25:
606:
152:, whose anonymous author reported a war between Benjamin's Khazars and a coalition of five nations: 'SY, TWRQY, 'BM, and PYYNYL, who were instigated and aided by MQDWN. "MQDWN", or
477:
1200:
184:, the misreading ascribed to the degradation of the letter itself. He further identified 'SY with the Asya, who he connects to the
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8:
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on
Khazaria's eastern flank. The other three entities are less easily identifiable. In
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as
Benjamin's only allies in this war, stating that many of the Alans had adopted
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922:
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188:(traditionally allies of the Khazars) and 'BM with the remnants of the
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145:
and probably reigned in the late ninth and early tenth centuries CE.
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580:
447:
181:
215:
The term "Asya" has been thought by some scholars to describe the
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635:
220:
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185:
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122:
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The only extant account of
Benjamin's reign comes from the
326:. Cornell University Press. pp. 113, 115, 134.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1177:
364:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.
324:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
309:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
294:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
279:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
264:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
249:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
174:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
168:(867-1025). "TWRQY" can be identified with the
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266:. Cornell University Press. pp. 133–134.
321:
306:
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246:
223:revolt or attempted coup against Benjamin.
180:argued that "PYYNYL" was actually "PTzNYK"
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394:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
311:. Cornell University Press. p. 133.
296:. Cornell University Press. p. 134.
281:. Cornell University Press. p. 133.
251:. Cornell University Press. p. 132.
322:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
307:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
292:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
277:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
262:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
247:Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982).
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389:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
362:Golb, Norman and Omeljan Pritsak.
353:The History of the Jewish Khazars,
219:, suggesting the possibility of a
14:
1227:
374:
604:
141:was the son of the Khazar ruler
23:
1201:10th-century monarchs in Europe
334:
34:needs additional citations for
1206:9th-century monarchs in Europe
381:Bibliography of Khazar Studies
315:
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1:
415:
7:
10:
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357:Princeton University Press
160:documents to refer to the
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613:
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164:, particularly under its
368:Cornell University Press
346:Rowman & Littlefield
233:
1094:Khazar ancestry claims
842:Semikarakorsk Fortress
156:, is used in medieval
58:"Benjamin" Khazar
1085:Khazar Correspondence
342:The Jews of Khazaria.
135:Khazar Correspondence
196:still living in the
162:Eastern Roman Empire
129:), mentioned in the
125:ruler (probably the
43:improve this article
478:Dnieper trade route
351:Dunlop, Douglas M.
226:Benjamin's son was
1142:Mandgelis Document
1125:Khazars in fiction
1064:Svetlana Pletnyova
706:Yitzhak ha-Sangari
340:Kevin Alan Brook.
166:Macedonian dynasty
1216:10th-century Jews
1173:
1172:
1054:Alexander Harkavy
1024:Mikhail Artamonov
473:Volga trade route
355:Princeton, N.J.:
348:Publishers, 2018.
119:
118:
111:
93:
1223:
1211:9th-century Jews
1152:Schechter Letter
1108:Crimean Karaites
1059:Thomas S. Noonan
608:
443:Arab–Khazar wars
410:
403:
396:
387:
386:
328:
327:
319:
313:
312:
304:
298:
297:
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259:
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114:
107:
103:
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27:
19:
16:King of Khazaria
1231:
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1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1196:Jewish monarchs
1176:
1175:
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1156:
1118:Jewish Cossacks
1090:Khazar language
1073:
1069:Omeljan Pritsak
1044:Peter B. Golden
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861:
710:
609:
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482:
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331:
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275:
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204:identifies the
178:Omeljan Pritsak
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104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1229:
1219:
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1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Jewish royalty
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1171:
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1036:
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1029:Vasily Bartold
1026:
1020:
1018:
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1013:
1011:
1010:
1008:Volga Bulgaria
1005:
1000:
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990:
985:
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824:
819:
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802:Saltovo-Mayaki
799:
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712:
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683:
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673:
668:
663:
658:
656:John of Gothia
653:
648:
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633:
628:
623:
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598:
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583:
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553:
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375:External links
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269:
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238:
237:
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212:by that time.
202:Schechter Text
150:Schechter Text
131:Schechter Text
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1197:
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1186:Khazar rulers
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1148:
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1143:
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1138:
1137:Kievan Letter
1135:
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1128:
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1123:
1119:
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944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:Crimean Goths
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Black Klobuks
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
868:
864:
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853:
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848:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
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818:
815:
813:
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800:
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795:
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783:
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778:
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758:
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750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
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733:
730:
728:
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723:
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719:
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713:
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689:
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682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Hazer Tarkhan
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
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614:Other figures
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572:
569:
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534:
532:
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522:
519:
517:
514:
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509:
507:
504:
502:
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497:
494:
493:
491:
489:
488:Khazar rulers
485:
479:
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474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:Pax Khazarica
456:
454:
451:
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422:
418:
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325:
318:
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303:
295:
288:
280:
273:
265:
258:
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243:
239:
231:
229:
224:
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218:
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211:
207:
203:
200:steppes. The
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
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74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1129:
757:Golden Hills
621:Alp Iluetuer
575:
363:
352:
341:
335:Bibliography
323:
317:
308:
302:
293:
287:
278:
272:
263:
257:
248:
242:
225:
214:
173:
147:
138:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1049:Lev Gumilev
1039:Norman Golb
1034:D.M. Dunlop
866:Tributaries
742:Chersonesus
676:Ras Tarkhan
626:Alp Tarkhan
556:Manasseh II
1180:Categories
1113:Subbotniks
958:Laz people
923:East Slavs
873:Abkhazians
857:Tamatarkha
827:Samosdelka
691:Sviatoslav
536:Manasseh I
463:Radhanites
69:newspapers
1098:Ashkenazi
988:Pechenegs
888:Baranjars
631:Balgitzin
516:Zachariah
453:Meshchera
428:Byzantium
99:July 2010
1165:Category
1147:Red Jews
1103:Cossacks
1017:Scholars
973:Mordvins
943:Kipchaks
898:Bashkirs
812:Sambalut
807:Samandar
787:Khazaran
752:Güsliyev
747:Dagestan
732:Balanjar
696:Theodora
666:Papatzys
581:Aaron II
576:Benjamin
541:Hanukkah
531:Hezekiah
448:Kipchaks
438:Abbasids
433:Bulgaria
417:Khazaria
366:Ithaca:
344:3rd ed.
228:Aaron II
182:Pecheneg
139:Benjamin
133:and the
1003:Uralics
983:Onogurs
968:Magyars
963:Lezgins
953:Kassogs
893:Barsils
883:Arsiyah
822:Samiran
797:Levedia
772:Kazarki
701:Tzitzak
686:Sfengus
641:Bulchan
571:Menahem
566:Aaron I
551:Zebulun
526:Obadiah
511:Parsbit
370:, 1982.
359:, 1954.
210:Judaism
194:Bulgars
190:Onogurs
154:Macedon
143:Menahem
83:scholar
1131:Kuzari
1078:Legacy
993:Sabirs
948:Kumyks
938:Kabars
933:Juhuri
918:Cumans
908:Burtas
837:Sarkel
832:Saqsin
817:Sambat
792:Khumar
767:Kavkaz
715:Places
681:Serach
671:Pesakh
661:Leo IV
636:Barjik
596:George
586:Joseph
221:Muslim
217:Arsiya
198:Pontic
186:Burtas
158:Jewish
123:Khazar
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
998:Sarir
978:Oghuz
878:Alans
852:Taman
847:Sudak
782:Kerem
777:Kerch
762:Kaffa
591:David
546:Isaac
521:Bulan
506:Bihar
501:Busir
496:Irbis
234:Notes
206:Alans
170:Oghuz
90:JSTOR
76:books
928:Huns
727:Azaq
722:Atil
651:HLGW
561:Nisi
468:Rus'
192:and
62:news
737:Bar
176:,
127:bek
45:by
1182::
230:.
137:,
121:A
409:e
402:t
395:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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