523:
during a time of peace negotiations, and demanded that the Soviet authorities take immediate steps to remedy the situation. Solovyev replied by describing
American attempts to send armed soldiers across the checkpoint and keeping American tanks at sector boundary as an "open provocation" and a direct violation of GDR regulations. He insisted that properly identified American military could cross the sector border without impediments, and were only stopped when their nationality was not immediately clear to guards. Solovyev contended that requesting identifying paperwork from those crossing the border was not unreasonable control; Watson disagreed. In regard to the American military presence on the border, Solovyev warned:
39:
291:, and broadcast nationwide in the US. He reiterated that the United States was not looking for a fight and that he recognized the "Soviet Union's historical concerns about their security in central and eastern Europe." He said he was willing to renew talks, but he also announced that he would ask Congress for an additional $ 3.25 billion for military spending, mostly on conventional weapons. He wanted six new divisions for the Army and two for the Marines, and he announced plans to triple the draft and to call up the reserves. Kennedy proclaimed: "We seek peace, but we shall not surrender."
479:
133:
102:
574:
145:
114:
348:; this activity was widely known, but only a small circle of Soviet and East German planners believed that East Germans were aware of the purpose. This material included enough barbed wire to enclose the 156 km (97 mi) circumference of West Berlin. The regime managed to avoid suspicion by spreading out the purchases of barbed wire among several East German companies, which in turn spread their orders out among a range of firms in West Germany and the United Kingdom.
420:
impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km (97 mi) around the three western sectors and the 43 km (27 mi) which actually divided West and East Berlin. Approximately 32,000 troops were employed for the building of the Wall, after which the Border Police became responsible for manning and improving it. To discourage
Western interference and perhaps control potential riots, the Soviet Army was present.
321:
3617:
596:, and stopped just 50 to 100 metres from the checkpoint on the Soviet side of the sector boundary. The US tanks moved towards the checkpoint, stopping an equal distance from it on the American side of the boundary. From 27 October 1961 at 17:00 until 28 October 1961 at about 11:00, the respective troops faced each other. As per standing orders, both groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions. The alert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then
1831:
562:
550:
589:. As one of the first to spot the tanks when they arrived, Lieutenant Vern Pike was ordered to verify whether they were indeed Soviet tanks. He and tank driver Sam McCart drove over to East Berlin, where Pike took advantage of a temporary absence of any soldiers near the tanks to climb into one of them. He came out with definitive evidence that the tanks were Soviet, including a Red Army newspaper.
620:
was essentially a platoon weapon," and there was apparently "great fear that some sergeant would start a nuclear war." President
Kennedy had voiced concern, to include when he inspected the Crockett during his June 1963 visit to Fliegerhorst Kaserne, Hanau, about US infantrymen having frontline nuclear weapons, reassurances that the D/C squads did not include Mental Cat 4 GIs notwithstanding. Also,
612:
Wall would have ended the crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without eliciting a Soviet military response. Frederick Kempe argues that Rusk's views support a more unfavorable assessment of
Kennedy's decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall as the best solution.
514:. They decided to demonstrate American resolve. The American command in the West Berlin garrison considered a plan to pull down the wire and barricades with bulldozers. This, however, was overruled by the troop commander, Brigadier General Frederick O. Hartel. General Clay went to Berlin for 10 months.
419:
At midnight, East
Germany's border police, the East German army and units of the Soviet Army began to close the border; by morning on Sunday 13 August 1961, the border to West Berlin had been shut. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them
403:
of SED communications on the same day informed the West that there were plans to begin blocking all foot traffic between East and West Berlin. The interagency intelligence Watch
Committee assessment said that this intercept "might be the first step in a plan to close the border", which turned out to
611:
conveyed to
General Lucius Clay, the US commanding officer in Berlin, that "We had long since decided that Berlin is not a vital interest which would warrant determined recourse to force to protect and sustain." Clay was convinced that having US tanks use bulldozer mounts to knock down parts of the
647:
at the Soviet Army High
Command, who in turn was on the phone to Khrushchev. The US checkpoint contained a Military Police officer on the telephone to the HQ of the US Military Mission in Berlin, which in turn was in communication with the White House. Kennedy offered to go easy over Berlin in the
619:
tactical nuclear recoilless gun during the Berlin crisis of 1961, according to
Brigadier General Alvin Cowan, Assistant Division Commander of the United States 3rd Armored Division, at the Tactical Nuclear Weapons Symposium of 1969. According to Cowan, the device was retired, in part, because "it
522:
US Commandant
General Watson was outraged by the East Berlin police's attempt to control the passage of American military forces. He communicated to the Department of State on 25 October 1961 that Soviet Commandant Colonel Solovyev and his men were not doing their part to avoid disturbing actions
447:
units were mobilised, and 216 aircraft from the tactical fighter units flew to Europe in operation "Stair Step", the largest jet deployment in the history of the Air Guard. Most of the mobilised Air Guardsmen remained in the US, while some others had been trained for delivery of tactical nuclear
279:
In the growing confrontation over the status of Berlin, Kennedy undercut his own bargaining position during his Vienna summit negotiations with Khrushchev in June 1961. Kennedy essentially conveyed US acquiescence to the permanent division of Berlin. This made his later, more assertive public
270:
reissued the Soviet ultimatum to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany and thus end the existing four-power agreements guaranteeing American, British, and French rights to access West Berlin and the occupation of East Berlin by Soviet forces. However, this time he did so by issuing a
237:. The East German government also sought a way to stop its "brain drain" as its population fled west through Berlin, made possible by the city's four-power status and the allowance of free travel. No agreement was reached and in August 1961, with Khrushchev's backing, East German leader
659:(USAREUR), was said to have been concerned about General Clay's conduct and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Gen. Clarke's assessment may have been incomplete, however: Clay's firmness had a great effect on the German population, led by West Berlin Mayor
340:
chairman and thus East Germany's chief decision-maker, convinced the Soviet Union that force was necessary to stop this movement, although Berlin's four-power status required the allowance of free travel between zones and forbade the presence of German troops in Berlin.
284:. The United States now defined three vital interests in its policy for Berlin, and linked all of them only to the western part of the city: the presence of Western troops in West Berlin; the security and viability of the western sectors; and Western access to them.
532:
Perhaps this contributed to Hemsing's decision to make the attempt again: on 27 October 1961, Hemsing again approached the zonal boundary in a diplomatic vehicle. General Clay sent ten jeeps with infantry troops to escort Hemsing through East Berlin and ten
527:
I am authorized to state that it is necessary to avoid actions of this kind. Such actions can provoke corresponding actions from our side. We have tanks too. We hate the idea of carrying out such actions, and are sure that you will re-examine your
362:
On 4–7 August 1961, the foreign ministers of the US, UK, France and West Germany secretly met in Paris to discuss how to respond to the Soviet actions in West Berlin. They expressed a lack of willingness to engage in warfare. Within weeks, the
394:
source, a functionary in the SED, provided the 513th Military Intelligence Group (Berlin) with the correct date of the start of construction. At a weekly meeting of the Berlin Watch Committee on 9 August 1961, the Chief of the US
2626:
439:
of 1948‒49, to West Berlin on August 19. They managed to calm the population and demonstrate symbolically the United States' solidarity with the city. On August 20, 1,500 additional American soldiers arrived in West Berlin.
306:, Kennedy's disarmament adviser, who happened to be in the Soviet Union, was invited to join Khrushchev. It is reported that Khrushchev explained to McCloy that Kennedy's military build-up threatened war.
176:
648:
future in return for the Soviets removing their tanks first. The Soviets agreed. Kennedy stated concerning the Wall: "It's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."
443:
On 30 August 1961, in response to moves by the Soviet Union to cut off access to Berlin, President Kennedy ordered 148,000 Guardsmen and Reservists to active duty. In October and November, more
245:
in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel; the confrontation ended peacefully after Khrushchev and Kennedy agreed to withdraw the tanks and reduce tensions.
4994:
498:
that Allied personnel could move freely in any sector of Berlin. But on 22 October 1961, just two months after the construction of the Wall, the US Chief of Mission in West Berlin,
2621:
3293:
643:
serving as the primary channel of communication, Khrushchev and Kennedy agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. The Soviet checkpoint had direct communications to
6329:
2272:
2811:
3198:
3268:
3238:
280:
statements less credible to the Soviets. Kennedy decided on a flexible policy proposed by his younger advisors, with only a few concessions to the hardliners around
1676:
2559:
2478:
2616:
3171:
1130:
684:
5180:
2970:
2965:
2960:
4611:
2659:
3375:
3181:
2981:
2976:
2856:
2604:
4659:
2709:
1086:
864:
271:
deadline of 31 December 1961. The three powers responded that any unilateral treaty could not affect their responsibilities and rights in West Berlin.
1127:
The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: "nowhere to go ...." ; a pictorial Historiography of the British Military presence in Berlin 1945 - 1994
1110:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington (D.C.) Cambridge (GB) New York: German Historical Institute Cambridge University Press.
6519:
6504:
6484:
3395:
3365:
3176:
2551:
241:
ordered the closing of the border and the construction of a wall around West Berlin. A brief stand-off between American and Soviet tanks occurred at
6514:
6509:
6314:
5841:
4591:
4158:
3226:
689:
6489:
6400:
3909:
3718:
3335:
3030:
2826:
2563:
565:
416:, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall around West Berlin.
351:
On 15 June 1961, two months before the construction of the Berlin Wall started, Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference: "
6549:
3530:
3303:
3166:
2900:
2821:
2599:
413:
6499:
6390:
2986:
1094:
391:
6494:
6364:
5251:
2929:
1474:
Sergunin, Alexander (2017). "The role of the Executive Office of the President in the US decision-making on the Berlin crisis of 1961".
6554:
6354:
3320:
2991:
2883:
2589:
2580:
651:
A Soviet tank moved about 5 metres backwards first; then an American tank followed suit. One by one the tanks withdrew. But General
6443:
2519:
796:
1707:
1685:
6524:
6395:
4428:
3007:
2609:
2168:
664:
5831:
4475:
3253:
3012:
2540:
6564:
6324:
4596:
3405:
3278:
2919:
1658:
553:
6319:
4254:
3941:
3919:
3345:
1747:
1698:
1622:
1603:
1582:
1561:
1538:
1517:
1496:
1464:
1408:
1389:
1364:
1308:
1289:
1266:
1247:
1224:
1201:
1176:
1145:
1115:
1075:
5342:
5161:
5086:
4746:
4346:
3283:
2951:
2771:
2704:
1895:
1650:
6469:
6359:
4766:
3899:
3355:
3002:
2997:
2672:
1673:
888:"Department of State-Office of the Historian-Foreign Relations of The United States-Berlin Crisis-1961–1962-Document 192"
4008:
3936:
2374:
6574:
6448:
5801:
4896:
3874:
3759:
3713:
3708:
3654:
3350:
712:
457:
6534:
5533:
5096:
4366:
4307:
2350:
2040:
1945:
4104:
1910:
1418:
Rasmussen, Kasper Grotle (2016). "In search of a negotiated settlement: McGeorge Bundy and the 1961 Berlin crisis".
5236:
5231:
4726:
4689:
4418:
3864:
3370:
3360:
3340:
3188:
3161:
1800:
1420:
875:
333:
196:
4914:
4776:
4460:
3092:
1489:
The Berlin crisis of 1961: Soviet-American relations and the struggle for power in the Kremlin, June-November 1961
5956:
5337:
5266:
5166:
5044:
4816:
4806:
4393:
3780:
3390:
3221:
3040:
2939:
2934:
2677:
2594:
1023:
4731:
4618:
4606:
5387:
5156:
4736:
4638:
4371:
3815:
3810:
2543:
679:
616:
5056:
4786:
4297:
4069:
1847:
412:
On Saturday 12 August 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in
287:
As the confrontation over Berlin escalated, Kennedy delivered on July 25 a television speech in Washington on
6559:
6529:
6334:
5349:
5302:
5066:
4989:
4721:
3205:
3104:
3098:
2913:
2831:
2816:
2748:
2575:
2512:
717:
4781:
4490:
4413:
4084:
6479:
5367:
5327:
5297:
5246:
5106:
5024:
5020:
4891:
4821:
4586:
4403:
4169:
4064:
3996:
3437:
3082:
3050:
2463:
2432:
2256:
38:
6339:
5811:
5806:
5523:
5201:
4929:
4674:
4633:
4577:
4480:
4361:
4319:
4224:
3749:
3703:
3428:
3063:
2894:
2776:
2486:
2045:
1456:
423:
Kennedy did not give in to angry demands for immediate action raised by West Berliners and their mayor,
6176:
5397:
5382:
5372:
5226:
4826:
4314:
4117:
3884:
3464:
3400:
3056:
2888:
2440:
2408:
1239:
448:
weapons and had to be retrained in Europe for conventional operations. The Air National Guard's ageing
6544:
6539:
6405:
6281:
6226:
6046:
5034:
4741:
4302:
3914:
3831:
3385:
3075:
2846:
2224:
1862:
1740:
396:
288:
233:
which demanded the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin, including the Western armed forces in
2714:
887:
379:
against East Germany and other socialist countries and to move faster on plans for conventional and
328:
In early 1961, the East German government sought a way to stop its population leaving for the West.
6031:
5598:
4861:
4751:
4505:
4049:
3620:
3542:
3243:
3231:
2841:
2505:
2382:
2184:
1960:
1877:
913:
5771:
367:
provided Khrushchev with descriptions of the Paris talks. These showed that US Secretary of State
5261:
5206:
5191:
5131:
4939:
4919:
4679:
4356:
3961:
3482:
3298:
2836:
2232:
2192:
2144:
1887:
1815:
1598:. Princeton studies in international history and politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
1135:
4164:
6051:
5555:
4949:
4623:
4099:
3859:
3854:
3647:
3536:
3330:
3140:
2323:
2280:
2248:
1970:
499:
6261:
3380:
6286:
5570:
5565:
5332:
5221:
5176:
5136:
5071:
5015:
4934:
4716:
4530:
4408:
4234:
4199:
4109:
4054:
3951:
3792:
3518:
3506:
3068:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2667:
1356:
1216:
601:
2331:
1318:
Lunák, P. (2003). "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis: Soviet Brinkmanship Seen from Inside".
1187:
6474:
5826:
5593:
5448:
5402:
5317:
5312:
5111:
5010:
4959:
4954:
4846:
4801:
4756:
4694:
4525:
4500:
4450:
4378:
4292:
4142:
3744:
3723:
3599:
3258:
3045:
2906:
2730:
2720:
2315:
2152:
2118:
2111:
1980:
1965:
1930:
1867:
1795:
1733:
621:
400:
203:
2063:
1985:
8:
6271:
6186:
6181:
6081:
5944:
5741:
5625:
5540:
5428:
5281:
5276:
5256:
5241:
5151:
5146:
5051:
4984:
4974:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4771:
4711:
4684:
4510:
4495:
4465:
4443:
4229:
4219:
3946:
3869:
3839:
3823:
3494:
3476:
3288:
3130:
2851:
2699:
1770:
976:
478:
399:
to the Commander Group of Soviet Forces Germany predicted the construction of a wall. An
371:, unlike the West Germans, supported talks with the Soviet Union, though the KGB and the
5126:
5039:
1995:
1355:. Princeton studies in international history and politics (4. ed.). Princeton, NJ:
927:
797:"RADIO AND TELEVISION REPORT TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ON THE BERLIN CRISIS, JULY 25, 1961"
747:
502:, was stopped in his car (which had occupation forces license plates) while crossing at
344:
The East German government began stockpiling building materials for the erection of the
6425:
6221:
6206:
6131:
6111:
6106:
6091:
5938:
5686:
5438:
5322:
5076:
4979:
4964:
4876:
4866:
4841:
4836:
4601:
4555:
4470:
4455:
4398:
4214:
4137:
4013:
3904:
3894:
3572:
3554:
3420:
3410:
3193:
2924:
2366:
1900:
1713:
1572:
1450:
1278:
1193:
1048:
636:
510:
worked closely with retired Army General Lucius D. Clay, who had been in charge of the
503:
495:
483:
444:
376:
372:
315:
242:
72:
6121:
5950:
1920:
593:
6569:
6438:
6291:
6236:
6211:
6166:
6096:
6071:
6036:
6026:
5995:
5882:
5766:
5736:
5473:
5463:
5377:
5271:
5116:
4831:
4628:
4485:
4438:
4336:
4287:
4261:
4239:
4079:
4059:
4003:
3991:
3805:
3640:
3606:
3584:
3548:
3120:
2861:
2684:
2358:
2035:
1857:
1634:
1618:
1599:
1578:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1528:
1513:
1492:
1460:
1437:
1404:
1403:. Studies in contemporary history (1. ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan .
1385:
1360:
1349:
1335:
1304:
1285:
1262:
1243:
1220:
1197:
1172:
1151:
1141:
1111:
1071:
1040:
707:
702:
428:
390:
The West had advance intelligence about the construction of the Wall. On 6 August, a
267:
218:
6415:
6086:
554:
US tanks (foreground) face Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, on 27–28 October 1961
375:
warned that the US was being pressured by other members of the alliance to consider
355:" ("No one has the intention to erect a wall"). It was the first time the term
6201:
6126:
6056:
6041:
6021:
5968:
5751:
5746:
5726:
5676:
5666:
5493:
5458:
5443:
5392:
5121:
5061:
4901:
4560:
4540:
4249:
4191:
4185:
4152:
4132:
4122:
3971:
3772:
3764:
3524:
3500:
3488:
3470:
3273:
3087:
3035:
2689:
2401:
2264:
2088:
2030:
1915:
1905:
1719:
1429:
1327:
1168:
1032:
640:
586:
380:
137:
2005:
1695:
1433:
6420:
6276:
6266:
6251:
6231:
6216:
6191:
6136:
5901:
5869:
5761:
5721:
5483:
5478:
5418:
5359:
5091:
4969:
4796:
4761:
4669:
4664:
4388:
4282:
3956:
3889:
3879:
3844:
3800:
3787:
3739:
2528:
2216:
2176:
2083:
2078:
2068:
1925:
1702:
1680:
1593:
1507:
1375:
667:
652:
644:
624:
511:
507:
470:
centred around his experience as an Air National Guard pilot on this deployment.
329:
303:
263:
238:
222:
180:
149:
4383:
2473:
1935:
1820:
1690:
1061:
912:"Telegram From the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State" (1961-10-13) .
827:
6246:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6016:
5756:
5545:
5468:
5196:
5101:
4851:
4791:
4423:
4341:
4244:
4204:
4174:
4074:
4029:
3456:
3310:
2806:
2649:
2296:
2208:
2160:
2073:
2000:
1975:
1805:
694:
656:
436:
432:
573:
6463:
6410:
6256:
6151:
6116:
6101:
6061:
5603:
5433:
5171:
5081:
4944:
4924:
4811:
4572:
4550:
4515:
4094:
4089:
4044:
3966:
3926:
3675:
3566:
3415:
3263:
2801:
2753:
2725:
2641:
2468:
2415:
2288:
2010:
1955:
1852:
1780:
1640:
1441:
1339:
1155:
1067:
1044:
259:
226:
144:
118:
113:
1615:
The silent guns of two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev play the double game
6196:
6146:
6076:
6066:
5920:
5908:
5895:
5701:
5528:
5029:
4277:
4127:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3682:
3512:
2763:
2025:
2015:
1775:
1238:. Princeton studies in international history and politics. Princeton, N.J:
1103:
660:
491:
463:
424:
281:
207:
132:
106:
101:
1708:
Conference: "From Vienna to Checkpoint Charlie: The Berlin Crisis of 1961"
6241:
5846:
5816:
5671:
5661:
5560:
5423:
5216:
4705:
4535:
4520:
4331:
4179:
4147:
4034:
3849:
3754:
3693:
3560:
3446:
2694:
2636:
2240:
2093:
2020:
1790:
1785:
1756:
345:
320:
234:
211:
1236:
Driving the Soviets up the wall: Soviet-East German relations, 1953-1961
6000:
5711:
5681:
5635:
5550:
5518:
5510:
5453:
5141:
4856:
4545:
4433:
4039:
1595:
A constructed peace: the making of the European settlement, 1945 - 1963
1280:
Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the most dangerous place on earth
1052:
537:
tanks, some fitted with bulldozer blades, close to Checkpoint Charlie.
534:
384:
44:
4654:
1331:
6296:
6141:
5990:
5963:
5776:
5731:
5640:
5608:
5588:
5580:
4909:
4699:
3248:
2200:
1990:
1872:
1381:
608:
582:
368:
337:
295:
230:
187:) was the last major European political and military incident of the
1036:
494:, United States, United Kingdom, and France) had agreed at the 1945
5875:
5716:
5613:
5488:
5307:
5211:
4351:
4209:
3663:
3578:
2631:
188:
30:
4995:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2497:
914:
Foreign Relations, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962
5821:
5706:
5696:
5645:
5186:
3931:
324:
East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall in 1961
5889:
5691:
5630:
4565:
2735:
1165:
Closed borders: the contemporary assault on freedom of movement
192:
1725:
6374:
6330:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
5836:
5619:
3698:
302:, Khrushchev was reported to be angered by Kennedy's speech.
299:
1696:
Khrushchev's Secret Speech on the Berlin Crisis, August 1961
627:
wanted to rush 171 Crocketts to USAREUR in December 1971 .
5914:
5796:
3688:
3632:
865:
The U. S. Military Response to the 1960 -1962 Berlin Crisis
597:
453:
449:
383:
of their allies in Western Europe, such as the West German
48:
577:
Soviet T-54 tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 27, 1961.
6369:
6349:
6344:
1021:
Barker, Elisabeth (1963). "The Berlin Crisis 1958–1962".
364:
262:
on 4 June 1961, tensions rose. Meeting with US President
217:
The Berlin Crisis began in June 1961 when Soviet Premier
1548:
Thackeray, Frank W. (2004). Thackeray, Frank W. (ed.).
1303:(Reprinted ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1066:. Edward Burlingame books (1. ed.). New York, NY:
1377:
Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1960
685:
Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border
566:
US Tanks facing Soviet Tanks in Berlin 27 October 1961
1063:
The crisis years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960 - 1963
977:
Proceedings of the Tactical Nuclear Weapons Symposium
2857:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
1617:. Ann Arbor (Mich.): University of Michigan Press.
1533:(1. ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 480–506.
482:American tanks face an East German water cannon at
1718:is available for free viewing and download at the
1633:
1577:(1. publ ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
1556:(1. ed.). Westport, Conn. London: Greenwood.
1549:
1348:
1277:
191:concerning the status of the German capital city,
3396:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
353:Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!
6461:
6315:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3269:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
1211:Gearson, John P. S.; Schake, Kori, eds. (2002).
607:It was at this point that US Secretary of State
4752:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4159:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3227:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1351:Germany divided: from the wall to reunification
1189:Kennedy's wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam
1651:"Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958‒1962)"
1167:. A twentieth century fund report. New Haven:
1087:"A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961"
801:John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
506:to go to a theatre in East Berlin. President
3648:
3531:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2901:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2513:
1741:
1491:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1301:The UNHCR and world politics: a perilous path
1210:
6391:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3942:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1591:
1095:National Archives and Records Administration
309:
5252:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1261:. New Haven London: Yale University Press.
690:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
6355:United States involvement in regime change
3910:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
3655:
3641:
2520:
2506:
1748:
1734:
1691:First strike options and the Berlin Crisis
1084:
51:tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961.
37:
3341:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2959:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2827:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1547:
1417:
1059:
982:(Report). AEC and DoD. 1969. p. 173.
473:
6485:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
2975:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
1648:
1612:
1473:
1298:
1233:
1185:
655:, then the Commander-in-Chief (CINC) of
572:
477:
407:
319:
253:
4481:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3254:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1631:
1570:
1526:
1486:
1398:
1346:
1256:
6462:
6325:Russian espionage in the United States
4597:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3336:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2920:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1659:Cold War International History Project
1448:
1401:The rise and fall of the Soviet empire
1373:
1020:
359:(wall) had been used in this context.
199:. The crisis culminated in the city's
6490:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
6320:Soviet espionage in the United States
4476:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4255:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3920:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3636:
3346:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2501:
1936:Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station
1801:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
1729:
1505:
1317:
1275:
1162:
1124:
992:
963:
951:
876:RECALLING THE WALL - FREDERICK HARTEL
825:
813:
771:
517:
6550:Cold War history of the Soviet Union
6520:United States–West Germany relations
6505:Soviet Union–United States relations
6396:Soviet Union–United States relations
4747:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3401:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2705:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
1102:
852:
840:
783:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
6515:East Germany–West Germany relations
6510:East Germany–Soviet Union relations
6360:Soviet involvement in regime change
2673:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
2527:
16:Cold War incident in divided Berlin
13:
6401:Soviet Union–United States summits
3875:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3760:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1014:
828:"Spy vs. Spy: The KGB vs. the CIA"
713:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
490:The four powers governing Berlin (
458:United States Air Forces in Europe
427:. Instead, he sent vice president
274:
14:
6586:
6555:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War
5162:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5097:United States invasion of Grenada
4367:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4308:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2996:Democratic National Conventions:
2832:University of Alabama integration
2351:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
2169:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
1667:
729:
5237:United States invasion of Panama
5087:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4727:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4690:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4660:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4592:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4419:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4347:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3865:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3616:
3615:
2375:Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
1829:
1715:Big Picture: Operation Readiness
1421:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
592:Ten of these tanks continued to
560:
548:
143:
131:
112:
100:
6525:1961 in international relations
6500:Germany–United States relations
5957:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5338:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5267:Fall of the inner German border
5167:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4817:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4807:Spanish transition to democracy
4767:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4394:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3900:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3781:Occupation of the Baltic states
3391:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
3008:U.S. presidential election 1960
2797:Federal housing segregation ban
2678:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2552:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1755:
1530:Khrushchev: the man and his era
1234:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003).
998:
986:
969:
957:
945:
932:Air & Space Forces Magazine
920:
905:
880:
869:
615:The United States deployed the
6495:Germany–Soviet Union relations
4737:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4372:Mozambican War of Independence
3811:Indonesian National Revolution
2544:President of the United States
1911:Berlin Friedrichstraße station
1452:The Berlin crisis: 1958 - 1962
1347:McAdams, Arthur James (1993).
1060:Beschloss, Michael R. (1991).
858:
846:
834:
819:
807:
789:
777:
765:
456:required spare parts that the
1:
6565:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
6335:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5350:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5303:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5025:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4990:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4722:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4009:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3937:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
3105:John F. Kennedy document hoax
3099:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
3093:Coretta Scott King phone call
3031:Birthplace and childhood home
2914:A rising tide lifts all boats
2817:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1632:Windsor, Philip (June 1962).
1434:10.1080/14794012.2015.1125150
718:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
630:
5328:Fall of communism in Albania
5298:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5247:Polish Round Table Agreement
4587:1968 Polish political crisis
4404:Eritrean War of Independence
4170:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4065:East German uprising of 1953
3997:Chinese Communist Revolution
3662:
3304:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2772:Communications Satellite Act
2464:List of Berlin Wall segments
1649:M. Zubok, Vladislav (1993).
1574:Khrushchev: a political life
1506:Smith, Jean Edward (2019) .
826:Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994).
221:, meeting with US President
7:
5202:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4930:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4675:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4639:New People's Army rebellion
4634:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4362:Angolan War of Independence
4225:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4105:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3750:Jamaican political conflict
3206:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
3064:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2987:1960 presidential primaries
2895:We choose to go to the Moon
2777:Community Mental Health Act
2046:Christel and Eckhard Wehage
1848:Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer
1644:. Vol. 12, no. 6.
1613:Voorhees, Theodore (2020).
1592:Trachtenberg, Marc (1999).
1552:Events that changed Germany
1487:Slusser, Robert M. (1973).
1457:Univ. of Pennsylvania Press
1186:Freedman, Lawrence (2000).
1006:The Cold War: A New History
673:
581:Immediately afterwards, 33
512:Berlin Airlift of 1948–1949
10:
6591:
6470:Cold War history of Berlin
5398:Sino-Indian border dispute
5227:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5157:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4915:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4827:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4777:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4461:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4429:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
4118:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3885:Asian Relations Conference
2992:1960 presidential campaign
2925:State of the Union Address
2889:American University speech
2792:Federal affirmative action
2622:Presidential Proclamations
2442:The Day the Wall Came Down
1240:Princeton University Press
680:Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959
585:Soviet tanks drove to the
313:
248:
6575:Battles involving Germany
6434:
6383:
6305:
6282:William Appleman Williams
6227:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6009:
5981:
5930:
5862:
5855:
5789:
5654:
5579:
5509:
5502:
5411:
5358:
5290:
5003:
4742:Bangladesh Liberation War
4732:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4647:
4619:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4607:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
4270:
4045:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
4022:
3732:
3670:
3594:
3455:
3386:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
3319:
3214:
3154:
3113:
3023:
2950:
2874:
2847:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2762:
2749:Moscow–Washington hotline
2658:
2574:
2535:
2456:
2425:
2393:
2342:
2307:
2134:
2127:
2102:
2054:
1944:
1886:
1863:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
1838:
1827:
1763:
1571:Tompson, William (1995).
1527:Taubman, William (2004).
1399:Pearson, Raymond (1998).
1276:Kempe, Frederick (2011).
1085:Carmichael, Neil (2011).
916:. US Department of State.
559:
547:
542:
332:, First Secretary of the
310:Plans for the Berlin Wall
197:post–World War II Germany
155:
124:
93:
55:
36:
28:
23:
6535:1961 in military history
5057:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4892:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4862:1978 Somali coup attempt
4822:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4787:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4612:Revolutionary Government
4506:South African Border War
4298:1960 Turkish coup d'état
4215:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4070:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4050:1952 Egyptian revolution
3543:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
3244:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3232:Profile in Courage Award
2842:All-Channel Receiver Act
2812:Pilot Food Stamp Program
2482:(Cross-border commuters)
1878:Chapel of Reconciliation
1449:Schick, Jack M. (1971).
1284:. New York, NY: Putnam.
1257:Hornsby, Robert (2023).
723:
697:Flight from East Germany
397:Military Liaison Mission
63:4 June – 9 November 1961
5262:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5207:People Power Revolution
5192:Central American crisis
5132:1986 Black Sea incident
4782:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4680:Western Sahara conflict
4491:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4414:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4357:Portuguese Colonial War
4320:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
4085:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3962:Annexation of Hyderabad
3905:1947–1949 Palestine war
3483:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
3406:John F. Kennedy Stadium
3239:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2837:Voter Education Project
2145:Escape from East Berlin
1816:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1701:17 January 2021 at the
1129:(1. ed.). Berlin:
1125:Durie, William (2012).
645:General Anatoly Gribkov
5556:Neoclassical economics
5067:Gulf of Sidra incident
4624:1969 Libyan revolution
4315:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4100:1954 Geneva Conference
3860:Turkish straits crisis
3855:Corfu Channel incident
3600:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3537:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3331:Harvard Kennedy School
3249:Apollo 11 Moon landing
3142:A Nation of Immigrants
2632:Presidential limousine
2119:"Tear down this wall!"
1971:Christian-Peter Friese
1374:Newman, Kitty (2007).
1299:Loescher, Gil (2001).
1213:The Berlin Wall Crisis
578:
530:
487:
474:Berlin travel disputes
468:Stranger to the Ground
325:
184:
125:Commanders and leaders
6406:Russia–NATO relations
6287:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5571:Democratic capitalism
5566:Supply-side economics
5534:American conservatism
5333:Breakup of Yugoslavia
5222:Bougainville conflict
5137:South Yemen civil war
5072:Martial law in Poland
4935:Nicaraguan Revolution
4910:Dirty War (Argentina)
4717:1971 JVP insurrection
4531:Years of Lead (Italy)
4409:North Yemen civil war
4327:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4303:Albanian–Soviet split
4235:1959 Tibetan uprising
4200:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4055:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3915:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3519:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3507:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
3199:attending dignitaries
2787:Executive Order 11110
2668:Alliance for Progress
2605:Judicial appointments
1811:Berlin Crisis of 1961
1509:The Defense of Berlin
1357:Princeton Univ. Press
1217:Palgrave Macmillan UK
1024:International Affairs
602:Strategic Air Command
600:, and finally the US
576:
525:
481:
408:Closing of the border
334:Socialist Unity Party
323:
254:1961 Berlin ultimatum
172:Berlin Crisis of 1961
156:Casualties and losses
24:Berlin Crisis of 1961
6560:1960s in West Berlin
6530:1961 in East Germany
5827:Non-Aligned Movement
5449:Peaceful coexistence
5403:North Borneo dispute
5318:German reunification
5313:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5011:Salvadoran Civil War
4960:Grand Mosque seizure
4955:Yemenite War of 1979
4847:Mozambican Civil War
4802:Carnation Revolution
4757:Yemenite War of 1972
4695:1970 Polish protests
4526:1967 Hong Kong riots
4501:Argentine Revolution
4451:Guatemalan Civil War
4379:Cuban Missile Crisis
4293:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4165:1956 Poznań protests
4143:Geneva Summit (1955)
3745:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3724:Non-Aligned Movement
3299:U.S. five cent stamp
3259:Kennedy Space Center
2907:Ich bin ein Berliner
2731:Cuban Missile Crisis
2721:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2627:Presidential pardons
2316:The Road to the Wall
2112:Ich bin ein Berliner
2103:The Wall in speeches
1981:Marienetta Jirkowsky
1966:Winfried Freudenberg
1868:Topography of Terror
1796:German reunification
1679:28 June 2020 at the
1163:Dowty, Alan (1989).
1131:Vergangenheitsverlag
1004:Gaddis, John Lewis,
928:"Showdown in Berlin"
622:Secretary of Defense
6480:Inner German border
6272:Alex von Tunzelmann
6262:Vladimir Tismăneanu
6187:Thomas J. McCormick
6182:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6082:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5945:Crusade for Freedom
5742:Illiberal democracy
5626:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5429:Eisenhower Doctrine
5282:Peaceful Revolution
5277:Romanian Revolution
5257:Revolutions of 1989
5242:1988 Polish strikes
5152:Operation INFEKTION
5147:1987 Lieyu massacre
5052:Eritrean Civil Wars
5035:Peruvian Revolution
4985:1979 Herat uprising
4975:Sino-Vietnamese War
4940:Uganda–Tanzania War
4920:Egyptian–Libyan War
4887:Third Indochina War
4882:Sino-Albanian split
4872:Ethiopian Civil War
4772:Eritrean Civil Wars
4712:Ping-pong diplomacy
4685:Cambodian Civil War
4511:Korean DMZ Conflict
4496:Cultural Revolution
4466:Dominican Civil War
4444:Tlatelolco massacre
4230:1959 Mosul uprising
4220:1958 Lebanon crisis
3947:Al-Wathbah uprising
3870:First Indochina War
3840:Iran crisis of 1946
3607:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3495:Tatiana Schlossberg
3477:John F. Kennedy Jr.
3294:U.S. postage stamps
3289:Kennedy half dollar
3279:Cultural depictions
3132:Profiles in Courage
2852:Revenue Act of 1962
2700:Trade Expansion Act
2560:U.S. Representative
2409:Holidays in the Sun
1771:Inner German border
1674:The Wall, 1958–1963
1635:"The Berlin Crises"
604:(SAC) were raised.
294:Vacationing in the
6426:Russian Revolution
6222:Mary Elise Sarotte
6207:William B. Pickett
6132:Patrick J. Hearden
6112:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6107:Timothy Garton Ash
6092:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5687:Ethnic nationalism
5439:Hallstein Doctrine
5323:Yemeni unification
5112:1985 Geneva Summit
5077:Casamance conflict
4980:New Jewel Movement
4965:Iranian Revolution
4950:Chadian–Libyan War
4897:Cambodian conflict
4877:Lebanese Civil War
4867:Western Sahara War
4842:June 1976 protests
4837:Cambodian genocide
4602:17 July Revolution
4556:Nigerian Civil War
4471:Rhodesian Bush War
4456:Colombian conflict
4399:Ramadan Revolution
4138:Bandung Conference
4014:Operation Valuable
3895:Partition of India
3573:John F. Fitzgerald
3555:Jean Kennedy Smith
3465:Jacqueline Bouvier
3411:Kennedy Expressway
3381:Runnymede memorial
3182:in popular culture
3083:Castle Hot Springs
2637:Presidential yacht
2367:Judgment in Berlin
2332:Rabbit à la Berlin
2225:Judgment in Berlin
2128:In popular culture
1948:breaching the Wall
1901:Checkpoint Charlie
1839:Memorials, museums
1686:Forty Years Crisis
1259:The Soviet sixties
1194:Oxford Univ. Press
995:, pp. 478–479
966:, pp. 474–476
954:, pp. 470–471
752:GlobalSecurity.org
579:
518:Military stand-off
504:Checkpoint Charlie
496:Potsdam Conference
488:
484:Checkpoint Charlie
445:Air National Guard
435:, the hero of the
392:human intelligence
377:economic sanctions
326:
316:Barbed Wire Sunday
243:Checkpoint Charlie
73:Checkpoint Charlie
47:tanks face Soviet
6457:
6456:
6444:List of conflicts
6292:Rudolph Winnacker
6237:Giles Scott-Smith
6212:Ronald E. Powaski
6167:Melvyn P. Leffler
6097:John Lewis Gaddis
6072:Robert D. English
6037:Warren H. Carroll
6027:Michael Beschloss
5996:Nuclear arms race
5977:
5976:
5883:Neues Deutschland
5785:
5784:
5767:White nationalism
5737:Liberal democracy
5474:Ulbricht Doctrine
5464:Brezhnev Doctrine
5272:Velvet Revolution
5016:Soviet–Afghan War
4832:Angolan Civil War
4629:Goulash Communism
4486:ASEAN Declaration
4439:Mexican Dirty War
4337:Annexation of Goa
4288:1960 U-2 incident
4262:Sino-Soviet split
4240:Laotian Civil War
4080:Bricker Amendment
4060:Mau Mau rebellion
4004:Malayan Emergency
3992:Chinese Civil War
3952:Tito–Stalin split
3806:Division of Korea
3630:
3629:
3585:Billie and Debbie
3549:Robert F. Kennedy
3376:Portland memorial
3356:Brooklyn memorial
3146:
3136:
3126:
3122:Why England Slept
2884:Inaugural address
2870:
2869:
2862:Wetlands Loan Act
2685:Flexible response
2495:
2494:
2452:
2451:
2436:(1991 video game)
2359:Funeral in Berlin
2273:Bornholmer Straße
2185:Funeral in Berlin
2064:Günter Schabowski
2055:Others associated
2036:Hildegard Trabant
1986:Cengaver Katrancı
1896:Bornholmer Straße
1858:East Side Gallery
1624:978-0-472-13192-1
1605:978-0-691-00273-6
1584:978-0-312-12365-9
1563:978-0-313-32814-5
1540:978-0-393-05144-5
1519:978-1-4214-3164-2
1498:978-0-8018-1404-4
1466:978-0-8122-7633-6
1410:978-0-312-17407-1
1391:978-1-134-25743-0
1366:978-0-691-07892-2
1332:10.1080/713999988
1310:978-0-19-829716-1
1291:978-0-399-15729-5
1268:978-0-300-25052-7
1249:978-0-691-09678-0
1226:978-1-349-42570-9
1203:978-0-19-513453-7
1178:978-0-300-03824-8
1147:978-3-86408-068-5
1117:978-0-521-85824-3
1108:Kennedy in Berlin
1077:978-0-06-016454-6
708:Nikita Khrushchev
703:History of Berlin
571:
570:
500:E. Allan Lightner
429:Lyndon B. Johnson
268:Nikita Khrushchev
266:, Soviet Premier
219:Nikita Khrushchev
168:
167:
89:
88:
6582:
6545:Combat incidents
6540:1961 in politics
6202:David S. Painter
6127:John Earl Haynes
6057:Nicholas J. Cull
6042:Adrian Cioroianu
6022:Thomas A. Bailey
5969:Voice of America
5860:
5859:
5772:White separatism
5752:Social democracy
5747:Guided democracy
5727:Authoritarianism
5677:Ultranationalism
5667:Anti-imperialism
5594:Marxism–Leninism
5507:
5506:
5494:Kinmen Agreement
5459:Johnson Doctrine
5444:Kennedy Doctrine
5360:Frozen conflicts
5343:1991 August Coup
5232:Afghan Civil War
5127:Reykjavík Summit
5122:Somali Rebellion
5062:Ugandan Bush War
5040:Gdańsk Agreement
4561:Protests of 1968
4541:War of Attrition
4250:Cuban Revolution
4186:We will bury you
4153:Cyprus Emergency
4133:Kashmir Princess
4123:Jebel Akhdar War
3972:Western betrayal
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3525:Rosemary Kennedy
3501:Jack Schlossberg
3489:Rose Schlossberg
3471:Caroline Kennedy
3366:Hyannis memorial
3144:
3134:
3124:
3088:Hammersmith Farm
3036:Kennedy Compound
2802:Fifty-mile hikes
2690:Kennedy Doctrine
2656:
2655:
2617:Executive Orders
2567:
2555:
2547:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2444:(1997 sculpture)
2402:West of the Wall
2383:Edge of Eternity
2265:Good Bye, Lenin!
2257:Buffalo Soldiers
2132:
2131:
2089:David Hasselhoff
2031:Heinz Sokolowski
1996:Czesław Kukuczka
1916:Glienicke Bridge
1906:Checkpoint Bravo
1888:Border crossings
1833:
1832:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1720:Internet Archive
1663:
1655:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1609:
1588:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1523:
1502:
1483:
1470:
1455:. Philadelphia:
1445:
1414:
1395:
1370:
1354:
1343:
1320:Cold War History
1314:
1295:
1283:
1272:
1253:
1230:
1207:
1182:
1169:Yale Univ. Press
1159:
1139:
1121:
1104:Daum, Andreas W.
1099:
1091:
1081:
1056:
1009:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
983:
981:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
924:
918:
917:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
884:
878:
873:
867:
862:
856:
855:, pp. 29–30
850:
844:
843:, pp. 51–57
838:
832:
831:
823:
817:
811:
805:
804:
793:
787:
786:, pp. 26–27
781:
775:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
744:
663:and West German
641:Georgi Bolshakov
587:Brandenburg Gate
564:
563:
552:
551:
540:
539:
381:nuclear armament
210:erection of the
179:
148:
147:
138:Nikita Krushchev
136:
135:
117:
116:
105:
104:
57:
56:
41:
21:
20:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6430:
6421:Second Cold War
6379:
6307:
6301:
6277:Odd Arne Westad
6267:Patrick Vaughan
6252:Athan Theoharis
6232:Ellen Schrecker
6217:Yakov M. Rabkin
6192:Timothy Naftali
6137:Tvrtko Jakovina
6122:Jussi Hanhimäki
6005:
5983:
5973:
5951:Paix et Liberté
5926:
5870:Active measures
5851:
5781:
5762:White supremacy
5722:Totalitarianism
5650:
5575:
5498:
5484:Reagan Doctrine
5479:Carter Doctrine
5419:Truman Doctrine
5407:
5354:
5286:
5181:Soviet reaction
5092:Ndogboyosoi War
4999:
4970:Saur Revolution
4797:1973 oil crisis
4762:Munich massacre
4670:Alcora Exercise
4665:Black September
4643:
4389:Sino-Indian War
4283:Simba rebellion
4266:
4110:Capture of the
4018:
3957:Berlin Blockade
3890:May 1947 crises
3880:Truman Doctrine
3845:Greek Civil War
3834:Blacklist Forty
3801:Gouzenko Affair
3788:Cursed soldiers
3740:Morgenthau Plan
3728:
3666:
3661:
3631:
3626:
3590:
3513:Rose Fitzgerald
3497:(granddaughter)
3491:(granddaughter)
3451:
3440:John F. Kennedy
3431:John F. Kennedy
3423:John F. Kennedy
3371:London memorial
3361:Dallas memorial
3322:
3315:
3210:
3194:Riderless horse
3150:
3109:
3019:
2946:
2876:
2866:
2758:
2654:
2578:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2539:
2531:
2529:John F. Kennedy
2526:
2496:
2491:
2448:
2434:The Berlin Wall
2421:
2389:
2338:
2303:
2281:Bridge of Spies
2233:Das Versprechen
2217:Wings of Desire
2136:
2123:
2098:
2084:Walter Ulbricht
2079:Konrad Schumann
2069:Riccardo Ehrman
2056:
2050:
1947:
1946:People who died
1940:
1926:Oberbaum Bridge
1921:Invalidenstraße
1882:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1759:
1754:
1712:The short film
1703:Wayback Machine
1681:Wayback Machine
1670:
1653:
1625:
1606:
1585:
1564:
1541:
1520:
1499:
1467:
1411:
1392:
1367:
1311:
1292:
1269:
1250:
1227:
1204:
1179:
1148:
1133:
1118:
1089:
1078:
1037:10.2307/2610505
1017:
1015:Further reading
1012:
1008:(2005), p. 115.
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
936:
934:
926:
925:
921:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
886:
885:
881:
874:
870:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
824:
820:
812:
808:
795:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
756:
754:
748:"Berlin Crisis"
746:
745:
730:
726:
676:
668:Konrad Adenauer
653:Bruce C. Clarke
633:
625:Robert McNamara
594:Friedrichstraße
561:
549:
543:External images
520:
508:John F. Kennedy
476:
466:wrote his book
410:
330:Walter Ulbricht
318:
312:
304:John Jay McCloy
277:
275:Rising tensions
264:John F. Kennedy
256:
251:
239:Walter Ulbricht
223:John F. Kennedy
175:
150:John F. Kennedy
142:
130:
111:
99:
75:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6588:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6247:Timothy Snyder
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Vojtech Mastny
6174:
6172:Geir Lundestad
6169:
6164:
6162:Walter Laqueur
6159:
6157:Walter LaFeber
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6087:André Fontaine
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6017:Gar Alperovitz
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Third-Worldism
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Libertarianism
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5524:Chicago school
5521:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:Nixon Doctrine
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5412:Foreign policy
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5197:Operation RYAN
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Able Archer 83
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Oromo conflict
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:Yom Kippur War
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Aden Emergency
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Papua conflict
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4245:Kitchen Debate
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Sputnik crisis
4202:
4197:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4175:Polish October
4172:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Pact of Madrid
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Bamboo Curtain
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3442: (CVN-79)
3435:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3311:Operation Sail
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:media coverage
3169:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3055:Navy service:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Food for Peace
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:Soviet Union:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2660:Foreign policy
2653:
2652:
2650:Situation Room
2647:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:Deutschland 89
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2161:Stop Train 349
2157:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Erich Honecker
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Horst Kutscher
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Chris Gueffroy
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Republikflucht
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1705:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1669:
1668:External links
1666:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1629:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1545:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1371:
1365:
1344:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1254:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1160:
1146:
1122:
1116:
1100:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
997:
985:
968:
956:
944:
919:
904:
879:
868:
857:
845:
833:
818:
806:
788:
776:
764:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
699:
698:
695:Republikflucht
687:
682:
675:
672:
657:US Army Europe
632:
629:
569:
568:
557:
556:
545:
544:
519:
516:
475:
472:
437:Berlin Airlift
433:Lucius D. Clay
431:together with
409:
406:
314:Main article:
311:
308:
276:
273:
255:
252:
250:
247:
229:, reissued an
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
109:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6587:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:War on terror
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6306:Espionage and
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6257:Andrew Thorpe
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:Gabriel Kolko
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Fred Halliday
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:Lloyd Gardner
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:Norman Davies
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:John Costello
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:Technological
5980:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:Pro-communist
5861:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:Organizations
5788:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Eurocommunism
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Domino theory
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:South Ossetia
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:8888 Uprising
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Iran–Iraq War
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:Falklands War
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:NDF Rebellion
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:German Autumn
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Metapolitefsi
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4573:Prague Spring
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Al-Wadiah War
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:12-3 incident
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Domino theory
4093:
4091:
4090:Petrov Affair
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Madiun Affair
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Marshall Plan
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:United States
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:(grandfather)
3574:
3571:
3569:(grandfather)
3568:
3567:P. J. Kennedy
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433: (CV-67)
3432:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3416:Mount Kennedy
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Boston statue
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Kennedy Round
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:State funeral
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:Assassination
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:Personal life
3022:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Equal Pay Act
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2754:Vienna summit
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Berlin Crisis
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Cuban Project
2724:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:Supreme Court
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Ghost station
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:Documentaries
2306:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:Atomic Blonde
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:with the Wall
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Dorit Schmiel
2009:
2007:
2006:Günter Litfin
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Peter Fechter
1959:
1957:
1956:Klaus Brueske
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:White Crosses
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:and galleries
1837:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Wall of Shame
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:Main articles
1762:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:History Today
1636:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:. JHU Press.
1511:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:HarperCollins
1065:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1001:
994:
989:
978:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
933:
929:
923:
915:
908:
893:
889:
883:
877:
872:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
829:
822:
816:, p. 324
815:
810:
802:
798:
792:
785:
780:
774:, p. 247
773:
768:
753:
749:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
728:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
671:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
623:
618:
617:Davy Crockett
613:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
575:
567:
558:
555:
546:
541:
538:
536:
529:
524:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
480:
471:
469:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
415:
405:
402:
398:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
339:
335:
331:
322:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
272:
269:
265:
261:
260:Vienna summit
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Vienna summit
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
146:
141:
139:
134:
129:
128:
123:
120:
119:United States
115:
110:
108:
103:
98:
97:
92:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6416:Brinkmanship
6308:intelligence
6197:Marius Oprea
6147:Harvey Klehr
6077:Herbert Feis
6067:Willem Drees
6032:Archie Brown
5949:
5937:
5919:
5909:Trybuna Ludu
5907:
5900:
5896:Radio Moscow
5888:
5881:
5874:
5702:Anti-Zionism
5618:
5541:Keynesianism
5529:Conservatism
5393:Transnistria
5373:China-Taiwan
5030:Gera Demands
4903:
4704:
4579:
4384:El Porteñazo
4326:
4278:Congo Crisis
4193:
4128:Algerian War
4111:
3987:Western Bloc
3982:Eastern Bloc
3977:Iron Curtain
3833:
3825:
3817:
3794:
3774:
3766:
3683:Soviet Union
3681:
3674:
3614:
3605:
3598:
3439:
3430:
3422:
3222:Bibliography
3141:
3131:
3121:
3076:
3069:Arthur Evans
3057:
3041:Hickory Hill
2875:Presidential
2822:Space policy
2764:New Frontier
2743:
2642:
2595:Inauguration
2479:
2474:Steinstücken
2441:
2433:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2110:
2041:Rudolf Urban
2026:Ida Siekmann
2016:Egon Schultz
1821:Schießbefehl
1810:
1776:Iron Curtain
1714:
1657:
1639:
1614:
1594:
1573:
1551:
1529:
1508:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1451:
1428:(1): 47–64.
1425:
1419:
1400:
1376:
1350:
1326:(2): 53–82.
1323:
1319:
1300:
1279:
1258:
1235:
1212:
1192:. New York:
1188:
1164:
1126:
1107:
1093:
1062:
1031:(1): 59–73.
1028:
1022:
1005:
1000:
988:
971:
959:
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:
922:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:
882:
871:
860:
848:
836:
821:
809:
800:
791:
779:
767:
757:23 September
755:. Retrieved
751:
661:Willy Brandt
650:
634:
614:
606:
591:
580:
531:
526:
521:
492:Soviet Union
489:
467:
464:Richard Bach
462:
442:
425:Willy Brandt
422:
418:
411:
404:be correct.
389:
361:
356:
352:
350:
343:
327:
293:
286:
282:Dean Acheson
278:
257:
216:
200:
185:Berlin-Krise
171:
169:
107:Soviet Union
94:Belligerents
83:
18:
6475:Berlin Wall
6242:Shen Zhihua
6052:Michael Cox
5984:competition
5931:Pro-Western
5921:Soviet Life
5847:Safari Club
5817:Warsaw Pact
5672:Nationalism
5662:Imperialism
5561:Reaganomics
5424:Containment
5217:Perestroika
4706:Realpolitik
4536:Six-Day War
4521:Greek junta
4332:Berlin Wall
4180:Suez Crisis
4148:Vietnam War
4035:McCarthyism
3850:Baruch Plan
3795:Unthinkable
3755:Dekemvriana
3694:Warsaw Pact
3561:Ted Kennedy
3447:Yad Kennedy
2715:Vietnam War
2695:Peace Corps
2566:(1947–1953)
2554:(1953–1960)
2546:(1961–1963)
2480:Grenzgänger
2426:Other media
2241:Sonnenallee
2193:The Soldier
2094:Jutta Fleck
2021:Olga Segler
1931:Sonnenallee
1791:West Berlin
1786:East Berlin
1757:Berlin Wall
1134: [
853:Daum (2008)
841:Daum (2008)
784:Daum (2008)
346:Berlin Wall
235:West Berlin
212:Berlin Wall
208:East German
6464:Categories
6010:Historians
6001:Space Race
5902:Rudé právo
5856:Propaganda
5712:Neo-Nazism
5682:Chauvinism
5636:Trotskyism
5551:Monetarism
5519:Liberalism
5511:Capitalism
5503:Ideologies
5454:Ostpolitik
5177:Solidarity
5142:Toyota War
5045:Solidarity
4902:Operation
4857:Ogaden War
4546:Dhofar War
4434:Shifta War
4192:Operation
4040:Korean War
3832:Operation
3824:Operation
3816:Operation
3793:Operation
3773:Operation
3765:Operation
3587:(hamsters)
3503:(grandson)
3473:(daughter)
3321:Memorials,
3046:La Querida
2590:Transition
2576:Presidency
2324:The Tunnel
2249:The Tunnel
1215:. London:
993:Kempe 2011
964:Kempe 2011
952:Kempe 2011
814:Kempe 2011
772:Kempe 2011
665:Chancellor
631:Resolution
385:Bundeswehr
336:(SED) and
298:resort of
6297:Ken Young
6142:Tony Judt
5991:Arms race
5964:Red Scare
5832:NN States
5777:Apartheid
5732:Autocracy
5641:Stalinism
5609:Guevarism
5599:Castroism
5589:Communism
5581:Socialism
5107:Star Wars
4700:Koza riot
3826:Beleaguer
3818:Masterdom
3563:(brother)
3551:(brother)
3521:(brother)
3438:USS
3429:USS
3323:namesakes
3177:reactions
2952:Elections
2487:The Shame
2201:Octopussy
2137:TV series
2135:Films and
1991:Erna Kelm
1873:Mauerpark
1476:Americana
1442:1479-4012
1382:Routledge
1340:1468-2745
1156:978161722
1045:1468-2346
937:10 August
892:state.gov
609:Dean Rusk
401:intercept
369:Dean Rusk
338:Staatsrat
296:Black Sea
231:ultimatum
206:with the
204:partition
195:, and of
177:‹See Tfd›
84:Stalemate
6570:Ultimata
6449:Timeline
6439:Category
6384:See also
5876:Izvestia
5717:Islamism
5614:Hoxhaism
5489:Rollback
5368:Abkhazia
5308:Gulf War
5212:Glasnost
4582:incident
4352:Sand War
4210:Ifni War
3719:Rio Pact
3664:Cold War
3621:Category
3579:Pushinka
3557:(sister)
3545:(sister)
3539:(sister)
3533:(sister)
3527:(sister)
3515:(mother)
3509:(father)
3167:timeline
2877:speeches
2643:Resolute
2581:timeline
2418:" (1985)
2411:" (1977)
2404:" (1962)
2177:Freiheit
2153:The Wall
1699:Archived
1677:Archived
1482:: 64–95.
1106:(2008).
897:27 March
674:See also
460:lacked.
414:Döllnsee
201:de facto
189:Cold War
68:Location
31:Cold War
29:Part of
5939:Amerika
5822:Comecon
5707:Fascism
5697:Zionism
5646:Titoism
5187:Contras
4655:Détente
3932:Comecon
3051:Wexford
3013:debates
2600:Cabinet
2209:Gotcha!
1053:2610505
528:course.
258:At the
249:History
225:at the
5890:Pravda
5692:Racism
5631:Maoism
5383:Kosovo
4904:Condor
4580:Pueblo
4566:May 68
4194:Gladio
4112:Tuapse
3775:Jungle
3767:Priboi
3467:(wife)
3457:Family
3215:Legacy
3145:(1958)
3135:(1956)
3125:(1940)
3058:PT-109
2736:ExComm
2719:Cuba:
2416:Nikita
2386:(2014)
2378:(1999)
2370:(1984)
2362:(1964)
2354:(1963)
2343:Novels
2335:(2009)
2327:(1962)
2319:(1962)
2300:(2020)
2292:(2017)
2284:(2015)
2276:(2014)
2268:(2003)
2260:(2001)
2252:(2001)
2244:(1999)
2236:(1995)
2228:(1988)
2220:(1987)
2212:(1985)
2204:(1983)
2196:(1982)
2188:(1966)
2180:(1966)
2172:(1965)
2164:(1963)
2156:(1962)
2148:(1962)
1621:
1602:
1581:
1560:
1537:
1516:
1495:
1463:
1440:
1407:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1307:
1288:
1265:
1246:
1223:
1200:
1175:
1154:
1144:
1114:
1074:
1051:
1043:
193:Berlin
181:German
80:Result
6375:Stasi
5842:SAARC
5837:ASEAN
5802:SEATO
5655:Other
5620:Juche
5378:Korea
5291:1990s
5004:1980s
4648:1970s
4271:1960s
4023:1950s
3733:1940s
3714:NEATO
3709:SEATO
3699:ANZUS
3581:(dog)
3485:(son)
3479:(son)
3284:films
3274:VISTA
3155:Death
3114:Books
3077:PT-59
2710:USAID
2564:MA–11
2457:Other
2394:Songs
1654:(PDF)
1138:]
1090:(PDF)
1049:JSTOR
980:(PDF)
724:Notes
635:With
454:F-86s
450:F-84s
357:Mauer
300:Sochi
43:U.S.
5915:TASS
5807:METO
5797:NATO
5023:and
5021:1980
4578:USS
3704:METO
3689:NATO
3003:1960
2998:1956
2982:1958
2977:1952
2971:1950
2966:1948
2961:1946
2940:1963
2935:1962
2930:1961
2645:desk
2562:for
2541:35th
1619:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1438:ISSN
1405:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1336:ISSN
1305:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1152:OCLC
1142:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1041:ISSN
939:2023
899:2018
759:2016
639:spy
598:NATO
583:T-54
452:and
170:The
164:none
161:none
60:Date
49:T-55
6370:KGB
6365:MVD
6350:MI6
6345:MI5
6340:CIA
5812:EEC
3421:MV
1430:doi
1328:doi
1033:doi
637:GRU
535:M48
373:GRU
365:KGB
289:CBS
45:M48
6466::
1656:.
1638:.
1480:15
1478:.
1459:.
1436:.
1426:14
1424:.
1384:.
1380:.
1359:.
1334:.
1322:.
1242:.
1219:.
1196:.
1171:.
1150:.
1140:.
1136:de
1092:.
1070:.
1047:.
1039:.
1029:39
1027:.
930:.
890:.
799:.
750:.
731:^
670:.
387:.
214:.
183::
5183:)
5179:(
4188:"
4184:"
4161:"
4157:"
3656:e
3649:t
3642:v
3101:"
3097:"
2916:"
2912:"
2909:"
2905:"
2897:"
2893:"
2583:)
2579:(
2521:e
2514:t
2507:v
2414:"
2407:"
2400:"
2115:"
2109:"
1749:e
1742:t
1735:v
1722:.
1662:.
1627:.
1608:.
1587:.
1566:.
1543:.
1522:.
1501:.
1469:.
1444:.
1432::
1413:.
1394:.
1369:.
1342:.
1330::
1324:3
1313:.
1294:.
1271:.
1252:.
1229:.
1206:.
1181:.
1158:.
1120:.
1098:.
1080:.
1055:.
1035::
941:.
901:.
830:.
803:.
761:.
486:.
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
