–61; 7170:, pp. 60–61; 7154:, pp. 60–61; 7050:, pp. 93–94; 6806:, pp. 89–90; 6386:, pp. 22, 91. 6334:, pp. 58–59; 6202:, pp. 54–55; 6186:, pp. 53–54; 6178:, pp. 88–89; 5951:, pp. 38–40; 5867:, pp. 20–21; 5590:, pp. 70, 72. 5538:, pp. 49–50; 5518:, pp. 48–49; 5474:, pp. 47–48; 4676:, pp. 44–45; 4408:, pp. 19, 20. 4227:, pp. 15, 17. 3925:, pp. 12–13; 3921:, pp. 14–15; 3588:Victoria Schofield 3576: 3506:Napoleon Bonaparte 3439: 3389: 3368:, Bhutto's niece, 3296:Yousuf Raza Gilani 3291: 3244:Garhi Khuda Bakhsh 3220:. On leaving in a 3206: 3202:Garhi Khuda Bakhsh 3167: 3152:two bombs exploded 3140: 3035: 3007:War in Afghanistan 2916: 2892:Owen Bennett-Jones 2814: 2769:Malik Meraj Khalid 2669:Farooq Feroze Khan 2657:Abdul Waheed Kakar 2622: 2620:in New Delhi, 2003 2543:Pressler Amendment 2522: 2493:natural monopolies 2481:capital investment 2433: 2393:standard of living 2352: 2286:The New York Times 2263: 2226:Operation Blue Fox 2168: 2119:The New York Times 2096: 2046:Operation Clean-up 2006: 1955:The ISI organised 1938:informed her that 1798: 1743: 1687: 1635:Sindhi nationalist 1578:Bahawalpur Airport 1569: 1500: 1443: 1291:a general election 1225:Victoria Schofield 1201:Lady Margaret Hall 1193: 1146:Indo-Pakistani War 1089:Harvard University 1077: 1023:with high grades. 989: 690:Harvard University 120:Malik Meraj Khalid 59:11th and 13th 15404: 15403: 15325:Naseerullah Babar 15226:Key personalities 15057: 15056: 14881:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 14784: 14783: 14522: 14521: 14513:Succeeded by 14490:Diplomatic posts 14480:Succeeded by 14453:Succeeded by 14422:Succeeded by 14391:Succeeded by 14364:Succeeded by 14333:Succeeded by 14298:Succeeded by 14266:Succeeded by 14256:Succeeded by 14252:Acting: 1982–1984 14220:BenazirBhutto.com 14190:978-1-44731-578-0 14105:978-0-553-15857-1 14050:978-3-659-38290-1 14019:978-0-595-00388-4 13981:978-0-245-54965-6 13950:978-0-7565-1798-4 13929:978-0-531-10936-6 13894:978-1-56711-027-2 13844:978-0-7910-7732-0 13811:978-0-19-579160-0 13745:978-0-19-940172-7 13693:978-0-14-014334-8 13585:978-0-544-64893-7 13278:. 21 March 2014. 13011:. 26 March 2010. 12661:, pp. 97–98. 12318:, pp. x, xi. 10518:Dawn Wire Service 9974:, pp. 27–28. 9761:978-0-415-43743-1 9522:Strategic Studies 9445:978-0-231-70066-5 9280:978-0-313-28025-2 9253:978-0-415-25416-8 8491:, pp. 85–86. 8276:. 8 October 1993. 8188:, pp. 50–51. 8056:The Seattle Times 7844:978-1-61039-021-7 7538:978-9971-69-443-2 7287:, pp. 92–93. 7066:, pp. 98–99. 6810:, pp. 93–94. 6490:, pp. 97–98. 6438:, pp. 49–50. 6294:, pp. 92–93. 6282:, pp. 54–55. 6246:, pp. 94–95. 6226:, pp. 91–92. 6190:, pp. 89–90. 5963:, pp. 84–86. 5939:, pp. 81–82. 5911:, pp. 80–81. 5879:, pp. 78–79. 5769:, pp. 74–75. 5745:, pp. 82–83. 5625:, pp. 71–72. 5526:, pp. 69–70. 5394:, pp. 66–67. 5374:, pp. 63–64. 5342:, pp. 62–63. 5278:, pp. 55–56. 5145:, pp. 46–47. 5133:, pp. 45–46. 4986:, pp. 29–30. 4801:, pp. 36–37. 4768:, pp. 36–37. 4720:, pp. 32–33. 4298:, pp. 15–16. 3757:Explanatory notes 3686:William Dalrymple 3672:Nobel Peace Prize 3510:Otto von Bismarck 3366:Los Angeles Times 3349:Margaret Thatcher 3318:, and Indonesian 3259:Pakistani Taliban 3085:The US publisher 3011:Lawyers' Movement 2788:Los Angeles Times 2717:Javed Ashraf Qazi 2473:Pakistan Railways 2460:'s bibliography, 2442:financial capital 2368:denationalisation 2332:Naseerullah Babar 2222:Naseerullah Babar 2140:Ruhollah Khomeini 2126:at all. In 1996, 1970:Hudood Ordinances 1936:George H. W. Bush 1926:program, such as 1858:Nishan-e-Pakistan 1774:National Assembly 1696:Mumtaz Ali Bhutto 1622:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1531:arranged marriage 1429:in January 1984. 1336:Lahore High Court 1332:Ahmed Raza Kasuri 1323:him permanently. 1248:Hugh Trevor Roper 1176:, Saudi Arabia's 1085:Radcliffe College 917:Shah Nawaz Bhutto 845:Garhi Khuda Baksh 837:Pakistani Taliban 742:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 688:. She studied at 620:rendering support 591:rendering support 571: 570: 509:Radcliffe College 326: 325: 144:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 15714: 15537:Pakistani exiles 15371:Gillani ministry 15300:Sharmila Farooqi 15268:Shahnawaz Bhutto 15165:Parliamentarians 15144: 15135: 15123:Pakistan khappay 15084: 15077: 15070: 15061: 15060: 15052: 15051: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14788: 14787: 14765: 14600:I. I. Chundrigar 14575:Liaquat Ali Khan 14548: 14541: 14534: 14525: 14524: 14495:Preceded by 14463:Preceded by 14436:Preceded by 14430: 14409: 14401:Preceded by 14374:Preceded by 14351: 14343:Preceded by 14320: 14312:Preceded by 14306: 14281:Preceded by 14269:Asif Ali Zardari 14253: 14234:Preceded by 14226: 14225: 14222: 14194: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14142: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14088: 14071: 14062: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14002: 13985: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13933: 13921: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13877: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13794: 13768: 13749: 13730: 13728: 13726: 13697: 13678: 13659: 13646: 13637: 13608: 13589: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13555: 13546:. 20 June 2020. 13536: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13516:. 21 June 2008. 13506: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13453: 13430:"Benazir Bhutto" 13425: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13405:. Archived from 13394: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13360: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13324: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13298: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13272: 13266: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13231: 13225: 13219: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13133:. 21 June 2018. 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13092: 13086: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13046: 13040: 13039: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13001: 12995: 12985: 12979: 12973: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12872: 12866: 12860: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12756: 12746: 12740: 12734: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12701: 12695: 12689: 12683: 12677: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12631: 12625: 12616: 12610: 12601: 12595: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12555: 12549: 12538: 12532: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12508: 12502: 12496: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12472: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12437: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12370: 12364: 12355: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12319: 12313: 12307: 12301: 12292: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12258: 12252: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12215: 12209: 12203: 12193: 12187: 12173: 12167: 12161: 12152: 12142: 12136: 12122: 12113: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12043: 12037: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12003: 11997: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11963: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11911: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11858: 11852: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11806: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11774: 11768: 11754: 11748: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11674: 11668: 11654: 11648: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11617: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11507:on 23 April 2009 11497: 11491: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11398: 11392: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11351: 11345: 11331: 11325: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11125: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11055: 11049: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11018: 11008: 11002: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10963: 10957: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10843: 10837: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10783:. Archived from 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10722:. 2 April 2006. 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10634:. 5 April 2016. 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10568: 10562: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10380: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10334: 10328: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10280: 10274: 10260: 10254: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10189: 10183: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10114: 10104: 10098: 10088: 10082: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10051: 10037: 10031: 10021: 10015: 10009: 9998: 9992: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9944: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9914:. Archived from 9908: 9902: 9896: 9887: 9877: 9871: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9837:. Archived from 9826: 9807: 9801: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9745: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9726:on 30 March 2020 9722:. Archived from 9711: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9627:"6 January 1996" 9623: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9596:. Archived from 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9566:. January 2020. 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9373:. Archived from 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9331: 9320: 9319: 9313: 9305: 9294: 9285: 9284: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9241: 9231: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9146: 9140: 9130: 9124: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9066: 9048: 9042: 9032: 9026: 9016: 9010: 9000: 8994: 8980: 8974: 8960: 8954: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8872: 8866: 8856: 8850: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8779: 8773: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8709: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8664:. Archived from 8651: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8607: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8557: 8551: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8465: 8459: 8450: 8444: 8423: 8417: 8404: 8398: 8385: 8379: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8266: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8230: 8221: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8110: 8104: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8017: 8011: 8010: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7974: 7968: 7945: 7935: 7926: 7920: 7911: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7856: 7848: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7807: 7801: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7745: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7691: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7651: 7645: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7475: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7432: 7426: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7356: 7342: 7336: 7322: 7316: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7249: 7243: 7230: 7224: 7215: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7165: 7159: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6995: 6989: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6954: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6919: 6905: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6869: 6863: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6817: 6811: 6801: 6795: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6762: 6756: 6747: 6741: 6732: 6722: 6713: 6712:, pp. 9–10. 6707: 6698: 6692: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6614: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6548: 6542: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6497: 6491: 6477: 6471: 6461: 6455: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6377: 6371: 6361: 6355: 6345: 6339: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6233: 6227: 6217: 6211: 6197: 6191: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6145: 6139: 6129: 6123: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6032: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5946: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5854:. 11 April 1986. 5844: 5838: 5824: 5818: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5776: 5770: 5752: 5746: 5741:, p. xiii; 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5573: 5567: 5553: 5547: 5533: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5485: 5479: 5469: 5463: 5449: 5443: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5204: 5198: 5188: 5182: 5168: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5009: 5003: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4928: 4927: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4829:. Archived from 4823: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4769: 4751: 4745: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4663: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4429: 4420:, pp. 5–6; 4415: 4409: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4250: 4244: 4234: 4228: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3916: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3876: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3767: 3747: 3737: 3668:Malala Yousafzai 3630:Legion of Honour 3623: 3495:Mills & Boon 3476: 3375: 3320:Marzuki Darusman 3316:Peter FitzGerald 3257:, leader of the 3255:Baitullah Mehsud 3251:South Waziristan 3062:Condoleezza Rice 3019:suicide bombings 3005:—especially the 2845:Pervez Musharraf 2810:Pervez Musharraf 2759:Second dismissal 2682:Jehangir Karamat 2607:Indian Air Force 2300:Domestic affairs 2247:absolute poverty 2210:Dorchester Hotel 2179: 2014:South Kensington 1906:Pervez Musharraf 1894:Kashmir conflict 1888: 1866:Sikh separatists 1724:media censorship 1706:, the ISI chief 1616: 1535:Asif Ali Zardari 1524:Independence Day 1330:, the father of 1285: 1131:Bachelor of Arts 1032:foreign minister 841:family mausoleum 809:Pervez Musharraf 789:Asif Ali Zardari 608: 607: 579: 578: 553: 436: 434: 424:Asif Ali Zardari 373: 370:27 December 2007 349: 347: 335:Personal details 309:Asif Ali Zardari 305: 293: 284: 259: 247: 238: 224: 212: 203: 178: 177: 164: 152: 133: 116: 95: 71: 47: 37: 21: 20: 15722: 15721: 15717: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15375: 15356:Bhutto ministry 15344: 15335:Mirage Muhammad 15238:Mubashir Hassan 15233:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 15221: 15200:Peace Committee 15191:Military wings 15145: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15136: 15127: 15106: 15093: 15088: 15058: 15053: 15049: 15044: 15034:Shamshad Akhtar 14997:Shamshad Akhtar 14866:Mubashir Hassan 14844:Muhammad Shoaib 14829:Ghulam Muhammad 14820: 14815: 14785: 14780: 14779:prime ministers 14766: 14757: 14685:Shujaat Hussain 14622:Muhammad Junejo 14566: 14555:Prime Ministers 14552: 14518: 14509: 14504:Chairperson of 14500: 14485: 14476: 14468: 14458: 14449: 14441: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14418: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14396: 14387: 14379: 14369: 14360: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14338: 14329: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14294: 14286: 14271: 14261: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14239: 14214: 14202: 14197: 14191: 14169: 14167: 14160: 14139: 14115: 14113: 14106: 14051: 14029: 14027: 14020: 13982: 13960: 13958: 13951: 13930: 13904: 13902: 13895: 13854: 13852: 13845: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13776: 13774:Further reading 13771: 13765: 13746: 13724: 13722: 13715: 13694: 13675: 13605: 13586: 13569: 13564: 13563: 13553: 13551: 13544:Hindustan Times 13538: 13537: 13533: 13523: 13521: 13508: 13507: 13503: 13495: 13491: 13481: 13479: 13474:. 23 May 2008. 13466: 13465: 13461: 13451: 13449: 13426: 13422: 13412: 13410: 13395: 13388: 13378: 13376: 13361: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13327:Stan, Adele M. 13325: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13300: 13299: 13295: 13285: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13269: 13253: 13249: 13241: 13234: 13226: 13222: 13214: 13210: 13202: 13198: 13190: 13186: 13178: 13174: 13166: 13162: 13154: 13150: 13140: 13138: 13125: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13093: 13089: 13081:, p. 180; 13077: 13073: 13063: 13061: 13047: 13043: 13032: 13028: 13018: 13016: 13003: 13002: 12998: 12990:, p. 172; 12986: 12982: 12974: 12970: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12935: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12911: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12882: 12875: 12867: 12863: 12847: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12787: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12763: 12759: 12747: 12743: 12735: 12722: 12714: 12710: 12702: 12698: 12690: 12686: 12678: 12665: 12657: 12653: 12645: 12634: 12626: 12619: 12611: 12604: 12596: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12565: 12558: 12550: 12541: 12533: 12529: 12521: 12517: 12509: 12505: 12497: 12493: 12485: 12481: 12473: 12464: 12456: 12452: 12444: 12440: 12432:, p. 311; 12428: 12424: 12416: 12412: 12404: 12400: 12392: 12388: 12380: 12373: 12365: 12358: 12350: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12326: 12322: 12314: 12310: 12302: 12295: 12287: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12259: 12255: 12247:, p. 285; 12239: 12235: 12227: 12218: 12210: 12206: 12194: 12190: 12182:, p. 282; 12174: 12170: 12162: 12155: 12143: 12139: 12131:, p. 282; 12123: 12116: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12088: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12060: 12058: 12045: 12044: 12040: 12032: 12028: 12020: 12016: 12008:, p. 123; 12004: 12000: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11972: 11964: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11937:, p. 165; 11933: 11929: 11921: 11914: 11906:, p. 121; 11902: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11859: 11855: 11847:, p. 284; 11839:, p. 121; 11835: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11811:, p. 150; 11807: 11803: 11795: 11791: 11783:, p. 280; 11779:, p. 121; 11775: 11771: 11763:, p. 279; 11755: 11751: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11715:, p. 279; 11707:, p. 120; 11703: 11699: 11691: 11687: 11675: 11671: 11663:, p. 277; 11655: 11651: 11639: 11635: 11627: 11620: 11612:, p. 131; 11608: 11604: 11594: 11592: 11577: 11576: 11572: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11537:on 16 May 2008. 11525: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11508: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11486:, p. 271; 11482:, p. 131; 11478: 11474: 11466: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11439:, p. 271; 11435:, p. 129; 11431: 11427: 11419: 11415: 11407:, p. 268; 11399: 11395: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11352: 11348: 11336:, p. 119; 11332: 11328: 11312:, p. 119; 11308: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11268: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11244: 11240: 11232: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11208: 11201: 11193: 11189: 11177:, p. 114; 11173: 11169: 11161: 11157: 11149: 11145: 11137: 11128: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11092:, p. 116; 11088: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11064:, p. 120; 11060:, p. 113; 11056: 11052: 11044:, p. 122; 11040: 11036: 11028: 11021: 11009: 11005: 10997:, p. 259; 10993:, p. 120; 10989:, p. 112; 10985: 10981: 10973: 10966: 10958: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10931:, p. 259; 10927:, p. 114; 10923:, p. 109; 10919: 10915: 10907: 10896: 10888: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10864: 10860: 10852:, p. 262; 10848:, p. 114; 10844: 10840: 10832:, p. 261; 10828:, p. 114; 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800:, p. 114; 10796: 10792: 10787:on 9 June 2008. 10773: 10769: 10759: 10757: 10744: 10743: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10703: 10701: 10686: 10682: 10672: 10670: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10578:. 11 May 1999. 10570: 10569: 10565: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10527: 10525: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10482: 10481: 10477: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10438: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10414: 10410: 10402: 10398: 10390: 10383: 10375:, p. 259; 10371:, p. 118; 10367:, p. 110; 10363: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10339:, p. 110; 10335: 10331: 10327:, pp. 132. 10319: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10281: 10277: 10261: 10257: 10245: 10241: 10233: 10224: 10216: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10178:, p. 255; 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10142: 10138: 10130: 10117: 10109:, p. 251; 10105: 10101: 10089: 10085: 10077:, p. 251; 10073: 10069: 10061: 10054: 10046:, p. 251; 10038: 10034: 10026:, p. 110; 10022: 10018: 10010: 10001: 9993: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9947: 9939:, p. 250; 9931:, p. 111; 9927: 9923: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9897: 9890: 9882:, p. 214; 9878: 9874: 9866:, p. 214; 9862:, p. 111; 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9827: 9810: 9802: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9762: 9746: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9712: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9625: 9624: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9514: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9471:11 October 1995 9465: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9332: 9323: 9307: 9306: 9296: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9232: 9221: 9211: 9209: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9151:, p. 111; 9147: 9143: 9135:, p. 241; 9131: 9127: 9119:, p. 239; 9115: 9111: 9103: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9069: 9061:, p. 237; 9049: 9045: 9037:, p. 233; 9033: 9029: 9021:, p. 102; 9017: 9013: 9005:, p. 233; 9001: 8997: 8989:, p. 236; 8981: 8977: 8969:, p. 234; 8961: 8957: 8949:, p. 234; 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8873: 8869: 8861:, p. 232; 8857: 8853: 8845:, p. 102; 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8817:, p. 232; 8813: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8712: 8704:, p. 206; 8700: 8696: 8688: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8652: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8610: 8602:, p. 196; 8598: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8562:, p. 101; 8558: 8554: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8506: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8453: 8445: 8426: 8418: 8407: 8399: 8388: 8380: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8317:, p. 240; 8313: 8309: 8301: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8267: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8224: 8216:, p. 207; 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8111: 8107: 8099:, p. 207; 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8018: 8014: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7948: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7914: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878:, p. 186; 7870: 7866: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7694: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7640:, p. 185; 7636: 7632: 7624: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595:, p. 100; 7591: 7587: 7579: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7478: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7359: 7351:, p. 183; 7343: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7233: 7225: 7218: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6922: 6914:, p. 182; 6906: 6902: 6890: 6886: 6878:, p. 182; 6870: 6866: 6858:, p. 182; 6850:, p. 111; 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822:, p. 111; 6818: 6814: 6802: 6798: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6765: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6617: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6510: 6498: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6466:, p. 181; 6462: 6458: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6378: 6374: 6362: 6358: 6346: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6222:, p. 180; 6218: 6214: 6206:, p. 179; 6198: 6194: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6130: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6091:Washington Post 6085: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6035: 6027:, p. 170; 6023: 6019: 6015:, pp. 5–6. 6011: 6007: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5959:, p. 166; 5947: 5943: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907:, p. 163; 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5871:, p. 262; 5863: 5859: 5852:Washington Post 5846: 5845: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781:, p. 155; 5777: 5773: 5765:, p. 154; 5753: 5749: 5737: 5733: 5729:, p. xiii. 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673:, p. 178; 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5582:, p. 107; 5574: 5570: 5562:, p. 147; 5554: 5550: 5542:, p. 146; 5534: 5530: 5522:, p. 145; 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490:, p. 143; 5486: 5482: 5470: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5438:, p. 145; 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5390:, p. 140; 5382: 5378: 5370:, p. 139; 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274:, p. 135; 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213:, p. 258; 5205: 5201: 5189: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101:, p. 129; 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061:, p. 127; 5057: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5010: 5006: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4931: 4924: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4858: 4854: 4842: 4838: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4772: 4752: 4748: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680:, p. 112; 4664: 4660: 4652:, p. 112; 4648: 4644: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608:Wayback Machine 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4369: 4361:, p. 107; 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4251: 4247: 4235: 4231: 4223:, p. 106; 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4187:, p. 106; 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4126:, p. 106; 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3937: 3917: 3913: 3905:, p. 104; 3897: 3893: 3885:, p. 104; 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3840: 3823: 3819: 3796: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3740: 3730: 3727: 3652: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3564: 3478: 3474: 3445:The journalist 3430: 3425: 3378:neoconservative 3373: 3338:social democrat 3333: 3235:clinically dead 3190: 3180: 3128: 3079:Aspen, Colorado 3071:Zalmay Khalizad 3033:meeting in 2007 3022:War on Terror. 2999: 2994: 2959:Federal Reserve 2931:Mossack Fonseca 2879: 2873: 2782: 2761: 2653: 2514: 2454:social progress 2421: 2407:Prime Minister 2375:Pakistani Rupee 2340: 2338:Economic issues 2302: 2255: 2181: 2177: 2156: 2088: 2082: 1998: 1953: 1932:William Webster 1890: 1886: 1880: 1842:Simla Agreement 1838: 1790: 1784:on this basis. 1778:Osama bin Laden 1673: 1667: 1618: 1614: 1561: 1451:Barbican Estate 1435: 1311:Henry Kissinger 1287: 1283: 1274: 1269: 1180:, and Jordan's 1166:Muammar Gaddafi 1097:Peter Galbraith 1069: 1044:Hubert Humphrey 1040:Henry Kissinger 997:Sindhi language 907:) to a wealthy 877: 872: 702:Zulfikar Bhutto 629: 628: 627: 618:Without proper 609: 605: 600: 599: 598: 589:Without proper 580: 576: 562: 541: 539: 494: 483: 459: 438: 435: 1987) 430: 426: 408:Political party 375: 371: 351: 345: 343: 311: 303: 291: 285: 280: 257: 245: 239: 234: 222: 210: 204: 199: 183: 171: 162: 150: 134: 129: 123: 114: 101: 93: 85: 72: 67: 50: 38: 35: 29: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15720: 15710: 15709: 15707:Women's firsts 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15667:Zardari family 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15417:Benazir Bhutto 15402: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15391: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15283:Benazir Bhutto 15280: 15275: 15273:Murtaza Bhutto 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15217: 15212: 15206:Student wings 15204: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15189: 15188: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15159: 15153: 15151: 15147: 15146: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15114: 15112: 15108: 15107: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15087: 15086: 15079: 15072: 15064: 15055: 15054: 15047: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15037: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14927: 14922: 14920:Benazir Bhutto 14917: 14914:Syed Babar Ali 14910: 14905: 14903:Benazir Bhutto 14900: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14839:Syed Amjad Ali 14836: 14831: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14814: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14791: 14782: 14781: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14753:Shehbaz Sharif 14750: 14743: 14741:Shehbaz Sharif 14738: 14733: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14665: 14663:Benazir Bhutto 14660: 14653: 14648: 14641: 14636: 14629: 14627:Benazir Bhutto 14624: 14619: 14614: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14551: 14550: 14543: 14536: 14528: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14511: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14483:Fazl-ur-Rehman 14481: 14478: 14469: 14464: 14460: 14459: 14454: 14451: 14442: 14439:Syed Babar Ali 14437: 14433: 14432: 14423: 14420: 14411: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14392: 14389: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14367:Ghous Ali Shah 14365: 14362: 14353: 14346:Mahmoud Haroon 14344: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14331: 14322: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14299: 14296: 14287: 14282: 14278: 14277: 14273: 14272: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14254: 14243:Leader of the 14240: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14212: 14201: 14200:External links 14198: 14196: 14195: 14189: 14176: 14158: 14143: 14138:978-9698534004 14137: 14122: 14104: 14095:Benazir Bhutto 14089: 14072: 14068:Benazir Bhutto 14063: 14049: 14041:Benazir Bhutto 14036: 14018: 14003: 13986: 13980: 13967: 13949: 13934: 13928: 13918:Benazir Bhutto 13911: 13893: 13878: 13861: 13843: 13834:Benazir Bhutto 13828: 13810: 13795: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13769: 13764:978-1850659891 13763: 13750: 13744: 13731: 13714:978-0393062915 13713: 13698: 13692: 13679: 13673: 13660: 13647: 13638: 13609: 13604:978-1855290532 13603: 13590: 13584: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13531: 13501: 13499:, p. 145. 13489: 13459: 13420: 13386: 13352: 13319: 13293: 13267: 13261:, p. 46; 13257:, p. 43; 13247: 13232: 13220: 13208: 13206:, p. 168. 13196: 13184: 13182:, p. 149. 13172: 13170:, p. 125. 13160: 13158:, p. 126. 13148: 13118: 13087: 13071: 13041: 13026: 12996: 12980: 12968: 12966:, p. 220. 12956: 12954:, p. 217. 12944: 12929: 12917: 12900: 12898:, p. 101. 12888: 12873: 12871:, p. 105. 12861: 12851:, p. 18; 12841: 12829: 12817: 12815:, p. 149. 12805: 12793: 12781: 12769: 12757: 12751:, p. 14; 12741: 12739:, p. 150. 12720: 12708: 12696: 12684: 12663: 12651: 12632: 12617: 12615:, p. 152. 12602: 12583: 12571: 12556: 12539: 12527: 12515: 12503: 12501:, p. 194. 12491: 12479: 12477:, p. 168. 12462: 12450: 12438: 12436:, p. 103. 12422: 12410: 12398: 12396:, p. 228. 12386: 12384:, p. 284. 12371: 12356: 12344: 12332: 12320: 12308: 12293: 12291:, p. 197. 12281: 12279:, p. 124. 12269: 12267:, p. 147. 12253: 12251:, p. 145. 12233: 12231:, p. 181. 12216: 12214:, p. 199. 12204: 12202:, p. 145. 12188: 12186:, p. 148. 12168: 12166:, p. 200. 12153: 12151:, p. 148. 12147:, p. 78; 12137: 12135:, p. 148. 12127:, p. 78; 12114: 12112:, p. 282. 12108:, p. 78; 12098: 12068: 12038: 12036:, p. 147. 12026: 12024:, p. 291. 12014: 11998: 11996:, p. 145. 11982: 11980:, p. 121. 11970: 11955: 11953:, p. 154. 11943: 11941:, p. 284. 11927: 11925:, p. 165. 11912: 11910:, p. 164. 11896: 11884: 11873:on 12 May 2011 11853: 11851:, p. 145. 11843:, p. 34; 11829: 11827:, p. 162. 11817: 11815:, p. 283. 11801: 11799:, p. 281. 11789: 11787:, p. 150. 11769: 11749: 11747:, p. 144. 11733: 11731:, p. 285. 11721: 11719:, p. 144. 11711:, p. 32; 11697: 11685: 11683:, p. 144. 11669: 11667:, p. 144. 11649: 11647:, p. 278. 11633: 11631:, p. 169. 11618: 11616:, p. 271. 11602: 11570: 11552: 11550:, p. 143. 11540: 11518: 11492: 11490:, p. 143. 11472: 11470:, p. 142. 11457: 11455:, p. 130. 11445: 11443:, p. 142. 11425: 11423:, p. 129. 11413: 11411:, p. 141. 11393: 11391:, p. 141. 11387:, p. 30; 11377: 11346: 11344:, p. 263. 11340:, p. 30; 11326: 11302: 11300:, p. 128. 11290: 11278: 11276:, p. 112. 11262: 11250: 11238: 11236:, p. 265. 11226: 11224:, p. 126. 11214: 11212:, p. 138. 11199: 11197:, p. 114. 11187: 11185:, p. 265. 11181:, p. 28; 11167: 11155: 11153:, p. 192. 11143: 11141:, p. 189. 11126: 11124:, p. 137. 11110: 11098: 11096:, p. 137. 11082: 11080:, p. 121. 11070: 11068:, p. 137. 11050: 11048:, p. 137. 11034: 11032:, p. 137. 11019: 11003: 11001:, p. 137. 10979: 10977:, p. 118. 10964: 10962:, p. 116. 10949: 10947:, p. 109. 10937: 10935:, p. 136. 10913: 10911:, p. 108. 10894: 10892:, p. 119. 10882: 10880:, p. 113. 10870: 10868:, p. 114. 10858: 10838: 10836:, p. 138. 10818: 10816:, p. 115. 10806: 10804:, p. 135. 10790: 10781:Pakistan Times 10767: 10737: 10711: 10694:Daily Pakistan 10680: 10649: 10623: 10593: 10563: 10561:, p. 129. 10547: 10545:, p. 223. 10535: 10505: 10475: 10463: 10432: 10430:, p. 129. 10420: 10418:, p. 113. 10408: 10396: 10394:, p. 259. 10381: 10379:, p. 133. 10357: 10355:, p. 110. 10345: 10343:, p. 132. 10329: 10313: 10311:, p. 256. 10301: 10275: 10273:, p. 132. 10265:, p. 70; 10255: 10253:, p. 131. 10249:, p. 70; 10239: 10222: 10220:, p. 258. 10210: 10184: 10182:, p. 131. 10174:, p. 69; 10164: 10162:, p. 133. 10152: 10150:, p. 251. 10146:, p. 69; 10136: 10134:, p. 128. 10115: 10099: 10097:, p. 128. 10083: 10081:, p. 127. 10067: 10065:, p. 251. 10052: 10050:, p. 127. 10032: 10030:, p. 127. 10016: 10014:, p. 126. 9999: 9976: 9964: 9962:, p. 250. 9945: 9943:, p. 125. 9935:, p. 68; 9921: 9903: 9901:, p. 125. 9888: 9886:, p. 125. 9872: 9870:, p. 125. 9852: 9808: 9806:, p. 214. 9791: 9789:, p. 111. 9779: 9760: 9737: 9701: 9670: 9659:on 9 June 2012 9644: 9611: 9600:on 9 June 2012 9581: 9551: 9508: 9488: 9458: 9444: 9422: 9388: 9377:on 9 June 2012 9357: 9321: 9286: 9279: 9259: 9252: 9219: 9193: 9191:, p. 112. 9181: 9169: 9157: 9141: 9139:, p. 124. 9125: 9123:, p. 124. 9109: 9107:, p. 124. 9094: 9082: 9080:, p. 123. 9067: 9065:, p. 122. 9057:, p. 66; 9053:, p. 26; 9043: 9027: 9025:, p. 118. 9011: 9009:, p. 119. 8995: 8993:, p. 121. 8985:, p. 26; 8975: 8973:, p. 121. 8965:, p. 26; 8955: 8953:, p. 121. 8945:, p. 65; 8935: 8933:, p. 234. 8923: 8921:, p. 118. 8911: 8905:, p. 25; 8895: 8893:, p. 232. 8883: 8881:, p. 118. 8877:, p. 64; 8867: 8865:, p. 118. 8851: 8849:, p. 232. 8835: 8823: 8807: 8805:, p. 231. 8795: 8793:, p. 213. 8780: 8778:, p. 211. 8765: 8763:, p. 266. 8753: 8741: 8729: 8727:, p. 121. 8710: 8708:, p. 120. 8694: 8692:, p. 120. 8679: 8668:on 9 June 2012 8639: 8627: 8625:, p. 212. 8608: 8592: 8590:, p. 207. 8580: 8568: 8552: 8550:, p. 208. 8536: 8524: 8512: 8510:, p. 208. 8493: 8481: 8479:, p. 313. 8466: 8464:, p. 116. 8451: 8449:, p. 130. 8424: 8422:, p. 115. 8405: 8403:, p. 113. 8386: 8384:, p. 114. 8367: 8355: 8349:, p. 30; 8339: 8327: 8325:, p. 112. 8321:, p. 99; 8307: 8305:, p. 112. 8290: 8278: 8256: 8222: 8220:, p. 111. 8212:, p. 99; 8202: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8136: 8105: 8103:, p. 111. 8095:, p. 62; 8085: 8073: 8043: 8012: 8009:on 7 May 2013. 7990: 7988:, p. 206. 7975: 7973:, p. 111. 7946: 7944:, p. 110. 7940:, p. 62; 7927: 7912: 7910:, p. 110. 7896: 7894:, p. 107. 7884: 7882:, p. 109. 7874:, p. 61; 7864: 7843: 7823: 7821:, p. 203. 7808: 7806:, p. 110. 7793: 7781: 7779:, p. 110. 7775:, p. 85; 7771:, p. 61; 7761: 7746: 7744:, p. 108. 7727: 7725:, p. 127. 7715: 7713:, p. 109. 7692: 7690:, p. 109. 7676: 7646: 7644:, p. 105. 7630: 7613: 7601: 7599:, p. 106. 7585: 7568: 7566:, p. 107. 7556: 7537: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7491:, p. 106. 7476: 7474:, p. 105. 7470:, p. 62; 7460: 7458:, p. 111. 7448: 7446:, p. 184. 7433: 7431:, p. 100. 7418: 7406: 7404:, p. 183. 7400:, p. 61; 7396:, p. 87; 7386: 7374: 7357: 7355:, p. 100. 7337: 7331:, p. 75; 7327:, p. 47; 7317: 7315:, p. 105. 7311:, p. 60; 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7250: 7248:, p. 104. 7231: 7229:, p. 102. 7216: 7214:, p. 102. 7210:, p. 98; 7200: 7198:, p. 186. 7188: 7186:, p. 185. 7176: 7174:, p. 185. 7160: 7158:, p. 185. 7150:, p. 78; 7140: 7128: 7126:, p. 112. 7116: 7104: 7102:, p. 100. 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7054:, p. 105. 7040: 7023: 7011: 6996: 6994:, p. 105. 6977: 6975:, p. 101. 6965: 6963:, p. 101. 6959:, p. 99; 6946: 6935: 6920: 6918:, p. 100. 6910:, p. 98; 6900: 6898:, p. 182. 6894:, p. 60; 6884: 6882:, p. 100. 6874:, p. 60; 6864: 6862:, p. 100. 6854:, p. 98; 6840: 6838:, p. 183. 6828: 6812: 6796: 6794:, p. 105. 6790:, p. 80; 6780: 6763: 6761:, p. 103. 6748: 6733: 6731:, p. 109. 6727:, p. 60; 6714: 6699: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 287. 6648: 6646:, p. 103. 6632: 6615: 6613:, p. 181. 6609:, p. 30; 6599: 6587: 6585:, p. 181. 6575: 6563: 6557:, p. 22; 6553:, p. 16; 6543: 6537:, p. 68; 6533:, p. 22; 6523: 6508: 6506:, p. 180. 6502:, p. 46; 6492: 6472: 6456: 6450:, p. 91; 6440: 6428: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6382:, p. 45; 6372: 6366:, p. 91; 6356: 6350:, p. 91; 6340: 6324: 6312: 6306:, p. 39; 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6242:, p. 91; 6238:, p. 45; 6228: 6212: 6192: 6182:, p. 22; 6168: 6156: 6150:, p. 53; 6140: 6134:, p. 53; 6124: 6118:, p. 22; 6108: 6096: 6078: 6066: 6060:, p. 88; 6050: 6033: 6017: 6005: 5995:, p. 56; 5987:, p. 41; 5977: 5965: 5941: 5935:, p. 22; 5925: 5913: 5903:, p. 22; 5893: 5881: 5857: 5839: 5833:, p. 59; 5829:, p. 22; 5819: 5817:, p. 156. 5813:, p. 59; 5809:, p. 21; 5799: 5787: 5771: 5761:, p. 58; 5757:, p. 21; 5747: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5691: 5679: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5617:, p. 52; 5607: 5592: 5578:, p. 14; 5568: 5558:, p. 52; 5548: 5528: 5508: 5496: 5480: 5464: 5454:, p. 47; 5444: 5434:, p. 47; 5424: 5422:, p. 145. 5412: 5406:, p. 63; 5396: 5386:, p. 47; 5376: 5366:, p. 20; 5356: 5344: 5328: 5326:, p. 138. 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5270:, p. 47; 5260: 5248: 5231: 5219: 5209:, p. 18; 5199: 5193:, p. 18; 5183: 5177:, p. 51; 5173:, p. 18; 5163: 5147: 5135: 5119: 5107: 5091: 5089:, p. 129. 5079: 5067: 5051: 5036: 5024: 5022:, p. 118. 5018:, p. 16; 5014:, p. 26; 5004: 4998:, p. 50; 4988: 4976: 4964: 4948: 4929: 4922: 4904: 4902:, p. 121. 4892: 4890:, p. 121. 4886:, p. 50; 4876: 4866:, p. 15; 4862:, p. 26; 4852: 4836: 4818: 4816:, p. 118. 4803: 4797:, p. 16; 4787: 4770: 4756:, p. 26; 4746: 4740:, p. 49; 4736:, p. 16; 4732:, p. 23; 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4668:, p. 21; 4658: 4642: 4636:, p. 16; 4626: 4614: 4593: 4581: 4575:, p. 36; 4565: 4531: 4516: 4514:, p. 110. 4510:, p. 49; 4500: 4485: 4473: 4467:, p. 46; 4457: 4445: 4430: 4428:, p. 108. 4424:, p. 49; 4410: 4404:, p. 14; 4394: 4382: 4367: 4357:, p. 42; 4353:, p. 13; 4343: 4331: 4329:, p. 106. 4325:, p. 13; 4315: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4255:, p. 14; 4245: 4239:, p. 60; 4229: 4209: 4203:, p. 14; 4193: 4183:, p. 19; 4173: 4147: 4132: 4122:, p. 14; 4112: 4110:, p. 106. 4100: 4098:, p. 104. 4094:, p. 19; 4090:, p. 14; 4080: 4068: 4053: 4027: 4001: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3945:, p. 14; 3935: 3929:, p. 20; 3911: 3901:, p. 16; 3891: 3881:, p. 14; 3870: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3726: 3725:Authored books 3723: 3664:Corazon Aquino 3642:Saddam Hussein 3613: 3611: 3608: 3563: 3560: 3514:Vladimir Lenin 3466: 3456:de haut en bas 3451:Akbar S. Ahmed 3447:Christina Lamb 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3393:secularisation 3332: 3329: 3304:United Nations 3179: 3176: 3127: 3124: 3116:Reconciliation 3103:Reconciliation 3091:Reconciliation 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2986:George W. Bush 2971:Saddam Hussein 2872: 2869: 2834:Emirates Hills 2781: 2778: 2760: 2757: 2652: 2649: 2593:to deploy the 2575:Black Panthers 2513: 2512:Foreign policy 2510: 2420: 2417: 2348:GDP per capita 2339: 2336: 2301: 2298: 2254: 2251: 2169: 2155: 2152: 2111:Farooq Leghari 2081: 2078: 2062:price supports 1997: 1994: 1952: 1949: 1875: 1837: 1834: 1789: 1786: 1666: 1663: 1606: 1560: 1557: 1508:Lahore Airport 1473:pilgrimage to 1465:, visited the 1434: 1431: 1419:Claiborne Pell 1411:gynaecological 1348:kangaroo court 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1267:Zia's Pakistan 1265: 1174:Hafez al-Assad 1113:Moratorium Day 1068: 1065: 935:, part of the 921:Junagadh State 876: 873: 871: 868: 864:women's rights 813:2008 elections 793:Farooq Leghari 777:women's rights 773:1993 elections 632:Benazir Bhutto 610: 603: 602: 601: 581: 574: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 555: 554: 547: 543: 542: 537: 536: 526: 516: 505: 503: 499: 498: 489: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 473: 467: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 455:Zardari family 452: 446: 444: 440: 439: 428: 422: 421: 419: 415: 414: 409: 405: 404: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 374:(aged 54) 368: 364: 363: 341: 337: 336: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 306: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 277: 276: 266: 265: 260: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 231: 230: 228:Fazl-ur-Rehman 225: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 196: 195: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 174: 173: 165: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 126: 125: 117: 111: 110: 96: 90: 89: 87:Farooq Leghari 79: 75: 74: 64: 63: 56: 55: 52: 51: 49:Bhutto in 2006 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 28:Benazir Bhutto 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15719: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15632:Sindhi people 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15397: 15396: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15320:Hayat Sherpao 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15295:Fahmida Mirza 15293: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15278:Fatima Bhutto 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15263:Nusrat Bhutto 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15248:Bhutto family 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15148: 15143: 15134: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15092: 15085: 15080: 15078: 15073: 15071: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15023:Miftah Ismail 15021: 15019: 15018:Shaukat Tarin 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14998: 14994: 14992: 14991:Miftah Ismail 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14981: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14969:Shaukat Tarin 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14898: 14897:Mahbub ul Haq 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14886:Mahbub ul Haq 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14856: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14826: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14807: 14805: 14800: 14798: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14778: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14748: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14731: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14670: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14646: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14549: 14544: 14542: 14537: 14535: 14530: 14529: 14526: 14517: 14508: 14507: 14499: 14493: 14488: 14484: 14475: 14474: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14448: 14447: 14440: 14434: 14426: 14417: 14416: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14386: 14385: 14378: 14372: 14368: 14359: 14358: 14347: 14341: 14337: 14328: 14327: 14316: 14315:Mahbub ul Haq 14310: 14302: 14293: 14292: 14285: 14279: 14274: 14270: 14264: 14260: 14247: 14246: 14238: 14237:Nusrat Bhutto 14232: 14227: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14177: 14165: 14161: 14159:9780745399027 14155: 14151: 14150: 14144: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14129: 14123: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14046: 14042: 14037: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14011: 14010: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13977: 13973: 13968: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13920: 13919: 13912: 13900: 13896: 13890: 13886: 13885: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13862: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13835: 13829: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13803: 13802: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13784: 13779: 13778: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13737: 13732: 13720: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13680: 13676: 13674:9788174366580 13670: 13666: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13596: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13572: 13571: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13498: 13493: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13463: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13409:on 9 May 2013 13408: 13404: 13400: 13393: 13391: 13375:on 1 May 2010 13374: 13370: 13366: 13359: 13357: 13340: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13323: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13265:, p. 21. 13264: 13260: 13256: 13255:Bhargava 1990 13251: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13230:, p. 19. 13229: 13228:Suvorova 2015 13224: 13218:, p. 20. 13217: 13216:Suvorova 2015 13212: 13205: 13204:Suvorova 2015 13200: 13194:, p. 13. 13193: 13192:Bhargava 1990 13188: 13181: 13176: 13169: 13164: 13157: 13152: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13091: 13085:, p. 92. 13084: 13080: 13079:Suvorova 2015 13075: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13045: 13037: 13030: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13000: 12994:, p. 87. 12993: 12989: 12988:Suvorova 2015 12984: 12978:, p. 28. 12977: 12972: 12965: 12964:Suvorova 2015 12960: 12953: 12952:Suvorova 2015 12948: 12941: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12925:Suvorova 2015 12921: 12915:, p. 55. 12914: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12897: 12896:Suvorova 2015 12892: 12886:, p. 20. 12885: 12880: 12878: 12870: 12869:Suvorova 2015 12865: 12859:, p. 10. 12858: 12855:, p. 1; 12854: 12850: 12849:Bhargava 1990 12845: 12838: 12833: 12827:, p. 18. 12826: 12821: 12814: 12813:Suvorova 2015 12809: 12802: 12801:Bhargava 1990 12797: 12791:, p. 95. 12790: 12789:Suvorova 2015 12785: 12779:, p. 16. 12778: 12773: 12767:, p. 14. 12766: 12761: 12754: 12750: 12745: 12738: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12718:, p. 79. 12717: 12712: 12705: 12700: 12694:, p. 29. 12693: 12688: 12681: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12660: 12659:Suvorova 2015 12655: 12649:, p. 19. 12648: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12629: 12624: 12622: 12614: 12609: 12607: 12599: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12581:, p. 26. 12580: 12579:Suvorova 2015 12575: 12568: 12563: 12561: 12554:, p. 61. 12553: 12552:Suvorova 2015 12548: 12546: 12544: 12536: 12535:Suvorova 2015 12531: 12525:, p. 84. 12524: 12523:Suvorova 2015 12519: 12513:, p. 31. 12512: 12507: 12500: 12499:Suvorova 2015 12495: 12489:, p. 99. 12488: 12487:Suvorova 2015 12483: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12460:, p. 94. 12459: 12454: 12448:, p. 12. 12447: 12446:Bhargava 1990 12442: 12435: 12431: 12426: 12419: 12414: 12407: 12402: 12395: 12390: 12383: 12378: 12376: 12369:, p. 30. 12368: 12363: 12361: 12354:, p. 22. 12353: 12352:Bhargava 1990 12348: 12342:, p. 18. 12341: 12340:Bhargava 1990 12336: 12330:, p. 98. 12329: 12328:Suvorova 2015 12324: 12317: 12312: 12306:, p. 38. 12305: 12300: 12298: 12290: 12289:Suvorova 2015 12285: 12278: 12273: 12266: 12262: 12257: 12250: 12246: 12245:Suvorova 2015 12242: 12237: 12230: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12185: 12181: 12180:Suvorova 2015 12177: 12172: 12165: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12134: 12130: 12129:Suvorova 2015 12126: 12121: 12119: 12111: 12110:Suvorova 2015 12107: 12102: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12035: 12030: 12023: 12022:Suvorova 2015 12018: 12012:, p. 34. 12011: 12007: 12002: 11995: 11991: 11986: 11979: 11974: 11968:, p. 35. 11967: 11962: 11960: 11952: 11947: 11940: 11939:Suvorova 2015 11936: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11917: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11894:, p. 34. 11893: 11888: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11857: 11850: 11846: 11845:Suvorova 2015 11842: 11838: 11833: 11826: 11821: 11814: 11813:Suvorova 2015 11810: 11805: 11798: 11797:Suvorova 2015 11793: 11786: 11782: 11781:Suvorova 2015 11778: 11773: 11766: 11762: 11761:Suvorova 2015 11758: 11753: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11730: 11729:Suvorova 2015 11725: 11718: 11714: 11713:Suvorova 2015 11710: 11706: 11701: 11694: 11689: 11682: 11678: 11673: 11666: 11662: 11661:Suvorova 2015 11658: 11653: 11646: 11645:Suvorova 2015 11642: 11637: 11630: 11625: 11623: 11615: 11614:Suvorova 2015 11611: 11606: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11549: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11489: 11485: 11484:Suvorova 2015 11481: 11476: 11469: 11464: 11462: 11454: 11449: 11442: 11438: 11437:Suvorova 2015 11434: 11429: 11422: 11417: 11410: 11406: 11405:Suvorova 2015 11402: 11397: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11342:Suvorova 2015 11339: 11335: 11330: 11323: 11319: 11318:Suvorova 2015 11315: 11311: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11288:, p. 27. 11287: 11282: 11275: 11271: 11266: 11260:, p. 26. 11259: 11254: 11248:, p. 25. 11247: 11242: 11235: 11234:Suvorova 2015 11230: 11223: 11218: 11211: 11206: 11204: 11196: 11191: 11184: 11183:Suvorova 2015 11180: 11176: 11171: 11164: 11163:Suvorova 2015 11159: 11152: 11151:Suvorova 2015 11147: 11140: 11139:Suvorova 2015 11135: 11133: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11114: 11108:, p. 23. 11107: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11074: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11054: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11031: 11026: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11000: 10996: 10995:Suvorova 2015 10992: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10969: 10961: 10956: 10954: 10946: 10941: 10934: 10930: 10929:Suvorova 2015 10926: 10922: 10917: 10910: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10891: 10886: 10879: 10874: 10867: 10862: 10855: 10851: 10850:Suvorova 2015 10847: 10842: 10835: 10831: 10830:Suvorova 2015 10827: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10684: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10560: 10556: 10555:Suvorova 2015 10551: 10544: 10543:Suvorova 2015 10539: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10472: 10467: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10424: 10417: 10412: 10405: 10400: 10393: 10392:Suvorova 2015 10388: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10373:Suvorova 2015 10370: 10366: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10326: 10322: 10321:Suvorova 2015 10317: 10310: 10309:Suvorova 2015 10305: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10268: 10267:Suvorova 2015 10264: 10259: 10252: 10248: 10243: 10237:, p. 70. 10236: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10219: 10218:Suvorova 2015 10214: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10181: 10177: 10176:Suvorova 2015 10173: 10168: 10161: 10156: 10149: 10148:Suvorova 2015 10145: 10140: 10133: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10107:Suvorova 2015 10103: 10096: 10092: 10087: 10080: 10076: 10075:Suvorova 2015 10071: 10064: 10063:Suvorova 2015 10059: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10044:Suvorova 2015 10041: 10036: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10013: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9997:, p. 68. 9996: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9973: 9972:Suvorova 2015 9968: 9961: 9960:Suvorova 2015 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9942: 9938: 9937:Suvorova 2015 9934: 9930: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9880:Suvorova 2015 9876: 9869: 9865: 9864:Suvorova 2015 9861: 9856: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9805: 9804:Suvorova 2015 9800: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9783: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9744: 9742: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9447: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9393: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9317: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9282: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9179:, p. 67. 9178: 9173: 9167:, p. 66. 9166: 9161: 9154: 9153:Suvorova 2015 9150: 9145: 9138: 9134: 9133:Suvorova 2015 9129: 9122: 9118: 9117:Suvorova 2015 9113: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9092:, p. 26. 9091: 9086: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9059:Suvorova 2015 9056: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9036: 9035:Suvorova 2015 9031: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9004: 9003:Suvorova 2015 8999: 8992: 8988: 8987:Suvorova 2015 8984: 8979: 8972: 8968: 8967:Suvorova 2015 8964: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8947:Suvorova 2015 8944: 8939: 8932: 8931:Suvorova 2015 8927: 8920: 8915: 8909:, p. 64. 8908: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8891:Suvorova 2015 8887: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8860: 8859:Suvorova 2015 8855: 8848: 8847:Suvorova 2015 8844: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8820: 8816: 8815:Suvorova 2015 8811: 8804: 8803:Suvorova 2015 8799: 8792: 8791:Suvorova 2015 8787: 8785: 8777: 8776:Suvorova 2015 8772: 8770: 8762: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8702:Suvorova 2015 8698: 8691: 8686: 8684: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8636: 8635:Suvorova 2015 8631: 8624: 8623:Suvorova 2015 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8600:Suvorova 2015 8596: 8589: 8588:Suvorova 2015 8584: 8578:, p. 85. 8577: 8576:Suvorova 2015 8572: 8566:, p. 85. 8565: 8564:Suvorova 2015 8561: 8556: 8549: 8548:Suvorova 2015 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8522:, p. 64. 8521: 8516: 8509: 8508:Suvorova 2015 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8490: 8489:Suvorova 2015 8485: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8421: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8364: 8359: 8353:, p. 62. 8352: 8348: 8343: 8337:, p. 31. 8336: 8331: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8214:Suvorova 2015 8211: 8206: 8199: 8198:Suvorova 2015 8194: 8187: 8182: 8176:, p. 51. 8175: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8098: 8097:Suvorova 2015 8094: 8089: 8083:, p. 62. 8082: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7987: 7986:Suvorova 2015 7982: 7980: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7925:, p. 17. 7924: 7919: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7877: 7876:Suvorova 2015 7873: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7820: 7819:Suvorova 2015 7815: 7813: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7773:Suvorova 2015 7770: 7765: 7759:, p. 61. 7758: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7724: 7719: 7712: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7643: 7639: 7638:Suvorova 2015 7634: 7628:, p. 77. 7627: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7583:, p. 76. 7582: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7565: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7521: 7515:, p. 85. 7514: 7509: 7503:, p. 62. 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7444:Suvorova 2015 7440: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7402:Suvorova 2015 7399: 7395: 7394:Bhargava 1990 7390: 7384:, p. 48. 7383: 7382:Bhargava 1990 7378: 7372:, p. 61. 7371: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7349:Suvorova 2015 7346: 7341: 7335:, p. 60. 7334: 7330: 7326: 7325:Bhargava 1990 7321: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7299:, p. 95. 7298: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7275:, p. 90. 7274: 7269: 7263:, p. 38. 7262: 7261:Bhargava 1990 7257: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7196:Suvorova 2015 7192: 7185: 7184:Suvorova 2015 7180: 7173: 7172:Suvorova 2015 7169: 7164: 7157: 7156:Suvorova 2015 7153: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7090:, p. 99. 7089: 7084: 7078:, p. 98. 7077: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7038:, p. 93. 7037: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7021:, p. 81. 7020: 7015: 7009:, p. 94. 7008: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6933:, p. 98. 6932: 6927: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6912:Suvorova 2015 6909: 6904: 6897: 6896:Suvorova 2015 6893: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6876:Suvorova 2015 6873: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6856:Suvorova 2015 6853: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6836:Suvorova 2015 6832: 6826:, p. 89. 6825: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6778:, p. 47. 6777: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6746:, p. 72. 6745: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6697:, p. 86. 6696: 6695:Bhargava 1990 6691: 6689: 6682:, p. 10. 6681: 6676: 6670:, p. 15. 6669: 6668:Suvorova 2015 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6642:, p. 1; 6641: 6636: 6630:, p. 21. 6629: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6612: 6611:Suvorova 2015 6608: 6603: 6597:, p. 59. 6596: 6591: 6584: 6583:Suvorova 2015 6579: 6573:, p. 21. 6572: 6567: 6561:, p. 15. 6560: 6559:Suvorova 2015 6556: 6552: 6547: 6541:, p. 99. 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6521:, p. 48. 6520: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6504:Suvorova 2015 6501: 6496: 6489: 6485: 6484:Suvorova 2015 6481: 6476: 6470:, p. 99. 6469: 6465: 6464:Suvorova 2015 6460: 6454:, p. 97. 6453: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6426:, p. 59. 6425: 6421: 6416: 6410:, p. 96. 6409: 6404: 6398:, p. 91. 6397: 6392: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6370:, p. 56. 6369: 6365: 6360: 6354:, p. 95. 6353: 6349: 6344: 6338:, p. 95. 6337: 6333: 6328: 6322:, p. 39. 6321: 6316: 6310:, p. 95. 6309: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6270:, p. 56. 6269: 6264: 6258:, p. 53. 6257: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6220:Suvorova 2015 6216: 6210:, p. 90. 6209: 6205: 6204:Suvorova 2015 6201: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6166:, p. 53. 6165: 6160: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6138:, p. 89. 6137: 6133: 6128: 6122:, p. 89. 6121: 6117: 6112: 6106:, p. 30. 6105: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6076:, p. 86. 6075: 6070: 6064:, p. 56. 6063: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 87. 6047: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6031:, p. 87. 6030: 6026: 6025:Suvorova 2015 6021: 6014: 6009: 6003:, p. 87. 6002: 5998: 5997:Suvorova 2015 5994: 5991:, p. 6; 5990: 5986: 5985:Bhargava 1990 5981: 5975:, p. 84. 5974: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5957:Suvorova 2015 5954: 5950: 5949:Bhargava 1990 5945: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5923:, p. 81. 5922: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5905:Suvorova 2015 5902: 5897: 5891:, p. 21. 5890: 5885: 5878: 5874: 5873:Suvorova 2015 5870: 5866: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5837:, p. 77. 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5815:Suvorova 2015 5812: 5808: 5803: 5797:, p. 10. 5796: 5791: 5785:, p. 76. 5784: 5780: 5779:Suvorova 2015 5775: 5768: 5764: 5763:Suvorova 2015 5760: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5717:, p. 73. 5716: 5711: 5705:, p. 73. 5704: 5700: 5699:Suvorova 2015 5695: 5689:, p. 20. 5688: 5683: 5677:, p. 78. 5676: 5672: 5671:Suvorova 2015 5667: 5661:, p. 78. 5660: 5655: 5649:, p. 74. 5648: 5643: 5637:, p. 53. 5636: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5619:Suvorova 2015 5616: 5611: 5605:, p. 72. 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5584:Suvorova 2015 5581: 5577: 5572: 5566:, p. 70. 5565: 5561: 5560:Suvorova 2015 5557: 5552: 5546:, p. 70. 5545: 5541: 5540:Suvorova 2015 5537: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5520:Suvorova 2015 5517: 5512: 5506:, p. 67. 5505: 5500: 5494:, p. 67. 5493: 5489: 5488:Suvorova 2015 5484: 5478:, p. 67. 5477: 5473: 5468: 5462:, p. 67. 5461: 5457: 5456:Suvorova 2015 5453: 5448: 5442:, p. 67. 5441: 5437: 5436:Suvorova 2015 5433: 5428: 5421: 5420:Suvorova 2015 5416: 5410:, p. 66. 5409: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5388:Suvorova 2015 5385: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5368:Suvorova 2015 5365: 5360: 5354:, p. 63. 5353: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5336:Suvorova 2015 5332: 5325: 5324:Suvorova 2015 5320: 5314:, p. 50. 5313: 5308: 5302:, p. 48. 5301: 5296: 5290:, p. 47. 5289: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5272:Suvorova 2015 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 49. 5257: 5252: 5246:, p. 19. 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5229:, p. 52. 5228: 5223: 5217:, p. 53. 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5197:, p. 53. 5196: 5192: 5187: 5181:, p. 48. 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5161:, p. 47. 5160: 5156: 5155:Suvorova 2015 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5128: 5127:Suvorova 2015 5123: 5117:, p. 46. 5116: 5111: 5105:, p. 46. 5104: 5100: 5099:Suvorova 2015 5095: 5088: 5087:Suvorova 2015 5083: 5077:, p. 58. 5076: 5071: 5065:, p. 43. 5064: 5060: 5059:Suvorova 2015 5055: 5049:, p. 10. 5048: 5047:Suvorova 2015 5043: 5041: 5034:, p. 45. 5033: 5028: 5021: 5020:Suvorova 2015 5017: 5013: 5012:Bhargava 1990 5008: 5002:, p. 45. 5001: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4962:, p. 29. 4961: 4958:, p. 7; 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4923:9781786062642 4919: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4900:Suvorova 2015 4896: 4889: 4888:Suvorova 2015 4885: 4880: 4874:, p. 37. 4873: 4869: 4868:Suvorova 2015 4865: 4861: 4860:Bhargava 1990 4856: 4850:, p. 23. 4849: 4846:, p. 3; 4845: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4814:Suvorova 2015 4810: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4785:, p. 37. 4784: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4762:Suvorova 2015 4759: 4755: 4754:Bhargava 1990 4750: 4744:, p. 38. 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730:Bhargava 1990 4726: 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 32. 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 60. 4695: 4690: 4684:, p. 32. 4683: 4679: 4678:Suvorova 2015 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666:Bhargava 1990 4662: 4656:, p. 30. 4655: 4651: 4650:Suvorova 2015 4646: 4640:, p. 28. 4639: 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 49. 4623: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4591:, p. 24. 4590: 4585: 4579:, p. 24. 4578: 4574: 4573:Bhargava 1990 4569: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4529:, p. 23. 4528: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512:Suvorova 2015 4509: 4504: 4498:, p. 22. 4497: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4471:, p. 23. 4470: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 46. 4454: 4449: 4443:, p. 21. 4442: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4426:Suvorova 2015 4423: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4392:, p. 13. 4391: 4386: 4380:, p. 18. 4379: 4374: 4372: 4365:, p. 18. 4364: 4360: 4359:Suvorova 2015 4356: 4352: 4347: 4341:, p. 15. 4340: 4335: 4328: 4327:Suvorova 2015 4324: 4319: 4313:, p. 16. 4312: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4286:, p. 14. 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 16. 4273: 4268: 4266: 4259:, p. 21. 4258: 4254: 4249: 4243:, p. 17. 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4221:Suvorova 2015 4218: 4213: 4207:, p. 15. 4206: 4202: 4197: 4191:, p. 15. 4190: 4186: 4185:Suvorova 2015 4182: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4145:, p. 12. 4144: 4139: 4137: 4130:, p. 12. 4129: 4125: 4124:Suvorova 2015 4121: 4116: 4109: 4108:Suvorova 2015 4104: 4097: 4096:Suvorova 2015 4093: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065:. p. 25. 4064: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3991: 3985:, p. 12. 3984: 3979: 3973:, p. 31. 3972: 3971:Suvorova 2015 3967: 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 29. 3948: 3944: 3943:Bhargava 1990 3939: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:Bhargava 1990 3915: 3908: 3904: 3903:Suvorova 2015 3900: 3899:Bhargava 1990 3895: 3889:, p. 10. 3888: 3884: 3883:Suvorova 2015 3880: 3875: 3871: 3851: 3846: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3814: 3766: 3762: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3702:, writing in 3701: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3646:Hosni Mubarak 3643: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3552:anti-abortion 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3423:Personal life 3420: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370:Fatima Bhutto 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312:Heraldo Muñoz 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3280:Scotland Yard 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227:ball bearings 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3120:Marshall Plan 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:HarperCollins 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064:and the UK's 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003:War on Terror 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:Panama Papers 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2707:Psychological 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2690:Fasih Bokhari 2687: 2686:Ali Kuli Khan 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Abbas Khattak 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Black Spiders 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:William Milam 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2437:privatisation 2430: 2425: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2316:Altaf Hussain 2312: 2311:Urdu speaking 2308: 2297: 2295: 2294:Scotland Yard 2289: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2243:privatisation 2240: 2239: 2238:laissez faire 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1945:Robert Oakley 1941: 1940:U.S. military 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1862:Morarji Desai 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848:and his wife 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756:Mahbub ul Haq 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:civil society 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Ronald Reagan 1452: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1423:James Buckley 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Supreme Court 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:military coup 1292: 1286: 1280: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Indira Gandhi 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:New York City 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117:Boston Common 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:undergraduate 1073: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 982: 978: 974: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Salafi jihadi 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:1997 election 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:1988 election 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 625: 621: 617: 615: 596: 595:Sindhi script 592: 588: 586: 566: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 530: 527: 524: 520: 517: 514: 510: 507: 506: 504: 500: 497: 496:Nusrat Bhutto 493: 490: 486: 480: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 466: 462: 456: 453: 451: 450:Bhutto family 448: 447: 445: 441: 425: 420: 416: 413: 410: 406: 403: 400: 398:Resting place 396: 393: 392:Assassination 390: 386: 382: 378: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 342: 338: 333: 329: 321: 317: 314: 310: 307: 301: 298: 297:Nusrat Bhutto 295: 289: 283: 278: 275: 271: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 237: 232: 229: 226: 220: 217: 214: 208: 202: 197: 194: 190: 186: 179: 175: 172:Nawaz Sharif 169: 166: 160: 157: 154: 148: 145: 142: 138: 132: 127: 121: 118: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 91: 88: 83: 80: 76: 70: 65: 62: 57: 53: 46: 41: 36:بينظير بُھٹو 32: 22: 19: 15393: 15386: 15330:Malik Mirage 15315:Kausar Niazi 15305:Raza Rabbani 15288:Asif Zardari 15282: 15253:S. N. Bhutto 15032: 15013:Hammad Azhar 14995: 14978: 14964:Naveed Qamar 14951: 14947:Shaukat Aziz 14929: 14925:Naveed Qamar 14919: 14912: 14902: 14895: 14891:Yasin Wattoo 14853: 14772: 14745: 14730:Nasirul Mulk 14728: 14719:Nawaz Sharif 14711: 14694: 14690:Shaukat Aziz 14675:Nawaz Sharif 14667: 14662: 14655: 14651:Nawaz Sharif 14643: 14639:Nawaz Sharif 14631: 14626: 14609: 14503: 14471: 14466:Nawaz Sharif 14456:Naveed Qamar 14444: 14413: 14394:Nawaz Sharif 14382: 14355: 14324: 14289: 14242: 14219: 14180: 14168:. Retrieved 14148: 14127: 14114:. Retrieved 14094: 14076: 14067: 14040: 14028:. Retrieved 14008: 13991:Bhutto Trial 13990: 13971: 13959:. Retrieved 13939: 13917: 13903:. Retrieved 13883: 13865: 13853:. Retrieved 13833: 13820:. Retrieved 13800: 13782: 13754: 13735: 13723:. Retrieved 13703: 13683: 13664: 13655: 13651: 13642: 13617: 13613: 13594: 13575: 13567:Bibliography 13552:. Retrieved 13543: 13534: 13522:. Retrieved 13513: 13504: 13492: 13480:. 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