307:
31:
1454:
2044:
1768:
573:
250:, detailing the future of the Frankish Empire. Under this, the bulk of the Frankish territory went to Louis' eldest son, Lothair; Bernard received no further territory, and although his kingship of Italy was confirmed, he would be a vassal of Lothair, as he had been to Louis and to Charles. Certain of his counselors, including Count Eggideo, and his chamberlain Reginhard, persuaded Bernard that this arrangement threatened his position. Other names were
1587:
318:, where he confessed before all the court to having sinfully slain his nephew; he also welcomed his half-brothers back into his favour. These actions possibly stemmed from guilt over his part in Bernard's death. It has been argued by some historians that his behaviour left him open to clerical domination, and reduced his prestige and respect amongst the
261:
Prior to this, Bernard's relationship with his uncle appears to have been cooperative. Bernard's main complaint was the notion of his being a vassal of
Lothair. In practical terms, his actual position had not been altered at all by the terms of the decree, and he could safely have continued to rule
290:
and confined to monasteries, to prevent other
Carolingian offshoots challenging the main line. He also treated those guilty or suspected of conspiring with Bernard harshly: Theodulf of Orleans was imprisoned, and died soon afterwards; the lay conspirators were blinded, the clerics deposed and
322:
nobility. Others, however, point out that
Bernard's plot had been a serious threat to the stability of the kingdom, and the reaction no less a threat; Louis' display of penance, then, "was a well-judged gesture to restore harmony and re-establish his authority."
273:
where they were tried and condemned to death. Louis 'mercifully' commuted their sentences to blinding, which would neutralize
Bernard as a threat without actually killing him; however, the process of blinding (carried out by means of pressing a red-hot
269:. Bernard and his associates were taken by surprise; Bernard travelled to Chalon in an attempt to negotiate terms, but he and the ringleaders were forced to surrender to Louis, who had them taken to
314:
His
Kingdom of Italy was reabsorbed into the Frankish empire, and soon after bestowed upon Louis' eldest son Lothair. In 822, Louis made a display of public penance at
262:
under such a system. Nonetheless, "partly true" reports came to Louis the Pious that his nephew was planning to set up an 'unlawful'—i.e. independent—regime in Italy.
306:
258:, were also accused of being involved: there is no evidence either to support or contradict this in the case of Theodulf, whilst the case for Anshelm is murkier.
278:
to the eyeballs) proved so traumatic that
Bernard died in agony two days after the procedure was carried out. At the same time, Louis also had his half-brothers
236:
139:
535:
1317:
2004:
1097:
528:
239:, but the year of their marriage, and her origins, are obscure. Some sources refer to her as "of Laon". They had one son,
2161:
427:
361:
1964:
1310:
1273:
438:
2176:
1916:
1233:
254:, the last being the grandson of a Thuringian rebel against Charlemagne, and Hardrad. Anshelm, Bishop of Milan and
30:
2109:
2072:
1193:
844:
521:
1687:
1505:
1490:
1257:
764:
1642:
1567:
1281:
1265:
1241:
1161:
1153:
283:
2118:
2099:
1303:
1249:
1217:
1169:
1145:
1129:
2166:
1225:
1185:
1121:
1352:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
2171:
1751:
1576:
240:
151:
1437:
2181:
2123:
658:
1375:
1032:
255:
1855:
1201:
212:
1846:
1832:
1209:
1076:
8:
2156:
2151:
1946:
1942:
1880:
1876:
1836:
1756:
1619:
1614:
1549:
1330:
1295:
1062:
1027:
996:
961:
945:
889:
589:
581:
455:
1394:
266:
2052:
2024:
2015:
1956:
1814:
1718:
1462:
1425:
1371:
1177:
1010:
251:
193:
513:
2094:
2085:
2061:
1960:
1902:
1810:
1701:
1103:
1084:
929:
682:
434:
315:
146:
1931:
1865:
1413:
1402:
1018:
937:
1920:
1912:
1889:
1884:
1818:
1776:
1629:
1495:
1453:
1367:
1137:
1046:
969:
953:
196:
1908:
1791:
1738:
1696:
1624:
1481:
1398:
1113:
905:
478:
224:
185:
173:
63:
2145:
2043:
1637:
1521:
1500:
1054:
544:
485:
279:
189:
45:
1993:
1951:
1605:
1532:
991:
897:
494:
228:
163:
1767:
2006:
1894:
1828:
1655:
876:
852:
828:
345:
The
Symbolic Language of Authority in the Carolingian World (c.751–877)
339:
This is the identification of Huber Mordek, followed by
Johannes Fried
89:
310:
17th-century commemorative fresco from
Bernard's grave in Milan, Italy
1801:
1595:
1471:
1409:
1385:
1358:
1326:
1071:
921:
820:
780:
756:
740:
605:
597:
572:
505:
208:
73:
1823:
1586:
1041:
1005:
836:
812:
804:
788:
772:
748:
708:
275:
128:
36:
868:
860:
732:
724:
716:
700:
692:
621:
613:
559:
287:
158:
113:
93:
343:(Harvard University Press, 2016), p. 504. See Ildar Garipzanov,
231:. In 810, Pepin died from an illness contracted at the siege of
796:
666:
637:
629:
319:
270:
265:
Louis the Pious reacted swiftly to the plot, marching south to
232:
204:
109:
1349:
674:
124:
645:
1325:
2009:
from 888 until 898. It was the last
Carolingian kingdom.
543:
395:
393:
430:
Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture
390:
192:) from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle,
184:(797 – 17 April 818) was the illegitimate son of
2143:
211:. When his plot was discovered, Louis had him
1311:
529:
411:
409:
386:The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians
380:
378:
376:
374:
357:
355:
353:
1558:
1318:
1304:
536:
522:
29:
406:
371:
223:Bernard was born in 797, the son of King
433:, University of Washington Press, 2012,
350:
305:
291:imprisoned; all lost lands and honours.
1729:
428:Knechtges, David R. and Vance, Eugene.
2144:
298:criticizes Louis for Bernard's death.
2005:West Francia was in the hands of the
1299:
517:
366:The Cambridge Medieval History Series
296:The Vision of the Poor woman of Laon
368:volumes 1-5, Plantagenet Publishing
13:
417:The New Cambridge History, 700–900
14:
2193:
246:In 817, Louis the Pious drew the
227:, himself the son of the Emperor
2042:
1766:
1585:
1452:
571:
235:. Bernard married a woman named
215:, a procedure which killed him.
421:
333:
1:
326:
362:"Revolt of Bernard of Italy"
7:
256:Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans
10:
2198:
2162:9th-century kings of Italy
1752:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
241:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
152:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
2108:
2084:
2051:
2040:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1930:
1864:
1845:
1800:
1787:
1775:
1764:
1737:
1728:
1717:
1686:
1671:
1654:
1604:
1594:
1583:
1566:
1557:
1546:
1520:
1480:
1461:
1450:
1424:
1393:
1384:
1357:
1337:
1096:
981:
888:
657:
580:
569:
552:
502:
490:8 July 810 – 17 April 818
483:
475:
470:
449:
301:
169:
157:
145:
135:
119:
99:
83:
79:
69:
59:
51:
44:
28:
23:
1342:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
984:(title disputed 887–933)
2177:Medieval child monarchs
415:McKitterick, Rosamond,
384:McKitterick, Rosamond,
347:(Brill, 2008), p. 233n.
243:, who was born in 817.
218:
1560:Sons of Charles Martel
1376:Childebert the Adopted
311:
1327:Pippinids, Arnulfings
309:
1757:Counts of Vermandois
1194:Lothair III (or II)
547:between 476 and 1556
199:, when the latter's
2110:Charles of Lorraine
2073:Charles of Lorraine
1943:Louis the Stammerer
1731:Sons of Charlemagne
1620:Charles the Younger
1615:Pepin the Hunchback
456:Carolingian dynasty
35:Bernard (left) and
2167:Herbertien dynasty
2016:Charles the Simple
1957:Charles the Simple
312:
2172:Frankish warriors
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1961:Charles the Child
1903:Louis the Younger
1811:Louis II of Italy
1713:
1712:
1682:
1681:
1542:
1541:
1438:Hugh of Champagne
1293:
1292:
1104:Holy Roman Empire
512:
511:
503:Succeeded by
451:Bernard of Italy
248:Ordinatio Imperii
201:Ordinatio Imperii
179:
178:
140:Cunigunda of Laon
107:(aged 20–21)
2189:
2046:
2001:
2000:
1968:Lothair the Lame
1932:Charles the Bald
1866:Louis the German
1785:
1784:
1770:
1726:
1725:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1555:
1554:
1456:
1403:Chlodulf of Metz
1391:
1390:
1345:* ≡ "brother of"
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1098:Kingdom of Italy
1088:
1080:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1014:
1000:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
678:
670:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
575:
563:
538:
531:
524:
515:
514:
476:Preceded by
466:
447:
446:
441:
425:
419:
413:
404:
401:The Carolingians
397:
388:
382:
369:
359:
348:
337:
106:
33:
21:
20:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2104:
2080:
2047:
2038:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1913:Charles the Fat
1911:
1901:
1885:Louis the Child
1869:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1819:Louis the Blind
1796:
1780:
1777:Louis the Pious
1771:
1762:
1733:
1720:
1709:
1678:
1667:
1650:
1630:Louis the Pious
1590:
1581:
1562:
1548:
1538:
1516:
1476:
1457:
1448:
1420:
1380:
1353:
1348:
1333:
1324:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1012:
998:
983:
977:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
884:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
676:
668:
653:
647:
639:
631:
623:
615:
607:
599:
591:
576:
567:
561:
548:
542:
508:
491:
489:
481:
460:
459:
452:
445:
444:
426:
422:
414:
407:
399:Riché, Pierre,
398:
391:
383:
372:
360:
351:
338:
334:
329:
304:
221:
203:made Bernard a
197:Louis the Pious
131:
108:
104:
88:
40:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2182:Frankish kings
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1792:Arnulf of Sens
1788:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1482:Charles Martel
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1399:Arnulf of Metz
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1274:Frederick III
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1038:
1024:
1016:
1002:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
894:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
778:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
690:
680:
672:
663:
661:
655:
654:
652:
651:
643:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
586:
584:
578:
577:
570:
568:
566:
565:
556:
554:
550:
549:
545:Kings of Italy
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
510:
509:
504:
501:
482:
479:Pepin Carloman
477:
473:
472:
471:Regnal titles
468:
467:
453:
450:
443:
442:
420:
405:
389:
370:
349:
331:
330:
328:
325:
303:
300:
294:A text called
286:and Theoderic
225:Pepin of Italy
220:
217:
207:of his cousin
186:Pepin of Italy
177:
176:
174:Pepin Carloman
171:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
123:
121:
117:
116:
101:
97:
96:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
64:Pepin Carloman
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2194:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1530:Nibelung I →
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:Childebrand I
1519:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1298:
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1234:Frederick II
1232:
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486:King of Italy
480:
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439:9780295802367
436:
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68:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:King of Italy
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
18:King of Italy
16:
1822:
1755:
1747:
1730:
1559:
1550:Carolingians
1531:
1408:
1397:
1331:Carolingians
1210:Frederick I
1077:Berengar II
1070:
1040:
1026:
1004:
990:
982:Non-dynastic
954:Charles III
913:
898:Charlemagne
890:Carolingians
683:
553:Non-dynastic
498:
492:
484:
465:17 April 818
462:
454:
429:
423:
416:
400:
385:
365:
344:
340:
335:
313:
295:
293:
264:
260:
247:
245:
222:
200:
181:
180:
103:17 April 818
15:
1952:Carloman II
1719:Carolingian
1606:Charlemagne
1533:Nibelungids
1366:Carloman →
1284:(1530–1556)
1276:(1452–1493)
1268:(1431–1437)
1260:(1355–1378)
1258:Charles IV
1252:(1327–1347)
1244:(1311–1313)
1236:(1212–1250)
1228:(1209–1212)
1220:(1186–1197)
1212:(1154–1186)
1204:(1138–1152)
1202:Conrad III
1196:(1125–1137)
1188:(1106–1125)
1180:(1093–1101)
1172:(1056–1105)
1164:(1039–1056)
1156:(1026–1039)
1148:(1004–1024)
1140:(1002–1014)
1063:Lothair II
997:Berengar I
992:Unruochings
938:Charles II
877:Desiderius
853:Hildeprand
829:Aripert II
684:Interregnum
495:Charlemagne
341:Charlemagne
229:Charlemagne
164:Carolingian
105:(818-04-17)
60:Predecessor
2157:818 deaths
2152:797 births
2146:Categories
2086:Lothair IV
2062:Lothair IV
2007:Robertians
1923:→ Adalbert
1895:Zwentibold
1829:Lothair II
1463:Grimoald I
1416:, his sons
1386:Arnulfings
1372:Grimoald I
1282:Charles V
1266:Sigismund
1242:Henry VII
1178:Conrad II
1162:Henry III
1154:Conrad II
1132:(996–1002)
1107:(962–1556)
922:Lothair I
845:Liutprand
821:Raginpert
781:Perctarit
757:Perctarit
741:Aripert I
606:Theodahad
598:Athalaric
590:Theodoric
582:Ostrogoths
327:References
90:Vermandois
1947:Louis III
1897:→ Godfrey
1815:Ermengard
1802:Lothair I
1647:Theoderic
1596:Pepin III
1496:Pepin III
1472:Theudoald
1410:Ansegisel
1359:Pippinids
1250:Louis IV
1218:Henry VI
1170:Henry IV
1146:Henry II
1138:Arduin I
1130:Otto III
1124:(980–983)
1116:(962–973)
1087:(950–963)
1085:Adalbert
1079:(950–963)
1072:Anscarids
1065:(945–950)
1057:(926–947)
1049:(900–905)
1047:Louis II
1035:(922–933)
1021:(891–897)
1013:(889–894)
1006:Guideschi
999:(887–924)
964:(896–899)
956:(879–887)
948:(877–879)
946:Carloman
940:(875–877)
932:(855–875)
924:(818–855)
916:(810–818)
908:(781–810)
900:(774–814)
879:(756–774)
871:(749–756)
863:(744–749)
847:(712–744)
837:Ansprand
831:(702–712)
815:(700–702)
813:Liutpert
807:(689–700)
805:Cunipert
791:(688–689)
789:Cunipert
783:(671–688)
773:Garibald
767:(662–671)
765:Grimoald
759:(661–662)
751:(661–662)
749:Godepert
743:(653–661)
735:(652–653)
727:(636-652)
719:(626–636)
711:(616–626)
709:Adaloald
703:(590–616)
695:(584–590)
687:(574–584)
677:(572–574)
669:(568–572)
648:(552–553)
640:(541–552)
624:(540–541)
616:(536–540)
608:(534–536)
600:(526–534)
592:(493–526)
562:(476–493)
506:Lothair I
499:(810–814)
237:Cunigunde
74:Lothair I
70:Successor
2053:Louis IV
2025:Louis IV
1965:Carloman
1905:→ Louis
1877:Carloman
1856:Pepin II
1824:Bosonids
1702:Adalhard
1656:Carloman
1568:Carloman
1513:Remigius
1491:Carloman
1414:Pepin II
1226:Otto IV
1186:Henry V
1122:Otto II
1042:Bosonids
1033:Rudolph
1019:Lambert
930:Louis I
914:Bernard
869:Aistulf
861:Ratchis
733:Rodoald
725:Rothari
717:Arioald
701:Agilulf
693:Authari
659:Lombards
622:Ildibad
614:Vitiges
560:Odoacer
403:, p. 148
320:Frankish
288:tonsured
276:stiletto
252:Reginhar
129:Lombardy
37:Iustitia
2128:Charles
2095:Louis V
2066:Charles
1996:Francia
1977:Charles
1917:Bernard
1847:Pepin I
1837:Charles
1748:Bernard
1706:Bernhar
1688:Bernard
1634:Lothair
1506:Bernard
1442:Godfrey
1368:Pepin I
1114:Otto I
1100:within
970:Ratold
962:Arnulf
797:Alahis
667:Alboin
638:Totila
630:Eraric
316:Attigny
213:blinded
209:Lothair
194:Emperor
182:Bernard
136:Consort
114:Francia
94:Francia
55:810–818
39:(right)
24:Bernard
2112:, sons
2100:Arnulf
2088:, sons
2055:, sons
2035:Rorico
2029:Arnulf
2018:, sons
1921:Ratold
1890:Ratold
1881:Arnulf
1804:, sons
1721:Empire
1690:, sons
1608:, sons
1598:, sons
1510:Jerome
1484:, sons
1434:Arnulf
1428:, sons
906:Pepin
675:Cleph
461:
437:
302:Legacy
271:Aachen
267:Chalon
233:Venice
205:vassal
170:Father
120:Burial
110:Aachen
2124:Louis
2077:Henry
2069:Louis
2032:Drogo
1974:Pepin
1971:Drogo
1849:, son
1741:, son
1739:Pepin
1675:Pepin
1664:Pepin
1658:, son
1638:Drogo
1625:Pepin
1577:Drogo
1570:, son
1547:Early
1524:, son
1501:Grifo
1465:, son
1445:Pepin
1426:Drogo
1350:Begga
1055:Hugh
1028:Welfs
972:(896)
855:(744)
839:(712)
823:(701)
799:(689)
775:(671)
646:Teia
632:(541)
493:with
463:Died:
280:Drogo
159:House
147:Issue
125:Milan
52:Reign
2119:Otto
1994:West
1936:sons
1909:Hugh
1900:Otto
1870:sons
1833:Hugh
1781:sons
1697:Wala
1643:Hugh
1329:and
1102:the
1011:Guy
435:ISBN
284:Hugh
219:Life
100:Died
84:Born
87:797
2148::
1945:→
1915:→
1883:→
1879:→
1831:→
1821:→
1817:→
1813:→
1754:→
1750:→
1412:→
1401:→
1374:→
1370:→
1075::
1045::
1031::
1009::
995::
408:^
392:^
373:^
364:,
352:^
282:,
127:,
112:,
92:,
1934:,
1868:,
1779:,
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
537:e
530:t
523:v
188:(
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