425:(grandfather, or by extension, ancestor), the count Gonzalo Betótez of Deza. As Bermudo's traditional pedigree would provide no such relationship, Justo Pérez de Urbel suggested that he was instead an illegitimate son of Ordoño III, with the relationship coming through his mother. Based on political considerations and a second ambiguous documented kinship, he provisionally identified the mother as either Aragonta or Guntroda, daughters of Pelayo González, count of Deza, who was son of count Gonzalo. He has been followed in this by several historians, but others find the evidence lacking and retain the traditional view of his mother. The identification of Bermudo's first queen,
985:
1320:
353:. He was soon restored and reconciled to the discontents. On 8 August 994 Bermudo gave the village of Veiga to the monastery of Celanova, the village having been built by Suario Gundemárez on land illegally appropriated from the monastery. Suario took refuge there during his later rebellion. On 23 August that year the village of Morella was granted to abbot Salvato of Celanova after it was confiscated because the murder of Fortún Velázquez had taken place there.
29:
405:
Both the paternal and maternal parentage of
Bermudo II have been subject to scholarly debate. On the paternal side, the primary chronicle sources simply call him son of king Ordoño, without specifying which former king of that name. Traditionally his father has been identified as Ordoño III and the
421:. Bishop Pelagius relates that Bermudo was born to a second wife of Ordoño, named Elvira, but since no such queen appears in charters or any other record outside of the Bishop's account, she probably did not exist. In a royal charter dated 5 January 999, Bermudo refers to his
429:, as a grandniece of count Pelayo allows the possibility that Bermudo was referring to count Gonzalo as ancestor of his wife and not his own blood ancestor, but he was already divorced from Velasquita at the time he executed the charter in question.
379:
In 999, the gout from which he suffered was aggravated and it became impossible for him to ride a horse. Military leader of the
Christians of northwestern Spain, he subsequently travelled by litter. Later that same year he died in
340:
in his early years and the
Cordoban armies of Almanzor came, not as allies, but as conquerors. Between November 991 and September 992 Vermudo was expelled from the kingdom by a revolt led by the magnates
1623:
329:
414:
of Santa María de
Carracedo, in which Bermudo names his father Ordoño and his grandfather Ramiro, making his father Ordoño III and not Ordoño IV, the son of Alfonso.
406:
modern consensus agrees with this assignment, but at least one prominent modern
Leonese historian, Manuel Carriedo Tejedo, has concluded that he instead was son of
381:
296:. This usurpation is usually seen as the extension of ongoing succession crises begun in the 950s. At the time of the usurpation Bermudo II's faction was led by
342:
346:
317:
784:
M. Calleja Puerta (1999), "Una generación leonesa del siglo XII: la descendencia de
Vermudo II en la obra cronística de Pelayo de Oviedo",
360:
from the
Muslims, but did not succeed in expelling them totally until 987. This brought on reprisals from Almanzor, who set out to destroy
1446:
1190:
875:
700:
764:
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de (2013). "Reflexiones e hipótesis sobre algunas incógnitas genealógicas de la antigua dinastía astureonesa".
417:
Controversy also exists over the identity of his mother. Traditionally he has been viewed as son of Ordoño III's documented wife,
264:'s description of him as "the poor king tormented in life by the sword of Almanzor and in death by the vengeful pen of a bishop."
1608:
660:"La insubordinación a la autoridad central y los mecanismos regios de contención durante el reino astur-leonés (siglos VIII-XI)"
1613:
305:
166:
1407:
1034:
623:
1384:
1011:
457:
332:, respectively, at this time. Because his support was limited and regional, Bermudo required the protection of the
1379:
1006:
1183:
1628:
1603:
868:
1567:
1157:
1389:
1016:
1471:
273:
659:
309:
450:
350:
1176:
454:
1422:
1049:
272:
covers the reign of
Bermudo, is highly critical of the king. He accuses Bermudo of imprisoning Bishop
1598:
1199:
861:
634:
221:
83:
1431:
1289:
1058:
884:
257:
44:
1479:
1451:
1279:
1073:
939:
904:
389:
289:
200:
151:
1412:
1374:
1039:
333:
261:
1540:
1336:
1130:
949:
914:
407:
385:
373:
308:
on 15 October 982. It is probable that two episcopal opponents of his coronation—Rodrigo's son
146:
1503:
1356:
1093:
1001:
974:
321:
1536:
1456:
1328:
1126:
1078:
919:
909:
896:
325:
313:
190:
35:
1417:
1044:
959:
929:
817:
746:
Ruiz
Asencio, José Manuel (1968). "Campañas de Almanzor contra el reino de León (981–986)".
438:
426:
293:
162:
105:
66:
1618:
1588:
1521:
1441:
1436:
1211:
1111:
1068:
1063:
724:
Palomeque Torres, Antonio (1948). "Episcopologio de la Sede de Oviedo durante el siglo X".
469:
1351:
969:
934:
834:
461:
442:
301:
178:
115:
76:
8:
1593:
1549:
1531:
1511:
1294:
1139:
1121:
1101:
446:
1341:
954:
944:
418:
297:
210:
1526:
1489:
1203:
1116:
265:
253:
87:
1366:
993:
924:
888:
715:
Martín Rodríguez, José-Luis (1965). "Pelayo Rodríguez, obispo de
Santiago (977–985)".
48:
1559:
1545:
1516:
1149:
1135:
1106:
687:
646:
619:
337:
173:
1461:
1083:
677:
667:
245:
1426:
1053:
824:
365:
843:
984:
755:
Sáez Sánchez, Emilio (1946). "Notas al episcopologio minduniense del siglo X".
682:
472:, who married Fronilde, daughter of the aforementioned count Pelayo Rodríguez.
369:
368:, Bermudo took refuge in Zamora. The Muslims continued their conquests, taking
357:
1582:
1495:
691:
650:
465:
28:
1319:
1274:
1264:
672:
635:"La Version de la "Historia Silense" Sobre la Filiacion de Vermudo II""
288:
In 982 the Galician nobility proclaimed Bermudo, a son of former king
1168:
1399:
1259:
1249:
1026:
411:
737:
Pérez de Urbel, Justo (1949). "Los Padres de Vermudo II el Gotoso".
1269:
1219:
853:
277:
530:
1309:
1284:
1239:
1229:
1224:
361:
185:
1304:
1299:
1254:
1244:
1234:
542:
482:
1624:
Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro
506:
464:, who succeeded him; Theresa; and Sancha. He also had three
590:
554:
616:
The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest
578:
566:
410:. The question is seemingly resolved by a charter in the
449:, son of his rival Ramiro III. Vermudo married secondly
518:
494:
324:—were exiled from their sees to the monasteries of
701:"¿La Reina Velasquita, nieta de Muniadomna Díaz?"
1580:
723:
714:
657:
548:
536:
488:
364:. After Almanzor besieged and razed the city of
632:
560:
763:
736:
698:
596:
584:
572:
1184:
869:
388:. Later, his remains were transferred to the
754:
745:
524:
512:
618:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
356:Bermudo eventually succeeded in recovering
1191:
1177:
876:
862:
766:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia
681:
671:
739:Revista de Archivos, Biblotecas y Museos
1198:
1581:
786:La nobleza peninsular en la Edad Media
613:
500:
292:, as king in opposition to his cousin
276:in the 990s and blames the attacks of
256:(982–984) and then king of the entire
1172:
857:
658:Escudero Manzano, Gonzalo J. (2024).
260:(984–999). His reign is summed up by
883:
460:, with whom he had three children:
306:cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
13:
778:
699:García Álvarez, Manuel R. (1960).
14:
1640:
240:(c. 953 – September 999), called
1318:
983:
633:Carriedo Tejedo, Manuel (1981).
27:
606:
1609:10th-century Galician monarchs
748:Anuario de Estudios Medievales
717:Anuario de Estudios Medievales
1:
1614:10th-century Leonese monarchs
475:
304:. Bermudo was crowned in the
1472:Portuguese House of Burgundy
666:(in Spanish) (47): 171–188.
400:
7:
741:(in Spanish) (55): 289–307.
710:(in Spanish) (70): 197–230.
441:, Bermudo left a daughter,
432:
336:. There was much unrest in
268:(died 1153), half of whose
10:
1645:
719:(in Spanish) (2): 467–475.
300:and that of Ramiro III by
1558:
1502:
1488:
1470:
1398:
1365:
1327:
1316:
1210:
1148:
1092:
1025:
992:
981:
895:
841:
831:
822:
814:
794:
395:
222:Chalcedonian Christianity
217:
206:
196:
184:
172:
158:
141:
133:
125:
121:
111:
101:
93:
82:
72:
62:
54:
43:
26:
21:
759:(in Spanish) (22): 3–79.
750:(in Spanish) (5): 31–74.
283:
1480:Ferdinand I of Portugal
390:Basilica of San Isidoro
152:Basilica of San Isidoro
614:Barton, Simon (2000).
468:: Elvira, Pelayo, and
386:Monastery of Carracedo
384:and was buried in the
374:Santiago de Compostela
249:
147:Monastery of Carracedo
1629:Astur-Leonese dynasty
1604:People from El Bierzo
1329:Astur-Leonese dynasty
664:En la España Medieval
549:Palomeque Torres 1948
537:Escudero Manzano 2024
489:Martín Rodríguez 1965
382:Villanueva del Bierzo
252:), was first a rival
191:Astur-Leonese dynasty
36:Libro de las Estampas
708:Revista de Guimarães
561:Carriedo Tejedo 1981
334:Caliphate of Córdoba
262:Justo Pérez de Urbel
1504:House of Trastámara
1094:House of Trastámara
897:Astur-Leonese house
796:Bermudo II of León
683:20.500.14352/104133
597:García Álvarez 1960
585:Pérez de Urbel 1949
573:Salazar y Acha 2013
539:, pp. 181–183.
437:By his first wife,
330:San Martín de Lalín
322:bishop of Mondoñedo
280:on Bermudo's sins.
274:Gudesteus of Oviedo
1490:House of Lancaster
673:10.5209/elem.94756
453:, daughter of the
439:Velasquita Ramírez
427:Velasquita Ramírez
372:(996) and sacking
314:bishop of Santiago
290:Ordoño III of León
266:Pelagius of Oviedo
201:Ordoño III of León
163:Velasquita Ramírez
33:Bermudo II in the
1576:
1575:
1560:House of Habsburg
1400:House of Burgundy
1166:
1165:
1150:House of Habsburg
1027:House of Burgundy
852:
851:
832:Succeeded by
525:Ruiz Asencio 1968
515:, pp. 47–48.
513:Sáez Sánchez 1946
503:, pp. 72–73.
302:Rodrigo Velázquez
227:
226:
1636:
1599:Sons of emperors
1367:House of Jiménez
1322:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1169:
994:House of Jiménez
987:
878:
871:
864:
855:
854:
815:Preceded by
810:
803:
792:
791:
788:(León), 527-540.
773:
760:
751:
742:
733:
720:
711:
705:
695:
685:
675:
654:
629:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
458:García Fernández
419:Urraca Fernández
351:Pelayo Rodríguez
343:Gonzalo Vermúdez
298:Gonzalo Menéndez
211:Urraca Fernández
31:
19:
18:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1554:
1498:
1484:
1466:
1394:
1361:
1323:
1314:
1206:
1197:
1167:
1162:
1144:
1088:
1021:
988:
979:
925:Alfonso Fróilaz
891:
882:
847:
837:
828:
825:King of Galicia
820:
804:
798:
797:
781:
779:Further reading
776:
703:
639:Tierras de León
626:
609:
604:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
547:
543:
535:
531:
523:
519:
511:
507:
499:
495:
487:
483:
478:
455:Castilian count
435:
403:
398:
347:Munio Fernández
286:
258:Kingdom of León
254:king in Galicia
165:
154:
149:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
990:
989:
982:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
899:
893:
892:
881:
880:
873:
866:
858:
850:
849:
839:
838:
833:
830:
821:
816:
812:
811:
795:
790:
789:
780:
777:
775:
774:
768:(in Spanish).
761:
752:
743:
734:
728:(in Spanish).
726:Hispania Sacra
721:
712:
696:
655:
641:(in Spanish).
630:
624:
610:
608:
605:
602:
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
551:, p. 295.
541:
529:
517:
505:
493:
491:, p. 474.
480:
479:
477:
474:
447:Ordoño Ramírez
445:, who married
434:
431:
402:
399:
397:
394:
285:
282:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
145:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
41:
40:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1641:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:John of Gaunt
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Ferdinand III
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1212:Suebian kings
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Ferdinand III
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
991:
986:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:
856:
846:
845:
840:
836:
827:
826:
819:
813:
808:
801:
793:
787:
783:
782:
772:(2): 275–296.
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
732:(2): 269–298.
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
702:
697:
693:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
645:(44): 38–44.
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:9780719052262
621:
617:
612:
611:
598:
593:
586:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
521:
514:
509:
502:
497:
490:
485:
481:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:
451:Elvira García
448:
444:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
393:
391:
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
167:Elvira García
164:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:982–999
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:984–999
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1452:Ferdinand IV
1413:Ferdinand II
1346:
1074:Ferdinand IV
1040:Ferdinand II
964:
844:King of León
842:
823:
806:
799:
785:
769:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
725:
716:
707:
663:
642:
638:
615:
607:Bibliography
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
436:
422:
416:
404:
378:
355:
349:, and count
318:Arias Peláez
287:
269:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
34:
16:King of León
1619:Beni Alfons
1589:950s births
1541:Ferdinand V
1447:Prince John
1408:Alfonso VII
1357:Bermudo III
1131:Ferdinand V
1035:Alfonso VII
1002:Ferdinand I
975:Bermudo III
905:Alfonso III
501:Barton 2000
102:Predecessor
63:Predecessor
1594:999 deaths
1583:Categories
1537:Isabella I
1457:Alfonso XI
1418:Alfonso IX
1385:Alfonso VI
1347:Bermudo II
1275:Theodemund
1265:Hermeneric
1127:Isabella I
1079:Alfonso XI
1045:Alfonso IX
1012:Alfonso VI
965:Bermudo II
960:Ramiro III
940:Ordoño III
930:Alfonso IV
818:Ramiro III
476:References
294:Ramiro III
106:Ramiro III
67:Ramiro III
22:Bermudo II
1568:Charles I
1522:Henry III
1442:Sancho IV
1437:Alfonso X
1380:Sancho II
1375:García II
1352:Alfonso V
1337:Ordoño II
1290:Theodemar
1260:Remismund
1250:Richimund
1158:Charles I
1112:Henry III
1069:Sancho IV
1064:Alfonso X
1007:Sancho II
970:Alfonso V
950:Ordoño IV
935:Ramiro II
920:Fruela II
915:Ordoño II
835:Alfonso V
692:0214-3038
651:0495-5773
412:cartulary
408:Ordoño IV
401:Parentage
270:Chronicon
250:el Gotoso
242:the Gouty
179:Alfonso V
116:Alfonso V
112:Successor
77:Alfonso V
73:Successor
1550:Philip I
1532:Henry IV
1512:Henry II
1342:Sancho I
1280:Chararic
1270:Veremund
1220:Hermeric
1200:Monarchs
1140:Philip I
1122:Henry IV
1102:Henry II
955:Sancho I
945:Sancho I
910:García I
885:Monarchs
848:984–999
829:982–999
757:Hispania
466:bastards
443:Cristina
433:Children
326:Celanova
278:Almanzor
218:Religion
1527:John II
1310:Malaric
1285:Ariamir
1240:Maldras
1230:Rechiar
1225:Rechila
1204:Galicia
1117:John II
462:Alfonso
376:(997).
370:Astorga
362:Coimbra
338:Castile
312:, then
246:Spanish
234:Vermudo
230:Bermudo
186:Dynasty
159:Consort
88:Galicia
1548:&
1546:Joanna
1539:&
1517:John I
1425:&
1423:Sancha
1390:Urraca
1305:Audeca
1300:Eboric
1255:Frumar
1245:Framta
1235:Aioulf
1138:&
1136:Joanna
1129:&
1107:John I
1052:&
1050:Sancha
1017:Urraca
805:
802:c. 953
690:
649:
622:
470:Ordoño
396:Family
358:Zamora
316:, and
310:Pelayo
207:Mother
197:Father
150:later
142:Burial
137:c. 999
129:c. 953
1462:Peter
1427:Dulce
1084:Peter
1054:Dulce
807:Died:
800:Born:
704:(PDF)
284:Reign
174:Issue
94:Reign
55:Reign
1295:Miro
889:León
688:ISSN
647:ISSN
620:ISBN
366:León
328:and
232:(or
134:Died
126:Born
84:King
49:León
45:King
1202:of
887:of
809:999
770:210
678:hdl
668:doi
423:avo
213:(?)
86:of
47:of
1585::
706:.
686:.
676:.
662:.
643:21
637:.
392:.
345:,
320:,
248::
238:II
236:)
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
877:e
870:t
863:v
730:1
694:.
680::
670::
653:.
628:.
599:.
587:.
575:.
563:.
527:.
244:(
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