928:'The Liberation of Bergen-Belsen'- "The situation improved further with a change of UNRRA directors in the Summer of 1946: on 8 July 1946 Simon Bloomberg replaced Wheatman. Bloomberg had been an officer in the British Colonial Service. He knew the official mind and could talk on equal terms with the military and civil authorities. There was soon a different atmosphere at Belsen. The change was manifested in concrete terms in the distribution of clothes and other goods in quantities previously unseen in the camp. The newly appointed supply officer was soon a very popular person with camp residents. Bloomberg identified so closely with the Belsen DPs that he resigned his position as UNRRA director of the camp in protest against the authorities' refusal to recognize the Jewish refugees of Eastern Europe as displaced persons and grant them rations. However he continued to serve the interests of the survivors, for he was soon appointed field director for Europe of the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad."
19:
407:
215:, the Central Committee grew into an organization that lobbied the British on behalf of the DPs' political, social, and cultural aims, including the right to emigrate to British-controlled Palestine. Many survivors supported a self-determined Jewish presence in Palestine, even though they had not been Zionists before the war. Having lost their families, houses and possessions, they saw no future for themselves in Europe. DPs demonstrated against the British policy and sent protest notes. International contacts were established, e.g. to the
179:
1945, attended by up to 600 children, and two kindergartens cared for 100 children. Many Polish DPs were young adults and they started new families in the camp — there were almost 400 weddings and 200 births in the Polish camp. The
Committee published newspapers. A choir, a brass band, an "International Cabaret" and a sports club ("Polonia") were established. On 2 November 1945 the Polish DPs had a service in which a wooden cross on the former concentration camp site was dedicated as a memorial.
298:(ORT) vocational training schools organized occupational education. By mid-1947 ORT had instructed around 1,500 people in training courses that mostly lasted six months. In 1947, a kibbutz had 2,760 members. Also like the Poles, many of the Jewish survivors were young adults and in the first two years after liberation there were almost 1,000 Jewish weddings. By the time the camp was dissolved, over 1,000 children had been born in it.
101:(school for Panzer troops) as an emergency hospital to treat the former inmates away from the disastrous conditions of the concentration camp. On 21 April the first patients were moved to the new location, disinfected and issued with new clothing. This movement of people was completed by 18 May and at that point the former barracks had around 12,000 hospital beds. The British also moved the wounded German soldiers from the Wehrmacht
89:, which was handed over by the SS guards without a fight. Diseases and the terrible unhygienic state of the concentration camp buildings caused the British Army to relocate the former inmates and eventually to burn the prisoner huts. The survivors of the concentration camp became the first residents of the future DP camp, which was located around 2 kilometres from the main concentration camp area in former
153:) in the camp refused to accept the name change and persisted in calling the DP camp 'Bergen-Belsen'. The name change only stuck after the DP camp was dissolved and the area was returned to military use. Today, the location of the former DP camp remains off-limits to the public. Even though many of the buildings are not in use any more, they are in a restricted military area.
192:
Jews who had survived the
Holocaust in Poland or Hungary emigrated westward and many of them came to Belsen, although the British initially refused to give them DP status. In August 1946, the DP camp still housed more than 11,000 Jews. From then on, the British Army tried to prevent any more Jews from joining the DP camp.
285:
For their part, like the Poles, the Jewish refugees organized a vibrant community within the camp. Schools were established within months of the liberation. The DPs founded an elementary school as early as July 1945, and by 1948, 340 pupils attended the school. A high school, which was staffed partly
165:
Many of those DPs who were not in need of medical attention were speedily repatriated. In general, this was done voluntarily only, with the notable exception of Soviet citizens — as the Soviet Union had obtained consent from its Allies that its citizens would be sent back even against their own will.
191:
With the closure of the Polish section, Belsen became the only exclusively Jewish facility in the
British sector, something for which the Jewish survivors had struggled with the British. The camp was for a while the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany. Although some had left, in late 1945 thousands of
203:
in the
British Zone which represented not just the Belsen DPs but all Jewish DPs in the British zone. In September 1945 and July 1947 the first and second Congress of Liberated Jews in the British Zone took place in the former Wehrmacht officers' mess at Belsen—in the building later known as 'The
109:
to their hospital space. This raised the number of available beds by a further 1,600. Within the first four weeks almost 29,000 survivors from Belsen concentration camp were moved to the emergency hospital. Around 14,000 former inmates died after liberation despite the best efforts of the
British
305:
had been founded in July 1945 by Sami Feder. It staged plays on the fate of the Jews in ghettos and concentration camps, written by himself, as well as older
Yiddish plays from Eastern Europe. Kazet was in operation until the summer of 1947. In 1946, Abraham Sandman founded the Socialist-Zionist
178:
From June 1945 Poles and Jews had separate sections in the camp. In the Polish section, a lively social and cultural life developed. The Poles had established a Camp
Committee on the day after liberation — initially its meetings were also attended by Polish Jews. A school opened in the summer of
418:
Large numbers of DPs began leaving the camp in 1947 as opportunities for emigration improved. Beginning in the spring of 1947, the
British government allocated 300 certificates a month to Jews in the British occupation zone—these allowed legal emigration to Palestine. Between April 1947 and the
120:
After summer 1945, only the former
Wehrmacht hospital, around a kilometre from the barracks, was still used as a hospital. In January 1948, the British turned this into the central Jewish hospital for their occupation zone. It was run by the Central Committee of Liberated Jews, supported by aid
182:
The Polish camp was disbanded in
September 1946. The remaining 4,500 Polish DPs were transferred to other camps in the British zone, as many still hesitated to return to (now communist) Poland or to Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. Eventually, around two thirds of Polish DPs in the British zone
161:
Conditions in the camp were initially quite poor, as the dire situation of the British economy prevented the Army from providing more than the bare necessities at first. There was not enough food, clothing and living space. In October 1945, there was a hunger strike and demonstration against
419:
founding of the State of Israel in May 1948 around 4,200 Jews from the British zone, most of them from Belsen, emigrated there legally. By March 1949, the population was down to 4,500. The DP camp at Belsen was closed in September 1950 and the remaining 1,000 people transferred to
274:(JDC) or Jewish Relief Unit (JRU), supplied food, clothing and medicines. But the camp inhabitants otherwise ran their own affairs. The Jewish Committee established its own court and police force, whose tasks included maintaining public order and to fight black market activities.
53:. It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Belsen DP camp was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. The camp was under British authority and overseen by the
427:. This camp in turn was closed in August 1951. The majority of former Belsen DPs emigrated to the State of Israel. Many others went to the US (over 2,000) or Canada (close to 800), a minority decided to stay in Germany and helped to rebuild the Jewish communities there.
265:
Both sections of the camp, Polish and Jewish, were largely self-administrating. External security was provided by the British Army. In March 1946, the British transferred administration of the camp to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency
281:
served as both UNRRA Director for Bergen-Belsen as well as European Director of the Jewish Committee For Relief Abroad which helped provide rations for the DPs and facilitate their eventual resettlement.
1148:
334:
There was considerable rabbinical leadership in the camp. The rabbis of the camp were; Rabbi Dr. Herman Helfgot a.k.a. Tzvi Asaria (previously Rabbi of the Waliki-Beczkark community in
1876:
319:(Yiddish for "Our Voice") was published by the DPs of Belsen and became the main Jewish newspaper in the British sector. It was edited by Paul Trepman, David Rosenthal, and
892:
741:
54:
708:
170:) Poles (around 15,000) and Jews (almost 11,000), most of them also from Poland. DPs of other nationalities were largely repatriated by the fall of 1945.
1208:
30:
866:
833:
1060:
320:
295:
212:
136:
The British authorities renamed the camp 'Hohne', after a nearby abandoned settlement on the training area, in order to avoid the association with
685:
Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940-1945, Concentration Camp 1943-1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945-1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition
195:
A first Jewish camp committee was formed on 18 April 1945. Democratic elections were held in September 1945. The leader of the Jewish survivors,
1080:
315:
980:
375:
271:
804:
1742:
1463:
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290:(the Palestinian Jewish unit of the British Army) was established in December 1945. There was a kindergarten, an orphanage, and a
166:
In early September 1945 there were still more than 25,000 people in the DP camp. This population consisted mainly of two groups: (
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126:
114:
and many others of various nationalities. By June 1945, around 11,000 of the former inmates still required emergency treatment.
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1119:
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692:
618:
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324:
323:
and had been published initially by the Jewish Committee in Celle and then by the Culture & History Committee of the
200:
18:
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896:
745:
559:
338:), Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Meisels (previously, Rabbi of Veitzen), Rabbi Chaim Meisels (previously, Rabbi of Sarvash), Rabbi
270:) but remained responsible for security. The British (and later the UNRRA), supported by other organizations like the
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436:
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86:
712:
162:
conditions in the camp. Things started to improve only by the summer of 1946, when the population had decreased.
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managed to send in agents who held secret military training programmes on the camp grounds in December 1947.
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94:
1192:
232:
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130:
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246:
in May 1948), British authorities did not allow free passage in or out of the camp. Nevertheless, the
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1238:
347:
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395:
371:
238:
The refugees maintained active opposition to British restrictions on Jewish immigration to the
808:
406:
355:
117:
The DP camp was established in July 1945 by turning the hospital wards into living quarters.
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1845:
1840:
1006:
224:
149:
46:
8:
1511:
411:
239:
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1263:
577:
Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp
121:
organisations. The survivors named it the Glyn Hughes Hospital after British Brigadier
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111:
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105:(reserve hospital, in a nearby spruce forest) to civilian hospitals and added the
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387:
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243:
196:
58:
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1063:, published by Irgun She'erit Hapleta Bergen-Belsen Be-Israel, Tel-Aviv, 1983.
441:
367:
287:
259:
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1328:
1082:
British Policy Toward East European Refugees in Germany and Austria, 1945-1947
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1163:
1150:
424:
70:
1592:
1343:
1820:
1607:
1577:
1438:
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981:"Collection of Bergen-Belsen 'agunot' rabbinic rulings to be auctioned off"
383:
351:
339:
129:. Later still this became part of the Glyn Hughes Barracks, in what is now
82:
66:
38:
34:
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359:
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of Bursha) Rabbi Issachar Berish Rubin, Rabbi Yitzchak Glickman and Rabbi
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Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post-World War II Germany
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335:
93:
barracks. These later became a British Army camp, known under the name
62:
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in the camp named “She’eris Yisroel” (the remnants of Israel), the
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379:
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247:
242:, and until early 1949 (i.e. well after the establishment of the
167:
42:
97:. Initially, British medical staff used buildings in the former
1750:
1692:
1687:
1632:
1622:
1582:
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1557:
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1413:
1243:
917:"Belsen Uncovered", Derrick Sington, Duckworth, page 170 (1946)
137:
22:
Scene of the liberation on 17/18 April 1945 in KZ Bergen-Belsen
611:
Das Glyn Hughes Hospital im DP Camp Belsen, in: nurinst 6/2012
1855:
1775:
1712:
1602:
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390:, the administrator was Rabbi Yoel Meir Potashevitz and the
267:
220:
50:
1805:
1667:
1138:
277:
Former British soldier and officer in HM Colonial Service,
1047:, Inyan Magazine Volume XXII No 1063 June 5, 2019, page 9
1877:
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
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55:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
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183:
returned to Poland, others went to the US and Canada.
1209:
Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe
627:
1089:The activity of Rabbi Hermann Helfgott in the camp
1007:"Bergen-Belsen rabbinical ledger will not be sold"
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
784:NB This source consistently misspells the name of
1099:Video footage of a 1947 demonstration in the camp
545:
543:
541:
539:
410:Jewish DPs sign documents for their departure to
1868:
1114:, Northwestern University Press, February 2001,
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535:
533:
531:
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296:Organization for Rehabilitation through Training
966:, Inyan Magazine Vol. XXII No. 1059 May 8, 2019
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401:
76:
861:
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857:
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613:. Antogo Verlag, Nuremberg. pp. 57–59.
272:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
156:
799:
797:
795:
736:
734:
732:
730:
608:
554:. Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten.
552:Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial
1200:
1186:
593:
143:at the concentration camp nearby, but the
57:(UNRRA) with camp directors that included
852:
823:
574:
227:to gain support abroad. In October 1945,
1133:This article incorporates text from the
1110:Angelika Konigseder and Juliane Wetzel:
926:Angelika Konigseder and Juliane Wetzel.
792:
788:(one "n") and the hospital named for him
727:
701:
579:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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405:
17:
1135:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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459:
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207:Under the stewardship of Rosensaft and
1869:
1034:), 2015 edition, Toldos Hamo"l page 91
978:
503:"Bergen-Belsen Displaced Persons Camp"
1181:
1004:
682:
549:
1005:Sones, Mordechai (2 December 2019).
454:
27:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp
760:
325:Central Committee of Liberated Jews
201:Central Committee of Liberated Jews
13:
1137:, and has been released under the
1104:
960:
253:
186:
173:
14:
1898:
1074:
979:Joffre, Tzvi (27 November 2019).
437:London medical students at Belsen
362:). The Rosh Hashochtim (head of
87:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
1037:
1024:
998:
972:
920:
911:
327:in the British Zone (headed by
262:was made commandant of Camp 4.
568:
147:survivors who were residents (
1:
932:Northwestern University Press
447:
331:, Trepman, & Rosenthal).
313:A Zionist newspaper known as
125:, the medical officer of the
609:Schlichting, Nicola (2012).
240:British Mandate of Palestine
7:
430:
233:Jewish Agency for Palestine
45:, southwest of the town of
31:displaced persons (DP) camp
10:
1903:
683:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
550:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
402:Dissolution of the DP camp
294:(a religious school). The
123:Hugh Llewellyn Glyn Hughes
77:Location and establishment
1793:
1741:
1548:
1539:
1462:
1224:
1215:
376:Rosh Hashochtim of Poland
348:Yisroel Aryeh Zalmanowitz
301:A Yiddish theatre called
157:Camp culture and politics
1126:
575:Celinscak, Mark (2015).
258:In mid-June 1945, Major
199:became president of the
65:barracks, having been a
768:"Glynn Hughes Hospital"
308:Jiddische ArbeiterbĂĽhne
235:, visited the DP camp.
61:. Today, the camp is a
961:Albert, Rabbi Shmuel.
415:
396:Chaim Pinchas Lubinsky
372:Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft
370:of the camp was Rabbi
358:(previously, Rabbi of
342:(previously, Rabbi of
127:11th Armoured Division
23:
1084:, by Arieh J. Kochavi
409:
356:Yisroel Moshe Olewski
286:by soldiers from the
81:On 15 April 1945 the
21:
1887:Bergen, Lower Saxony
1846:Santa Maria di Bagni
1841:Santa Maria di Leuca
1404:MĂĽnchen Neu Freimann
1164:52.76444°N 9.91667°E
709:"Emergency hospital"
378:). There was also a
225:United Jewish Appeal
1512:Rothschild Hospital
1349:Frankfurt-Zeilsheim
1160: /
1043:Lubinsky, Menachem
873:on 11 November 2013
412:Mandatory Palestine
231:, president of the
99:Panzertruppenschule
33:for refugees after
985:The Jerusalem Post
899:on 23 October 2012
748:on 23 October 2012
416:
24:
1864:
1863:
1789:
1788:
1535:
1534:
1314:Berlin-Mariendorf
1169:52.76444; 9.91667
1120:978-0-8101-1476-0
1069:978-965-91217-0-0
934:, September 2001.
694:978-3-8353-0794-0
620:978-3-938286-45-6
150:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
112:British Red Cross
1894:
1882:Celle (district)
1546:
1545:
1507:Ried im Innkreis
1502:Linz-Bindermichl
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904:
895:. Archived from
893:"Former Dp Camp"
889:
883:
882:
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878:
869:. Archived from
867:"Jewish dp camp"
863:
850:
849:
847:
845:
840:on 29 March 2013
836:. Archived from
834:"Polish dp camp"
830:
821:
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811:on 21 April 2013
807:. Archived from
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744:. Archived from
742:"Former DP Camp"
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715:on 29 March 2013
711:. Archived from
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229:David Ben-Gurion
217:Zionist Congress
209:Norbert Wollheim
41:in northwestern
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1279:Bad Mergentheim
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1105:Further reading
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388:Gershon Liebman
279:Simon Bloomberg
256:
254:Camp leadership
244:State of Israel
197:Josef Rosensaft
189:
187:The Jewish camp
176:
174:The Polish camp
159:
107:Reservelazarett
103:Reservelazarett
79:
59:Simon Bloomberg
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1794:Sites in Italy
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1075:External links
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1072:
1071:
1061:Rafael Olewski
1055:Ha-Dimah (The
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1653:Hann. MĂĽnden
1608:Emslandlager
1578:Braunschweig
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1542:British zone
1540:Sites in the
1429:Schauenstein
1274:Bad Hersfeld
1216:Sites in the
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1264:Babenhausen
1167: /
1011:Arutz Sheva
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877:27 December
844:27 December
815:27 December
786:Glyn Hughes
752:27 December
719:27 December
508:27 December
91:German Army
1871:Categories
1766:Klagenfurt
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1593:DĂĽsseldorf
1517:Saalfelden
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1424:Regensburg
1409:Mittenwald
1399:Lindenfels
1364:Heidenheim
1344:Föhrenwald
1324:Deggendorf
1239:Altenstadt
1152:52°45′52″N
1093:Yad Vashem
448:References
394:was Rabbi
386:was Rabbi
336:Yugoslavia
131:Hohne-Camp
110:Army, the
69:base (see
63:Bundeswehr
1826:Adriatica
1811:CinecittĂ
1781:Trofaiach
1756:Judenburg
1728:Rendsburg
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1718:Pinneberg
1708:Paderborn
1678:Lippstadt
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1613:Flensburg
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1374:Hersbruck
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1155:9°55′00″E
805:"DP Camp"
392:mashgiach
346:), Rabbi
145:Holocaust
1771:Leibnitz
1733:Solingen
1618:Gladbeck
1522:Salzburg
1394:Leipheim
1359:Gabersee
1334:Eschwege
1319:Cornberg
1304:Bensheim
1299:Bayreuth
1259:Augsburg
431:See also
364:shechita
141:genocide
1851:Tricase
1816:Cremona
1801:Bagnoli
1743:Austria
1703:MĂĽlheim
1663:Itzehoe
1648:Hanover
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1550:Germany
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1487:Ebensee
1464:Austria
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1419:Pocking
1294:Bamberg
1249:Ansbach
1234:Ainring
1226:Germany
1095:website
1045:Hamodia
964:Hamodia
421:Upjever
380:Yeshiva
360:Radziov
329:Olewski
292:yeshiva
248:Haganah
223:or the
168:gentile
43:Germany
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1751:Admont
1693:Minden
1688:Meppen
1683:LĂĽbeck
1673:Lingen
1638:Gronau
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1032:lelov
423:near
303:Kazet
268:UNRRA
221:Basel
51:Celle
49:near
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1668:Kiel
1139:GFDL
1116:ISBN
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1057:Tear
1018:2021
992:2021
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879:2012
846:2012
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779:2022
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211:and
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