975:
817:
959:
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878:" per year, or $ 9000 per acre per year). If the farmer hires outside labor to tend the betel vines and harvest the crop, the net income to the betel farm owner was SL Rs. 735 per 150 square feet (14 m) of betel farm every six months ($ 40 per decimal per year, or $ 4000 per acre per year). The market prices for betel leaves vary with the wet and dry seasons in Sri Lanka, and in 2010 averaged SL Rs. 200–400 per 1,000 leaves ($ 1.82 to $ 3.64 per 1000 leaves). The FAO study assumes no losses from erratic weather and no losses during storage and transportation of perishable betel leaves. These losses are usually between 35% and 70%.
809:
660:
measure betel quid dependency, more comprehensive and validated tools are still needed to assess this dependency effectively across different populations. The Self-Rating
Screening Test for Areca Abusers (SSTAA) is designed to detect betel quid abuse by evaluating psychosocial dysfunction and craving. Betel Year is a metric introduced to quantify lifetime exposure to betel quid chewing. This is an initial pilot effort with calls for further research to explore the carcinogenic potential of other additives and to refine the metric for broader application.
71:
442:
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patterns, temperature, and spoilage rates of 35% to 70% during transport over poor infrastructure. Simultaneously, the demand for betel leaves has been dropping in India due to acceptance of gutkha (chewing tobacco) by consumers over betel leaf-based ‘‘paan’’ preparation. The report cites betel leaf trading has dropped by 65% from 2000 to 2010 and created an oversupply. As a result, the report claims Indian farmers do not find betel farming lucrative anymore.
4312:
562:, a sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Occasions include greeting elders at wedding ceremonies, celebrating the New Year, and offering payment to physicians and astrologers, to whom money and/or areca nut, placed on top of the sheaf of leaves, are offered in thanks for blessings. In Bengali weddings,the bride is brought to the groom,seated on a platform and her face covered in betel leaves.
927:
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656:) in betel leaf that have anti-mutagenic roles. These compounds were also found to reduce the carcinogenic burden imposed by tobacco and areca nut. Hydroxychavicol is found to demonstrate anti-prostate cancer efficacy in an in vitro (human prostate cancer cells) and in vivo ( BALB/c nude mice) study.
457:
Dried leaves and wood ash are applied to the furrows at fortnightly intervals and cow dung slurry is sprinkled. Application of different kinds of leaves at monthly intervals is believed advantageous for the growth of the betel. In three to six months, the vines reach 150 to 180 cm in height, and
647:
Reports suggest that betel leaf by itself has beneficial effects, in part because of its anti-mutagenic effects against mutagens (tobacco and areca nut) in betel quid. While earlier studies hypothesized a potential mutagenic role for betel leaf in causing oral cancers, subsequent studies invalidated
659:
Assessment tools for betel-quid chewing have been developed to address its complex behavioral and cultural aspects. The
Reasons for Betel-quid Chewing Scale (RBCS) identifies key motivational factors driving its use, offering insight into users' reasons for chewing. Although various scales exist to
881:
In
Bangladesh, betel leaf farming yields vary by region and vine variety. In one region where betel leaf cultivation is the main source of income for farmers, a total of 2,825 hectares of land is dedicated to betel vine farming. The average production costs for these betel farms in Bangladesh are
873:
The FAO study found the successful farm's yield to be 18,000 leaves per 150 square feet (14 m). The additional salary and income to the Sri Lankan betel grower, assuming he or she provides all needed labor and keeps all net profit, is SL Rs. 1635 per 150 square feet (14 m) of betel farm
889:
A March 2011 report claims that betel farming is on a decline in India. While in ideal conditions some farms may gross annual incomes after expenses of over IN Rs. 26,000 per 10 decimal farm ($ 5,780 per acre), a betel farm's income is highly erratic from year to year, due to varying rainfall
885:
In India, a 2006 research reported betel vines being cultivated on about 55,000 hectares of farmland, with an annual production worth of about IN Rs. 9000 million ($ 200 million total, averaging $ 1,455 per acre). The betel farming industry, the report claims, supports about 400,000 – 500,000
974:
592:
Epidemiological studies demonstrate a close association between the incidence of cancer in India and the chewing of betel quid containing tobacco, areca nut, limewater and betel leaf. Chewing paan (betel quid) is strongly associated with a higher risk of developing
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A scientific study from Japan found that lab rats that ate a mixture of betel leaf and areca nuts had severe thickening of the upper digestive tract, whereas after a diet of betel leaves alone, only one laboratory rat developed a forestomach
453:
are essential for the successful cultivation of this crop. Betel needs constantly moist soil, but there should not be excessive moisture. Irrigation is frequent and light, and standing water should not remain for more than half an hour.
838:
Malaysian farmers cultivate four types of betel plants: sirih India, sirih Melayu, sirih Cina and sirih Udang. The harvest is then sold in bundles of leaves, each bundle costing in 2011 between MYR 0.30 and 0.50 ($ 0.07 and $ 0.12).
542:
were the historic ingredients, as referenced in texts from 9th century CE. Tobacco started to feature in the 20th century. The practice of chewing betel leaf is on the decline, and now quid consisting of tobacco, areca nut, and
2572:
Murata K, Nakao K, Hirata N, Namba K, Nomi T, Kitamura Y, Moriyama K, Shintani T, Iinuma M, Matsuda H (July 2009). "Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle".
842:
In Sri Lanka, betel is grown all over the country. Commercial production of betel, with bigger leaves with dark green colour combined with thickness, known as “kalu bulath”, is confined to a few districts, such as
1718:
Secretan, Béatrice; Straif, Kurt; Baan, Robert; Grosse, Yann; El
Ghissassi, Fatiha; Bouvard, Véronique; Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia; Guha, Neela; Freeman, Crystal; Galichet, Laurent; Cogliano, Vincent (2009).
2884:
Das, Suryasnata; Parida, Reena; Sandeep, I. Sriram; Kar, Basudev; Nayak, Sanghamitra; Mohanty, Sujata (2016). "Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of some important betel vine landraces".
1222:
2058:"Stimulation of MMP-9 of oral epithelial cells by areca nut extract is related to TGF-β/Smad2-dependent and –independent pathways and prevented by betel leaf extract, hydroxychavicol and melatonin"
613:
of betel quid or its ingredients. Betel leaf extract alone has not been shown to cause adverse effects. Smokeless tobacco products have been shown to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic behavior.
465:
The harvested leaves are consumed locally and exported to other parts of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the
Americas. Betel is grown and cultivated as an important crop in rural Bangladesh.
2329:"Development and validation of betel-year: a clinical tool for quantifying exposure to betel quid chewing, utilizing nuclear morphometric analysis and validated by cytomorphological analysis"
870:(FAO), a successful betel farm in Sri Lanka can provide a supplemental income to a farmer by providing six days of work every six months and net income when the leaf prices are attractive.
624:
In a cancer diagnosis patterns study with patients that chewed betel quid with different ingredient combinations, the risk was found to be the highest for those using any form of tobacco.
584:
It may also be used in cooking, usually raw, for its peppery taste. Use of binglang, or betel, has over a 300-year history in areas of China, where it was once promoted for medicinal use.
3083:"Zumbroich, Thomas J. 2008. The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: A synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond. E-Journal of Indian Medicine 1(3): 87–140"
882:
about Tk 300,000 per hectare ($ 4,000 per hectare, $ 16 per decimal). The farm owners can earn a profit of over Tk 100,000 per hectare ($ 1,334 per hectare, $ 5.34 per decimal).
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with his right thumb. The harvest lasts 15 days to one month. The betel plant has made its way to research labs of many
Bangladesh chemical and food nutrition companies.
2105:
Reddy
Gundalaa, Sushma; Yang, Chunhua; Mukkavilli, Rao; Paranjpe, Rutugandha; Brahmbhatt, Meera; Pannu, Vaishali; Cheng, Alice; Reid, Michelle D.; Aneja, Ritu (2014).
2046:
Morton, J. F. (1992). Widespread tannin intake via stimulants and masticatories, especially guarana, kola nut, betel vine, and accessories (pp. 739–765). Springer USA
3026:
1364:
958:
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1922:
Dave, Bhavana J.; Trivedi, Amit H.; Adhvatyu, Siddharth G. (1992). "Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment".
1226:
938:
2776:"The Effect of Bornyl cis-4-Hydroxycinnamate on Melanoma Cell Apoptosis Is Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress"
2388:"A call for the development of a clinical tool to quantify lifetime betel quid exposure, inspired by the pack-years concept in smoking— Betel-years"
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A Chinese
Peasant Selling Betel, 1793-1794, by William Alexander, Department of Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
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1935:
621:. Multiple studies demonstrate that betel quid without added tobacco also causes esophageal cancer, and in some instances, liver cancer.
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2780:
2727:
625:
530:, with attested references from at least the 3rd century CE, the ingredient mix (paan/ betel quid) it was chewed with changed over time.
2056:
Chang, Mei-Chi; Pan, Yu-Hwa; Wu, Hsyueh-Liang; Lu, Yi-Jie; Liao, Wan-Chuen; Yeh, Chien-Yang; Lee, Jang-Jaer; Jeng, Jiiang-Huei (2019).
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1004:
Rimando, Agnes M.; Han, Byung Hoon; Park, Jeong Hill; Cantoria, Magdalena C. (1986). "Studies on the constituents of
Philippine
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Betel vines are cultivated throughout southeast Asia, in plots typically 20 to 2,000 square metres (0.005 to 0.5 acre) in size.
1675:
Mori, H.; Matsubara, N.; Ushimaru, Y.; Hirono, I. (1979). "Carcinogenicity examination of betel nuts and piper betel leaves".
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Little, Melissa A; Pokhrel, Pallav; Murphy, Kelle L; Kawamoto, Crissy T; Suguitan, Gil S; Herzog, Thaddeus A (2014-06-03).
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304:
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Rajakumar, Hamrish Kumar; Coimbatore
Sathyabal, Varsha; Jabarulla, Kolsamma Nasrin; Balamurugesan, Pushpa (2024-08-01).
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California adds Betel and Areca nut to the list of substances known to cause cancer under TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986
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4722:
2223:"Instruments to Measure Betel Quid Dependency among Young and Adult Chewers – A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis"
1821:
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523:. It is unknown when or why betel leaves were first combined with areca nuts, since areca nuts can be chewed alone.
816:
4588:
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375:. It needs a compatible tree or a long pole for support. Betel requires well-drained fertile soil. Waterlogged,
3739:
2837:
2620:"The new ether derivative of phenylpropanoid and bioactivity was investigated from the leaves of Piper betle L"
2107:"Hydroxychavicol, a betel leaf component, inhibits prostate cancer through ROS-driven DNA damage and apoptosis"
1143:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"
1093:
926:
4663:
2937:"Success Case Replication – A Manual for Increasing Farmer Household Income, see case study 12 in the report"
2723:"(+)-Bornyl p-Coumarate Extracted from Stem of Piper betle Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in Melanoma Cells"
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leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 m length, 75 cm in width and 75 cm depth.
2481:
Arambewela LS, Arawwawala LD, Kumaratunga KG, Dissanayake DS, Ratnasooriya WD, Kumarasingha SP (July 2011).
1646:"The etiologic role of chewing tobacco in cancer of the mouth: Report of eight cases treated with radiation"
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Deshpande, Ashwini; Nagi, Ravleen; Byatnal, Amit; Lingappa, Ashok; Ashok, Sujatha; Sahu, Pitambra (2023).
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2164:"The reasons for betel-quid chewing scale: assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity"
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220:. Betel plants are cultivated for their leaves which are most commonly used as flavoring in chewing
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70:
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1965:
Sadasivan, G.; Rani, Gulab; Kumari, C.Kusuma (1978). "Chromosome-damaging effect of betel leaf".
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863:. These are sold at a wholesaler in lots of 1,000 leaves. According to a report published by the
1721:"A review of human carcinogens—Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish"
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1760:"Betel nut and tobacco chewing; potential risk factors of cancer of oesophagus in Assam, India"
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Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
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Nair, Urmila J.; Obe, Günter; Friesen, Marlin; Goldberg, Mark T.; Bartsch, Helmut (1992).
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consists of 50 different compounds, of which major components are eugenol, caryophyllene,
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3119:"Role of Lime in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Betel-Quid Ingredients"
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Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of M S R Dalgado
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10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#
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2282:"Evaluation of a self-rating screening test for areca quid abusers in Taiwan"
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Huang X, Yin Y, Huang W, Sun K, Cheng C, Bai L, Dai Y (September 2010). "".
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2437:"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Nepalese Piper betle L."
2419:
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2313:
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2239:
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2148:
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2010:"Anticarcinogenic effect of betel leaf extract against tobacco carcinogens"
1908:
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1350:
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727:
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632:(WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing tobacco and areca nut is
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they will branch. Harvest begins with the farmer plucking the leaf and its
344:
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1994:
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785:
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516:
500:
492:
491:, where it is mainly used to add flavour. The practice originated in the
380:
264:
260:
3174:
Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines
3134:
1810:
Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines
4523:
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The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in South and Southeast Asia, from
233:
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3169:
Introduction to Inner Ear Disorders - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
2851:
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Rajakumar, Hamrish Kumar; Coimbatore Sathyabal, Varsha (2024-02-20).
1967:
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
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484:
348:
332:
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276:
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221:
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20:
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Zhong Yao Cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials
2104:
1543:
57:
48:
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4361:
3963:
3836:
3821:
3719:
3675:
3660:
3650:
3635:
3625:
3379:
3304:
3089:'The Art of Chewing Betel', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David,
1839:
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package
797:
793:
735:
700:
495:
around 5,000 years ago, where the oldest remains of areca nuts and
423:
328:
292:
284:
4562:
4471:
1607:"Mutagenic activity in smokeless tobacco products sold in the USA"
1460:
Amonkar, A.J.; Nagabhushan, M; D'Souza, A.V.; Bhide, S.V. (1986).
1459:
777:, 4-allyl resorcinol and a diketosteroid stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione.
640:, chewing betel quid with tobacco and areca nut is discouraged by
359:
4440:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4163:
4083:
3983:
3948:
3938:
3923:
3680:
3591:
3455:
3334:
3178:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
2667:
Yin Y, Huang XZ, Wang J, Dai JH, Liang H, Dai Y (June 2009). "".
1538:(Updated ed.). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
949:
875:
696:
681:
673:
649:
610:
539:
526:
While the practice of chewing Betel leaf existed even before the
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427:
419:
407:
296:
280:
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Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
1315:"Betel leaf: Revisiting the benefits of an ancient Indian herb"
751:
512:
415:
403:
217:
31:
2008:
Padma, P.R; Lalitha, V.S.; Amonkar, A.J.; Bhide, S.V. (1989).
1758:
Phukan, R. K.; Ali, M. S.; Chetia, C. K.; Mahanta, J. (2001).
433:
4178:
4053:
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3905:
3655:
3614:
3284:
3259:
2385:
1462:"Hydroxychavicol: A new phenolic antimutagen from betel leaf"
555:
548:
368:
256:
82:
2721:
Wu YJ, Su TR, Chang CI, Chen CR, Hung KF, Liu C (May 2020).
2220:
1872:
668:
Chemistry of betel leaf varies geographically and is mostly
4185:
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3398:
2161:
1875:"Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer"
1674:
1571:
965:
904:
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480:
288:
2967:. The Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.
2953:. The Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.
581:
or "mustard stick", is consumed together with the leaves.
3993:
3698:
3254:
2431:
2429:
2007:
1717:
1431:"Despite Risks, an Addictive Treat Fuels a Chinese City"
1404:"Making Lime for Betelnut Chewing in M'Buke, Manus, PNG"
1272:
1270:
208:) is a species of flowering plant in the pepper family
3116:
2571:
2426:
1757:
1003:
479:
The primary use of betel leaf is as a wrapper for the
2774:
Yang TY, Wu YJ, Chang CI, Chiu CC, Wu ML (May 2018).
1650:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1873:
Warnakulasuriya, S.; Trivedy, C; Peters, TJ (2002).
1267:
2883:
2540:"Review study on potential activity of Piper betle"
1964:
1921:
1220:
426:. The cuttings are planted at the beginning of the
1525:
1523:
1051:
692:are other dominant compounds in other chemotypes.
445:Betel leaves in Kolkata market, West Bengal, India
418:, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the
363:Betel leaf and Areca nut consumption in the world.
2826:
1643:
1363:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
26:For the mixture of betel leaf and areca nut, see
4704:
3167:The Merck Manual. Tumours of The head and neck.
2985:"Betel Leaf – The neglected green gold of India"
2693:
1279:"Modes of betel leaf consumption in early India"
1257:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1050:
999:
997:
216:vine, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white
212:, native to Southeast Asia. It is an evergreen,
3099:"Betel leaf: The neglected green gold of India"
2773:
2666:
2537:
2280:Chen, M-J; Yang, Y-H; Shieh, T-Y (2002-07-01).
1520:
1136:
1134:
1088:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 1988.
499:from crushed sea shells have been found in the
3237:
1806:
1140:
910:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
831:A Bengali woman selling betel leaves in Howrah
503:archaeological site. It spread along with the
3223:
2877:
2720:
2617:
2279:
994:
762:, dehydropipernonaline, piperolein-B, bornyl
599:oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)
255:is originally native to Southeast Asia, from
2820:
2767:
2714:
2687:
2660:
2611:
2565:
2538:Dwivedi, Vandana; Tripathi, Shalini (2014).
2474:
2055:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1131:
299:. Its cultivation has spread along with the
2781:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2728:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2547:Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
1845:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008.
1455:
1453:
1451:
626:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3230:
3216:
1604:
964:Betel bag, New Guinea, nineteenth century
56:
47:
3150:
2934:
2860:
2850:
2803:
2793:
2750:
2740:
2514:
2504:
2362:
2344:
2256:
2238:
2197:
2179:
2138:
2081:
2001:
1898:
1800:
1783:
1340:
1330:
1313:Toprani, Rajendra; Patel, Daxesh (2013).
1303:
1294:
1276:
758:) and other components. Some of them are
605:. Attempts have been made to confirm the
2827:Ghosh K, Bhattacharya TK (August 2005).
2618:Atiya A, Sinha BN, Lal UR (March 2020).
2392:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
1644:Friedell, H.L.; Rosenthal, L.M. (1941).
1530:A, Fatima; Zohaib, J (4 December 2020).
1448:
1379:"BICON - Import Conditions - Conditions"
826:
815:
807:
468:
440:
432:
358:
3046:
3044:
3027:"Betel-leaf farming benefiting farmers"
2982:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2965:"Life in the hill country of Sri Lanka"
2951:"Life in the hill country of Sri Lanka"
1532:"Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
1529:
1492:
663:
23:, which is the fruit of the areca palm.
4705:
1191:
812:Betel leaves for selling in the market
4343:
4342:
3211:
2098:
1668:
1428:
1283:Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis
1246:
1240:
917:Objects and Historical Representation
773:Roots contain aristololactam A-II, a
437:Betel plant cultivation in Bangladesh
4599:b21399f5-9c2d-4f13-ac3e-523ece0be532
4321:
3096:
3041:
2971:
1216:
1214:
1165:"Betel-leaf farming in coastal area"
1072:participating institution membership
601:, a form of cancer that affects the
383:are unsuitable for its cultivation.
3033:. Dhaka. 6 May 2011. Archived from
2111:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1958:
1598:
1102:
676:is a major component of Sri Lankan
13:
3075:
1141:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008).
577:stalk of the betel tree, known as
14:
4749:
3189:
3123:Environmental Health Perspectives
1816:. The World Health Organization.
1211:
1192:Cassey, Brian (9 November 2013).
948:wing shaped- betel leaf plate in
868:Food and Agriculture Organization
587:
4718:Flora of the Indian subcontinent
4664:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680605-1
4320:
4311:
4310:
3195:
1662:10.1001/jama.1941.02820190006002
973:
957:
937:
932:Assamese 'Paan-Tamul' tradition.
925:
69:
3058:
3019:
2957:
2943:
2928:
2531:
2379:
2320:
2273:
2227:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
2214:
2155:
2049:
2040:
1915:
1866:
1830:
1751:
1711:
1637:
1422:
1396:
1371:
766:-4-hydroxycinnamate and bornyl
343:. It was introduced during the
247:
2838:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
1605:Guttenplan, Joseph B. (1987).
1185:
1157:
1078:
1044:
1010:Archives of Pharmacal Research
354:
30:. For the biblical place, see
1:
2638:10.1080/14786419.2018.1495634
1737:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70326-2
1429:Levin, Dan (19 August 2010).
1319:South Asian Journal of Cancer
1261:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
988:
2576:Journal of Natural Medicines
2026:10.1016/0304-3835(89)90077-3
1987:10.1016/0027-5107(78)90266-X
1478:10.1016/0278-6915(86)90065-7
1466:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1119:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
803:
398:in which to grow betel. The
227:
7:
4728:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1147:eJournal of Indian Medicine
893:
648:it by isolating compounds (
236:was derived from the Tamil/
10:
4754:
3239:Non-timber forest products
2829:"Chemical constituents of
2346:10.1186/s12885-024-12685-w
2131:10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.012
1277:Gutierrez, Andrea (2015).
1247:Karim, ASM Enayet (2012).
1194:"Chewing over a betel ban"
1117:Plants of the World Online
874:every 6 months ($ 90 per "
603:mouth, tonsils, and throat
472:
394:prepare a garden called a
25:
18:
4351:
4306:
4241:
4104:
3992:
3904:
3689:
3605:
3506:
3393:
3280:
3245:
2833:Linn. (Piperaceae) roots"
2589:10.1007/s11418-009-0331-y
1764:British Journal of Cancer
1562:. Bookshelf ID: NBK563268
1255:; Jamal, Ahmed A (eds.).
1221:Government of Sri Lanka.
1059:Oxford English Dictionary
630:World Health Organization
180:
173:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
4738:Austronesian agriculture
4723:Medicinal plants of Asia
2906:10.1515/biolog-2016-0030
2625:Natural Product Research
1891:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799
1383:bicon.agriculture.gov.au
1332:10.4103/2278-330X.114120
19:Not to be confused with
2506:10.4103/0973-7847.91111
2181:10.1186/1472-6831-14-62
1500:"Head and Neck Cancers"
1408:WWF Coral Triangle Blog
1335:(inactive 2024-09-02).
1223:"Betel – Piper Betle L"
1064:Oxford University Press
886:agricultural families.
505:Austronesian migrations
301:Austronesian migrations
4253:(Iberian agroforestry)
3491:Pacific mountain onion
3007:Cite journal requires
2462:Cite journal requires
2240:10.4103/ccd.ccd_101_23
1776:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1920
1623:10.1093/carcin/8.5.741
1296:10.30674/scripta.67450
832:
824:
813:
487:, or in modern times,
446:
438:
364:
4273:Indian forest produce
3744:Hydnocarpus wightiana
2492:Pharmacognosy Reviews
2298:10.1038/sj.ph.1900861
2074:10.18632/aging.102565
1198:Sydney Morning Herald
830:
819:
811:
642:preventive healthcare
469:Cultural significance
444:
436:
362:
309:Island Southeast Asia
3516:Bare-toothed russula
3204:at Wikimedia Commons
3066:"Paan loses flavour"
3052:"Too costly to grow"
2795:10.3390/ijms19051370
2742:10.3390/ijms21103737
1807:IARC Working Group.
695:Leaves also contain
664:Chemical composition
595:head and neck cancer
4127:musical instruments
3385:Woodland strawberry
3135:10.1289/ehp.9298203
2898:2016Biolg..71..128D
2487:grown in Sri Lanka"
2483:"Investigations on
2123:2014ToxAP.280...86G
2068:(23): 11624–11639.
1979:1978MRFMM..57..183S
1725:The Lancet Oncology
1259:(Second ed.).
1062:(Online ed.).
636:to humans. As with
551:, is more popular.
422:of the furrows and
273:Peninsular Malaysia
3180:, Volume 85 (2004)
3091:Ancient Chiang Mai
1689:10.1007/BF01964368
1435:The New York Times
1022:10.1007/BF02857217
833:
825:
814:
447:
439:
365:
307:to other parts of
4700:
4699:
4607:Open Tree of Life
4345:Taxon identifiers
4336:
4335:
3200:Media related to
3097:Guha, P. (2006).
3037:on 15 March 2012.
2404:10.1111/jop.13521
2062:Aging (Albany NY)
1885:(7341): 799–800.
1862:on March 8, 2008.
1852:978-92-4-159628-2
1731:(11): 1033–1034.
1656:(19): 2130–2135.
1472:(12): 1321–1324.
1070:(Subscription or
536:Calcium hydroxide
475:Betel nut chewing
449:Proper shade and
390:, farmers called
197:
196:
28:Betel nut chewing
4745:
4733:Dioecious plants
4693:
4692:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4340:
4339:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4288:Resin extraction
4278:Mushroom hunting
4254:
4000: / etc.
3854:
3747:
3582:Saffron milk cap
3572:Parasol mushroom
3412:Fiddlehead ferns
3232:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3164:
3154:
3113:
3103:
3086:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2983:P. Guha (2006).
2980:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2852:10.3390/10070798
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2242:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1855:. Archived from
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1225:. Archived from
1218:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1001:
977:
961:
941:
929:
567:Papua New Guinea
373:Papua New Guinea
313:Papua New Guinea
244:via Portuguese.
186:
74:
73:
60:
51:
39:
38:
16:Species of plant
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4400:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4347:
4337:
4332:
4302:
4252:
4237:
4228:Vegetable ivory
4100:
3988:
3900:
3848:
3741:
3703:
3685:
3619:
3601:
3567:Oyster mushroom
3557:Meadow mushroom
3502:
3486:Twincrest onion
3389:
3293:
3276:
3247:Animal products
3241:
3236:
3192:
3101:
3081:
3078:
3076:Further reading
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3031:The Independent
3025:
3024:
3020:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:Jan B. Orsini.
2933:
2929:
2882:
2878:
2825:
2821:
2772:
2768:
2719:
2715:
2692:
2688:
2665:
2661:
2616:
2612:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2384:
2380:
2325:
2321:
2278:
2274:
2219:
2215:
2168:BMC Oral Health
2160:
2156:
2103:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2006:
2002:
1963:
1959:
1920:
1916:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1756:
1752:
1716:
1712:
1673:
1669:
1642:
1638:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1563:
1544:10.32388/G6TG1L
1528:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1508:. 29 March 2017
1498:
1497:
1493:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1311:
1304:
1275:
1268:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1049:
1045:
1002:
995:
991:
986:
985:
984:
981:
978:
969:
962:
953:
942:
933:
930:
919:
918:
896:
806:
705:hydroxychavicol
666:
654:hydroxychavicol
638:chewing tobacco
628:(IARC) and the
590:
571:Solomon Islands
507:to the rest of
477:
471:
402:is fenced with
357:
250:
230:
193:
188:
182:
169:
68:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:wfo-0000479518
4681:
4668:
4655:
4642:
4629:
4616:
4603:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4388:
4373:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4293:Rubber tapping
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:Forest farming
4256:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3895:Vateria indica
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:Shorea robusta
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:Honey mushroom
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3422:Mahuwa flowers
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3191:
3190:External links
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3165:
3114:
3094:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3040:
3018:
3009:|journal=
2970:
2956:
2942:
2927:
2892:(2): 128–132.
2876:
2845:(7): 798–802.
2819:
2766:
2713:
2702:(17): 2285–8.
2698:(in Chinese).
2686:
2671:(in Chinese).
2659:
2632:(5): 638–645.
2610:
2564:
2530:
2499:(10): 159–63.
2473:
2464:|journal=
2425:
2398:(3): 172–173.
2378:
2319:
2292:(4): 195–200.
2272:
2233:(3): 180–190.
2213:
2154:
2097:
2048:
2039:
2020:(3): 195–202.
2014:Cancer Letters
2000:
1957:
1930:(5): 1017–23.
1914:
1865:
1851:
1829:
1822:
1799:
1770:(5): 661–667.
1750:
1710:
1667:
1636:
1617:(5): 741–743.
1611:Carcinogenesis
1597:
1519:
1491:
1447:
1421:
1410:. 25 July 2010
1395:
1370:
1325:(3): 140–141.
1302:
1266:
1253:Islam, Sirajul
1239:
1210:
1184:
1156:
1130:
1101:
1094:
1077:
1043:
992:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
972:
970:
963:
956:
954:
943:
936:
934:
931:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
895:
892:
865:United Nations
805:
802:
760:oleanolic acid
714:Stems contain
665:
662:
589:
588:Health effects
586:
509:Southeast Asia
473:Main article:
470:
467:
356:
353:
337:Réunion Island
249:
246:
229:
226:
195:
194:
189:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Piper (plant)
4711:
4710:
4708:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Honey hunting
4266:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Coconut sugar
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3597:Yellow knight
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Slippery jack
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Heart of palm
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:Edible plants
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Juniper berry
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2675:(6): 887–90.
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2469:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:Public Health
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1823:9789283215851
1819:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:on 2016-05-14
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1173:. 13 May 2002
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
993:
976:
971:
967:
960:
955:
951:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
922:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
871:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
836:
829:
823:
818:
810:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:essential oil
778:
776:
775:phenylpropene
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:β-daucosterol
721:
717:
712:
710:
709:caryophyllene
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
661:
657:
655:
651:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:, as well as
596:
585:
582:
580:
576:
575:inflorescence
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
476:
466:
463:
461:
455:
452:
443:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
243:
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
192:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
166:P. betle
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4352:
4325:
4298:Wildcrafting
4283:Naval stores
4261: /
4249:
4218:Tendu leaves
4174:Natural dyes
4044:Gutta-percha
3996: /
3934:Frankincense
3894:
3850:
3807:Mango butter
3752:Cocoa butter
3743:
3740:Chaulmoogra
3710:Allanblackia
3641:Black pepper
3526:Birch bolete
3476:Canada onion
3461:Wild ginseng
3456:Saw palmetto
3406:
3397: /
3287: /
3177:
3126:
3122:
3109:
3106:J. Hum. Ecol
3105:
3090:
3060:
3035:the original
3030:
3021:
3000:cite journal
2991:
2959:
2945:
2930:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2785:
2779:
2769:
2735:(10): 3737.
2732:
2726:
2716:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2583:(3): 355–9.
2580:
2574:
2567:
2557:27 September
2555:. Retrieved
2550:
2546:
2533:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2455:cite journal
2443:. Retrieved
2395:
2391:
2381:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2117:(1): 86–96.
2114:
2110:
2100:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2042:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1973:(2): 183–5.
1970:
1966:
1960:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1857:the original
1838:
1832:
1809:
1802:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1683:(3): 384–5.
1680:
1676:
1670:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1570:– via
1564:. Retrieved
1535:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1359:cite journal
1322:
1318:
1286:
1282:
1256:
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1111:
1104:
1085:
1080:
1057:
1046:
1016:(2): 93–97.
1013:
1009:
1005:
888:
884:
880:
872:
841:
837:
834:
779:
772:
770:-coumarate.
767:
763:
744:piperdardine
728:stigmasterol
720:β-sitosterol
716:phytosterols
713:
694:
690:germacrene D
677:
667:
658:
646:
634:carcinogenic
623:
615:
607:carcinogenic
591:
583:
578:
564:
553:
525:
478:
464:
456:
448:
399:
395:
391:
385:
381:alkali soils
366:
345:Colonial Era
252:
251:
248:Distribution
241:
231:
204:
203:
199:
198:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
115:
102:
89:
36:
4638:kew-2559050
4625:Piper betle
4545:iNaturalist
4498:Piper betle
4383:Piper betle
4377:Wikispecies
4353:Piper betle
4233:Willow bark
4064:Maple syrup
4059:Maple sugar
4034:Fruit syrup
4017:chewing gum
4007:Birch syrup
3864:Shea butter
3536:Chanterelle
3481:Crow garlic
3471:Bear garlic
3466:Wild onions
3444:filé powder
3365:Lingonberry
3350:Huckleberry
3202:Piper betle
2994:(2): 87–93.
2831:Piper betle
2788:(5): 1370.
2485:Piper betle
1677:Experientia
1588:|work=
1536:Definitions
1440:16 November
1112:Piper betle
1006:Piper betle
786:terpinolene
756:pinoresinol
748:guineensine
740:pellitorine
678:Piper betle
547:, known as
517:South China
501:Duyong Cave
493:Philippines
406:sticks and
355:Cultivation
265:Timor-Leste
261:Philippines
253:Piper betle
205:Piper betle
184:Piper betle
109:Angiosperms
4707:Categories
4633:Plant List
4144:Birch beer
4139:Birch bark
4096:Spruce gum
4079:akpeteshie
4069:Palm sugar
4039:Gum arabic
4029:Date sugar
3979:Turpentine
3859:Sandalwood
3762:Eucalyptus
3757:Eucalyptol
3646:Brazil nut
3521:Bay bolete
3375:Strawberry
3330:Cocoa bean
3325:Breadfruit
3315:Blackberry
3289:tree fruit
2339:(1): 930.
2333:BMC Cancer
1566:7 February
1512:7 February
1289:: 114–34.
1233:2011-07-31
1203:30 October
1177:30 October
1095:812060413X
1074:required.)
989:References
845:Kurunagala
822:Bangladesh
686:isoeugenol
672:dominant.
670:chavibetol
528:common era
521:South Asia
451:irrigation
388:Bangladesh
341:Madagascar
325:South Asia
321:Micronesia
210:Piperaceae
142:Piperaceae
122:Magnoliids
4511:200005554
4485:200005554
4263:gardening
4223:Thatching
4074:Palm wine
3919:Birch tar
3847:Sal-seed
3772:Japan wax
3725:Candlenut
3666:Malva nut
3631:Areca nut
3552:Matsutake
3508:Mushrooms
3449:root beer
3439:Sassafras
3427:Sago palm
3370:Raspberry
3355:Jackfruit
3320:Blueberry
3272:Wild game
3129:: 203–5.
2914:1336-9563
2412:0904-2512
2355:1471-2407
2306:0033-3506
2249:0976-237X
2190:1472-6831
1952:196365532
1590:ignored (
1580:cite book
1560:229252540
1153:: 87–140.
1030:0253-6269
1008:leaves".
820:Betel in
804:Economics
790:terpinene
732:alkaloids
644:efforts.
619:papilloma
611:mutagenic
560:Sri Lanka
545:limewater
532:Areca nut
485:areca nut
412:Oil cakes
349:Caribbean
333:Mauritius
317:Melanesia
277:Indochina
269:Indonesia
238:Malayalam
232:The term
228:Etymology
222:areca nut
214:dioecious
160:Species:
132:Piperales
79:Kingdom:
21:betel nut
4677:25002636
4672:Tropicos
4563:680605-1
4362:Wikidata
4316:Category
4132:textiles
3964:Pine tar
3929:Creosote
3879:Tea-tree
3874:Tea-seed
3842:Pongamia
3832:Phulwara
3817:Nagkesar
3812:Murumuru
3787:Kpangnan
3735:Carnauba
3676:Pine nut
3661:Hazelnut
3651:Cinnamon
3636:Bay leaf
3626:Allspice
3548:(reishi)
3380:Tamarind
3345:Gambooge
3305:Bilberry
2922:88132584
2886:Biologia
2871:18007349
2814:29734677
2761:32466337
2708:21137339
2681:19764326
2654:52139286
2646:30169967
2605:19647900
2597:19387769
2525:22279373
2445:11 March
2420:38379255
2373:39090612
2364:11293172
2314:12087477
2267:38075534
2258:10699192
2208:24889863
2149:25064160
2092:31831717
1909:11934759
1794:11531248
1745:19891056
1705:30379485
1552:33085415
1414:11 March
1388:11 March
1351:24455591
1123:23 April
1038:98263258
894:See also
857:Kalutara
798:3-carene
794:cadinene
736:piperine
701:chavicol
569:and the
430:season.
424:wood ash
329:Maldives
293:Thailand
285:Cambodia
138:Family:
4524:4187904
4441:Ecocrop
4368:Q159532
4327:Commons
4242:Related
4206:Tanbark
4201:Shellac
4191:Quinine
4164:Gambier
4084:ogogoro
3984:Varnish
3949:Lacquer
3939:Gamboge
3924:Camphor
3914:Benzoin
3824: (
3730:Capuacu
3715:Babassu
3681:Vanilla
3592:Truffle
3577:Red cap
3546:Lingzhi
3335:Coconut
3310:Binukaw
3285:Berries
3176:, from
3161:1486850
3152:1519632
3143:3431271
2894:Bibcode
2862:6147577
2805:5983650
2752:7279146
2553:: 93–98
2516:3263050
2199:4059468
2140:4363134
2119:Bibcode
2083:6932916
2034:2731162
1975:Bibcode
1944:1515978
1900:1122751
1785:2364125
1631:3581433
1486:3100406
1342:3892533
1053:"betel"
950:Vietnam
946:Phoenix
876:decimal
861:Colombo
853:Kegalle
849:Gampaha
750:etc.),
730:etc.),
697:eugenol
682:Eugenol
674:Safrole
650:eugenol
540:catechu
497:calcium
489:tobacco
481:chewing
460:petiole
428:monsoon
420:topsoil
408:coconut
347:to the
297:Myanmar
281:Vietnam
242:vettila
218:catkins
148:Genus:
128:Order:
83:Plantae
4646:PLANTS
4612:588609
4596:NZOR:
4576:895503
4550:347653
4459:491360
4420:494468
4394:114948
4391:APDB:
4250:Dehesa
4211:tannin
4196:Rattan
4159:Forage
4122:edible
4117:Bamboo
4112:Amadou
4091:Rubber
4012:Chicle
3954:Mastic
3906:Resins
3889:Ucuuba
3884:Tucuma
3869:Tamanu
3826:kernel
3797:Mafura
3767:Illipe
3720:Bacuri
3671:Nutmeg
3615:spices
3340:Durian
3300:Banana
3159:
3149:
3141:
3068:. CSE.
3054:. CSE.
2920:
2912:
2869:
2859:
2812:
2802:
2759:
2749:
2706:
2679:
2652:
2644:
2603:
2595:
2523:
2513:
2418:
2410:
2371:
2361:
2353:
2312:
2304:
2265:
2255:
2247:
2206:
2196:
2188:
2174:: 62.
2147:
2137:
2090:
2080:
2032:
1995:661839
1993:
1950:
1942:
1924:Cancer
1907:
1897:
1849:
1820:
1792:
1782:
1743:
1703:
1697:446629
1695:
1629:
1558:
1550:
1484:
1349:
1339:
1249:"Pan1"
1092:
1036:
1028:
796:, and
752:lignan
707:, and
688:, and
573:, the
519:, and
513:Taiwan
416:manure
404:bamboo
400:barouj
396:barouj
377:saline
339:, and
327:, the
295:, and
42:Betel
32:Bethel
4651:PIBE4
4589:13217
4537:28574
4493:FoAO2
4472:PIPBE
4433:4J3C8
4407:80597
4179:henna
4154:Ferns
4105:Other
4054:Latex
3974:Rosin
3969:Pitch
3959:Myrrh
3944:Kauri
3802:Mahua
3792:Kusum
3782:Kombo
3777:Kokum
3699:waxes
3656:Clove
3562:Morel
3496:Ramps
3432:queen
3407:Betel
3399:roots
3260:Honey
3139:JSTOR
3102:(PDF)
2988:(PDF)
2918:S2CID
2650:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2543:(PDF)
2440:(PDF)
1948:S2CID
1860:(PDF)
1843:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
1701:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1251:. In
1068:
1034:S2CID
556:India
549:gutka
392:barui
369:India
305:trade
257:India
240:word
234:betel
200:Betel
153:Piper
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
4659:POWO
4620:PfaF
4584:NCBI
4571:ITIS
4558:IPNI
4532:GRIN
4519:GBIF
4467:EPPO
4446:1710
4415:BOLD
4402:APNI
4186:Peat
4169:Moss
4149:Cork
4049:Kino
3837:Pilu
3822:Palm
3610:Nuts
3265:pine
3255:Furs
3157:PMID
3112:(2).
3013:help
2910:ISSN
2867:PMID
2810:PMID
2757:PMID
2704:PMID
2677:PMID
2642:PMID
2593:PMID
2559:2021
2521:PMID
2468:help
2447:2023
2416:PMID
2408:ISSN
2369:PMID
2351:ISSN
2310:PMID
2302:ISSN
2263:PMID
2245:ISSN
2204:PMID
2186:ISSN
2145:PMID
2088:PMID
2030:PMID
1991:PMID
1940:PMID
1905:PMID
1847:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1790:PMID
1741:PMID
1693:PMID
1627:PMID
1592:help
1572:NCBI
1568:2021
1548:PMID
1514:2021
1482:PMID
1442:2019
1416:2023
1390:2023
1365:link
1347:PMID
1205:2014
1179:2014
1170:Dawn
1125:2022
1090:ISBN
1026:ISSN
966:MHNT
905:Khat
900:Kava
859:and
780:Its
652:and
579:daka
558:and
538:and
379:and
315:and
303:and
289:Laos
271:and
267:and
4685:WFO
4506:FoC
4480:FNA
4454:EoL
4428:CoL
3998:gum
3994:Sap
3694:Oil
3531:Cep
3147:PMC
3131:doi
2902:doi
2857:PMC
2847:doi
2800:PMC
2790:doi
2747:PMC
2737:doi
2634:doi
2585:doi
2511:PMC
2501:doi
2400:doi
2359:PMC
2341:doi
2294:doi
2290:116
2253:PMC
2235:doi
2194:PMC
2176:doi
2135:PMC
2127:doi
2115:280
2078:PMC
2070:doi
2022:doi
1983:doi
1932:doi
1895:PMC
1887:doi
1883:324
1879:BMJ
1780:PMC
1772:doi
1733:doi
1685:doi
1658:doi
1654:116
1619:doi
1540:doi
1505:NCI
1474:doi
1337:PMC
1327:doi
1291:doi
1114:L."
1018:doi
764:cis
565:In
554:In
483:of
386:In
371:to
275:to
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