314:
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640:. They have a new kind of transnational family. Generally the Bene Israel have not been politically active and have been of modest means. They have not formed continuing economic connections to India and have limited political status in Israel. Jews of Indian origin are generally regarded as Sephardic; they have become well integrated religiously with the Sephardic community in Israel. Abbink, on the other hand, states that the Bene Israel have become a distinct ethnic minority in Israel. The community despite being in Israel for many generations has maintained many of their traditions from India such as a form of
576:
475:
494:
1290:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 16: "in the early years of the nineteenth century, the Bene Israel... believed that their ancestors came a long time ago by sea from somewhere in the 'north' and were shipwrecked off Navagaon... about 20 miles south of Bombay Island. According to the tradition, only seven men and seven women were saved from the shipwreck, and the later Bene Israel are the descendants of these seven couples.
621:
investigate the lineage of the Indian applicant for possible non-Jewish descent, and in case of doubt, require the applicant to perform conversion or immersion. The discrimination may actually be related to the fact that some religious authorities believed that the Bene Israel were not fully Jewish because of inter-marriage during their long separation. Between 1962 and 1964, the Bene Israel community staged protests against the religious policy. In 1964 the
Israeli
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72:
90:
108:
656:, grated coconut, raisins, spices, and fruit of two or more different kinds. The ceremony is regarded as a boundary marker between the Bene Israel and other Jewish communities. The Community also observes Tashlich, the ceremony of taking a ritual bath at Rosh Hashanah. The Bene Israel also like to attend their own synagogues to maintain group life. This is also seen in higher levels of
349:. Genetic evidence as of 2005 suggests that the Bene Israel appear to carry a haplotype which points to a Middle Eastern origin, and Jews may have formed part of the founding group. They gradually assimilated to the people around them, while retaining customs that are considered Jewish. The medieval Jewish philosopher
1157:
ceremony. On every occasion for thanksgiving a special home service is held, the central feature of which is the singing of a hymn... commemorating the prophet Elijah... followed by the recital of blessings over a concoction of parched rice, shredded coconut, raisins and spices... partaken of by all
682:
The
Central Organisation of Indian Jews in Israel (COIJI) was founded by Noah Massil. The organization has twenty chapters around Israel. Maiboli, the newsletter for the Bene Israel community is edited by Noah Masil. There is also a website called Indian Jewish Community in Israel which coordinates
612:
from other Jewish groups, including due to their darker skin colour. Several rabbis refused to marry Bene Israel to other Jews, on grounds that they were not legitimate Jews under
Orthodox law. Between 1952 and 1954, following sit-down protests and hunger strikes by Bene Israel demanding to be sent
384:
It is estimated that there were 6,000 Bene Israel in the 1830s; 10,000 at the turn of the 20th century; and in 1948—their peak in India—they numbered 20,000. Since that time, most of the population has immigrated to Israel. In 2020, the Jewish population in Mumbai numbered about 3,500, out of which
416:
who considered the Bene Israel to be "Indian". They also questioned the
Jewishness of the community. In response, the Bene Israel educator and historian, Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, spearheaded the defence of the Jewishness of the Bene Israel in the late 1800s. In his writings, he tried to portray the
620:
In 1962, authorities in Israel were accused of racism towards the Bene Israel. In the case that caused the controversy, the
Council of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel ruled that before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not belonging to that community, the registering rabbi should
372:
Bene Israel tradition places Rahabi's arrival at either 1000 or 1400, although some historians have dated his arrival to the 18th century. They suggest that the "David Rahabi" of Bene Israel folklore was a man named David
Ezekiel Rahabi, who lived from 1694 to 1772, and resided in
652:. The prophet Elijah has become a kind of patron saint for Bene Israel. A ritual of thanksgiving dedicated to the Prophet Elijah is called Eliahu HaNabi (the Hebrew name for Elijah), and is performed at weddings and other celebratory events. The ceremony features a tray of
1203:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 21: "At the opening of the eighteenth century the Bene Israel were almost wholly concentrated in a small coastal strip of about 1,000 square miles slightly to the south of Bombay."
1132:
The foundation of a permanent Jewish settlement in Mumbai was laid in the second half of the 18th century by the Bene Israel who gradually moved from their villages in the Konkan region to Mumbai. Their first synagogue in Mumbai was built (1796) on the initiative of S.E.
360:
named David Rahabi discovered the Bene Israel in their villages and recognized their vestigial Jewish customs. Rahabi taught the people about normative
Judaism. He trained some young men among them to be the religious preceptors of the community. Known as
1153:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 29: "While the present Orthodox Bene Israel ritual conforms to the Sephardi prayer books, there is one peculiarity which is unique to the Bene Israel,... the
417:
Bene Israel as a totally foreign community in India. He also divided the community into two endogamous groups, white (gora) and black (kala). He claimed the whites had pure blood and the blacks were the progeny of Indian women and therefore impure.
299:. Emigration from India (mostly to Israel but also to the UK, the US, Canada and Australia) reduced the approximate population there from a peak of 20,000 in 1951 to 16,000 in 1961 and 5,500 in 1971, after which the emigration greatly declined.
969:
Waldman, Yedael Y.; Biddanda, Arjun; Davidson, Natalie R.; Billing-Ross, Paul; Dubrovsky, Maya; Campbell, Christopher L.; Oddoux, Carole; Friedman, Eitan; Atzmon, Gil; Halperin, Eran; Ostrer, Harry; Keinan, Alon (24 March 2016).
345:, who then initiated them into Brahamic rites. The Bene Israel acknowledge the similarity and have a different interpretation of the shipwreck legend. Some historians have thought their ancestors may have belonged to one of the
2068:
Between Mumbai and Manila: Judaism in Asia since the
Founding of the State of Israel (Proceedings of the International Conference, held at the Department of Comparative Religion of the University of Bonn. May 30, to June 1,
313:
909:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 25: "What the mother tongue of the Bene Israel was when they came to India is unknown. But for centuries it has been Marathi"
687:
in 2012. The museum is currently run by volunteers. At present, the museum has a small collection of items donated by the community. It also holds cultural and cooking classes for all communities.
1171:, The Jewish Publication Society of America, Filadélfia, 1968, p. 744: "their Jewish religion has been entirely restored, and they observe it in orthodox fashion, according to the
353:
may have been referring to the Bene Israel when he wrote in a letter: "The Jews of India know nothing of the Torah, and of the laws nothing save the
Sabbath and circumcision."
2426:
2368:
1775:
Weil, Shalva (2005). "Motherland and
Fatherland as Dichotomous Diasporas: the Case of the Bene Israel". In Anteby, Lisa; Berthomiere, William; Sheffer, Gabriel (eds.).
1381:, who wrote: "The Bané Israel, a Jewish tribe in India, claim, we have said, to descend from the ten tribes; this tradition deserves serious examination." (End Quote)
545:
2466:
1455:
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and are descended from fourteen Jews, seven men and seven women, who came to India as the only survivors of a shipwreck near the village of Navagaon on the
420:
In the early twentieth century, numerous Bene Israel became leaders in the new film industry in India. In addition, men worked as producers and actors:
493:
428:, and Solomon Moses was head of the Bombay Film Lab Pvt Ltd from the 1940s to 1990s. Ennoch Isaac Satamkar was a film actor and assistant director to
1700:
284:
341:, that they descended from 14 foreigners, 7 men and 7 women, who died when their vessel was shipwrecked off the same coast, only to be revived by
228:
via their ancestors who had settled there centuries ago. Starting in the second half of the 18th century, after they were taught about normative
396:, many Bene Israel rose to prominence in India; they were less affected by discriminatory legislation and gained prominent positions within the
1609:
560:
1214:
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various cultural activities organized by the community. The community in Israel opened the museum of Indian Jewish Heritage in the town of
296:
2182:
2110:
Moskovich, Rina Krut (1986). "The Role of Music in the Liturgy of Emigrant Jews from Bombay: The Morning Prayer for the Three Festivals".
1704:
1623:
Numark, Mitch (2001). "Constructing a Jewish Nation in Colonial India: History, Narratives of Discent, and the Vocabulary of Modernity".
237:
3333:
2459:
1408:
Roland JG (1998) The Jewish communities of India: identity in a colonial era. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers
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517:
474:
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1931:
404:, at a higher rate overall than their non-Jewish counterparts. Some of these enlistees with their families later immigrated to the
2375:
575:
435:
Given the relatively privileged position they had held under British colonial rule, many Bene Israel prepared to leave India at
1952:
Abbink, Jon G. (2002). "Ethnic Trajectories in Israel. Comparing the 'Bené Israel' and 'Beta Israel' Communities, 1950-2000".
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2452:
2156:
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1990:
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Jüdische Musik. IV: Östliche Diaspora (14.–19. Jahrhundert). 3. Orientalische Gemeinden. b. Indien (Bene Israel, Cochin).
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repatriated 337 members of the Bene Israel community to India, though most eventually returned to Israel years later.
934:
28:
20:
1029:
3338:
2489:
1308:; Egorova, Yulia (June 2005). "Genetics, History, and Identity: The Case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba".
1061:
Fischel, Walter (1970). "Bombay in Jewish History in the Light of New Documents from the Indian Archives".
436:
308:
217:
604:. In India, the Bene Israel and other Jews lived in urban areas, however in Israel they were settled into
381:. Others suggest that the reference is to David Baruch Rahabi, who arrived in Bombay from Cochin in 1825.
2343:
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity,
1503:
2235:
1351:
Weil, Shalva (2013). "Jews of India and Ten Lost Tribes". In Patai, Raphael; Itzhak, Haya Bar (eds.).
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The Girl from Foreign: A Search for Shipwrecked Ancestors, Forgotten Histories, and a Sense of Home,
1215:"Why do the Jews of India call Passover 'The holiday of the covered clay pot with the sour liquid'?"
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1547:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 66
719:
713:
708:
704:
614:
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458:
1431:
Weil, Shalva (1994). "Yom Kippur: the Festival of Closing the Doors". In Goodman, Hananya (ed.).
763:
480:
425:
412:. In the 19th century, the Bene Israel did however meet with hostility from the newly anglicized
2356:
1726:
1446:
Weil, Shalva (1996). "Religious Leadership vs. Secular Authority: the Case of the Bene Israel".
3065:
3040:
2818:
2278:
1731:. Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Vol. 38 - India. 1991. p. 53.
1421:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 15
1263:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 11
1235:, Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 27
751:
741:
1980:
1804:
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1123:
920:
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2616:
2146:
2066:
1529:
Shalva, Weil (2002). "Cochin Jews". In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (eds.).
859:
595:
2413:
2286:
1872:
1667:
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1043:
972:"The Genetics of Bene Israel from India Reveals Both Substantial Jewish and Indian Ancestry"
672:
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about 20 miles (32 km) south of Mumbai in 175 BCE. There is no evidence for this and
8:
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882:
769:
760:(1912–89), zoologist, founder of Kankaria Zoo, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, father of Esther David
401:
326:
265:
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2040:
987:
632:(2012) reviewed life in Israel for the Bene Israel community. It noted that the city of
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2475:
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1961:
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1603:
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1104:
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1006:
971:
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819:(1951–), Indian dancer, choreographer, and actress; daughter of Benjamin Abraham Samson
781:
338:
276:
2006:
Weil, Shalva (2012). "The Bene Israel Indian Jewish Family in Transnational Context".
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1986:
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1483:
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930:
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2338:(new edition), New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp.186-205.
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Members of Bene Israel also settled in Britain and North America, mostly in Canada.
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2395:
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2119:
2015:
1632:
1317:
1100:
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in Southern Israel has the largest community of Bene Israel, with a sizable one in
609:
605:
504:
136:
2334:. (2018) 'Indian Judaic Tradition' in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds.)
1558:
1370:
369:. They became recognized as judges and settlers of disputes within the community.
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considers it mythical, saying that it is identical to an origin story told by the
3285:
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996:
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716:(1834–1905), Indian writer and translator of Hebrew liturgical works into Marathi
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128:
50:
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The Mizrahi Era of Rebellion: Israel's Forgotten Civil Rights Struggle 1948-1966
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1475:
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Weil, Shalva (2009) . "Bene Israel Rites and Routines". In Weil, Shalva (ed.).
1366:
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786:
725:
653:
393:
1433:
Between Jerusalem & Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism & Hinduism
1321:
1274:"Bene Israel | Jewish Community, India & Migration | Britannica"
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houses several synagogues, most of which belong to the Bene Israel community.
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Jews and Muslims in South Asia: Reflections on Difference, Religion, and Race
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826:
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99% were from the Bene Israel community. Mumbai and surrounding regions like
334:
271:
In the early part of the 20th century, many Bene Israel became active in the
229:
132:
61:
1636:
224:
in India. It has been suggested that they are the descendants of one of the
3190:
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2990:
2934:
2899:
2752:
2636:
2535:
2525:
2263:
2187:
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1095:
Weil, Shalva. "Bombay (Present day Mumbai)". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.).
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2019:
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as "the producer of the largest number of documentaries and short films".
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from their Marathi Hindu neighbors. A popular Kirtan is one based on the
397:
378:
357:
342:
283:, many Bene Israel, including those who had arrived in India after their
261:
160:
24:
2145:
Emanuela Trevisan Semi; Dario Miccoli; Tudor Parfitt (5 December 2013).
1965:
1245:
Weil, Shalva (2008). "The Jews of Pakistan". In Erlich, M. Avrum (ed.).
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838:
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189:
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71:
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1652:
926:
633:
484:
249:
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Weil, S. 1974 'Bene Israel in Britain', New Community 3(1-2): 87–91.
1793:
Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute and the Ministry of Education. (Hebrew)
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2123:
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877:
731:
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421:
365:, these men held a position that became hereditary, similar to the
257:
1896:
1894:
663:
Religiously, the Bene Israel adopted the devotional singing style
3225:
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2444:
1912:
1910:
1745:
Weil, Shalva (2008). "Jews in India". In Erlich, M. Avrum (ed.).
500:
366:
253:
148:
1480:
Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the northern Konkan, Pune
1435:. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 85–100.
551:
Magen Hassidim Synagogue, the largest Bene Israeli Synagogue in
443:
would mean fewer opportunities for them. Most immigrated to the
3292:
3230:
3215:
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Memory and Ethnicity: Ethnic Museums in Israel and the Diaspora
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241:
233:
95:
2183:"Passover a spicy affair for Toronto's Indian Jews | The Star"
1907:
841:(1981–), Indian-born Australian professional basketball player
3297:
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2929:
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2747:
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2682:
2631:
2565:
2550:
2381:
1856:
Weil, Shalva (2011). "Bene Israel". In Baskin, Judith (ed.).
1831:"Israel's Indian Jews and their lives in the 'promised land'"
1482:. Mumbai: Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico. pp. 16–17.
637:
625:
ruled that the Bene Israel are "full Jews in every respect".
330:
322:
321:
The Bene Israel community believes that their ancestors fled
113:
2309:
The Thirteenth Gate: Travels among the Lost Tribes of Israel
2287:"The Woman Preserving the Endangered Cuisine of Indian Jews"
2275:
India's Bene Israel: A Comprehensive Inquiry and Sourcebook,
2034:"Report of the High Level Commission on the Indian Diaspora"
1978:
1353:
Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia
1187:
The Jews from the Konkan: the Bene Israel Community of India
600:
Between 1948 and 1952, some 2,300 Bene Israel immigrated to
447:, which was newly established in 1948 as a Jewish homeland.
439:
in 1947. They believed that nationalism and the emphasis on
236:
where they had previously lived to nearby cities throughout
2864:
2777:
2687:
2657:
2530:
1802:
1779:. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. pp. 91–99.
1764:. Hanover: University Press of New England. pp. 34–35.
813:(1945–), Indian writer and critic, daughter of Reuben David
801:(1940–2005), Indian-born British criminal defence solicitor
245:
221:
197:
1398:(3rd ed.). Mumbai: Marg Publications. pp. 78–89.
630:
Report of the High Level Commission on the Indian Diaspora
424:(alias Edwin Myers) (1903-1993) became the first chief of
3086:
1982:
Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns
766:(1916–2008), Indian Navy Admiral, father of Leela Samson
539:
Members of the Jewish community in Madhupura, Ahmedabad.
1300:
1298:
1296:
1063:
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
922:
Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era
244:
where their first synagogue opened in 1796 but also to
2441:(1994), an Indian documentary film on the Bene Israel.
2402:"The Indian Jewish community and synagogues in Israel"
1902:
Perpetual dilemma: Jewish religion in the Jewish State
1791:
India, The Larger Immigrations from Eastern Countries,
754:(born as Susan Solomon), actor in the 1920s and 1930s
728:(1890–1984), the first female Indian Jewish physician
671:. Their main traditional musical instruments are the
648:
as a thanksgiving ritual and wedding rituals such as
1932:"This Week in History: Indian summer in the Knesset"
1561:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
1533:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 78–80.
1293:
1030:"India's Jewish connection : The Tribune India"
707:(1820–after 1877), Indian soldier who fought in the
275:
as actresses/actors, producers, and directors. With
260:), where they gained prominent positions within the
1396:
India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle
1920:, University of California Press, 1978, p. 400-401
1904:, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1976, p. 277-278
1858:Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture
1762:Jews in British India: Identity in a Colonial Era
1598:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem. p. 217.
748:(1954) and sang (on screen) "Nanhe Munne Bachche"
3310:
1972:
1375:(in French). Paris: Michel Lévy Frères. p.
853:(1985–), Indian cricket, silver medalist at the
2138:
1877:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 116–120.
1806:West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role
690:
2151:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 103.
2064:
1304:
2460:
1947:
1945:
1870:
1796:
1665:
1504:"David Ezekiel Rahabi (Jewish-Indian leader)"
1474:
1090:
1088:
356:At a point in history which is uncertain, an
55:
1740:
1738:
1158:present, with fruit of at least two kinds.")
734:alias Edwin Myers (1903–1993), noted in the
1672:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–40.
1659:
1389:
1387:
281:Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948
201:
179:
16:Jewish community in the Indian subcontinent
2467:
2453:
2284:
2058:
1942:
1608:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1402:
1085:
70:
2109:
1809:. Academic Foundation. pp. 196–197.
1735:
1531:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement
1097:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
1005:
995:
835:(1974–), Israeli singer of Indian origin.
2382:"Bene Israel", Photo Gallery & Forum
2072:. V&R Unipress. pp. 21–28, 31.
1864:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1384:
1365:
1145:
1143:
1141:
312:
2433:, by Haeem Samuel Kahimkar (1830-1909).
2423:The History of the Bene-Israel in India
2376:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1979:Uzi Rebhun; Chaim Isaac Waxman (2004).
1860:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1705:"Jews, the lost tribe of Indian Cinema"
1545:The History of the Bene-Israel of India
1212:
1060:
829:, butterfly expert based in Navi Mumbai
3311:
2210:"Bene Israel | Jewish Women's Archive"
1951:
1759:
1622:
1590:
1565:
1528:
1044:"BENI-ISRAEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
964:
962:
960:
918:
285:exodus from newly-independent Pakistan
2448:
2233:
2180:
2008:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
1929:
1699:
1686:
1571:
1411:
1280:
1138:
1118:
1116:
1114:
232:, they migrated from villages in the
2392:Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
2005:
1855:
1803:Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (2008).
1774:
1747:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora
1744:
1445:
1430:
1393:
1350:
1244:
1184:
317:Bene Israel teachers in Bombay, 1856
82:Regions with significant populations
1247:Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora
957:
608:. Members of the Bene Israel faced
566:Inside the Shaare Rason Synagogue,
13:
2474:
2438:The Bene Israel: A Family Portrait
2355:Joseph Jacobs and Joseph Ezekiel,
2257:
1666:Yulia Egorova (5 September 2018).
1111:
1105:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0004450
744:(1908–1982), actor who starred in
14:
3350:
3334:Groups claiming Israelite descent
2349:
2039:. Indian Diaspora. Archived from
1871:Bryan K. Roby (4 December 2015).
1777:Les Diasporas 2000 ans d'histoire
1574:"Inside the synagogues of Mumbai"
1213:Madnick, Shulie (25 March 2021).
1036:
1022:
795:, model and 1959 Miss World India
698:
660:compared to other Jewish groups.
589:
377:, then the center of the wealthy
2285:Lin-Sommer, Sam (1 March 2023).
2234:Joffe, Lawrence (9 March 2004).
1930:Zieve, Tamara (12 August 2012).
1572:Datta, Rangan (3 October 2020).
1556:
1310:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1124:"The Jewish Community of Mumbai"
1094:
722:(1889-1957), writer and educator
644:dedicated to the Jewish prophet
574:
559:
544:
532:
516:
492:
473:
457:
291:, the United States, as well as
106:
88:
2227:
2202:
2181:Henry, Michele (2 April 2015).
2174:
2165:
2103:
2086:
2065:Manfred Hutter (17 July 2013).
2026:
1999:
1923:
1849:
1823:
1783:
1768:
1753:
1749:. Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO.
1719:
1616:
1584:
1550:
1537:
1522:
1496:
1468:
1439:
1424:
1359:
1344:
1266:
1253:
1249:. Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO.
1238:
1225:
1206:
1193:
1178:
1161:
2369:"Interview with Sadia Shepard"
1918:Israel: pluralism and conflict
1508:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1478:; Robbins, Kenneth X. (2017).
1054:
943:
912:
899:
736:Guinness Book of World Records
511:text, printed in Mumbai, 1890.
1:
2490:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu
1189:. Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth.
893:
432:, a director of Hindi films.
325:during the persecution under
3329:Social groups of Maharashtra
997:10.1371/journal.pone.0152056
691:Migration to other countries
581:Tiphearth Israel Synagogue,
309:History of the Jews in India
220:" caste, are a community of
196:), also referred to as the "
7:
2410:, Bene Israel wedding hymn.
2341:Weil, Shalva. (ed.) (2019)
951:"Bene Israel | people"
866:
277:Indian independence in 1947
262:British colonial government
10:
3355:
3087:Immigrant Jain communities
2236:"Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel"
1985:. UPNE. pp. 230–231.
1559:"The Bene Israel of India"
807:(d. 2007), Indian musician
593:
450:
306:
302:
18:
3251:
3141:
3033:
2963:
2857:
2796:
2645:
2609:
2518:
2482:
2313:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
2273:Isenberg, Shirley Berry.
1322:10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4
159:
154:
147:
142:
127:
122:
104:
86:
81:
69:
56:
46:
44:
2519:Agricultural communities
1760:Roland, Joan G. (1989).
919:Roland, Joan G. (2018).
789:(1924–2004), Indian poet
776:(1993–2003) and wife of
720:Rebecca Reuben Nowgaokar
714:Joseph Ezekiel Rajpurkar
709:Indian Rebellion of 1857
705:Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar
379:Malabar Jewish community
287:, soon emigrated to the
19:Not to be confused with
2373:Voices on Antisemitism,
2336:Religions in South Asia
1637:10.2979/JSS.2001.7.2.89
1543:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar,
847:(1984–), Indian actress
764:Benjamin Abraham Samson
481:Magen Abraham Synagogue
426:Films Division of India
2819:Gomantak Maratha Samaj
2610:Mercantile communities
2429:12 August 2014 at the
2279:Judah L. Magnes Museum
2270:, Penguin Global, 2003
1448:Eastern Anthropologist
1048:jewishencyclopedia.com
742:David Abraham Cheulkar
523:Bene Israel Cemetery,
358:Indian Jew from Cochin
318:
297:Commonwealth countries
3161:Maharashtrian Muslims
2617:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin
2408:"Yonati Ziv Yifatech"
1789:Weil, Shalva. (2000)
1625:Jewish Social Studies
1185:Weil, Shalva (1981).
1169:A History of the Jews
860:Ezekiel Isaac Malekar
833:Liora Itzhak Pezarkar
596:Indian Jews in Israel
394:British colonial rule
347:Lost Tribes of Israel
316:
307:Further information:
155:Related ethnic groups
3339:Jewish ethnic groups
2020:10.3138/jcfs.43.1.71
1900:Abramov, S. Zalman,
1728:Religion and Society
1703:(14 December 2005).
1417:Benjamin J. Israel,
1372:Géographie du Talmud
1286:Benjamin J. Israel,
1259:Benjamin J. Israel,
1231:Benjamin J. Israel,
1199:Benjamin J. Israel,
1149:Benjamin J. Israel,
905:Benjamin J. Israel,
855:2009 Maccabiah Games
823:Isaac David Kehimkar
774:First Lady of Cyprus
441:indigenous religions
406:British protectorate
273:Indian film industry
211:Saturday oil-presser
3281:Bombay East Indians
2964:Nomadic communities
2646:Artisan communities
2415:Bene Israel History
2362:Jewish Encyclopedia
988:2016PLoSO..1152056W
883:Synagogues in India
780:, president of the
613:back to India, the
398:colonial government
327:Antiochus Epiphanes
76:Bene Israel wedding
41:
3276:Marathi Christians
3206:Muslim Chhaparband
3142:Muslim communities
2858:Tribal communities
2797:Priest communities
2345:London: Routledge.
2268:The Book of Esther
2046:on 11 October 2010
1936:The Jerusalem Post
1065:. 38/39: 119–144.
851:Bensiyon Songavkar
782:Republic of Cyprus
339:Chitpavan Brahmins
319:
39:
3306:
3305:
3264:Marathi Buddhists
3252:Other communities
3137:
3136:
3029:
3028:
2483:Hindu Communities
2158:978-1-4438-5466-5
2079:978-3-8470-0158-4
1992:978-1-58465-327-1
1884:978-0-8156-5345-5
1837:. 19 January 2018
1816:978-81-7188-616-6
1679:978-0-19-985624-4
1649:Project MUSE
1489:978-93-86348-66-1
1419:The Jews of India
1288:The Jews of India
1261:The Jews of India
1233:The Jews of India
1201:The Jews of India
1167:Solomon Grayzel,
1151:The Jews of India
907:The Jews of India
606:development towns
172:
171:
3346:
3084:
3083:
3034:Jain communities
2516:
2515:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2396:Tufts University
2384:, Jews of India.
2294:
2252:
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1716:
1711:. Archived from
1701:Menon, Harish C.
1697:
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1517:
1515:
1510:. Britannica.com
1500:
1494:
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1460:
1454:(3–4): 301–316.
1443:
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910:
903:
888:Jews of Pakistan
873:Judaism in India
825:(1957–), Indian
799:Ralph Sam Haeems
778:Glafcos Clerides
673:Indian Harmonium
578:
563:
548:
536:
520:
496:
477:
461:
279:followed by the
230:Sephardi Judaism
215:
212:
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112:
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94:
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3286:Koli Christians
3247:
3211:Muslim Raj Gond
3186:Deccani Muslims
3149:Konkani Muslims
3133:
3082:
3025:
2959:
2853:
2792:
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2605:
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2495:Marathi Brahmin
2478:
2473:
2431:Wayback Machine
2352:
2260:
2258:Further reading
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2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1916:Smooha, Sammy,
1915:
1908:
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1869:
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1715:on 19 May 2006.
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1473:
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1071:10.2307/3622356
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982:(3): e0152056.
967:
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917:
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869:
805:Samson Kehimkar
701:
693:
669:Story of Joseph
598:
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564:
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488:
478:
469:
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445:state of Israel
311:
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289:State of Israel
226:Ten Lost Tribes
213:
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2507:
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2500:Pathare Prabhu
2497:
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2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:Marathi people
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
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2443:
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2399:
2388:September 2005
2385:
2379:
2378:, 4 June 2009.
2366:
2351:
2350:External links
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2319:Shepard, Sadia
2316:
2305:Parfitt, Tudor
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2092:Judith Cohen:
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1583:
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1557:Weil, Shalva.
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1316:(2): 193–224.
1306:Parfitt, Tudor
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594:Main article:
591:
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190:Sons of Israel
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2424:
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2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:, India Jews.
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2357:"Beni-Israel"
2354:
2353:
2344:
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2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:Penguin Press
2324:
2320:
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2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:Meera Jacob.
2296:
2292:
2291:Atlas Obscura
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2283:
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2264:David, Esther
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2129:
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2118:(2): 88–107.
2117:
2113:
2106:
2100:November 2016
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
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1933:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1897:
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1886:
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1876:
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1867:
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1681:
1675:
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1662:
1654:
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1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:(2): 89–113.
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1597:
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1587:
1579:
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1560:
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936:9781351309820
932:
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840:
837:
834:
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828:
827:lepidopterist
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:Fleur Ezekiel
791:
788:
785:
783:
779:
775:
772:(1921–2007),
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
743:
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733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
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696:
688:
686:
680:
678:
677:Bulbul tarang
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
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618:
616:
615:Jewish Agency
611:
607:
603:
597:
584:
577:
572:
569:
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547:
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535:
530:
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476:
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467:
464:Synagogue in
460:
455:
454:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
414:Baghdadi Jews
411:
407:
403:
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395:
390:
388:
382:
380:
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370:
368:
364:
359:
354:
352:
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344:
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335:Tudor Parfitt
332:
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294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:British India
235:
234:Konkan region
231:
227:
223:
219:
199:
198:Shanivar Teli
191:
177:
168:
167:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
133:Judeo-Marathi
130:
126:
121:
117:
115:
103:
99:
97:
85:
80:
73:
68:
63:
62:Judeo-Marathi
52:
43:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3258:
3104:Jaiswal Jain
3006:Phase Pardhi
2839:Kudaldeshkar
2637:Vaishya Vani
2437:
2422:
2414:
2372:
2365:(1901–1906).
2360:
2342:
2335:
2332:Weil, Shalva
2322:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2274:
2267:
2246:26 September
2244:. Retrieved
2240:The Guardian
2239:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:Toronto Star
2186:
2176:
2167:
2147:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2067:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2028:
2014:(1): 71–80.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1981:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1935:
1925:
1917:
1901:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1713:the original
1708:
1668:
1661:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1595:
1586:
1578:Forbes India
1577:
1567:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1479:
1470:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1371:
1367:Neubauer, A.
1361:
1352:
1346:
1313:
1309:
1287:
1282:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1227:
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1208:
1200:
1195:
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1180:
1168:
1163:
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1150:
1131:
1127:
1096:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1024:
979:
975:
945:
921:
914:
906:
901:
845:Madhura Naik
817:Leela Samson
811:Esther David
770:Lila Erulkar
758:Reuben David
752:Firoza Begum
745:
735:
694:
681:
662:
629:
627:
619:
599:
437:independence
434:
430:Mehboob Khan
419:
391:
383:
371:
362:
355:
320:
295:, and other
270:
175:
173:
164:
57:बेने इस्राएल
36:Ethnic group
33:
29:B'nai Israel
21:Bani Isra'il
3324:Indian Jews
3319:Bene Israel
3259:Bene Israel
2986:Gav-Paradhi
2678:Chhaparband
2586:Mahyavanshi
2581:Panchkalshi
2561:Koli people
2112:Asian Music
2098:MGG Online,
1960:(1): 3–19.
1355:. ABC-CLIO.
1219:The Forward
746:Boot Polish
402:Indian Army
343:Parashurama
266:Indian Army
176:Bene Israel
161:Cochin Jews
40:Bene Israel
25:Beta Israel
3313:Categories
3241:Tadvi Bhil
2713:Kanjarbhat
2668:Chaukalshi
2571:Leva Patil
2311:, London:
2277:Berkeley:
1709:IndiaGlitz
1596:Even Sapir
1128:ANU Museum
894:References
839:Eban Hyams
466:Pen, India
351:Maimonides
218:Native Jew
163:and other
3236:Saiqalgar
3076:Upajjhaya
3051:Chaturtha
3046:Bagherwal
2991:Nath Jogi
2809:Deshastha
2804:Chitpavan
2763:Padmasali
2307:. (1987)
2299:Shulamith
2219:14 August
1954:Anthropos
1645:162334921
1604:cite book
927:Routledge
634:Beersheba
623:Rabbinate
485:Ahmedabad
250:Ahmedabad
123:Languages
118:>5,000
49: (
47:בני ישראל
3154:Nawayath
3129:Shrimali
3124:Sarawagi
3066:Panchama
2880:Binjhwar
2849:Saraswat
2814:Devrukhe
2673:Chambhar
2541:Bhandari
2427:Archived
2242:. London
2050:29 April
1966:40465613
1835:BBC News
1594:(1968).
1514:10 March
1369:(1868).
1338:19691358
1330:16249950
1133:Divekar.
1016:27010569
976:PLOS ONE
878:Satamkar
867:See also
732:Ezra Mir
675:and the
658:endogamy
422:Ezra Mir
400:and the
264:and the
258:Pakistan
256:(now in
166:Mizrahim
143:Religion
3226:Pinjara
3201:Multani
3176:Bhishti
3171:Baghban
3114:Paliwal
3094:Agrawal
3071:Saitwal
3061:Kamboja
3011:Ramoshi
3001:Kaikadi
2971:Banjara
2925:Katkari
2915:Halpati
2834:Karhade
2738:Kumbhar
2728:Kolhati
2596:Maratha
2591:Mangela
2546:Dhangar
2510:Shamedi
2214:jwa.org
1841:15 June
1462:2465018
1079:3622356
1007:4806850
984:Bibcode
505:Marathi
501:Haggada
451:Gallery
367:Cohanim
303:History
254:Karachi
205:
183:
149:Judaism
137:English
3293:Parsis
3231:Qassab
3216:Kachar
3196:Garodi
3181:Chaush
3119:Porwad
3056:Dhakad
3021:Waghri
2981:Dhiwar
2976:Charan
2950:Vasava
2945:Thakar
2920:Kanwar
2905:Gowari
2890:Dhodia
2885:Dhanka
2844:Palshi
2829:Jangam
2743:Lonari
2733:Koshti
2723:Khatik
2708:Holeya
2698:Gosavi
2653:Beldar
2627:Shimpi
2622:Khatri
2556:Kharvi
2505:Rajput
2390:, The
2328:, 2008
2301:(1975)
2281:, 1988
2194:3 June
2155:
2132:833900
2130:
2076:
1989:
1964:
1881:
1813:
1676:
1651:
1643:
1486:
1459:
1336:
1328:
1155:malida
1077:
1014:
1004:
933:
685:Dimona
665:Kirtan
650:mehndi
646:Elijah
642:Malida
602:Israel
583:Mumbai
568:Mumbai
553:Mumbai
525:Mumbai
509:Hebrew
392:Under
387:Raigad
375:Cochin
293:Canada
252:, and
242:Mumbai
216:) or "
129:Hebrew
111:
100:60,000
96:Israel
93:
51:Hebrew
3298:Sikhs
3269:Mahar
3221:Kadia
3191:Fakir
3166:Attar
3109:Oswal
3099:Humad
3016:Siddi
2996:Kahar
2955:Warli
2940:Nahal
2935:Korku
2930:Kokna
2910:Halba
2895:Gavit
2870:Barda
2824:Gurav
2788:Vadar
2773:Sutar
2758:Nhavi
2748:Lohar
2718:Kalal
2703:Holar
2693:Gavli
2663:Burud
2632:Sonar
2601:Powar
2566:Kunbi
2551:Gabit
2128:JSTOR
2069:2012)
2044:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1962:JSTOR
1653:18256
1641:S2CID
1456:INIST
1334:S2CID
1075:JSTOR
638:Ramla
503:with
363:Kajis
331:coast
323:Judea
114:India
27:, or
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2531:Ahir
2526:Agri
2248:2013
2221:2019
2196:2019
2153:ISBN
2096:In:
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2052:2010
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1843:2022
1811:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1610:link
1516:2013
1484:ISBN
1326:PMID
1012:PMID
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628:The
507:and
410:Aden
246:Pune
222:Jews
202:lit.
180:lit.
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