714:
346:
57:
900:
made of local betel leaf, which has a dash of lime put into it. "Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where
Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood, and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the eighth century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is betel leaf, lime and areca nut. Today, chewing doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is chewed at work places by all sections of society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture."
979:
832:, as well as most of its neighbouring Northeastern states, Areca Nut is preferably consumed in its fermented form, which is supposed to make the fruit harder and sweeter. The raw nut may also be eaten during certain seasons when the fermented variety becomes unavailable, although it has more of ritual importance. Standard sized pieces of the nut and leaf are usually consumed in combination with lime and a bit of tobacco. In Assam, betel nut and leaf has indispensable cultural value; offering betel leaf and nut, (together known as
955:
1412:
524:
338:
729:
813:) is synonymous with marriage. The tradition of chewing areca nuts starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings. The folk tale explaining the origin of this Vietnamese tradition is a good illustration of the belief that the combination of areca nut and the betel leaf is ideal to the point they are practically inseparable, like an idealized married couple.
1106:
1223:
construction, or fishing. Workers in these labor-intensive industries use betel nut for its stimulating effect, but it also becomes a tool for socializing with coworkers. For example, studies have shown chewing betel nut is prevalent among taxi, bus and truck drivers, who rely on the stimulating effect of betel nut to cope with long work hours. For these reasons, oral cancer has been identified as a leading cause of death in professions with high betel nut-chewing rates.
532:
967:
923:
6918:
1394:
1376:
49:
354:
1358:
65:
943:
1340:
248:
6928:
931:
737:
702:
1210:, and shops which will often consist of nothing more than a single, free-standing room, or booth. The latter is usually elevated one meter above the street, and measures less than 3 by 2 m. Large picture windows comprise two or more of the walls, allowing those who pass by a complete view of the interior. The interior is often painted brightly. Within such a shop, a
376:. It is commercially available in dried, cured, and fresh forms. When the husk of the fresh fruit is green, the nut inside is soft enough to be cut with a typical knife. In the ripe fruit, the husk becomes yellow or orange, and as it dries, the fruit inside hardens to a wood-like consistency. At that stage, the areca nut can only be sliced using a special
1222:
that frame the windows or that are arranged radially above a store. Customers stop on the side of the road and wait for the girls to bring their betel and areca nut to their vehicles. The habit of chewing betel nut is often associated with blue-collar labor industries such a long-haul transportation,
1238:
is a center of use and processing, a wide range of old and young people consume areca nut daily. Most, though, consume the dried variety of the nut by itself, without the betel leaves. Some people also consume the areca nut in its raw, fresh form with or without the betel leaves. Betel nuts are sold
899:
leaf with a generous amount of lime. In the rest of Bhutan the raw nut, with the husk on, is fermented such that the husk rots and is easy to extract. The fermented doma has a putrid odour, which can be smelled from miles. Traditionally, this fragrant nut is cut in half and placed on top of a cone
848:
upon one's person during journeys or during farming activities, and sharing of the same, was an essential requirement. Among the
Assamese, the areca nut also has a variety of uses during religious and marriage ceremonies, where it has the role of a fertility symbol. No religious ritual is complete
3290:
Republic of China (Taiwan), Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan. Analysis of the major causes of death of laborers in Taiwan (in Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan, 2010.
1050:
In
Thailand, the consumption of areca nut has declined gradually in the last decades. The younger generation rarely chews the substance, especially in the cities. Most of the present-day consumption is confined to older generations, mostly people above 50. Even so, small trays of betel leaves and
816:
Formerly, in both India and Sri Lanka, it was a custom of the royalty to chew areca nut with betel leaf. Kings had special attendants whose duty it was to carry a box with all the necessary ingredients for a good chewing session. There was also a custom for lovers to chew areca nut and betel leaf
1247:
In the United States, areca nut is not a controlled or specially taxed substance and may be found in some Asian grocery stores. However, importation of areca nut in a form other than whole or carved kernels of nuts can be stopped at the discretion of US Customs officers on the grounds of food,
1182:, betel nut is chewed with lime, piper leaf and nowadays, with the addition of tobacco. Older and younger generations alike enjoy the use of betel nut, which is readily available at stores and markets. Unlike in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where the inner areca nut is used, in
1152:
after police reservists fired on a crowd. The governor of Port
Moresby introduced another ban on the nut, restricted to an area in the business district of the city in July 2023. However many people make a living out of selling betel nut, so are resistant to bans in their areas. On
1074:(betel nut) chewing and spitting are improper during public transportation drivers' work hours and are considered stains to the city roads and sidewalks. Despite these restrictions, betel nut thrives across the Cordilleran market. An example of its commerciality can be observed in
817:
together, because of its breath-freshening and relaxant properties. A sexual symbolism thus became attached to the chewing of the nut and the leaf. The areca nut represented the male principle, and the betel leaf the female principle. Considered an auspicious ingredient in
760:
countries. Why or when the areca nut and the betel leaf were first combined into one psychoactive drug is not known. Archaeological evidence from
Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines suggests they have been used in tandem for at least 4000 years.
413:
The first nut cultivation in the world was done in
Kyasanuru Seeme area of Shimoga district in Karnataka state of India. Even today the cultivators plant the same variety here. Kyasanuru variety gives high yield. Grows wildly in all regions.
1201:
In Taiwan, bags of 20 to 40 areca nuts are purchased fresh daily by a large number of consumers. To meet the steady year-round demand, two kinds of betel-nut shops sell betel and nuts, as well as cigarettes and drinks, including beer: Small
1042:, a mixture of areca nut, betel, cloves, cardamom and sugar is sold in small home-made paper pouches. Old people who have lost their teeth keep "chewing" by pounding the mixture of areca nut and betel with a small mortar and pestle.
1820:
Cao M, Yuan H, Daniyal M, Yu H, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li B, Jian Y, Peng C, Tan D, Peng Y, Choudhary MI, Rahman AU, Wang W (October 2019). "Two new alkaloids isolated from traditional
Chinese medicine Binglang the fruit of Areca catechu".
1148:, introduced in 2014 by the governor, was lifted in 2017. Because the popular nut continued to be smuggled in, prices rose dramatically. Police enforced the ban over-rigorously, and in 2015 two betel nut sellers died in
4464:
2124:
Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, El
Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, et al. (2009). "A review of human carcinogens—Part E: Tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish".
1038:, areca nut chewing is very popular, but spitting is frowned upon and regarded as an unrefined, repulsive way of chewing. Usually, people prefer to chew thin slices of the dry nut, which is sometimes roasted.
3281:
Kuo SC, Lew-Ting CY. The health lifestyles of areca quid-chewing taxi drivers – an exploratory study from the viewpoint of social context (in
Chinese). Taiwan Journal of Oral Medical Science 2008; 27: 67–80.
1009:, which is the dried form of the areca nut, as a mixture of many flavours whose primary base is dried areca nut crushed into small pieces. Poor people, who may eat only every other day, use it to stave off
709:
daubed inside. Slices of the dry areca nut are on the upper left hand and slices of the tender areca nut on the upper right. The pouch on the lower right contains tobacco, a relatively recent introduction.
4610:
4575:
5237:
3243:
Chuang CY, Chang CH, Chang CC. The workplace relevant factors of betel quid chewing among transportation workers in Central Taiwan (in Chinese). Taiwan Journal of Public Health 2007; 26: 433–42.
1031:
pouches are a ubiquitous pollutant of the South Asian environment. Some of the liquid in the mouth is usually disposed of by spitting, producing bright red spots wherever the expectorate lands.
3002:
More C, Rao NR, More S, Johnson NW (June 2020). "Reasons for Initiation of Areca Nut and Related Products in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis within an Endemic Area in Gujarat, India".
4894:
4615:
4479:
853:
to the gods and spirits as well as to the assembled guests A tradition from Upper Assam is to invite guests to wedding receptions by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During
410:
Areca nuts are chewed for their effects as a mild stimulant, causing a warming sensation in the body and slightly heightened alertness, although the effects vary from person to person.
2615:
Yang MS, Lee CH, Chang SJ, Chung TC, Tsai EM, Ko AM, Ko YC (2008). "The effect of maternal betel quid exposure during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes among aborigines in Taiwan".
1621:
Bhat R, Ganachari S, Deshpande R, Ravindra G, Venkataraman A (2012). "Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Areca Nut (Areca catechu) Extract Under Microwave-Assistance".
4625:
4585:
4570:
4509:
4889:
4605:
4565:
683:
and height. Biologically, these effects may be a consequence of the arecoline that is found in areca nuts. The habit also exposes the fetus to various other toxic components
4580:
499:
along with catechins and arecatannin. Two new alkaloids were recently discovered and named acatechu A and acatechu B. Several non-alkaloid compounds including benzenoids,
5242:
1175:, betel and areca nut chewing is a social pastime as a means to extend friendship, and can be found in many, if not most, large gatherings as part of the food display.
713:
4474:
459:
during his visit to China in the 1830s. After chewing a betelnut, the red residue is generally spat out. Accordingly, places have banned chewing this nut to avoid
1541:
445:, or by taking tablets containing the extracted alkaloids. According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, chewing areca nut and betel leaf is a good remedy against
4620:
3256:(in Chinese). Taipei: Republic of China (Taiwan), Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan. 2003. Archived from
1078:, one of the provinces of the Philippine Cordilleras, where betel nuts are high-demand products sourced from the province's different cities and municipalities.
782:
dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed
3219:
1733:
4519:
2279:
Ray JG, Chatterjee R, Chaudhuri K (2019). "Oral submucous fibrosis: A global challenge. Rising incidence, risk factors, management, and research priorities".
2160:
Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ (September 2001). "Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives".
872:
chewing the nut and the leaf with caustic lime, and the manner in which the habit stained their mouths red. He noted the friendly and genial chief Malope, on
4494:
4484:
5835:
4590:
3191:
1157:, young men are exposed to piracy when they use small boats to travel to the northern coast to purchase betel nuts to trade, and several have disappeared.
705:
Display of the items usually included in a chewing session: The betel leaves are folded in different ways according to the country and most have a little
407:), or other spices for extra flavouring. Betel leaf has a fresh, peppery taste, but it can also be bitter to varying degrees depending on the variety.
235:
Consumption by hundreds of millions of people worldwide — mainly of South Asian or Southeast Asian origins — has been described as a "neglected global
3253:
2650:
Mehrtash H, Duncan K, Parascandola M, et al. (1 December 2017). "Defining a global research and policy agenda for betel quid and areca nut".
4219:
764:
The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the Philippines, specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the
5126:
3421:
2580:
Senn M, Baiwog F, Winmai J, Mueller I, Rogerson S, Senn N (2009). "Betel nut chewing during pregnancy, Madang province, Papua New Guinea".
1970:
825:, the areca nut is still used along with betel leaf in religious ceremonies, and also while honoring individuals in much of southern Asia.
2068:
6932:
4700:
840:(betel leaves and raw areca nut) to guests immediately upon arrival, and after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called
1945:
4365:
5828:
5272:
4330:
2882:"Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening"
1460:
3293:
772:
island dated to around 2680±250 BCE. The dentition of the skeletons is stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes
5098:
4436:
4191:
2055:
Dave BJ, Trivedi AH, Adhvatyu SG (1992). "Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment".
4148:
4089:
3139:
1711:
3165:
1570:
903:
The addition of tobacco leaf to the chewing mixture is a relatively recent innovation, as tobacco was not introduced from the
6954:
5311:
4848:
4732:
3062:
2945:
2467:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
1983:
895:. This form is eaten in the lower regions of Bhutan and in North Bengal, where the nut is cut into half and put into a local
794:, it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the
1058:, betel nut chewing remains prominent to the point that restrictions and fines have been established in urban areas such as
4974:
4823:
2854:
6921:
5821:
3140:"Families from PNG's Manus province are losing their loved ones to the betel nut trade, with piracy posing a deadly risk"
3714:
2098:
6994:
6984:
6974:
4370:
4234:
2964:
1939:
345:
1218:", can be seen preparing betel and areca nuts. Shops are often identified by colorful (commonly green) LED lamps or
421:, and southern China, areca nuts are not only chewed along with betel leaf, but are also used in the preparation of
5277:
5141:
4109:
3709:
3682:
3414:
1239:
mostly by old women merchants, but the dried version can be found in shops that sell tea, alcohol, and cigarettes.
1055:
2976:
1689:
4999:
4808:
3629:
865:
1186:, the areca nut's skin is chewed along with lime, leaf and tobacco and the juice is not swallowed but spat out.
1125:
in PNG), and lime are sold on street corners. In these countries, dried or flavoured areca nut is not popular.
6979:
6959:
6345:
5355:
4542:
4499:
4380:
3771:
3430:
2325:
1487:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"
1189:
In Australia, the importation, use, and sale of areca nut is banned, but it has been sold illegally in several
744:
Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many
56:
5287:
4650:
4398:
4340:
4325:
4297:
4254:
539:
Chewing areca nut causes multiple forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, with or without added tobacco.
3606:
5247:
5232:
5204:
5161:
4645:
4264:
3817:
587:
3106:"Economic Assessment of Betel Nut (Areca cathecu) as Component in the Agroforestry (AF) Systems in Ifugao"
5323:
5171:
5091:
4600:
4429:
4360:
4320:
4184:
3781:
3756:
3407:
1109:
Sign saying that chewing betel-nut is prohibited, at Sentani Airport, Jayapura, Papua Province, Indonesia
3761:
3257:
6732:
5315:
5267:
5227:
4873:
4355:
4335:
3917:
3624:
861:
players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.
17:
6027:
3642:
2523:
2408:
1508:
644:, during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. Betel quid chewing can cause
5844:
5477:
5319:
5262:
4813:
4742:
4660:
4489:
4116:
4045:
3458:
805:
In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in
659:
The harm caused by consumption of areca nuts worldwide was classified in 2017 as a "neglected global
450:
276:
3897:
2524:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2409:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5505:
5482:
4762:
4244:
4141:
4060:
3970:
3637:
1172:
599:
6452:
6000:
5151:
5054:
4655:
4459:
4104:
3857:
1989:
791:
630:
603:
213:
161:. It is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in much of the tropical Pacific (
3463:
6878:
6335:
5780:
5577:
5307:
5084:
4910:
4710:
4665:
4422:
4214:
4177:
3806:
3729:
3601:
798:(~3000 BCE). From the Philippines, it spread back to Taiwan, as well as onwards to the rest of
795:
551:
150:
204:, and cardiovascular disease. When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in
6964:
6823:
6489:
6387:
5970:
5775:
5121:
5049:
4843:
4524:
4445:
4229:
4030:
3877:
3801:
3796:
3675:
3515:
3353:
3326:
2832:
2685:
Kumar S (April 2013). "Tobacco and areca nut chewing—reproductive impairments: an overview".
555:
3937:
3498:
1926:
550:. Betel quid affects almost all parts of the human body, including the brain, heart, lungs,
6989:
6969:
6559:
6417:
6407:
6392:
6187:
6182:
6177:
5950:
5797:
5658:
5599:
5450:
5408:
5136:
5039:
4915:
4853:
4833:
4818:
4715:
4595:
4375:
4279:
4200:
2694:
1255:
626:
543:
209:
2352:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors"
978:
8:
6202:
6172:
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5703:
5583:
5403:
5282:
5186:
5107:
4695:
4514:
4504:
4410:
4350:
4274:
3811:
3704:
3382:"Areca nut production in 2017, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
2930:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2253:. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012 .
1190:
992:
873:
806:
438:
260:
2698:
1589:
1314:, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Taiwan combined contributed 38% of the world total (table).
1164:, where it is growing in popularity, especially in the northern islands of the country.
6499:
6151:
5708:
5623:
5348:
5257:
5181:
4868:
4858:
4792:
4747:
4690:
4547:
4469:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4239:
3791:
3746:
3596:
3331:
3303:
3117:
3027:
2898:
2814:
2759:
2732:
2562:
2499:
2466:
2447:
2384:
2351:
2304:
2223:
2196:
2080:
2032:
2007:
1902:
1867:
1848:
1797:
1770:
1638:
1486:
1051:
sliced tender areca nut are sold in markets and used as offerings in Buddhist shrines.
783:
579:
559:
422:
267:
4828:
3384:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2019
2663:
2173:
2138:
778:
shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in
6534:
6422:
6402:
6146:
6091:
5604:
5472:
5430:
5391:
5303:
5176:
5166:
5156:
5146:
4994:
4680:
4345:
4302:
4224:
4158:
4136:
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4040:
4010:
3724:
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3058:
3031:
3019:
2960:
2941:
2903:
2806:
2764:
2710:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2597:
2593:
2566:
2554:
2546:
2504:
2486:
2451:
2439:
2431:
2389:
2371:
2308:
2296:
2254:
2228:
2177:
2142:
2084:
2072:
2037:
1979:
1935:
1907:
1889:
1852:
1840:
1802:
1741:
1593:
1001:. It is available practically everywhere and is sold in ready-to-chew pouches called
706:
696:
547:
426:
388:
201:
193:, dates back thousands of years, and continues to the present day in many countries.
186:
158:
33:
3654:
3121:
2818:
2786:
1642:
1547:
836:) constitutes a part of social greeting and socialising. It is a tradition to offer
6893:
6883:
6868:
6494:
6315:
6131:
6101:
6081:
6037:
5915:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5467:
5440:
5252:
5209:
5131:
5044:
4944:
4863:
4787:
4772:
3975:
3776:
3719:
3696:
3659:
3011:
2937:
2933:
2893:
2798:
2754:
2744:
2706:
2702:
2659:
2624:
2589:
2538:
2494:
2478:
2423:
2379:
2363:
2288:
2218:
2208:
2169:
2134:
2064:
2027:
2019:
1897:
1879:
1832:
1792:
1782:
1630:
1601:
1585:
1248:
agricultural, or medicinal drug violations. Such actions by Customs are very rare.
1215:
1203:
1114:
1082:
892:
653:
571:
496:
362:
288:
229:
105:
79:
3882:
3734:
3591:
3015:
6833:
6754:
6519:
6431:
6271:
6113:
6032:
5757:
5648:
5628:
5570:
5555:
5435:
5418:
5396:
5014:
4925:
4782:
4767:
4099:
4065:
4035:
3902:
3669:
3493:
3453:
3054:
1836:
1537:
1118:
954:
869:
523:
504:
337:
4969:
3399:
2858:
2246:
876:, would offer him the combination as a token of friendship every time they met.
6898:
6864:
6737:
6696:
6464:
6367:
6192:
6136:
6096:
6086:
6076:
5990:
5877:
5852:
5445:
5029:
4949:
4777:
4752:
4737:
4705:
4070:
3907:
3862:
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3586:
2069:
10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#
1771:"Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut"
1655:
1445:
1231:
1090:
995:, the preparation of nut with or without betel leaf is commonly referred to as
749:
718:
583:
575:
563:
455:
373:
306:
190:
174:
6066:
6049:
4720:
3831:
2881:
2367:
1672:
1634:
535:
A woman with the characteristic red-stained teeth and gums from long term use.
6948:
6873:
6654:
6629:
6574:
6330:
6299:
6126:
6121:
6022:
5965:
5813:
5690:
5653:
5643:
5341:
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4670:
3478:
2802:
2749:
2550:
2542:
2490:
2435:
2427:
2375:
2350:
Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI (11 November 2022).
2213:
2023:
1893:
1745:
1295:
728:
676:
660:
649:
611:
236:
225:
141:
40:
887:. The soft and moist raw areca nut is very potent. When chewed it can cause
6903:
6888:
6727:
6649:
6539:
6484:
6479:
6447:
6437:
6382:
6357:
6340:
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5545:
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2300:
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2232:
2181:
2146:
2041:
1911:
1844:
1806:
1787:
1597:
1154:
1145:
1144:. A controversial ban on selling and chewing betel nut in public places in
1105:
911:
888:
680:
607:
326:
3079:
3047:
2787:"Systemic conditions associated with areca nut usage: a literature review"
2785:
Javed F, Bello Correra FO, Chotai M, Tappuni AR, Almas K (December 2010).
2076:
6838:
6779:
6669:
6664:
6639:
6622:
6612:
6603:
6469:
6320:
6215:
5955:
5565:
5373:
5364:
5064:
5004:
4979:
4685:
4129:
3980:
3505:
3381:
2482:
2251:
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
1884:
1823:
966:
799:
765:
722:
675:
outcomes for the baby. The habit is associated with higher incidences of
672:
622:
591:
531:
484:
197:
196:
Betel nut chewing is addictive and causes adverse health effects, mainly
154:
146:
3960:
3535:
1928:
Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines
922:
6749:
6744:
6701:
6684:
6674:
6644:
6634:
6584:
6474:
6362:
6251:
6071:
6017:
5980:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5894:
5870:
5765:
5745:
5683:
5670:
5520:
4920:
3786:
3540:
2980:
2959:
Graves, Robert (1984), Las islas de la imprudencia, Barcelona: Edhasa.
1399:
1287:
1219:
959:
745:
684:
645:
488:
476:
430:
221:
170:
166:
6774:
3525:
2833:"Archaeological evidence from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines"
2292:
910:
Reasons for starting to consume areca nuts appears to involve complex
6828:
6679:
6549:
6524:
6412:
6397:
6377:
6167:
6157:
6054:
6044:
5975:
5960:
5925:
5770:
5696:
5633:
5589:
5034:
4895:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
4757:
4005:
3751:
1381:
1310:, with India providing 54% of the total. As other leading producers,
1149:
1129:
753:
671:
Using tobacco or areca nuts during pregnancy significantly increases
595:
472:
446:
442:
418:
353:
329:
when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from India to Europe.
162:
3220:"Banned substance betel nut readily available for sale in Australia"
3105:
3080:"Cordillera PUV drivers banned from chewing betel nut while on duty"
2733:"A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut"
2197:"A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut"
6569:
6442:
6427:
6325:
6281:
6266:
6256:
6241:
6231:
5985:
5910:
5787:
5715:
5611:
5457:
5425:
5413:
5059:
5019:
4838:
3867:
3838:
3741:
3690:
3555:
3483:
2465:
Gupta R, Gupta S, Sharma S, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R (1 January 2019).
1972:
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1235:
1035:
904:
822:
818:
508:
500:
480:
434:
396:
377:
369:
48:
3550:
64:
6811:
6806:
6796:
6769:
6689:
6589:
6554:
6544:
6529:
6286:
6197:
6061:
5940:
5802:
5550:
5535:
5530:
5024:
4989:
4939:
4930:
4055:
3990:
3892:
3825:
3520:
1568:
1441:
1363:
1311:
1161:
1063:
991:
In India (the largest consumer of areca nut) and the rest of the
774:
769:
757:
460:
400:
942:
617:
When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in
441:
by swallowing a few teaspoons of powdered areca nut, drunk as a
6854:
6816:
6801:
6764:
6722:
6717:
6617:
6372:
6276:
5945:
5905:
5792:
5638:
5594:
5540:
5525:
5515:
5500:
4954:
4050:
4000:
3545:
3439:
List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
2784:
2649:
2349:
2099:"Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
1674:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
1417:
1307:
1279:
1271:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1141:
1075:
1059:
1010:
971:
947:
880:
634:
567:
492:
358:
247:
217:
4890:
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
1866:
Zhang P, Sari EF, McCullough MJ, Cirillo N (13 October 2022).
1620:
930:
383:
Usually for chewing, a few slices of the nut are wrapped in a
117:
85:
6784:
6659:
6579:
6564:
6511:
6261:
6220:
6012:
5890:
5865:
5678:
5560:
5492:
5386:
5381:
5009:
4964:
3944:
3927:
3912:
3530:
1345:
1326:
1183:
1179:
1137:
1019:
829:
779:
618:
512:
392:
384:
205:
178:
136:
3295:勞工安全衛生研究所友善列印新聞稿-我國勞工的主要死亡原因分析-惡性腫瘤(癌症)、事故傷害、心臟疾病是勞工朋友三大健康殺手
3192:"Port Moresby Governor launches new attempt to ban betelnut"
2880:
Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP (14 May 2009).
2005:
736:
6791:
6759:
6004:
4015:
3995:
3985:
3965:
3922:
3887:
3872:
3576:
3488:
3473:
2008:"Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer"
1168:
1066:
province. These restrictions were made under the idea that
997:
854:
790:
originally meaning "fruit" came to refer to "areca nut" in
621:), there is an even higher risk for cancer, especially for
123:
108:
94:
1865:
527:
Chewing betelnut produces a red residue, which is spat out
177:, and parts of east Africa. It is not to be confused with
6599:
6304:
5860:
3648:
2521:
2515:
2406:
802:
and in neighboring cultures through trade and migration.
701:
208:), there is an even higher risk, especially for oral and
185:) leaves that are often used to wrap it. The practice of
88:
3327:"Despite Risks, an Addictive Treat Fuels a Chinese City"
2400:
2123:
844:. In traditional Assamese societies carrying a pouch of
5333:
2579:
1306:
In 2017, world production of areca nut was 1.3 million
1254:
Possession of areca nut or betel leaf is banned in the
1251:
In the United Kingdom, areca nut is readily available.
594:. Habitual chewing of areca nuts increases the risk of
281:
68:
Areas of the world where the use of areca nut is common
2278:
429:. Powdered areca nut is used as a constituent in some
2932:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 877–882,
2464:
1775:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1712:"Chewing, spitting of betel nut in city to be banned"
1690:"Chewing, spitting of betel nut in city to be banned"
299:
120:
91:
3110:
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
2977:"Chewing doma: Myth to tradition | Bhutan 2008"
2879:
958:
Areca nut palm cultivation at a spice plantation in
149:, but was carried widely through the tropics by the
114:
2730:
2194:
2054:
453:noted that Chinese people would mix areca nut with
317:
111:
82:
3046:
3001:
372:, but rather the seed of a fruit categorized as a
60:19th century drawing of the Areca palm and its nut
3429:
3254:"Health Survey for the Long-distance Bus Drivers"
2928:Ahuja U, Ahuja S, Ahuja SC (2016), "Betel Nuts",
2737:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
2614:
2201:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
1569:Gupta Prakash Chandra, Ray Cecily S (July 2004).
740:Areca nut plantation in the Terai region of Nepal
6946:
2006:Warnakulasuriya S, Trivedy C, Peters TJ (2002).
1819:
1136:, and grow abundantly on the northern coast, in
629:. With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal
433:. Other traditional uses include the removal of
212:. With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal
39:"Supari" redirects here. For the 2003 film, see
3133:
3131:
2927:
2731:Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (January 2014).
2195:Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (January 2014).
1868:"Metabolomic Profile of Indonesian Betel Quids"
1764:
1762:
1677:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 138.
1480:
1478:
1476:
1298:in Taiwan have been named after the areca nut.
640:Women who chew areca nut formulations, such as
32:For the practice of chewing the areca nut, see
5843:
3038:
1924:
1709:
1484:
1206:, often poorly maintained and with unassuming
1054:In the northern Philippines, particularly the
542:Betel nut chewing causes an increased risk of
5829:
5349:
5092:
4430:
4185:
3415:
3300:Institute of Occupational Safety & Health
3137:
2780:
2778:
2643:
2522:Vidyasagaran AL, Siddiqi K, Kanaan M (2016).
2407:Vidyasagaran AL, Siddiqi K, Kanaan M (2016).
2326:"Chewing Pinang a popular past time in Papua"
2159:
220:, and adverse reproductive effects including
27:Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant
3376:
3374:
3128:
2726:
2724:
2320:
2318:
1813:
1759:
1687:
1530:
1473:
3053:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1978:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008.
1536:
1160:Areca nut chewing has been introduced into
1017:with a small quantity of tobacco is called
5836:
5822:
5356:
5342:
5099:
5085:
4437:
4423:
4192:
4178:
3422:
3408:
3354:"Avoid bringing banned items into the UAE"
3044:
2775:
2678:
2188:
1918:
1768:
157:since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in
4444:
3371:
3324:
2995:
2897:
2758:
2748:
2721:
2531:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
2498:
2416:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
2383:
2315:
2222:
2212:
2031:
1901:
1883:
1796:
1786:
917:
809:the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (
4199:
2687:Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
1461:List of herbs with known adverse effects
1104:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
921:
735:
727:
712:
700:
530:
522:
352:
344:
336:
246:
145:). The palm is originally native to the
63:
55:
47:
5106:
2272:
1670:
1664:
1543:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
466:
189:, often together with other herbs as a
14:
6947:
3163:
3138:Swanston T, Gunga T (5 October 2023).
1731:
1616:
1614:
1023:. The easily discarded, small plastic
982:Areca nuts at a store in Suzhou, China
637:and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease
554:and reproductive organs. It can cause
5817:
5337:
5080:
4418:
4173:
3577:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
3403:
3189:
3166:"Betel nut ban lifted in PNG capital"
3103:
3049:Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors
2791:Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
2684:
2239:
1128:Betel nuts in PNG are referred to in
475:. There are other compounds, such as
6927:
5302:For other topics including Oceanian
3710:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
3077:
2091:
1093:of Indonesia, it is known simply as
946:An Areca nut dwarf variety sapling,
606:, a condition which may progress to
2873:
2458:
2343:
1611:
1590:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V33N4p31S
1501:
666:
602:. Chewing areca nuts is a cause of
471:The major alkaloid in betel nut is
24:
4646:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
1951:from the original on 29 March 2018
1571:"Epidemiology of betel quid usage"
1242:
25:
7006:
1934:. The World Health Organization.
1734:"Papua New Guinea bans betel nut"
1546:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1045:
926:Areca nut in small packs in India
518:
6926:
6917:
6916:
4110:World Invitational Hula Festival
2857:. Vietspring.org. Archived from
2629:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.003
2594:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.021
1410:
1392:
1374:
1356:
1338:
1056:Cordillera Administrative Region
495:present in betel nut are mainly
104:
78:
3630:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
3346:
3318:
3284:
3275:
3246:
3237:
3212:
3183:
3157:
3097:
3071:
2969:
2953:
2921:
2847:
2825:
2608:
2573:
2471:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
2153:
2117:
2048:
1999:
1963:
1859:
1725:
1121:, fresh areca nut, betel leaf (
732:Areca nut cutter from Indonesia
717:A betel nut box crafted by the
5127:Federated States of Micronesia
5010:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
4701:Federated States of Micronesia
4465:Federated States of Micronesia
4220:Federated States of Micronesia
3715:Federated States of Micronesia
2938:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9835
2707:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.11.007
1710:Herald Express (27 May 2018).
1703:
1681:
1649:
1562:
1261:
391:(slaked lime) and may include
332:
13:
1:
3431:Culture of indigenous Oceania
3016:10.1080/10826084.2019.1660678
2664:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30460-6
2174:10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3
2139:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70326-2
1769:Chen X, He Y, Deng Y (2021).
1466:
1301:
1258:and is a punishable offence.
986:
610:. It has also been linked to
427:traditional Chinese medicines
349:Areca nut plantation in India
6955:Herbal and fungal stimulants
4849:Oceanian legendary creatures
3325:Dan Levin (19 August 2010).
1837:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104276
1688:The Junction (8 June 2018).
1196:
1085:, the betel nut is known as
690:
325:The terms dates back to the
242:
7:
5324:Category:Culture of Oceania
2617:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
2582:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1732:Malkin B (6 January 2009).
1518:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
1491:eJournal of Indian Medicine
1454:
318:
300:
282:
10:
7011:
5845:Non-timber forest products
4931:Chatham Islander (Moriori
3839:Weriyeng navigation school
3004:Substance Use & Misuse
1623:Journal of Cluster Science
1516:Plants of the World Online
1485:Zumbroich TJ (2007–2008).
1100:
883:, the areca nut is called
694:
38:
31:
6912:
6847:
6710:
6598:
6510:
6295:
6211:
6112:
5999:
5886:
5851:
5756:
5669:
5491:
5371:
5300:
5218:
5195:
5114:
5073:
4903:
4882:
4801:
4638:
4556:
4533:
4452:
4409:
4393:
4311:
4288:
4207:
4166:
4157:
4079:
3953:
3850:
3683:traditions and ceremonies
3615:
3564:
3444:
3437:
2368:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x
2103:National Cancer Institute
1635:10.1007/s10876-012-0519-2
1438:
310:
292:
271:
263:, cognates of which are:
6995:Austronesian agriculture
6985:Medicinal plants of Asia
6975:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
5781:Queensland macadamia nut
5363:
5273:Northern Mariana Islands
4733:Northern Mariana Islands
4611:Northern Mariana Islands
4366:Northern Mariana Islands
4142:Festival of Pacific Arts
3294:
3078:Gano H (16 April 2019).
2803:10.1177/1403494810379291
2750:10.4103/0971-5851.133702
2543:10.1177/2047487316654026
2428:10.1177/2047487316654026
2214:10.4103/0971-5851.133702
2024:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799
1214:dressed young woman, a "
1173:Northern Mariana Islands
907:until the colonial era.
849:without the offering of
600:hepatocellular carcinoma
357:Betel nut saleswoman in
5238:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4576:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4331:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4105:Merrie Monarch Festival
3190:Evans K (5 July 2023).
3164:Blades J (5 May 2017).
2886:Rural and Remote Health
2330:Stichting Papua Erfgoed
792:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
631:coronary artery disease
604:oral submucous fibrosis
515:were also identified.
368:The areca nut is not a
214:coronary artery disease
151:Austronesian migrations
6859:(Iberian agroforestry)
6097:Pacific mountain onion
5578:Johnstone River almond
5055:Torres Strait Islander
4446:Literature of Oceania
3807:Micronesian Navigation
3104:Latap NS (June 2015).
3084:Philippine News Agency
2356:British Dental Journal
1578:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
1110:
983:
975:
970:Areca nuts as sold in
963:
951:
939:
927:
918:Modern-day consumption
796:Austronesian expansion
741:
733:
725:
710:
552:gastrointestinal tract
536:
528:
365:
350:
342:
341:Areca fruits on a tree
252:
69:
61:
53:
6980:Flora of the Maldives
6960:Edible nuts and seeds
6879:Indian forest produce
6350:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5506:Australian cashew nut
5221:and other territories
5025:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
4911:Indigenous Australian
4809:Australian Aboriginal
4559:and other territories
4314:and other territories
4201:Languages of Oceania
3802:Polynesian Navigation
3782:Torres Strait Islands
3045:Collingham L (2006).
1318:Areca nut production
1108:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
925:
739:
731:
716:
704:
627:oropharyngeal cancers
556:myocardial infarction
544:head and neck cancers
534:
526:
356:
348:
340:
250:
210:oropharyngeal cancers
67:
59:
51:
6122:Bare-toothed russula
5108:Religion in Oceania
5040:Taiwanese aborigines
4399:Languages of Oceania
1925:IARC Working Group.
1885:10.3390/biom12101469
1788:10.1155/2021/1808081
1171:and the neighboring
821:and some schools of
588:prostate hyperplasia
467:Chemical composition
439:intestinal parasites
135:is the fruit of the
6733:musical instruments
5991:Woodland strawberry
5584:Irvingia gabonensis
5308:indigenous currency
3602:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
2855:"Vietnamese Legend"
2699:2013RepTx..36...12K
2281:Periodontology 2000
2127:The Lancet Oncology
1319:
993:Indian subcontinent
874:Santa Isabel Island
868:reported observing
560:cardiac arrhythmias
417:In parts of India,
261:Dravidian languages
5741:Single-leaf pinyon
3918:Polynesian sailing
3332:The New York Times
2483:10.1093/ntr/nty002
2105:. 22 November 2019
1671:Roberts E (1837).
1550:on 10 October 2020
1317:
1111:
984:
976:
964:
952:
940:
938:in an Indian store
934:Shopkeeper making
928:
784:Proto-Austronesian
742:
734:
726:
711:
580:metabolic syndrome
537:
529:
366:
351:
343:
253:
202:esophageal cancers
70:
62:
54:
6942:
6941:
5811:
5810:
5709:Monkey-puzzle nut
5571:Shellbark hickory
5556:Mockernut hickory
5516:Borneo tallow nut
5331:
5330:
5296:
5295:
5288:Wallis and Futuna
5196:Associated states
4793:Wallis and Futuna
4634:
4633:
4626:Wallis and Futuna
4534:Associated states
4405:
4404:
4389:
4388:
4381:Wallis and Futuna
4289:Associated states
4137:Pacific Community
4125:Pasifika Festival
3858:Aboriginal dugout
3797:Wallis and Futuna
3064:978-0-19-988381-3
2947:978-94-007-7746-0
2658:(12): e767–e775.
2537:(18): 1970–1981.
2422:(18): 1970–1981.
2293:10.1111/prd.12277
2018:(7341): 799–800.
1985:978-92-4-159628-2
1584:(4 Suppl): 31–6.
1452:
1451:
1448:
1332:
1204:mom and pop shops
870:Solomon Islanders
866:Álvaro de Mendaña
707:calcium hydroxide
697:Betel nut chewing
548:esophageal cancer
497:proanthocyanidins
389:calcium hydroxide
316:
298:
280:
187:betel nut chewing
159:betel nut chewing
34:Betel nut chewing
16:(Redirected from
7002:
6930:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6894:Resin extraction
6884:Mushroom hunting
6860:
6606: / etc.
6460:
6353:
6188:Saffron milk cap
6178:Parasol mushroom
6018:Fiddlehead ferns
5838:
5831:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5566:Shagbark hickory
5468:Malabar chestnut
5358:
5351:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5278:Pitcairn Islands
5248:French Polynesia
5233:Christmas Island
5162:Papua New Guinea
5142:Marshall Islands
5115:Sovereign states
5101:
5094:
5087:
5078:
5077:
4995:Norfolk Islander
4940:Fijian (iTaukei)
4743:Papua New Guinea
4616:Pitcairn Islands
4586:French Polynesia
4571:Christmas Island
4500:Papua New Guinea
4480:Marshall Islands
4453:Sovereign states
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4371:Pitcairn Islands
4341:French Polynesia
4326:Christmas Island
4255:Papua New Guinea
4235:Marshall Islands
4208:Sovereign states
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4149:Papua New Guinea
3812:Marshall Islands
3762:Pitcairn Islands
3757:Papua New Guinea
3697:Lomilomi massage
3643:Caroline Islands
3516:Papua New Guinea
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3306:on 30 March 2012
3302:. Archived from
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3263:on 30 March 2012
3262:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3116:(6): 1896–1913.
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3010:(9): 1413–1421.
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2979:. Archived from
2973:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2901:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:on 5 August 2014
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1995:on 8 March 2008.
1994:
1988:. Archived from
1977:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1660:The Tree of Life
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1607:on 12 June 2009.
1606:
1600:. Archived from
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1439:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1216:betel nut beauty
1115:Papua New Guinea
1083:Bahasa Indonesia
893:vasoconstriction
864:Spanish mariner
685:linked to cancer
667:During pregnancy
654:low birth weight
572:type II diabetes
511:, alcohols, and
505:carboxylic acids
387:leaf along with
363:Papua New Guinea
321:
315:romanized:
314:
312:
303:
297:romanized:
296:
294:
285:
275:
273:
259:originated from
230:low birth weight
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
21:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6908:
6858:
6843:
6834:Vegetable ivory
6706:
6594:
6506:
6454:
6347:
6309:
6291:
6225:
6207:
6173:Oyster mushroom
6163:Meadow mushroom
6108:
6092:Twincrest onion
5995:
5899:
5882:
5853:Animal products
5847:
5842:
5812:
5807:
5752:
5726:Colorado pinyon
5665:
5487:
5367:
5362:
5332:
5327:
5292:
5220:
5214:
5197:
5191:
5172:Solomon Islands
5110:
5105:
5069:
4899:
4878:
4797:
4763:Solomon Islands
4630:
4558:
4552:
4535:
4529:
4510:Solomon Islands
4448:
4443:
4401:
4385:
4313:
4307:
4290:
4284:
4265:Solomon Islands
4203:
4198:
4153:
4100:Aloha Festivals
4075:
3949:
3908:Paopao (Tuvalu)
3898:Māori migration
3846:
3818:Stick charts of
3772:Solomon Islands
3655:Chatham Islands
3617:
3611:
3560:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3129:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3043:
3039:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2983:on 9 April 2012
2975:
2974:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2783:
2776:
2729:
2722:
2683:
2679:
2652:Lancet Oncology
2648:
2644:
2613:
2609:
2588:(1–2): 126–31.
2578:
2574:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2463:
2459:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2193:
2189:
2158:
2154:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2053:
2049:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1864:
1860:
1818:
1814:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1738:Daily Telegraph
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1538:Merriam-Webster
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1457:
1411:
1409:
1393:
1391:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1355:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1304:
1266:Places such as
1264:
1245:
1243:Other countries
1234:, China, where
1199:
1119:Solomon Islands
1103:
1089:, while in the
1048:
989:
920:
811:chuyện trầu cau
750:Southeast Asian
699:
693:
669:
650:premature birth
521:
469:
335:
245:
226:premature birth
107:
103:
81:
77:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7008:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6924:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6899:Rubber tapping
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:Forest farming
6862:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6501:Vateria indica
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:Shorea robusta
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:Honey mushroom
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6030:
6028:Mahuwa flowers
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Mexican pinyon
5733:
5728:
5723:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5654:English walnut
5651:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5600:Planted karuka
5592:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5478:Red bopple nut
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5441:European hazel
5438:
5433:
5431:American hazel
5423:
5422:
5421:
5419:Sweet chestnut
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5397:European beech
5394:
5392:American beech
5384:
5378:
5376:
5374:botanical nuts
5369:
5368:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:Norfolk Island
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:American Samoa
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5198:of New Zealand
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4606:Norfolk Island
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:American Samoa
4562:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4536:of New Zealand
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Norfolk Island
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:American Samoa
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4291:of New Zealand
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:Garma Festival
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Alingano Maisu
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Norfolk Island
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3370:
3345:
3317:
3283:
3274:
3245:
3236:
3211:
3195:(audio + text)
3182:
3156:
3127:
3096:
3070:
3063:
3037:
2994:
2968:
2952:
2946:
2920:
2872:
2846:
2835:. Epistola.com
2824:
2774:
2720:
2677:
2642:
2623:(1–2): 134–9.
2607:
2572:
2514:
2457:
2399:
2362:(9): 780–786.
2342:
2314:
2287:(1): 200–212.
2271:
2238:
2187:
2168:(6): 477–492.
2152:
2133:(11): 1033–4.
2116:
2090:
2063:(5): 1017–23.
2047:
1998:
1984:
1962:
1940:
1917:
1858:
1812:
1758:
1724:
1702:
1680:
1663:
1656:Naveen Patnaik
1648:
1610:
1561:
1529:
1500:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:United Nations
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1303:
1300:
1282:(เกาะหมาก) in
1263:
1260:
1244:
1241:
1232:Hunan Province
1198:
1195:
1193:supermarkets.
1117:(PNG) and the
1102:
1099:
1091:Papua Province
1047:
1046:Southeast Asia
1044:
988:
985:
919:
916:
719:Maranao people
695:Main article:
692:
689:
668:
665:
584:hypothyroidism
576:hyperlipidemia
520:
519:Health effects
517:
468:
465:
456:Uncaria gambir
451:Edmund Roberts
380:-like cutter.
334:
331:
323:
322:
304:
286:
244:
241:
191:stimulant drug
175:Southeast Asia
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7007:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6935:
6934:
6925:
6923:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Honey hunting
6872:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6630:Coconut sugar
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6203:Yellow knight
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Slippery jack
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6023:Heart of palm
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:Edible plants
5998:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Juniper berry
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Macadamia nut
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:Chilgoza pine
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5684:Burrawang nut
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Chilean hazel
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5483:Yellow walnut
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:New Caledonia
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Easter Island
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:New Caledonia
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Easter Island
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:New Caledonia
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Easter Island
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:New Caledonia
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Easter Island
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Dugout (boat)
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:New Caledonia
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Easter Island
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:Geo-specific,
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:Broad culture
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3278:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2965:84-350-0430-9
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:(8): 838–44.
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Oral Oncology
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1941:9789283215851
1937:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1713:
1706:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Areca catechu
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1296:Binlang Islet
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
924:
915:
913:
908:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
738:
730:
724:
720:
715:
708:
703:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:preterm birth
674:
664:
662:
661:public health
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
612:throat cancer
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
533:
525:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
364:
360:
355:
347:
339:
330:
328:
320:
308:
305:
302:
290:
287:
284:
278:
269:
266:
265:
264:
262:
258:
249:
240:
238:
237:public health
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:Areca catechu
138:
134:
128:
99:
75:
66:
58:
50:
46:
42:
41:Supari (film)
35:
30:
19:
6965:Edible palms
6931:
6904:Wildcrafting
6889:Naval stores
6867: /
6855:
6824:Tendu leaves
6780:Natural dyes
6650:Gutta-percha
6602: /
6540:Frankincense
6500:
6456:
6413:Mango butter
6358:Cocoa butter
6349:
6346:Chaulmoogra
6316:Allanblackia
6247:Black pepper
6236:
6132:Birch bolete
6082:Canada onion
6067:Wild ginseng
6062:Saw palmetto
6003: /
5893: /
5788:Paradise nut
5695:
5644:Black walnut
5618:Panda oleosa
5616:
5582:
5510:
5436:Beaked hazel
5219:Dependencies
5205:Cook Islands
4916:Austronesian
4661:Cook Islands
4557:Dependencies
4543:Cook Islands
4312:Dependencies
4298:Cook Islands
4121:New Zealand
3976:fire dancing
3837:
3830:
3816:
3695:
3681:
3674:
3660:Cook Islands
3646:
3607:Wood carving
3582:Kava culture
3571:
3469:Cook Islands
3386:. Retrieved
3361:. Retrieved
3358:www.dubai.ae
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3330:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3299:
3286:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3258:the original
3248:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3198:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3143:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3048:
3040:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:the original
2971:
2955:
2929:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2889:
2885:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2827:
2794:
2790:
2740:
2736:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2477:(1): 25–31.
2474:
2470:
2460:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1990:the original
1971:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1927:
1920:
1878:(10): 1469.
1875:
1872:Biomolecules
1871:
1861:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1778:
1774:
1749:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1683:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1602:the original
1581:
1577:
1564:
1552:, retrieved
1548:the original
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1432:
1427:
1305:
1265:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1225:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1155:Manus Island
1146:Port Moresby
1133:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1094:
1087:makan pinang
1086:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1011:hunger pains
1006:
1002:
996:
990:
950:state, India
935:
912:psychosocial
909:
902:
896:
884:
878:
863:
858:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
815:
810:
804:
787:
773:
763:
743:
681:birth weight
670:
663:emergency".
658:
641:
639:
616:
608:mouth cancer
564:liver damage
541:
538:
470:
454:
416:
412:
409:
404:
382:
367:
327:16th century
324:
256:
254:
239:emergency".
234:
195:
182:
140:
132:
73:
71:
45:
29:
6990:Euphoriants
6970:Fruit trees
6839:Willow bark
6670:Maple syrup
6665:Maple sugar
6640:Fruit syrup
6623:chewing gum
6613:Birch syrup
6470:Shea butter
6142:Chanterelle
6087:Crow garlic
6077:Bear garlic
6072:Wild onions
6050:filé powder
5971:Lingonberry
5956:Huckleberry
5798:Peanut tree
5758:Angiosperms
5731:Korean pine
5671:Gymnosperms
5605:Wild karuka
5451:Asian hazel
5152:New Zealand
4985:Micronesian
4975:Marshallese
4844:Micronesian
4716:New Zealand
4656:Austronesia
4490:New Zealand
4394:by category
4245:New Zealand
4130:Te Matatini
3981:firewalking
3730:New Zealand
3676:Lau Islands
3638:Austronesia
3506:nguzu nguzu
3494:New Zealand
3464:Austronesia
3388:30 November
3199:ABC Pacific
3089:20 November
2913:7 September
2892:(2): 1118.
2247:"Areca nut"
2109:28 November
1824:Fitoterapia
1781:: 1808081.
1629:: 107–114.
1262:Place names
1220:neon lights
1191:South Asian
1060:Baguio City
889:palpitation
800:Austronesia
766:Duyong Cave
746:South Asian
723:Philippines
592:infertility
485:isoguvacine
449:. Diplomat
431:dentifrices
333:Description
183:Piper betle
147:Philippines
6949:Categories
6750:Birch beer
6745:Birch bark
6702:Spruce gum
6685:akpeteshie
6675:Palm sugar
6645:Gum arabic
6635:Date sugar
6585:Turpentine
6465:Sandalwood
6368:Eucalyptus
6363:Eucalyptol
6252:Brazil nut
6127:Bay bolete
5981:Strawberry
5936:Cocoa bean
5931:Breadfruit
5921:Blackberry
5895:tree fruit
5766:Brazil nut
5746:Stone pine
5691:Ginkgo nut
5521:Breadfruit
5005:Polynesian
4980:Melanesian
4921:Sama-Bajau
4854:Polynesian
4834:Melanesian
4819:Mangarevan
4696:Micronesia
4411:Literature
4086:Australia
3832:navigation
3363:13 October
3224:SBS.com.au
3204:2 November
3175:2 November
3149:2 November
2987:8 November
2743:(1): 3–9.
2335:2 November
2264:2 November
2207:(1): 3–9.
1955:13 October
1831:: 104276.
1467:References
1400:Bangladesh
1302:Production
1288:Fua Mulaku
1270:in India,
1015:Pan masala
1003:pan masala
987:South Asia
960:Curti, Goa
807:Vietnamese
754:East Asian
646:stillbirth
489:guvacoline
477:arecaidine
447:bad breath
437:and other
222:stillbirth
171:South Asia
167:Micronesia
52:Areca nuts
18:Betel nuts
6869:gardening
6829:Thatching
6680:Palm wine
6525:Birch tar
6453:Sal-seed
6378:Japan wax
6331:Candlenut
6272:Malva nut
6237:Areca nut
6158:Matsutake
6114:Mushrooms
6055:root beer
6045:Sassafras
6033:Sago palm
5976:Raspberry
5961:Jackfruit
5926:Blueberry
5878:Wild game
5771:Macadamia
5704:Bunya nut
5697:Araucaria
5649:Butternut
5634:Pistachio
5624:Pekea nut
5546:Gabon nut
5511:Betel nut
5463:Kurrajong
5409:Candlenut
5372:True, or
5122:Australia
5045:Tokelauan
4874:Vanuatuan
4802:Mythology
4758:Slit drum
4748:Polynesia
4691:Melanesia
4651:Australia
4460:Australia
4215:Australia
4159:Languages
4080:Festivals
4006:kapa haka
3903:Outrigger
3625:Australia
3597:Polynesia
3572:areca nut
3459:Australia
3338:20 August
3310:18 August
3267:18 August
3032:219991434
2567:206820997
2551:2047-4873
2491:1469-994X
2452:206820997
2436:2047-4873
2376:0007-0610
2309:155089425
2085:196365532
1894:2218-273X
1853:198952787
1746:0307-1235
1497:: 87–140.
1433:1,337,115
1382:Indonesia
1197:East Asia
1150:Hanuabada
1130:Tok Pisin
914:factors.
851:tamul-pan
846:tamul-pan
838:pan-tamul
691:Tradition
596:cirrhosis
509:aldehydes
473:arecoline
443:decoction
435:tapeworms
423:Ayurvedic
419:Sri Lanka
311:அடைக்காய்
277:romanized
268:Malayalam
255:The term
251:Areca nut
243:Etymology
163:Melanesia
133:betel nut
74:areca nut
6922:Category
6738:textiles
6570:Pine tar
6535:Creosote
6485:Tea-tree
6480:Tea-seed
6448:Pongamia
6438:Phulwara
6423:Nagkesar
6418:Murumuru
6393:Kpangnan
6341:Carnauba
6282:Pine nut
6267:Hazelnut
6257:Cinnamon
6242:Bay leaf
6232:Allspice
6154:(reishi)
5986:Tamarind
5951:Gambooge
5911:Bilberry
5716:Pine nut
5659:Heartnut
5629:Pili nut
5612:Mongongo
5590:Jack nut
5473:Palm nut
5458:Kola nut
5426:Hazelnut
5414:Chestnut
5404:Breadnut
5316:folklore
5137:Kiribati
5074:Religion
5060:Visayans
5035:Tahitian
5015:Rapa Nui
4945:Hawaiian
4926:Chamorro
4883:Research
4869:Tuvaluan
4859:Rapa Nui
4839:Menehune
4681:Kiribati
4475:Kiribati
4230:Kiribati
4096:Hawaiʻi
4071:'upa'upa
4011:Kiribati
3961:ʻAparima
3883:Hōkūleʻa
3705:Kiribati
3556:tivaevae
3536:taʻovala
3484:magimagi
3144:ABC News
3122:21722318
3024:32569538
2908:19445556
2819:32865681
2811:20688790
2769:25006276
2715:23207167
2693:: 12–7.
2672:29208442
2637:18282667
2602:19665325
2559:27256827
2509:29325111
2444:27256827
2394:36369568
2301:31090137
2259:37043595
2233:25006276
2182:11435174
2147:19891056
2042:11934759
1946:Archived
1912:36291678
1845:31351128
1807:34457017
1751:23 April
1717:23 April
1695:23 April
1643:94299039
1598:15389304
1554:24 March
1455:See also
1440:Source:
1422:102,165
1404:119,039
1386:136,837
1368:147,524
1350:723,000
1323:Country
1292:Maldives
1284:Thailand
1276:Malaysia
1268:Guwahati
1236:Xiangtan
1036:Maldives
905:Americas
823:Buddhism
819:Hinduism
768:site of
679:and low
633:, fatal
501:terpenes
481:guvacine
461:eyesores
397:cardamom
378:scissors
370:true nut
319:aḍaikkāy
216:, fatal
6933:Commons
6848:Related
6812:Tanbark
6807:Shellac
6797:Quinine
6770:Gambier
6690:ogogoro
6590:Varnish
6555:Lacquer
6545:Gamboge
6530:Camphor
6520:Benzoin
6430: (
6336:Capuacu
6321:Babassu
6287:Vanilla
6198:Truffle
6183:Red cap
6152:Lingzhi
5941:Coconut
5916:Binukaw
5891:Berries
5803:Soybean
5551:Hickory
5536:Coconut
5446:Filbert
5320:cuisine
5283:Tokelau
5187:Vanuatu
5030:Tagalog
5020:Rotuman
4990:Negrito
4960:Ivatans
4950:Ilocano
4935:Rekohu)
4788:Vanuatu
4773:Tokelau
4621:Tokelau
4525:Vanuatu
4376:Tokelau
4280:Vanuatu
4167:by area
4056:tautoga
3991:hivinau
3893:Karakoa
3792:Vanuatu
3618:general
3526:tā moko
3521:reimiro
3511:Oceania
2899:2726113
2865:10 June
2839:10 June
2760:4080659
2695:Bibcode
2500:6941711
2385:9652141
2224:4080659
2077:1515978
2033:1122751
2012:The BMJ
1903:9599835
1798:8387188
1442:FAOSTAT
1364:Myanmar
1312:Myanmar
1208:façades
1162:Vanuatu
1101:Oceania
1064:Benguet
1062:in the
1034:In the
974:, China
962:, India
775:Anadara
770:Palawan
758:Oceanic
721:of the
673:adverse
493:Tannins
403:resin (
401:catechu
289:Kannada
283:aṭaykka
279::
272:അടയ്ക്ക
6856:Dehesa
6817:tannin
6802:Rattan
6765:Forage
6728:edible
6723:Bamboo
6718:Amadou
6697:Rubber
6618:Chicle
6560:Mastic
6512:Resins
6495:Ucuuba
6490:Tucuma
6475:Tamanu
6432:kernel
6403:Mafura
6373:Illipe
6326:Bacuri
6277:Nutmeg
6221:spices
5946:Durian
5906:Banana
5793:Peanut
5639:Walnut
5595:Karuka
5541:Durian
5526:Cashew
5501:Almond
5493:Drupes
5322:, see
5304:cinema
5258:Hawaii
5182:Tuvalu
5050:Tongan
5000:Papuan
4955:Igorot
4904:People
4864:Samoan
4814:Fijian
4783:Tuvalu
4768:Tahiti
4596:Hawaii
4520:Tuvalu
4351:Hawaii
4275:Tuvalu
4066:Tuvalu
4051:tāmūrē
4046:Tahiti
4036:Rotuma
4026:pa'o'a
4021:'ote'a
4001:kailao
3868:Bangka
3851:Canoes
3787:Tuvalu
3587:Lapita
3546:tattoo
3261:(.zip)
3229:2 July
3120:
3061:
3030:
3022:
2963:
2944:
2906:
2896:
2817:
2809:
2767:
2757:
2713:
2670:
2635:
2600:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2392:
2382:
2374:
2307:
2299:
2257:
2231:
2221:
2180:
2145:
2083:
2075:
2057:Cancer
2040:
2030:
1982:
1938:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1851:
1843:
1805:
1795:
1744:
1641:
1596:
1418:Taiwan
1415:
1397:
1379:
1361:
1343:
1331:(2017)
1327:Tonnes
1308:tonnes
1280:Ko Mak
1272:Penang
1228:Hainan
1212:sexily
1142:Madang
1095:pinang
1076:Ifugao
1025:supari
1007:supari
972:Hainan
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