262:
InChI=1S/C158H253N41O44S/c1-17-84(9)126(153(237)184-102(44-29-34-65-163)137(221)188-112(74-120(168)210)142(226)173-86(11)131(215)185-110(73-94-48-52-96(206)53-49-94)146(230)179-99(41-26-31-62-160)135(219)177-98(40-25-30-61-159)134(218)172-78-124(214)175-106(158(242)243)56-59-119(167)209)195-154(238)127(85(10)18-2)194-132(216)87(12)174-143(227)113(75-121(169)211)187-136(220)100(42-27-32-63-161)180-147(231)111(72-92-38-23-20-24-39-92)186-144(228)107(68-81(3)4)190-155(239)129(89(14)203)197-152(236)125(83(7)8)193-148(232)108(69-82(5)6)189-151(235)116-45-35-66-199(116)157(241)130(90(15)204)198-140(224)104(55-58-118(166)208)182-149(233)114(79-200)191-138(222)101(43-28-33-64-162)178-139(223)103(54-57-117(165)207)181-150(234)115(80-201)192-156(240)128(88(13)202)196-141(225)105(60-67-244-16)183-145(229)109(71-91-36-21-19-22-37-91)176-123(213)77-170-122(212)76-171-133(217)97(164)70-93-46-50-95(205)51-47-93/h19-24,36-39,46-53,81-90,97-116,125-130,200-206H,17-18,25-35,40-45,54-80,159-164H2,1-16H3,(H2,165,207)(H2,166,208)(H2,167,209)(H2,168,210)(H2,169,211)(H,170,212)(H,171,217)(H,172,218)(H,173,226)(H,174,227)(H,175,214)(H,176,213)(H,177,219)(H,178,223)(H,179,230)(H,180,231)(H,181,234)(H,182,233)(H,183,229)(H,184,237)(H,185,215)(H,186,228)(H,187,220)(H,188,221)(H,189,235)(H,190,239)(H,191,222)(H,192,240)(H,193,232)(H,194,216)(H,195,238)(H,196,225)(H,197,236)(H,198,224)(H,242,243)/t84-,85-,86-,87-,88+,89+,90+,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-/m0/s1
272:
InChI=1/C158H253N41O44S/c1-17-84(9)126(153(237)184-102(44-29-34-65-163)137(221)188-112(74-120(168)210)142(226)173-86(11)131(215)185-110(73-94-48-52-96(206)53-49-94)146(230)179-99(41-26-31-62-160)135(219)177-98(40-25-30-61-159)134(218)172-78-124(214)175-106(158(242)243)56-59-119(167)209)195-154(238)127(85(10)18-2)194-132(216)87(12)174-143(227)113(75-121(169)211)187-136(220)100(42-27-32-63-161)180-147(231)111(72-92-38-23-20-24-39-92)186-144(228)107(68-81(3)4)190-155(239)129(89(14)203)197-152(236)125(83(7)8)193-148(232)108(69-82(5)6)189-151(235)116-45-35-66-199(116)157(241)130(90(15)204)198-140(224)104(55-58-118(166)208)182-149(233)114(79-200)191-138(222)101(43-28-33-64-162)178-139(223)103(54-57-117(165)207)181-150(234)115(80-201)192-156(240)128(88(13)202)196-141(225)105(60-67-244-16)183-145(229)109(71-91-36-21-19-22-37-91)176-123(213)77-170-122(212)76-171-133(217)97(164)70-93-46-50-95(205)51-47-93/h19-24,36-39,46-53,81-90,97-116,125-130,200-206H,17-18,25-35,40-45,54-80,159-164H2,1-16H3,(H2,165,207)(H2,166,208)(H2,167,209)(H2,168,210)(H2,169,211)(H,170,212)(H,171,217)(H,172,218)(H,173,226)(H,174,227)(H,175,214)(H,176,213)(H,177,219)(H,178,223)(H,179,230)(H,180,231)(H,181,234)(H,182,233)(H,183,229)(H,184,237)(H,185,215)(H,186,228)(H,187,220)(H,188,221)(H,189,235)(H,190,239)(H,191,222)(H,192,240)(H,193,232)(H,194,216)(H,195,238)(H,196,225)(H,197,236)(H,198,224)(H,242,243)/t84-,85-,86-,87-,88+,89+,90+,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-/m0/s1
113:
647:β-Endorphin function is said to be divided into two main categories: local function and global function. Global function of β-endorphin is related to decreasing bodily stress and maintaining homeostasis resulting in pain management, reward effects, and behavioral stability. β-Endorphin in global pathways diffuse to different parts of the body through cerebral spinal fluid in the spinal cord, allowing for β-endorphin release to affect the peripheral nervous system. Localized function of β-endorphin results in release of β-endorphin in different brain regions such as the amygdala or the hypothalamus. The two main methods by which β-endorphin is utilized in the body are peripheral hormonal action and neuroregulation. β-endorphin and other
936:
precursor of dynorphin and related peptides. Although they come from different precursors, opioid peptides share significant amino acid sequence identity. Specifically, all of the well-validated endogenous opioids contain the same four N-terminal amino acids (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe), followed by either Met or Leu ... Among endogenous opioid peptides, β-endorphin binds preferentially to μ receptors. ... Shared opioid peptide sequences. Although they vary in length from as few as five amino acids (enkephalins) to as many as 31 (β-endorphin), the endogenous opioid peptides shown here contain a shared N-terminal sequence followed by either Met or Leu.
618:
714:(VDCCs) are important membrane proteins that mediate the depolarization of neurons, and play a major role in promoting the release of neurotransmitters. When endorphin molecules bind to opioid receptors, G proteins activate and dissociate into their constituent Gα and Gβγ sub-units. The Gβγ sub-unit binds to the intracellular loop between the two trans-membrane helices of the VDCC. When the sub-unit binds to the voltage-dependent calcium channel, it produces a voltage-dependent block, which inhibits the channel, preventing the flow of calcium ions into the neuron. Embedded in the cell membrane is also the
176:
631:
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696:, such that when β-endorphin or another opioid binds, a signaling cascade is induced in the cell. Acetylation of the N-terminus of β-endorphin, however, inactivates the neuropeptide, preventing it from binding to its receptor. The opioid receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous system and within the peripheral tissue of neural and non-neural origin. They are also located in high concentrations in the
296:
CC(C)(C(=O)N((C)CC)C(=O)N(CCCCN)C(=O)N(CC(=O)N)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)N(Cc1ccc(cc1)O)C(=O)N(CCCCN)C(=O)N(CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)(C)NC(=O)(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)(CCCCN)NC(=O)(Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)(CC(C)C)NC(=O)((C)O)NC(=O)(C(C)C)NC(=O)(CC(C)C)NC(=O)3CCCN3C(=O)((C)O)NC(=O)(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)(CO)NC(=O)(CCCCN)NC(=O)(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)(CO)NC(=O)((C)O)NC(=O)(CCSC)NC(=O)(Cc4ccccc4)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)(Cc5ccc(cc5)O)N
376:
67:
L-Tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-threonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-glutamine
625:
gene in the pituitary gland. Portions of the second and third exon of this gene make up the proopiomelanocortin protein. The cleavage of the C-terminal end of this protein produces β-lipotropin, which is then cleaved again to form β-endorphin. The proopiomelanocortin protein is also a precursor to
935:
Opioid peptides are encoded by three distinct genes. These precursors include POMC, from which the opioid peptide β-endorphin and several nonopioid peptides are derived, as discussed earlier; proenkephalin, from which met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are derived; and prodynorphin, which is the
591:(ACTH) and β-lipotropin. The formation of β-endorphin is then the result of cleavage of the C-terminal region of β-lipotropin, producing a 31 amino acid-long neuropeptide with an alpha-helical secondary structure. However, POMC also gives rise to other peptide hormones, including α- and γ-
516:-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu (31 amino acids) denoted as β-endorphin(1-31) and variants truncated to the first 26 and 27 amino acids as β-endorphin(1-26) and β-endorphin(1-27). The first 16 amino acids are identical to α-endorphin. β-Endorphin is considered to be a part of the
803:. Thus, the inhibition of GABA release by β-endorphin allows for a greater release of dopamine, in part contributing to the analgesic effect of β-endorphin. The combination of these pathways reduces pain sensation, allowing for the body to stop a pain impulse once it has been sent.
722:. This is when there is a change in the membrane's potential, so that it becomes more negative. The reduction in calcium ions causes a reduction of neurotransmitter release because calcium is essential for this event to occur. This means that neurotransmitters such as
655:
to modulate hormone system functioning. Neuroregulation by β-endorphin occurs through interference with the function of another neuropeptide, either by direct inhibition of neuropeptide release or induction of a signaling cascade that reduces a neuropeptide's effects.
787:, β-endorphin binds to opioid receptors in the dorsal root and inhibits the release of substance P in the spinal cord, reducing the number of excitatory pain signals sent to the brain. The hypothalamus responds to the pain signal by releasing β-endorphin through the
878:β-Endorphin was discovered in camel pituitary extracts by C.H. Li and David Chung. The primary structure of β-endorphin was unknowingly determined 10 years earlier, when Li and colleagues analyzed the sequence of another neuropeptide produced in the pituitary gland,
718:. When a Gβγ or Gα(GTP) molecule binds to the C-terminus of the potassium channel, it becomes active, and potassium ions are pumped out of the neuron. The activation of the potassium channel and subsequent deactivation of the calcium channel causes membrane
1282:
Borsodi A, Caló G, Chavkin C, Christie MJ, Civelli O, Cox BM, Devi LA, Evans C, Henderson G, Höllt V, Kieffer B, Kitchen I, Kreek MJ, Liu-Chen LY, Meunier JC, Portoghese PS, Shippenberg TS, Simon EJ, Toll L, Traynor JR, Ueda H, Wong YH (15 March 2017).
783:, white blood cells of the immune system, to the area where pain was perceived. T-lymphocytes release β-endorphin in this localized region, allowing it to bind to opioid receptors, causing direct inhibition of substance P. In the
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cannot be released from the presynaptic terminal of the neurons. These neurotransmitters are vital in the transmission of pain, and as β-Endorphin reduces the release of these substances, there is a strong analgesic effect.
824:β-Endorphin release in response to exercise has been known and studied since at least the 1980s. Studies have demonstrated that serum concentrations of endogenous opioids, in particular β-endorphin and
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Reuveny E, Slesinger PA, Inglese J, Morales JM, Iñiguez-Liuhi JA, Lefkowitz RJ, Bourne HR, Jan YN, Jan LY (July 1994). "Activation of the Cloned
Muscarinic Potassium Channel by G Protein βγ Subunits".
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Luan YH, Wang D, Yu Q, Chai XQ (February 2017). "Action of β-endorphin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the possible effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on β-endorphin".
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547:. In the broadest sense, β-endorphin is primarily utilized in the body to reduce stress and maintain homeostasis. In behavioral research, studies have shown that β-endorphin is released via
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828:, increase in response to both acute exercise and training. The release of β-endorphin during exercise is associated with a phenomenon colloquially known in popular culture as a
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886:, suggesting that it may have a similar function to these neuropeptides. The C-terminal sequence of γ-lipotropin turned out to be the primary sequence of the β-endorphin.
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classes of neuropeptides; all of the established endogenous opioid peptides contain the same N-terminal amino acid sequence, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, followed by either
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properties. β-Endorphin has the highest binding affinity of any endogenous opioid for the μ-opioid receptor. Opioid receptors are a class of
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870:(GPCRs), most notably to the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. The receptors are responsible for supra-spinal analgesia.
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Dalayeun JF, Norès JM, Bergal S (1993). "Physiology of beta-endorphins. A close-up view and a review of the literature".
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Foley KM, Kourides IA, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF, Zaroulis CG, Posner JB, Houde RW, Li CH (October 1979).
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1847:"Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands"
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 7: Neuropeptides". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
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882:. They noticed that the C-terminus region of this neuropeptide was similar to that of some
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1005:"Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism"
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A significant factor that differentiates β-endorphin from other endogenous opioids is its
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1303:β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), enkephalin (PENK, P01210), enkephalin (PENK, P01210) ...
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846:, either through sun exposure or artificial tanning. This is thought to contribute to
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950:"Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins"
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610:. The structure of β-endorphin in part accounts for this through its resistance to
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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595:(MSH), resulting from intracellular processing by internal enzymes known as
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1368:"Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior"
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Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (February 2012).
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1319:"Allostery at opioid receptors: modulation with small molecule ligands"
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919:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 184, 190, 192.
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806:β-Endorphin has approximately 18 to 33 times the analgesic potency of
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other neuropeptides and hormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone.
614:, as its secondary structure makes it less vulnerable to degradation.
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5419:
5380:
5375:
5350:
5345:
5272:
5180:
5170:
5060:
4970:
4884:
4842:
4832:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4662:
4632:
4512:
4492:
4392:
4387:
4342:
4261:
4256:
4216:
4201:
4176:
4106:
4045:
4015:
3965:
3955:
3950:
3815:
3705:
3670:
3665:
3609:
3534:
3514:
3509:
3479:
3409:
3371:
3351:
3346:
3286:
3270:
3260:
3205:
3115:
3063:
3058:
2993:
2948:
2928:
2808:
2798:
2643:
2352:
2337:
2183:
2173:
2156:
2013:
1467:
723:
689:
572:
521:
489:
473:
1750:
Harber VJ, Sutton JR (March–April 1984). "Endorphins and exercise".
366:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5578:
5370:
5115:
5025:
5005:
4995:
4950:
4879:
4672:
4582:
4567:
4532:
4522:
4402:
4226:
4121:
4096:
4035:
4020:
3930:
3850:
3820:
3800:
3770:
3715:
3695:
3660:
3549:
3474:
3459:
3381:
3361:
3230:
3225:
3210:
3180:
3150:
3110:
2978:
2868:
2813:
2723:
2658:
2628:
2513:
2327:
2306:
2301:
2245:
1499:"The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment"
917:
807:
800:
685:
457:
456:
There are multiple forms of β-endorphins with the full sequence of
1555:"Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management"
112:
5543:
5424:
5302:
4985:
4869:
4647:
4637:
3865:
3795:
3730:
3680:
3539:
3291:
3265:
3255:
3240:
3145:
2958:
2933:
2683:
2563:
2372:
2357:
1977:
1930:
1920:
1910:
556:
509:
497:
493:
461:
206:
41:
1134:"60 YEARS OF POMC: Lipotropin and beta-endorphin: a perspective"
5553:
5538:
5533:
5404:
5297:
4960:
4627:
4442:
4101:
4025:
4010:
4000:
3775:
3366:
3245:
2863:
2743:
2293:
820:
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § β-Endorphin
747:
perception). β-endorphin modulates pain perception both in the
673:
501:
485:
477:
430:
419:
1445:
1305:
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand
866:β-Endorphin acts as an agonist that binds to various types of
842:
There is evidence that β-endorphin is released in response to
5558:
5160:
5055:
4797:
4552:
4417:
3790:
3740:
3700:
3464:
3155:
3099:
3008:
2693:
2688:
2206:
681:
535:
Function of β-endorphin has been known to be associated with
124:
102:
2499:
739:β-Endorphin has been primarily studied for its influence on
4562:
1552:
1219:
792:
744:
672:. Evidence suggests that it serves as a primary endogenous
652:
621:
This diagram depicts the formation of β-endorphin from the
540:
1553:
Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD (March 2010).
1281:
1277:
1275:
1222:"beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans"
1072:"The effects of beta-endorphin: state change modification"
680:, the same receptor to which the chemicals extracted from
2432:
445:
that are produced in humans, the others of which include
1291:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
1272:
716:
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
634:
A skeletal diagram showing the amino acid sequence of
947:
791:
network, which mainly acts to inhibit the release of
1414:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
1181:
914:
810:, though its hormonal effect is species dependent.
193:
1316:
1069:
1002:
895:
5632:
5621:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
1417:"G protein regulation of potassium ion channels"
1415:Yamada M, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y (December 1998).
1365:
587:(POMC). POMC is cleaved into two neuropeptides,
218:
1638:"Opioids and the immune system – friend or foe"
933:β-Endorphin (also a pituitary hormone) ...
88:
2477:
2423:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
1745:
1743:
1600:
2463:
2343:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
1962:
1684:
1003:Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X (December 2020).
1749:
1690:"beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic agent"
1635:
1496:
1976:
1740:
1009:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2470:
2456:
1969:
1955:
1070:Veening JG, Barendregt HP (January 2015).
755:. When pain is perceived, pain receptors (
562:
174:
152:
1939:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1880:
1870:
1723:
1713:
1661:
1570:
1522:
1391:
1366:Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR (December 2011).
1342:
1255:
1245:
1149:
1097:
1087:
1030:
1020:
979:
759:) send signals to the dorsal horn of the
555:in response to a variety of stimuli, and
238:
1792:
1688:, Tseng LF, Wei E, Li CH (August 1976).
779:, this signal causes the recruitment of
629:
616:
1844:
642:
567:β-Endorphin is found in neurons of the
14:
5633:
861:
543:, maternal care, sexual behavior, and
165:
2451:
1950:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1301:Principal endogenous agonists (Human)
1131:
265:Key: WOPZMFQRCBYPJU-NTXHZHDSSA-N
132:
1215:
1213:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1503:Science & Practice Perspectives
964:Table 1: Endogenous opioid peptides
275:Key: WOPZMFQRCBYPJU-NTXHZHDSBY
209:
24:
1587:
1539:
1497:Kosten TR, George TP (July 2002).
1317:Livingston KE, Traynor JR (2018).
1138:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
734:
712:Voltage-dependent calcium channels
25:
5662:
4438:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
3766:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
2719:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
2704:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
1900:
1210:
1184:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
1166:
1114:
1058:
668:; it preferentially binds to the
664:β-Endorphin is an agonist of the
659:
583:from a larger peptide precursor,
4818:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
1764:10.2165/00007256-198401020-00004
1289:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology
374:
329:
323:
49:
40:
4813:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
2333:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
1838:
1812:
1793:Goldberg J (19 February 2014).
1786:
1678:
1642:British Journal of Pharmacology
1629:
1490:
1439:
1408:
1359:
1323:British Journal of Pharmacology
1310:
370:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4738:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
1615:10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.12.016
1603:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
1285:"Opioid receptors: μ receptor"
1076:Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
1047:
996:
799:which prevents the release of
593:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
341:
335:
317:
13:
1:
4713:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
3906:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
3515:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
2944:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
1845:Li CH, Chung D (April 1976).
1636:Plein LM, Rittner HL (2018).
889:
638:with each amino acid labeled.
3936:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
2348:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
1384:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318238bba6
1196:10.1016/0753-3322(93)90080-5
706:rostral ventromedial medulla
429:that is produced in certain
7:
5641:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
5589:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
5217:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4598:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
3084:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
868:G protein–coupled receptors
837:
813:
694:G-protein coupled receptors
589:adrenocorticotropic hormone
579:, which is produced in the
10:
5667:
5609:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
5229:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4333:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
3500:Methylsamidorphan chloride
2734:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
2559:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
955:Future Medicinal Chemistry
873:
817:
606:for and lasting effect on
575:gland. It is derived from
5529:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
5477:
5389:
5204:
5193:
4936:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
4893:
4848:Tricyclic antidepressants
4290:
4279:
4059:
3926:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
3633:
3622:
3279:
2969:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
2488:
2368:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2315:
2292:
2261:
2205:
2196:
2139:
2116:
2088:
2065:
2012:
2003:
1988:
1795:"Exercise and Depression"
777:peripheral nervous system
767:through the release of a
753:peripheral nervous system
439:peripheral nervous system
364:
304:
284:
249:
72:
62:
57:
48:
39:
27:Peptide hormone in humans
5514:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
5486:Enkephalinase inhibitors
5415:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
5397:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
5313:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
1941:Medical Subject Headings
651:are often released with
5212:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
4483:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
3525:Nalorphine dinicotinate
1421:Pharmacological Reviews
1247:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5377
563:Formation and structure
4828:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
4773:Pethidine (meperidine)
3966:Pethidine (meperidine)
3656:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
3302:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
3201:Tetrahydropapaveroline
3116:Pethidine (meperidine)
2418:Pancreatic polypeptide
1872:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145
1715:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2895
1559:Hawaii Medical Journal
1089:10.1186/2045-8118-12-3
858:despite health risks.
785:central nervous system
749:central nervous system
639:
627:
597:prohormone convertases
441:. It is one of three
435:central nervous system
5519:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
5006:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
4906:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
4468:Dinalbuphine sebacate
4343:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
4067:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
4026:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
3666:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3312:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3292:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
2764:Dinalbuphine sebacate
1820:"Addicted to the Sun"
1132:Smyth DG (May 2016).
844:ultraviolet radiation
633:
620:
5376:Sunobinop (S-117957)
5111:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
4443:Diamorphine (heroin)
3776:Diamorphine (heroin)
2744:Diamorphine (heroin)
2544:Acetyldihydrocodeine
2524:7-Hydroxymitragynine
2519:7-Acetoxymitragynine
2363:Galanin-like peptide
1022:10.3390/ijms22010338
643:Function and effects
5579:Ubenimex (bestatin)
5323:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
4931:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4901:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4323:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4197:N-Benzylnaltrindole
4092:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4011:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
3676:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
3337:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3307:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
2534:α-Chlornaltrexamine
1933:– β-endorphin (2-9)
1923:– β-endorphin (1-9)
1863:1976PNAS...73.1145L
1706:1976PNAS...73.2895L
1460:1994Natur.370..143R
1238:1979PNAS...76.5377F
1151:10.1530/JME-16-0033
862:Mechanism of action
789:periaqueductal grey
763:and then up to the
698:periaqueductal gray
623:proopiomelanocortin
612:proteolytic enzymes
585:proopiomelanocortin
549:volume transmission
360: g·mol
36:
5141:Norbinaltorphimine
4448:Diacetylnalorphine
4137:Diacetylnalorphine
3761:Desmethylclozapine
3415:Diacetylnalorphine
3095:Papaver somniferum
2679:Chloroxymorphamine
972:10.4155/fmc.11.195
856:artificial tanning
848:addiction behavior
640:
628:
608:μ-opioid receptors
553:ventricular system
415:-endorphin) is an
397:Infobox references
34:
5628:
5627:
5473:
5472:
5318:Nociceptin (1-11)
5189:
5188:
4318:14-Methoxymetopon
4275:
4274:
4192:Methylnaltrindole
3618:
3617:
3287:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
2899:Levacetylmethadol
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2192:
2191:
1654:10.1111/bph.13750
1648:(14): 2717–2725.
1515:10.1151/spp021113
1454:(6485): 143–146.
1335:10.1111/bph.13823
1329:(14): 2846–2856.
926:978-0-07-148127-4
720:hyperpolarization
678:μ-opioid receptor
670:μ-opioid receptor
571:, as well as the
518:endogenous opioid
504:-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-
405:Chemical compound
403:
402:
114:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
5658:
5508:
5435:Nociceptin (1-7)
5331:Norbuprenorphine
5268:Dihydroetorphine
5202:
5201:
5091:Methylnaltrexone
5001:Catechin gallate
4733:Norbuprenorphine
4458:Dihydroetorphine
4328:β-Funaltrexamine
4288:
4287:
4187:Methylnaltrexone
4127:Catechin gallate
3941:Norbuprenorphine
3781:Dihydroetorphine
3631:
3630:
3495:Methylnaltrexone
3387:Catechin gallate
3342:β-Funaltrexamine
2754:Dihydroetorphine
2497:
2496:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2203:
2202:
2010:
2009:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1468:10.1038/370143a0
1443:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1000:
994:
993:
983:
945:
939:
938:
912:
850:among excessive
797:neurotransmitter
666:opioid receptors
545:reward cognition
531:
527:
387:
381:
378:
377:
359:
357:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
312:Chemical formula
242:
222:
211:
197:
178:
167:
156:
136:
116:
92:
53:
44:
37:
33:
21:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5646:Opioid peptides
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5506:
5469:
5400:
5385:
5326:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5197:
5185:
4981:Binaltorphimine
4926:6β-Naltrexol-d4
4889:
4508:Ethylketazocine
4463:Dihydromorphine
4283:
4271:
4082:6β-Naltrexol-d4
4055:
3811:Ethylketazocine
3786:Dihydromorphine
3626:
3614:
3322:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3275:
3074:Oxymorphonazine
2829:Furanylfentanyl
2759:Dihydromorphine
2614:Benzhydrocodone
2503:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2479:Opioid receptor
2476:
2446:
2437:
2393:Neuropeptide VF
2388:Neuropeptide SF
2383:Neuropeptide FF
2378:Neuropeptide AF
2311:
2288:
2257:
2198:
2188:
2135:
2112:
2084:
2061:
2030:
2005:Opioid peptides
1999:
1984:
1975:
1903:
1898:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1824:hms.harvard.edu
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1787:
1752:Sports Medicine
1748:
1741:
1683:
1679:
1634:
1630:
1599:
1588:
1551:
1540:
1495:
1491:
1444:
1440:
1413:
1409:
1364:
1360:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1273:
1232:(10): 5377–81.
1218:
1211:
1180:
1167:
1130:
1115:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1001:
997:
946:
942:
934:
932:
931:Opioid Peptides
927:
913:
896:
892:
876:
864:
840:
822:
816:
737:
735:Pain management
702:locus coeruleus
688:, derive their
662:
645:
581:pituitary gland
565:
559:in particular.
529:
525:
427:peptide hormone
406:
399:
394:
393:
392: ?)
383:
379:
375:
371:
355:
353:
340:
334:
328:
322:
314:
300:
297:
292:
291:
280:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
245:
225:
212:
200:
187:
159:
139:
119:
106:
95:
82:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5664:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5509:-Phenylalanine
5503:
5498:
5493:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Racemethorphan
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Levomethorphan
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Racemethorphan
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Levomethorphan
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Racemethorphan
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Levomethorphan
3883:
3881:Leu-enkephalin
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Naltrexonazine
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Racemethorphan
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Levomethorphan
2901:
2896:
2894:Leu-enkephalin
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Hydromorphinol
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Dihydrocodeine
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Dextromoramide
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Benzylmorphine
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Acetylfentanyl
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Neuropeptide Y
2400:
2398:Neuropeptide S
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2131:Leu-enkephalin
2128:
2126:Met-enkephalin
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2057:β-Neoendorphin
2054:
2052:α-Neoendorphin
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1902:
1901:External links
1899:
1897:
1896:
1837:
1826:. 19 June 2014
1811:
1785:
1739:
1677:
1628:
1586:
1538:
1489:
1438:
1407:
1378:(6): 1363–81.
1372:Anesthesiology
1358:
1309:
1271:
1209:
1165:
1113:
1057:
1046:
995:
940:
925:
893:
891:
888:
875:
872:
863:
860:
839:
836:
818:Main article:
815:
812:
736:
733:
661:
660:Opioid agonist
658:
644:
641:
636:beta-endorphin
564:
561:
404:
401:
400:
395:
373:
372:
368:standard state
365:
362:
361:
351:
345:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
315:
310:
307:
306:
302:
301:
299:
298:
295:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
274:
271:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
235:
233:
227:
226:
224:
223:
215:
213:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
190:
188:
183:
180:
179:
169:
161:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
129:
127:
121:
120:
118:
117:
109:
107:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
85:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
18:Beta-endorphin
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5663:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Pronociceptin
5602:
5600:
5599:Proenkephalin
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Buprenorphine
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Buprenorphine
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Amentoflavone
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:nortriptyline
4861:
4857:
4853:
4852:amitriptyline
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Hydromorphone
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Diprenorphine
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Difelikefalin
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Cyprenorphine
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Big dynorphin
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:3CS-nalmefene
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Diprenorphine
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Hydromorphone
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Deltorphin II
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:3CS-nalmefene
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Methocinnamox
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Ginsenoside R
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Diprenorphine
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:3CS-nalmefene
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Phencyclidine
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Oxymorphazone
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Hydromorphone
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Ethylmorphine
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Endomorphin-2
2792:
2790:
2789:Endomorphin-1
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Diphenoxylate
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Butyrfentanyl
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Buprenorphine
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Acrylfentanyl
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:ψ-Akuammigine
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:neuropeptides
2195:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:Endomorphin-2
2078:
2076:
2075:Endomorphin-1
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Big dynorphin
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:neuropeptides
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:– β-endorphin
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:(4): 1145–8.
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:(2): 154–71.
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:(8): 2895–8.
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1427:(4): 723–60.
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:(8): 311–20.
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:(4): T13-25.
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
944:
937:
928:
922:
918:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
894:
887:
885:
881:
871:
869:
859:
857:
854:and users of
853:
849:
845:
835:
833:
832:
831:runner's high
827:
821:
811:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:T-lymphocytes
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
654:
650:
637:
632:
624:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:high affinity
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
557:novel stimuli
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
398:
391:
386:
369:
363:
352:
350:
347:
346:
316:
313:
309:
308:
303:
294:
293:
290:
283:
269:
259:
258:
255:
248:
241:
237:
236:
234:
232:
229:
228:
221:
217:
216:
214:
208:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
173:
170:
168:
166:ECHA InfoCard
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
148:
146:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
128:
126:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
32:
30:
19:
5615:
5594:Prodynorphin
5586:Propeptides:
5585:
5484:
5455:Thienorphine
5278:JNJ-19385899
5263:Cebranopadol
5245:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
5237:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
4921:6β-Naltrexol
4838:Thienorphine
4803:Salvinorin A
4603:Levallorphan
4408:Cebranopadol
4267:Thienorphine
4077:6β-Naltrexol
3861:JNJ-20788560
3856:Isomethadone
3751:Deltorphin I
3746:Deltorphin A
3726:Cebranopadol
3721:Casokefamide
3555:Naltrexazone
3545:Naloxonazine
3470:Levallorphan
3317:6β-Naltrexol
3216:Thienorphine
3171:Remifentanil
3093:
3024:Nicomorphine
3019:Nicodicodine
2974:Morphiceptin
2874:Ketobemidone
2709:Desomorphine
2694:DAMGO (DAGO)
2674:Cebranopadol
2669:Casokefamide
2408:Neurophysins
2236:Neurokinin B
2231:Neurokinin A
2067:Endomorphins
1993:
1907:CID 16132316
1854:
1850:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1788:
1755:
1751:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1562:
1558:
1509:(1): 13–20.
1506:
1502:
1492:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1300:
1293:. Retrieved
1288:
1229:
1225:
1187:
1183:
1141:
1137:
1079:
1075:
1049:
1012:
1008:
998:
959:
953:
943:
930:
916:
880:γ-lipotropin
877:
865:
841:
829:
826:β-lipotropin
823:
805:
769:neuropeptide
765:hypothalamus
738:
710:
663:
646:
601:
577:β-lipotropin
569:hypothalamus
566:
534:
455:
423:neuropeptide
412:
408:
407:
73:Identifiers
35:β-Endorphin
31:
29:
5651:Euphoriants
5524:Kelatorphan
5501:Candoxatril
5390:Antagonists
5341:Racemorphan
5308:NNC 63-0532
5293:Lexanopadol
5288:Levorphanol
5166:Quadazocine
5151:Pawhuskin A
5146:Noribogaine
5136:Navacaprant
5126:Naltrindole
5046:Epicatechin
5011:Clocinnamox
4894:Antagonists
4856:desipramine
4823:Samidorphan
4793:Racemorphan
4778:Phenazocine
4768:Pentazocine
4748:Norketamine
4743:Noribogaine
4703:Nalfurafine
4668:Mirtazapine
4658:Metkefamide
4618:Lexanopadol
4613:Levorphanol
4593:Laudanosine
4578:ICI-204,448
4573:ICI-199,441
4543:Hemorphin-4
4503:Erinacine E
4488:Eluxadoline
4478:Dynorphin A
4423:Cyclazocine
4398:Butorphanol
4383:Bremazocine
4358:Asimadoline
4348:Allomatrine
4338:Akuammicine
4247:Quadazocine
4242:Pawhuskin A
4237:Noribogaine
4222:Naltrindole
4162:Epicatechin
4157:Eluxadoline
4132:Clocinnamox
4060:Antagonists
3991:Samidorphan
3981:Racemorphan
3961:Oxymorphone
3921:Mitragynine
3916:Metkefamide
3896:Lexanopadol
3891:Levorphanol
3876:Laudanosine
3841:Hydrocodone
3836:Hemorphin-4
3736:Cyclazocine
3711:Butorphanol
3686:β-Endorphin
3605:Samidorphan
3600:Quadazocine
3590:Pawhuskin A
3580:Noribogaine
3570:Naltrindole
3505:Naldemedine
3435:Epicatechin
3392:Clocinnamox
3280:Antagonists
3251:Tubotaiwine
3236:Trimebutine
3166:Racemorphan
3136:Piritramide
3121:Phenazocine
3106:Pentazocine
3079:Oxymorphone
3044:Oliceridine
3029:Norketamine
3014:Nicocodeine
2999:Naltalimide
2964:Mitragynine
2954:Metkefamide
2924:Loxicodegol
2914:Lexanopadol
2909:Levorphanol
2884:Laudanosine
2849:Hydrocodone
2844:Hodgkinsine
2834:Hemorphin-4
2824:Frakefamide
2784:Embutramide
2779:Dynorphin A
2739:Eluxadoline
2729:Dimenoxadol
2664:Carfentanil
2649:Butorphanol
2624:Bezitramide
2594:β-Endorphin
2584:Anileridine
2574:Akuammidine
2569:Akuammicine
2539:α-Narcotine
2413:Neurotensin
2323:Angiotensin
2262:Neuromedins
2251:Physalaemin
2226:Substance P
2220:Tachykinins
2215:Bradykinins
2162:Hemorphin-4
2147:Adrenorphin
2118:Enkephalins
2108:γ-Endorphin
2103:β-Endorphin
2098:α-Endorphin
2037:Dynorphin B
2027:Dynorphin A
2022:Dynorphin A
1937:β-endorphin
1917:CID 3081525
1609:: 123–128.
1565:(3): 70–1.
884:enkephalins
773:substance P
761:spinal cord
757:nociceptors
741:nociception
728:substance P
649:enkephalins
451:γ-endorphin
447:α-endorphin
433:within the
409:β-Endorphin
305:Properties
172:100.056.646
134:CHEBI:10415
5635:Categories
5619:Kyotorphin
5564:Spinorphin
5445:SB-612,111
5440:Nocistatin
5410:BAN-ORL-24
5361:SCH-486757
5356:SCH-221510
5195:Nociceptin
5156:PF-4455242
5131:Naringenin
5121:Naltrexone
5081:LY-2795050
5076:LY-2459989
5071:LY-2444296
5066:LY-2196044
5051:Hyperoside
4966:Aticaprant
4860:imipramine
4783:Proxorphan
4758:Oxilorphan
4728:Niravoline
4718:Nalorphine
4693:Nalbuphine
4678:Moxazocine
4653:Metazocine
4623:Lofentanil
4588:Ketazocine
4548:Herkinorin
4528:Gemazocine
4518:Fedotozine
4498:Eptazocine
4428:Cyclorphan
4413:Ciprefadol
4232:Naringenin
4212:Naltrexone
4207:Nalorphine
4182:LY-2196044
4172:ICI-174864
4167:ICI-154129
4112:Bevenopran
4087:α-Santolol
4051:Zenazocine
4031:Tonazocine
3986:RWJ-394674
3971:Proglumide
3911:Metazocine
3901:Lofentanil
3831:Fluorophen
3595:Rimonabant
3585:Oxilorphan
3575:Naringenin
3565:Naltrexone
3530:Naloxazone
3520:Nalorphine
3485:LY-2196044
3455:Hyperoside
3445:Gemazocine
3440:Eptazocine
3377:Bevenopran
3221:Tianeptine
3196:Tapentadol
3191:Sufentanil
3186:Sinomenine
3176:Salsolinol
3131:Piminodine
3049:Oxycodegol
3039:Octreotide
3034:Nufenoxole
2984:Nalbuphine
2939:Meptazinol
2919:Loperamide
2889:Lefetamine
2839:Herkinorin
2819:Fluorophen
2774:Dipipanone
2699:Dermorphin
2589:Apparicine
2579:Alfentanil
2502:(abridged;
2482:modulators
2242:amphibian
2179:Spinorphin
2169:Nociceptin
2152:Amidorphin
2090:Endorphins
2047:Leumorphin
2014:Dynorphins
1927:CID 133304
1015:(1): 338.
890:References
852:sunbathers
704:, and the
684:, such as
539:, thrill,
443:endorphins
417:endogenous
349:Molar mass
240:3S51P4W3XQ
185:IUPHAR/BPS
145:ChemSpider
101:3D model (
90:60617-12-1
80:CAS Number
64:IUPAC name
5574:Tynorphin
5569:Thiorphan
5549:Opiorphan
5491:Amastatin
5420:J-113,397
5381:TH-030418
5351:Ro65-6570
5346:Ro64-6198
5273:Etorphine
5181:Zyklophin
5171:Taxifolin
5061:LY-255582
5021:Cyclofoxy
4971:Axelopran
4885:Xorphanol
4875:U-54,494A
4843:Tifluadom
4833:TH-030418
4763:Oxycodone
4753:Oripavine
4723:Naltriben
4708:Nalmefene
4663:Mianserin
4633:Lufuradom
4538:GR-103545
4513:Etorphine
4493:Enadoline
4393:Butorphan
4388:BRL-52537
4353:Apadoline
4262:Taxifolin
4257:SoRI-9409
4217:Naltriben
4202:Nalmefene
4177:LY-255582
4107:Axelopran
4046:Xorphanol
4016:TH-030418
3996:SB-235863
3956:Oxycodone
3951:Oripavine
3816:Etorphine
3706:Butorphan
3671:Amoxapine
3610:Taxifolin
3535:Naloxegol
3510:Nalmefene
3480:LY-255582
3410:Cyprodime
3405:Cyclofoxy
3372:Axelopran
3352:Alvimopan
3347:Akuammine
3332:α-Gliadin
3271:Xorphanol
3261:Valorphin
3206:TH-030418
3064:Oxycodone
3059:Oripavine
2994:Nalmexone
2949:Methadone
2929:LS-115509
2809:Etorphine
2799:Eseroline
2644:Butorphan
2505:full list
2353:FMRFamide
2338:Carnosine
2222:: mammal
2184:Valorphin
2174:Opiorphin
2157:Hemorphin
1830:29 August
775:. In the
724:glutamate
690:analgesic
573:pituitary
551:into the
522:endorphin
5460:Trap-101
5450:SR-16430
5371:SR-16435
5225:(PheΨ(CH
5205:Agonists
5116:Naloxone
5026:Dezocine
4996:Catechin
4951:Apigenin
4880:U-69,593
4673:Morphine
4643:MB-1C-OH
4583:Ketamine
4568:Ibogaine
4533:GR-89696
4523:Fentanyl
4403:BW373U86
4291:Agonists
4281:κ-opioid
4227:Naloxone
4122:Catechin
4097:Apigenin
4036:Tramadol
4021:Thebaine
3931:Morphine
3851:Ibogaine
3821:Fentanyl
3801:DPI-3290
3771:Dezocine
3716:BW373U86
3696:Biphalin
3661:ADL-5859
3634:Agonists
3624:δ-opioid
3550:Naloxone
3475:Lobeline
3460:Ibogaine
3382:Catechin
3362:Apigenin
3231:Tramadol
3226:Tilidine
3211:Thebaine
3181:SC-17599
3151:Propiram
3111:Pericine
3054:OM-3-MNZ
2979:Morphine
2869:Ketamine
2814:Fentanyl
2724:Dezocine
2659:BW373U86
2629:Biphalin
2514:3-HO-PCP
2500:Agonists
2490:μ-opioid
2328:Bombesin
2246:Kassinin
1996:hormones
1989:Hormones
1978:Peptides
1672:28213891
1623:28235500
1581:20397507
1533:18567959
1402:22020140
1353:28419415
1160:26903509
1108:25879522
1041:33396962
990:22300099
838:Sunlight
814:Exercise
808:morphine
801:dopamine
751:and the
686:morphine
676:for the
220:16132316
154:28184601
5616:Others:
5544:RB-3007
5496:BL-2401
5465:UFP-101
5430:NalBzOH
5425:JTC-801
5366:SR-8993
5303:MT-7716
5253:BU08070
5106:MR-2266
5086:MeJDTic
5016:CVL-354
4986:BU09059
4976:AZ-MTAB
4956:Arodyne
4916:6'-GNTI
4911:5'-GNTI
4870:U-50488
4850:(e.g.,
4698:NalBzOH
4683:MR-2034
4648:Menthol
4638:Matrine
4373:BAM-22P
4368:BAM-18P
4363:BAM-12P
4303:6'-GNTI
4072:5'-NTII
4006:SNC-162
3946:NalBzOH
3866:KNT-127
3796:DPI-221
3731:Codeine
3691:BAM-18P
3681:AZD2327
3646:6'-GNTI
3540:Naloxol
3266:Viminol
3256:U-47700
3241:TRIMU 5
3146:Prodine
3089:OxyPNPH
3004:Neopine
2989:NalBzOH
2959:Metopon
2934:Matrine
2684:Codeine
2634:BU08070
2609:BAM-22P
2604:BAM-18P
2599:BAM-12P
2564:AH-7921
2428:RVD-Hpα
2373:Ghrelin
2358:Galanin
2294:Orexins
1931:PubChem
1921:PubChem
1911:PubChem
1891:1063395
1859:Bibcode
1804:14 July
1780:6435497
1772:6091217
1702:Bibcode
1663:6016673
1572:3104618
1524:2851054
1484:4345632
1476:8022483
1456:Bibcode
1433:9860808
1393:3698859
1344:6016636
1234:Bibcode
1204:7520295
1099:4429837
1032:7796446
981:3306179
874:History
771:called
743:(i.e.,
431:neurons
390:what is
388: (
207:PubChem
5554:Selank
5539:RB-120
5534:RB-101
5478:Others
5405:AT-076
5298:MCOPPB
4961:AT-076
4807:salvia
4688:N-MPPP
4628:LPK-26
4252:SDM25N
4102:AT-076
4041:TRV250
4001:SNC-80
3871:Kratom
3651:7-SIOM
3367:AT-076
3357:AM-251
3246:TRV734
3141:PL-017
2879:Kratom
2864:IBNtxA
2207:Kinins
2140:Others
1943:(MeSH)
1889:
1882:430217
1879:
1778:
1770:
1732:
1725:430793
1722:
1686:Loh HH
1670:
1660:
1621:
1579:
1569:
1531:
1521:
1482:
1474:
1448:Nature
1431:
1400:
1390:
1351:
1341:
1295:26 May
1266:291954
1264:
1257:413146
1254:
1202:
1158:
1106:
1096:
1039:
1029:
988:
978:
923:
674:ligand
537:hunger
420:opioid
385:verify
382:
289:SMILES
58:Names
5559:Semax
5198:(NOP)
5176:UPHIT
5161:RB-64
5101:ML350
5096:ML190
5056:JDTic
5031:DIPPA
4798:RB-64
4553:HS665
4418:CR665
4313:18-MC
4308:8-CAC
4284:(KOR)
3806:DSLET
3791:DPDPE
3741:DADLE
3701:BU-48
3627:(DOR)
3465:JDTic
3327:18-MC
3156:PZM21
3100:opium
3009:NFEPP
2689:DADLE
2493:(MOR)
2316:Other
2197:Other
1929:from
1919:from
1909:from
1799:WebMD
1776:S2CID
1480:S2CID
1082:: 3.
1054:DBGET
962:(2).
682:opium
492:-Thr-
488:-Ser-
464:-Gly-
254:InChI
125:ChEBI
103:JSmol
4946:ANTI
4563:HZ-2
4117:BNTX
3400:CTOP
3396:CTAP
1994:see
1887:PMID
1832:2023
1806:2014
1768:PMID
1734:8780
1730:PMID
1668:PMID
1619:PMID
1577:PMID
1529:PMID
1472:PMID
1429:PMID
1398:PMID
1349:PMID
1297:2017
1262:PMID
1200:PMID
1156:PMID
1104:PMID
1037:PMID
986:PMID
921:ISBN
795:, a
793:GABA
745:pain
726:and
653:ACTH
541:pain
530:-Leu
526:-Met
520:and
449:and
437:and
425:and
413:beta
231:UNII
195:1643
5041:ECG
5036:EGC
4152:EGC
4147:ECG
3826:FIT
3430:EGC
3425:ECG
2433:VGF
2029:1–8
1877:PMC
1867:doi
1760:doi
1720:PMC
1710:doi
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1646:175
1611:doi
1567:PMC
1519:PMC
1511:doi
1464:doi
1452:370
1388:PMC
1380:doi
1376:115
1339:PMC
1331:doi
1327:175
1252:PMC
1242:doi
1192:doi
1146:doi
1094:PMC
1084:doi
1027:PMC
1017:doi
976:PMC
968:doi
528:or
514:Ile
510:Ala
506:Asn
502:Val
498:Leu
494:Pro
490:Gln
486:Lys
482:Glu
478:Ser
474:Thr
470:Met
466:Phe
462:Gly
458:Tyr
358:.03
356:465
327:251
321:158
210:CID
5637::
5507:D
4862:,
4858:,
4854:,
1980::
1885:.
1875:.
1865:.
1855:73
1853:.
1849:.
1822:.
1797:.
1774:.
1766:.
1754:.
1742:^
1728:.
1718:.
1708:.
1698:73
1696:.
1692:.
1666:.
1656:.
1644:.
1640:.
1617:.
1607:37
1605:.
1589:^
1575:.
1563:69
1561:.
1557:.
1541:^
1527:.
1517:.
1505:.
1501:.
1478:.
1470:.
1462:.
1450:.
1425:50
1423:.
1419:.
1396:.
1386:.
1374:.
1370:.
1347:.
1337:.
1325:.
1321:.
1299:.
1287:.
1274:^
1260:.
1250:.
1240:.
1230:76
1228:.
1224:.
1212:^
1198:.
1188:47
1186:.
1168:^
1154:.
1142:56
1140:.
1136:.
1116:^
1102:.
1092:.
1080:12
1078:.
1074:.
1060:^
1035:.
1025:.
1013:22
1011:.
1007:.
984:.
974:.
966:.
958:.
952:.
929:.
897:^
834:.
708:.
700:,
599:.
532:.
453:.
339:46
333:39
5488::
5399:2
5325:2
5247:2
5239:2
5231:2
5227:2
5219:2
4866:)
4809:)
4805:(
3102:)
3098:(
2507:)
2471:e
2464:t
2457:v
2307:B
2302:A
2284:U
2279:S
2274:N
2269:B
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1893:.
1869::
1861::
1834:.
1808:.
1782:.
1762::
1756:1
1736:.
1712::
1704::
1674:.
1652::
1625:.
1613::
1583:.
1535:.
1513::
1507:1
1486:.
1466::
1458::
1435:.
1404:.
1382::
1355:.
1333::
1268:.
1244::
1236::
1206:.
1194::
1162:.
1148::
1110:.
1086::
1043:.
1019::
992:.
970::
960:4
512:-
508:-
500:-
496:-
484:-
480:-
476:-
472:-
468:-
460:-
411:(
380:Y
354:3
342:S
336:O
330:N
324:H
318:C
105:)
20:)
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