3050:
literature leaves to posterity no Therīgāthā equivalent. There are also no extant Jain texts from that period to match stories in the Avadānaśataka of women converts who attained high levels of religious experience. Nor is there any equivalent of the forty Apadānas attributed to the nuns who were the Buddha's close disciples. In
Brahminism, again, although Stephanie Jamison has eruditely and insightfully drawn out the vicissitudes of the role of women within the Brahmanic ritual of sacrifice, the literature of Brahmanism does not supply us with voices of women from the ancient world, nor with stories of women who renounced their roles in the domestic sphere in favor of the fervent practice of religious observances.
637:
1987:
version was in force. Those are the two general patterns that the Buddha followed throughout the rest of the Vinaya, so those are the patterns to be applied in deciding whether the allowance for unilateral ordination is valid at present. Because the rules for bhikkhunī ordination clearly don't follow the second pattern, we have to assume that the Buddha meant them to be interpreted in line with the first. In other words, when he gave permission in Cv.X.17.2 for bhikkhus to ordain bhikkhunīs after they had been purified in the
Bhikkhunī Saṅgha, he automatically rescinded, once and for all, his earlier permission for bhikkhus to ordain bhikkhunīs unilaterally.
2301:
have followed in
Dhammananda Bhikkhuni's footsteps, with temples, monasteries and meditations centers led by Thai bhikkhunis emerging in Samut Sakhon, Chiang Mai and Rayong. The stance of the Thai Sangha hierarchy has largely changed from one of denial of the existence of bhikkhunis to one of acceptance of bhikkhunis as of foreign (non-Thai) traditions. However Thailand's two main Theravada Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks. Despite substantial and growing support inside the religious hierarchy, sometimes fierce opposition to the ordination of women within the
2332:
600:
986:
tradition. It was devised in order to be able to deal with some corruptions in the
Buddhist monastic orders due to traits of modern society which were not present in the time of the Buddha. The Revised Pratimoksha is not based on the Eight Garudhammas, but does retain some of the elements in the Garudhammas which are considered to be useful for the education of nuns. It should, however, be observed that Thich Nhat Hanh has also devised Eight Garudhammas for monks to ensure the mutual respect between monks and nuns, which makes it possible for them to collaborate in the teaching and practice of the Buddhadharma.
2123:
Bhikkhuni in the forest near Jenner, CA, with Ven. Sobhana
Bhikkhuni as Prioress, which opened officially in July 2010, where several bhikkhunis reside together along with trainees and lay supporters; and Sati Saraniya in Ontario, founded by Ven. Medhanandi in appx 2009, where two bhikkhunis reside. (There are also quiet residences of individual bhikkhunis where they may receive visitors and give teachings, such as the residence of Ven. Amma Thanasanti Bhikkhuni in 2009–2010 in Colorado Springs; and the Los Angeles residence of Ven. Susila Bhikkhuni; and the residence of Ven. Wimala Bhikkhuni in the mid-west.)
2007:
texts from different traditions, choosing whatever makes immediate sense to them, without having to submit to the training from a bhikkhunī who is truly qualified his false equation of a meticulous attitude toward the rules with an attitude that regards the rules as ends in themselves, and his further false equation of this attitude with the fetter of “dogmatic adherence to rules and observances.” This principle encourages a lack of respect for the rules and for those who follow them. And this would get in the way of learning the many valuable lessons that can come from a willingness to learn from the rules.
94:
1619:
1463:. The colour of robes distinguishes both level of ordination and tradition, with white (usually worn by a male renunciant before ordination) or pink symbolising a state of ambiguity, being on the threshold of a decision, no longer secular and not yet monastic. In Myanmar, Ten-precepts ordained nuns or the Sayalays (there are no fully ordained bhikkhunis) are usually wearing pink. A key exception to this is in the countries where women are not allowed to wear robes that signify full ordination, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and (Theravadin in) Vietnam.
1591:
675:(monks). According to the scriptures, later, after an initial reluctance, he also established an order of Bhikkhunis (nuns or women monks). However, according to the scriptural account, not only did the Buddha lay down more rules of discipline for the bhikkhunis (311 compared to the bhikkhu's 227 in the Theravada version), he also made it more difficult for them to be ordained, and made them subordinate to monks. The bhikkhuni order was established five years after the bhikkhu order at the request of a group of women whose spokesperson was
2554:
aspiration to give ourselves wholly to the path of awakening. It's challenging when a purehearted intention is met with opposition within the very community to which you belong, just because of your physical form. There were times when the challenges and misunderstandings felt insurmountable. For a while, all of the nuns in the community where I lived were being publicly admonished for not understanding the teachings, for being overly identified with our gender, and for not being sufficiently grateful.
1787:. The stance of the Thai Sangha hierarchy has largely changed from one of denial of the existence of bhikkhunis to one of acceptance of bhikkhunis as of foreign (non-Thai) traditions. However Thailand's two main Theravada Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks. Despite substantial and growing support inside the religious hierarchy, sometimes fierce opposition to the ordination of women within the
629:
2320:
8042:
8053:
1607:
33:
5451:
614:
5438:
1762:, responding to the attempted ordination of two women, issued an edict that monks must not ordain women as samaneris (novices), sikkhamanas (probationers) or bhikkhunis. The two women were reportedly arrested and jailed briefly. A 55-year-old Thai Buddhist 8-precept white-robed maechee nun, Varanggana Vanavichayen, became the first woman to receive the going-forth ceremony of a Theravada novice (and the gold robe) in Thailand, in 2002.
916:
for both sanghas and had to be divided equally however many were in each group. Because the nuns tended to receive fewer invitations to lay-people's homes, the Buddha had all offerings brought to the monastery and equally divided between the two sanghas. He protected the nuns and was fair to both parties. They are subordinate in the sense of being younger sisters and elder brothers, not in the sense of being masters and slaves.
5428:
1934:, has argued in a number of papers that it is possible for bhikkhus alone to ordain bhikkhunis if necessary. By exploring attitudes towards bhikkhunis in early Buddhist texts and the story of the foundation of the bhikkhuni order he advocates for the continuing validity of the rule allowing "single ordination" (i.e. by monks only) which the Buddha legislated at the birth of the bhikkhunī Sangha:
926:
982:. The Fourteen Precepts (also known as Mindfulness Trainings) of the Order of Interbeing act as bodhisattva vows for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis of the Plum Village community. They are to help practitioners not to be too rigid in their understanding of the Pratimoksha and to understand the meta-ethics of Buddhism in terms of Right View and compassion.
1755:, with many women ordained in Sri Lanka since 1996. Some of these were carried out with the assistance of nuns from the East Asian tradition; others were carried out by the Theravada monk's Order alone. Since 2005, many ordination ceremonies for women have been organised by the head of the Dambulla chapter of the Siyam Nikaya in Sri Lanka.
889:
benefits of leaving the household life without incurring immediate harm. Whilst it is one thing to abhor, as any civilized person must do, the attitudes and behavior towards women which underlie the necessity for such protection, it is surely misplaced to criticize the Buddha and his community for adopting this particular policy.
2300:
in 2003 upon the revival of the full ordination of women there. Since then, the Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law banning women's full ordination in
Buddhism (enacted 1928) as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. More than 20 further Thai women
2122:
More recently established
Theravada bhikkhuni viharas include: Mahapajapati Monastery where several nuns (bhikkhunis and novices) live together in the desert of southern California near Joshua Tree, founded by Ven. Gunasari Bhikkhuni of Burma in 2008; Aranya Bodhi Hermitage founded by Ven. Tathaaloka
2099:
is notable because it is home to a growing group of fully ordained bhikshuni (Buddhist nuns) practising in the
Tibetan tradition. This is special because the tradition of full ordination for women was not transmitted from India to Tibet. Ordained women practising in the Tibetan tradition usually hold
2051:
in the eastern United States. The first such women's monastic residence in the western United States, Dhammadharini Vihara (now the
Dhammadharini Monastery in Penngrove, CA, was founded in Fremont, CA, by Ven. Tathaaloka of the US, in 2005. Soon afterwards, Samadhi Meditation Center in Pinellas Park,
1890:
In Part Four of
Alexander Berzin's Summary Report: Day Three and Final Comments by the Fourteenth Dalai Lama it is said: "But Buddha gave the basic rights equally to both sangha groups. There is no point in discussing whether or not to revive the bhikshuni ordination; the question is merely how to do
1739:
nuns, it is important not only to re-establish the Mulasarvastivada bhikshuni ordination, but also for the new bhikshunis to ignore the eight garudhammas that have regulated their lower status. These eight, after all, were formulated for the sole purpose of avoiding censure by the lay society. In the
997:
In Plum Village, nuns do not observe the Eight Garudhammas in their traditional sense, as Nhat Hanh claims they were invented only to help the stepmother of the Buddha. I can accept them just to give joy to the monks who practice in the traditional way. If I can give them joy, I will have a chance to
985:
Plum Village bhikkhunis recite and live according to the Revised Pratimoksha, a set of 348 rules, based on the Pratimoksha of the Dharmaguptaka school of Buddhism. The Revised Pratimoksha was released in 2003 after years of research and collaboration between monks and nuns of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya
888:
In those days (and this still applies to much of present Indian society) a woman who had left the life of the household would otherwise have been regarded more or less as a harlot and subjected to the appropriate harassment. By being formally associated with the monks, the nuns were able to enjoy the
3134:
In the Vinaya (monk's discipline) the Buddha is represented as saying this, but such a prophecy involving time is found only here. There is not other mention anywhere in the whole of the Vinaya (discipline) and the Suttas (discourses). This makes it suspect as an intrusion. The Commentaries, as well
2399:
No matter how others see it, I feel this is something necessary. To uphold the Buddhist teachings it is necessary to have the fourfold community (fully ordained monks (gelongs), fully ordained nuns (gelongmas), and both male and female lay precept holders). As the Buddha said, the fourfold community
1774:
in 2003 upon the revival of the full ordination of women there. Since then, the Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law banning women's full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. More than 20 further Thai women have followed
1435:
For this reason, the leadership of the Theravada bhikkhu Sangha in Burma and Thailand deem fully ordained bhikkhunis as impossible. "Equal rights for men and women are denied by the Ecclesiastical Council. No woman can be ordained as a Theravada Buddhist nun or bhikkhuni in Thailand. The Council has
878:
This harsher treatment (which also included rape and assault) of bhikkhunis by society required greater protection. Within these social conditions, Gautama Buddha opened up new horizons for women by founding the bhikkhuni sangha. This social and spiritual advancement for women was ahead of the times
2046:
translates as monastery or nunnery, and may be both dwelling and community center where one or more bhikkhus or bhikkhunis offer teachings on Buddhist scriptures, conduct traditional ceremonies, teach meditation, offer counseling and other community services, receive alms, and reside. In 2003 Ven.
2006:
He does not understand the crucial problem in any attempt to revive the Bhikkhunī Saṅgha: that there is no way to provide adequate training for new bhikkhunīs, in that there are no bhikkhunīs with the requisite training that would qualify them to train others. It encourages them to cherry-pick the
1922:
This is problematic from a legalist point of view, as a woman from one Buddhist tradition ordained by nuns in another invalidates the notion of lineage and goes against differences in doctrine and monastic discipline among different traditions. Theravada Sanghas like Thailand's refuses to recognize
686:
The historicity of this account has been questioned, sometimes to the extent of regarding nuns as a later invention. The stories, sayings and deeds of a substantial number of the preeminent Bhikkhuni disciples of the Buddha as well as numerous distinguished bhikkhunis of early Buddhism are recorded
2383:
Sometimes in religion there has been an emphasis on male importance. In Buddhism, however, the highest vows, namely the bhikshu and bhikshuni ones, are equal and entail the same rights. This is the case despite the fact that in some ritual areas, due to social custom, bhikshus go first. But Buddha
2363:
In 2005, the Dalai Lama repeatedly spoke about the bhikshuni ordination in public gatherings. In Dharamsala, he encouraged, "We need to bring this to a conclusion. We Tibetans alone can't decide this. Rather, it should be decided in collaboration with Buddhists from all over the world. Speaking in
1730:
stated during congress while talking about Gender Equality and Human Rights: "It would be helpful if Tibetan nuns could study the bhikshuni vows before the ordination is established. The traditional custom is that one is only allowed to study the bhikshu or bhikshuni vows after having taken them."
1403:
The traditional appearance of Theravada bhikkhunis is nearly identical to that of male monks, including a shaved head, shaved eyebrows and saffron robes. In some countries, nuns wear dark chocolate robes or sometimes the same colour as monks. The tradition flourished for centuries throughout South
915:
Nuns at the time of the Buddha had equal rights and an equal share in everything. In one case, eight robes were offered to both sanghas at a place where there was only one nun and four monks. The Buddha divided the robes in half, giving four to the nun and four to the monks, because the robes were
697:
and Theri Apadana as well as the Anguttara Nikaya and Bhikkhuni Samyutta. Additionally the ancient bhikkhunis feature in the Sanskrit Avadana texts and the first Sri Lankan Buddhist historical chronicle, the Dipavamsa, itself speculated to be authored by the Sri Lankan Bhikkhuni Sangha. Not only
3049:
A brief digression into comparative analysis should help to illustrate the significance of these central texts. Although it is possible to ascertain (however, unfortunately from just a few references) that women within the Jain śramaṇa tradition possessed similar freedoms to Buddhist women, Jaina
1963:
that the bhikkhus can carry out bhikkhunī ordination even if the candidate has not cleared herself—by undergoing the formal interrogation—in front of the bhikkhus, but rather has done so already in the community of bhikkhunīs Thus, as far as the canonical Vinaya is concerned, it seems clear that
2541:
When I translated the texts concerning the ordination ceremony I got such a shock. It said that even the most senior nun had to sit behind the most novice monk because, although her ordination was superior, the basis of that ordination, her body, was inferior. I thought, "There it is." I'd heard
1886:
The aim of the congress has been rated by the organisers of utmost importance for equality and liberation of Buddhist women (nuns). "The re-establishment of nuns’ ordination in Tibet via XIVth Dalai Lama and the international monks and nuns sanghas will lead to further equality and liberation of
2265:
in India with assistance from monks and nuns of the Korean Chogyo order. Some bhikkhuni ordinations were carried out with the assistance of nuns from the East Asian tradition; others were carried out by the Theravada monk's Order alone. Since 2005, many ordination ceremonies for women have been
1990:
And he had good reason for rescinding the earlier permission. If there is no Bhikkhunī Saṅgha to purify the candidate for bhikkhunī ordination, that means there is no Community of bhikkhunīs trained in the apprenticeship lineage established by the Buddha to train the candidate if she were to be
1841:
however, was not deterred or intimidated by such a response, and, remaining faithful to his convictions that there was no reason the Bhikkhunī order should not be revived, went on to successfully found Santi Forest Monastery, and following Bhante Sujato's wishes, Santi has since flourished as a
898:
On the assumption that the present passage could have originally implied that women joining the order will be in a precarious situation and their practicing of the holy life might not last long, the reference to a shortening of the lifespan of the Buddha's teaching from a thousand years to five
2553:
At times it has been a struggle to make my way as a Buddhist nun. Both the support and the modeling that elders can give has been missed. Much of our history and the legacy we receive through the Pali canon can be pretty tough. Nuns are often framed as being a problem, simply by fulfilling our
1986:
As I pointed out in OBU , the general pattern in the Vinaya is that when a rule was altered, the original formulation was automatically rescinded. In special cases where the Buddha meant for both versions to remain valid, for differing situations, he spelled out the situations under which each
3010:
this is in contrast to Jain tradition which is always compared to with Buddhism as they emerged almost at the same time, which is non-conclusive in a woman's ability to attain final liberation Digambara makes the opening statement: There is moksa for men only, not for women; #9 The Svetambara
2230:
ordination of bhikkhunis in Indonesia after more than a thousand years occurred in 2015 at Wisma Kusalayani in Lembang, Bandung. Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from
2017:
Bhikkhu Thamma Kittimette, a male member of the Sangha Supreme Council of Thailand, explains that according to custom, a Bhikkhuni nun can only be ordained by another bhikkhuni preceptor or teacher who initiates the process. Without a preceptor, a woman cannot be ordained. He says that women
1870:
In July 2007 a meeting of Buddhist leaders and scholars of all traditions met at the International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha, in Hamburg, Germany to work toward a worldwide consensus on the re-establishment of bhikshuni ordination. 65 delegates, bhikkhus and bhikkhunis,
854:
Bodhi notes that, "The fact that the background stories to these rules show them originating at different points in the early history of the Bhikkhuni Sangha casts doubt on the historicity of the present account , which shows the eight garudhammas being laid down at the very beginning of the
2358:
has said on this issue: "This is the 21st century. Everywhere we are talking about equality….Basically Buddhism needs equality. There are some really minor things to remember as a Buddhist—a bhikshu always goes first, then a bhikshuni….The key thing is the restoration of the bhikshuni vow."
1439:
Without ordination available to them, women traditionally voluntarily take limited vows to live as renunciants. These women attempt to lead a life following the teachings of the Buddha. They observe 8–10 precepts, but do not follow exactly the same codes as bhikkhunis. They receive popular
2509:
returned to England and in 1967 began his own Buddhist Order, giving equal ordination to both men and women. Men were called Dharmachari and women, Dharmacharinis. Simply, becoming a committed Buddhist. And whatever lifestyle the 'Order Member' chooses, it is secondary to this commitment.
1894:
According to the Summary Report as well as according to the other texts available from the congress there has not been a discussion on how and which of the eight gurudharmas discriminate against Buddhist nuns and how this can be changed in detail in the process of re-establishing the
1964:
bhikkhus are permitted to ordain bhikkhunīs in a situation that resembles the situation when the first prescription was given—“I prescribe the giving of the higher ordination of bhikkhunīs by bhikkhus”—that is, when no bhikkhunī order able to confer higher ordination is in existence.
2126:
In 2010 the first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in North America was established in Vermont, called Vajra Dakini Nunnery, offering novice ordination. The abbot of this nunnery is an American woman named Khenmo Drolma who is the first "bhikkhunni," a fully ordained Buddhist nun, in the
2423:(three-month monastic retreat), which lasted until 13 April 2014. As far as the Abbey knows, this was the first time a Western bhikshuni sangha practising in the Tibetan tradition had done this ritual in the United States and in English. On 19 April 2014 the Abbey held its first
2111:(three-month monastic retreat), which lasted until 13 April 2014. As far as the Abbey knows, this was the first time a Western bhikshuni sangha practising in the Tibetan tradition had done this ritual in the United States and in English. On 19 April 2014 the Abbey held its first
2404:
The Tibetan community is taking its own steps to figure out how to approach conferring bhikshuni ordination to women ordained under the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya system. Meanwhile, steps have already been taken to cultivate the bhiksuni monastic community in the West. Bhikshuni
893:
Bhikkhu Anālayo goes further, noting that "the situation in ancient India for women who were not protected by a husband would have been rather insecure and rape seems to have been far from uncommon." According to him the reference to a reduced duration has been misunderstood:
2730:
So he [Ven. Ānanda] said to the Blessed One, "Lord, if a woman were to go forth from the home life into homelessness in the Dhamma & Vinaya made known by the Tathāgata, would she be able to realize the fruit of stream-entry, once-returning, non-returning, or
2261:, an International Buddhist Women Association, the Theravada bhikkhuni order was revived, when 11 Sri Lankan women received full ordination in Sarnath, India, in a procedure held by Ven. Dodangoda Revata Mahāthera and the late Ven. Mapalagama Vipulasāra Mahāthera of the
883:
Ian Astley argues that under the conditions of society where there is great discrimination and threat to women living the homeless life, Buddha could not be blamed for the steps he took in trying to secure the Bhikkhuni Sangha from negative attitudes among laity:
2372:, he instructed, "I prefer that Western Buddhist nuns carry out this work…Go to different places for further research and discuss with senior monks (from various Buddhist countries). I think, first, senior bhikshunis need to correct the monks' way of thinking."
2163:
In 2009 in Australia four women received bhikkhuni ordination as Theravada nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia. It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with Venerables
2367:
Later, in Zurich during a 2005 conference of Tibetan Buddhist Centers, the Dalai Lama said, "Now I think the time has come; we should start a working group or committee" to meet with monks from other Buddhist traditions. Looking at the German bhikshuni, Ven.
1436:
issued a national warning that any monk who ordains female monks will be punished." Based on the spread of the bhikkhuni lineage to countries like China, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, Japan and Sri Lanka, other scholars support ordination of Theravada bhikkhunis.
2418:
lineage. This has allowed the female monastics to take full ordination, travelling to Taiwan to take part in 6–8-week training programmes. In January 2014, the Abbey, which then had seven bhikshunis and three novices, formally began its first winter
850:
at X.1), the reason the Buddha gave for his actions was that admission of women to the sangha would weaken it and shorten its lifetime to 500 years. This prophecy occurs only once in the Canon and is the only prophecy involving time in the Canon.
2537:, a Theravada bhikkhu of Amaravati Buddhist Monastery, said, "Seeing the nuns not receiving the respect given to the monks is very painful. It is like having a spear in your heart". American Tibetan Buddhist monk Thubten Pende gave his views:
2093:(varsa in Sanskrit and yarne in Tibetan), and communities of both nuns and monks had resided there. This seemed auspicious to ensure the Buddha's teachings would be abundantly available to both male and female monastics at the monastery.
1700:
To help establish the Bhikshuni Sangha (community of fully ordained nuns) where it does not currently exist has also been declared one of the objectives of Sakyadhita, as expressed at its founding meeting in 1987 in Bodhgaya, India.
1059:
or novice, a preparation monastic level prior to full vows. Novices, both male and female, adhere to twenty-five main vows. A layperson or child monk too young to take the full vows may take the Five Vows called "approaching virtue"
2542:
about this belief but I'd never found evidence of it. I had to recite this text at the ceremony. I was embarrassed to say it and ashamed of the institution I was representing. I wondered, "Why doesn't she get up and leave?" I would.
1517:, is a Thai scholar who took bhikkhuni ordination in Sri Lanka and returned to Thailand, where bhikkhuni ordination is forbidden and can result in arrest or imprisonment for a woman. She is considered a pioneer by many in Thailand.
2339:
When Buddhism travelled from India to Tibet, apparently the quorum of twelve fully ordained nuns required for bestowing full ordination never reached Tibet. There are singular accounts of fully ordained Tibetan women, such as the
2284:, responding to the attempted ordination of two women, issued an edict that monks must not ordain women as samaneris (novices), sikkhamanas (probationers) or bhikkhunis. The two women were reportedly arrested and jailed briefly.
2037:
In 1997 Dhamma Cetiya Vihara in Boston was founded by Ven. Gotami of Thailand, then a 10 precept nun. Ven. Gotami received full ordination in 2000, at which time her dwelling became America's first Theravada Buddhist bhikkhuni
3135:
as many other later Buddhist writings; have much to say about the decline of the Buddha's Dispensation in five-hundred-year periods, but none of this is the word of the Buddha and only represents the view of later teachers.
2047:
Sudhamma Bhikkhuni took the role of resident female-monk at the Carolina Buddhist Vihara in Greenville, SC (founded by Sri Lankan monks in 2000); her new dwelling thus became the second such community-oriented bhikkhuni
2148:
and other monks and nuns. The bhikkhunis ordained in Southern California were Lakshapathiye Samadhi (born in Sri Lanka), Cariyapanna, Susila, Sammasati (all three born in Vietnam), and Uttamanyana (born in Myanmar).
2182:
The governing council of Burmese Buddhism has ruled that there can be no valid ordination of women in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree. In 2003, Saccavadi and Gunasari were ordained as bhikkhunis in
1524:, the Theravada bhikkhuni order was revived when 11 Sri Lankan women received full ordination in Sarnath, India, in a procedure held by Dodangoda Revata Mahāthera and the late Mapalagama Vipulasāra Mahāthera of the
2384:
gave the basic rights equally to both sangha groups. There is no point in discussing whether or not to revive the bhikshuni ordination; the question is merely how to do so properly within the context of the Vinaya.
2131:
tradition of Buddhism, having been ordained in Taiwan in 2002. She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as a Buddhist abbot, having been installed as abbot of Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.
2413:
in 2003. It is the only Tibetan Buddhist training monastery for Western nuns and monks in the United States. Whilst the Abbey primarily practices under the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, it practices in the Chinese
1432:, there is substantial historical evidence to the contrary, especially in Thailand. With the bhikkhuni lineage extinct, no new bhikkhunis could be ordained since there were no bhikkhunis left to give ordination.
855:
Bhikkhuni Sangha." Bhikkhu Anālayo and Thanissaro Bhikkhu state that garudhammas were initially simply "set out as principles" and did not have the status of a formal training rule until violations occurred.
5036:
4277:
2143:
and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere. The following month, more bhikkhuni ordinations were completed in Southern California, led by
961:
rules are not explicit as to whether this second higher ordination is simply a confirmation of the ordination conducted by the bhikkhunis, or if monks are given final say in the ordination of bhikkhunis.
549:(monk) order. There are 253 Vinaya precepts for bhikkus. In places where the bhikkhuni lineage was historically absent or has died out due to hardship, alternative forms of renunciation have developed.
3670:
537:"The basis for realizing enlightenment is a human body. Male or female - there is no great difference. But if she develops the mind bent on enlightenment, to be a woman is better." - Guru Padmasambhava
2639:
For example, the life story of Ven. Geshe Palden Tsering, born in 1934 in Zakok. He took the novice ordination at the age of eight (1942?); in 1973 he took the bhikkshu vows of a fully ordained monk.
866:
that I believe they can be disregarded as later additions, appended by the compilers, and not indicative of either the intentions of Gautama Buddha himself, or of the Buddhist traditions as a whole.
1875:
masters and elders from traditional Buddhist countries and Western-trained Buddhologists attended. The Summary Report from the Congress states that all delegates "were in unanimous agreement that
874:
men and women recorded in the Vinaya treated the bhikkhunis more harshly using "shaven-headed strumpets or whores", whereas "shaven-headed" was not applied to the bhikkhus in a derogatory manner.
729:
According to Peter Harvey, "The Buddha's apparent hesitation on this matter is reminiscent of his hesitation on whether to teach at all", something he only does after persuasion from various
733:. Since the special rules for female monastics were given by the founder of Buddhism they have been upheld to this day. Buddhists nowadays are still concerned with that fact, as shows at an
366:
953:, or probationary nun. This two-year probationary status is not required of monks, and ensures that a candidate for ordination is not pregnant. They then undergo two higher ordinations (
4243:
2202:
1931:
1865:
734:
2364:
general terms, were the Buddha to come to this 21st century world, I feel that most likely, seeing the actual situation in the world now, he might change the rules somewhat...."
1575:
4066:
3973:
879:
and, therefore, drew many objections from men, including bhikkhus. He was probably well aware of the controversy that would be caused by the harassment of his female disciples.
4325:
4045:
1941:
then approaches the Buddha to ask how she should proceed in relation to her female followers, whereon the Buddha prescribes that the bhikkhus can perform bhikkhunī ordination
1923:
ordinations in the Dharmaguptaka tradition as valid Theravada ordinations and consider impossible to validly re-establish bhikkhuni ordination in lineages where it has ended.
1036:. While the exact number of vows observed varies from one ordination lineage to another, generally the female monastic observes 360 vows while the male monastic observes 265.
4856:
1991:
ordained. If ordinations such as this were to proceed after the Buddha had passed away, it would result in a bhikkhunī order composed of the untrained leading the untrained.
1726:
The text is not allowed to be studied before ordination. "The traditional custom is that one is only allowed to study the bhikshu or bhikshuni vows after having taken them",
1440:
recognition for their role. But they are not granted official endorsement or the educational support offered to monks. Some cook while others practise and teach meditation.
2119:
rite at the end of the varsa. In October 2015 the Annual Western Buddhist Monastic Gathering was held at the Abbey for the first time; it was the 21st such gathering.
698:
normal women, many Queens and princesses left their luxurious life to become bhikkhunis to have spiritual attainment. According to legend, the former wife of Buddha—
2258:
1521:
1076:). These five vows can be practised as a monastic, where the genyen maintains celibacy, or as a lay practitioner, where the married genyen maintains fidelity.
4960:
3678:
4269:
1390:
2573:("Verses of the Elder Nuns") containing verses by nuns from the time of the Buddha’s life and some generations following. Also part of the Pāli Canon, the
6192:
2145:
7107:
5582:
1712:
1079:
Starting with the novice ordination, some may choose to take forty years to gradually arrive at the vows of a fully ordained monastic. Others take the
135:
5388:
5335:
822:
3121:
4273:
2104:, while faithfully following the teachings of her Tibetan teachers, has arranged for her students to seek full ordination as bhikshunis in Taiwan.
5381:
3086:
7111:
2344:(1422–1455), who was once ranked the highest female master in Tibet, but very little is known about the exact circumstances of their ordination.
1883:'s full support of bhikkhuni ordination (the Dalai Lama had already demanded the re-establishment of full ordination for nuns in Tibet in 1987).
1833:
had come to the conclusion that there was no valid reason the extinct bhikkhuni order couldn't be re-established. The ordination ceremony led to
3778:
7335:
5124:
DAMCHÖ DIANA FINNEGAN and CAROLA ROLOFF (BHIKṢUṆĪ JAMPA TSEDROEN). "Women Receive Full Ordination in Bhutan For First Time in Modern History",
2699:
DAMCHÖ DIANA FINNEGAN and CAROLA ROLOFF (BHIKṢUṆĪ JAMPA TSEDROEN). "Women Receive Full Ordination in Bhutan For First Time in Modern History",
2648:
Referred to by Anālayo as "Vin II.257,7" and by Ṭhānissaro as "Cv.X.2.1" (in both cases the first dot is sometime substituted for a whitespace)
4091:
1740:
modern world, disallowing the re-establishment of the Mulasarvastivada bhikshuni ordination and honoring these eight risk that very censure."
3943:
545:
cannot be traced to the Buddha. Written by others at a later date, it mandated the bhikkhunī order to be subordinate to and reliant upon the
3446:
2818:"On the Apparent Non-historicity of the Eight Garudhammas Story As It Stands in the Pali-text Culavagga and Contemporary Vinaya Scholarship"
2073:, near the Idaho state line. It is open to visitors who want to learn about community life in a Tibetan Buddhist monastic setting. The name
1887:
Buddhist women. This is a congress of historical significance which will give women the possibility to teach Buddha's doctrines worldwide."
5552:
2465:, they traveled to America and Europe to promote Vietnam peace but in 1966 were not allowed to return to Vietnam and became divulgators of
2168:, Seri, and Hasapañña were ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pali Vinaya.
3553:
The Bhikkhunī Ordination Debate: Global Aspirations, Local Concerns, with special emphasis on the views of the monastic community in Burma
4326:"A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages, Part 4"
4270:"A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages, Part 1"
4067:"A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages, Part 3"
4046:"A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages, Part 2"
817:
as saying, "Ananda, if Mahaprajapati Gotami accepts eight vows of respect, that will be her full ordination (upasampada)." According to
5660:
5010:
4556:
4456:
4299:
5395:
4247:
2914:, Kansai University of Foreign Studies, Hirakata, Japan, 1980, reprinted Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987, 1989, pages 57–9, point (6)
648:
which contains the full set of the rules of monastic discipline to be observed by Buddhist nuns. Black lacquer on gilded palm leaves.
5417:
4387:
3977:
4882:
4410:
3338:
2055:
Sravasti Abbey, the first Tibetan Buddhist monastery for Western nuns and monks in the U.S., was established in Washington State by
1383:
8103:
5309:
4860:
4816:
3190:
1416:
to about the 13th century, but died out there too. Although the bhikkhuni order is commonly said to have never been introduced to
7927:
7379:
4838:
3887:
3700:
3399:
2798:
2347:
The Dalai Lama has authorised followers of the Tibetan tradition to be ordained as nuns in traditions that have such ordination.
3477:
7582:
5562:
744:
in that the Buddha as founder of a spiritual tradition explicitly states in canonical literature that a woman is as capable of
4582:
4499:
3208:
5353:
4008:
3870:
3591:
3159:
2964:
2937:
2782:
1956:
Later, this rule was followed by another rule of "double ordination" requiring the existence of both Sangha to be conducted.
1069:
740:
In Buddhism, women can openly aspire to and practice for the highest level of spiritual attainment. Buddhism is unique among
4725:
3649:
714:
one of the consorts of king Bimbisara became a bhikkhuni and to hold the title of first foremost disciple of Gautam Buddha.
5745:
5587:
2549:, a collection of original poems by , Bhikkuni Anandabodhi writes of her experiences being discriminated against as a nun.
1775:
in Dhammananda Bhikkhuni's footsteps, with temples, monasteries and meditations centers led by Thai bhikkhunis emerging in
4726:""Joys and Challenges" Are the Focus for 21st Western Buddhist Monastic Gathering – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
4532:
4180:
2817:
2018:
circumvent this by claiming to be ordained abroad, but he does not consider those "stealth" ceremonies valid in Thailand.
1743:
There have been some attempts in recent years to revive the tradition of women in the sangha within Theravada Buddhism in
1376:
7922:
5300:
Monastic Discipline for the Buddhist Nuns: An English Translation of the Chinese Text of the Mahāsāṃghika-Bhikṣuṇī-Vinaya
3752:
858:
In Young Chung cites Akira Hirakawa in support of the contention "that these rules were appended later," and concludes,
7819:
7369:
5464:
3917:
3726:
3247:"A Buddhist View of Women: A Comparative Study of the Rules for Bhikṣunīs and Bhikṣus Based on the Chinese Pràtimokùa"
5665:
5241:
5213:
3383:
3286:
3003:
2847:"Genyen & Rabjung Vows: The Five Root Vows, Rab-jung Vows and Monastic Vows", THEG-CHOG NORBU LING, France, 2023.
75:
7912:
2590:
1788:
1551:(non-ordained) precepts and wearing white robes, but is as far as many women are allowed to take their practice. In
1544:
7597:
7342:
7989:
7979:
5808:
4350:
1466:
White or pink robes are worn by Theravada women renunciants who are not fully ordained. These women are known as
42:
3804:
3065:
7934:
7587:
7389:
7280:
7225:
5798:
4997:
3622:
2212:
ordination in Germany, the ordination of German nun Samaneri Dhira, occurred on 21 June 2015 at Anenja Vihara.
2107:
In January 2014, the Abbey, which then had seven bhikshunis and three novices, formally began its first winter
287:
571:
Theravadan women may choose to take an informal and limited set of vows similar to the historical vows of the
8093:
8083:
7904:
7602:
7285:
5577:
5410:
3417:
2281:
2032:
1759:
1556:
2187:, thus becoming the first female Burmese novices in modern times to receive higher ordination in Sri Lanka.
2135:
Also in 2010, in Northern California, four novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai
978:
movement, has fourteen precepts observed by all monastic and lay members of the Order. They were written by
485:
bhikkhunis recommenced on 23 June 2022 in Bhutan when 144 nuns, most of them Butanese, were fully ordained.
7487:
7359:
7330:
7032:
5041:. 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages.
2482:
1662:
1507:
749:
4618:
2245:
There have been some attempts to revive the tradition of women in the sangha within Theravada Buddhism in
1822:
8088:
7178:
7087:
6557:
6202:
5715:
5610:
636:
621:
6722:
4476:"Women's Renunciation in Early Buddhism – The Four Assemblies and the Foundation of the Order of Nuns",
3246:
3113:
2980:
1981:
have had a lengthy exchange of public letters debating the subject,in which Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu opposes:
1280:
8027:
7507:
6983:
6469:
5592:
5425:
3090:
2485:
and 300 other monks and nuns marched in protest of the war and burned himself as a form of protest for
2376:
1799:
6917:
4431:
2530:
and other influential Buddhists to highlight the sexism of Buddhist practices, imagery and teachings.
2458:
2431:
rite at the end of the varsa. The Abbey currently has ten fully ordained bhikshunis and five novices.
979:
7917:
7730:
7720:
7592:
6575:
6155:
5916:
5891:
5369:
4700:
4406:"ประกาศห้ามพระเณรไม่ให้บวชหญิงเป็นบรรพชิต ลงวันที่ ๑๘ มิถุนายน ๒๔๗๑." (ม.ป.ป.). . เข้าถึงได้จาก: <
4154:
4122:
3834:
3782:
1803:
939:
The progression to ordination as a bhikkhuni is taken in four steps. A layperson initially takes the
607:
493:
17:
5941:
4383:
2713:
2600:
2533:
Two senior male monastics vocally supported her, reinforcing her points with their own experiences.
2450:
2231:
Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.
1978:
1559:, although legal since 1992, is almost never practiced and nearly all female monastics are known as
1197:
950:
836:"have shown that this story abounds in textual problems, and cannot possibly be a factual account."
814:
261:
8098:
8022:
7374:
7188:
7166:
7159:
7062:
6595:
6215:
6031:
5976:
5597:
5403:
4095:
2400:
are the four pillars of the Buddhist teachings. This is the reason why I'm taking interest in this.
599:
183:
5276:"Discourses of the Ancient Nuns: (Bhikkhuni-samyutta)", translated from the Pali by Bhikkhu Bodhi"
3951:
7959:
7939:
7270:
7250:
7007:
6737:
5981:
4990:
Dakini Power: Twelve Extraordinary Women Shaping the Transmission of Tibetan Buddhism in the West
3454:
2771:
Kusuma, Bhikuni (2000). "Inaccuracies in Buddhist Women's History". In Karma Lekshe Tsomo (ed.).
2331:
2285:
1960:
When the problem of interviewing female candidates arises, the Buddha gives another prescription
5107:
2682:
998:
share my insights about women with them, and then they will be unblocked in their understanding.
843:
620:, the first modern Thai woman to receive full ordination as a Theravada bhikkhuni and Abbess of
8078:
7969:
7809:
7477:
7447:
7220:
7171:
7012:
6960:
6955:
6717:
6538:
6435:
6187:
6182:
5931:
5338:, Berkeley CA: Numata Center for Translation and Research (T2063: Biographies of Buddhist Nuns)
5142:
4393:
4214:
2474:
2165:
2085:
had suggested the name, as Sravasti was the place in India where comes from the fact that, the
1579:
1297:
975:
653:
505:
46:
6299:
5310:"The Legend of the Establishment of the Buddhist Order of Nuns in the Theravada Vinaya Pitaka"
5275:
5011:"A New Possibility: Introducing Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition"
3607:
2574:
1834:
97:
Buddhist nuns and laywomen performing a service at a temple in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China.
7974:
7944:
7525:
7457:
7290:
7205:
7200:
7124:
7119:
7037:
5567:
5257:
4672:
3860:
3830:
3326:
2293:
2289:
2240:
2221:
2158:
1767:
1763:
1704:
1514:
1471:
1061:
1048:
1021:
908:
810:
800:
617:
265:
6590:
5014:
4908:
4560:
4462:
4303:
945:
862:
These 'Eight Rules' are so different in character and tone from the rest of the body of the
7997:
7964:
7949:
7467:
7364:
7310:
7195:
7134:
7102:
7097:
7082:
7067:
7057:
7022:
6935:
6627:
6550:
5853:
5793:
5542:
5509:
5459:
5163:
5081:
4239:
3508:
2415:
2341:
2275:
1915:. Nuns from this tradition have assisted in the ordination of nuns in other lineages (e.g.
1582:, Seri and Hasapanna, were ordained as bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pali vinaya.
1571:
1487:
1166:
719:
434:
397:
93:
7837:
6452:
6321:
6247:
6123:
5861:
1618:
57:
8:
7804:
7683:
7517:
7492:
7482:
7442:
7419:
7302:
7275:
7235:
7154:
7144:
7072:
6999:
6430:
6287:
6068:
6046:
5998:
5818:
5618:
5474:
5454:
4886:
4481:
4407:
3330:
2834:
2470:
2392:
2388:
2196:
2070:
1938:
1912:
971:
933:
715:
676:
501:
383:
5778:
5705:
5324:
4820:
7867:
7772:
7614:
7577:
7572:
7502:
7452:
7399:
7394:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7245:
7230:
7215:
7210:
7149:
7129:
7092:
7017:
6822:
6523:
6447:
6325:
6267:
6108:
6008:
5936:
5911:
5557:
5487:
4927:
3999:
Austin, Shoshan Victoria (2012). "The True Human Body". In Carney, Eido Frances (ed.).
3040:
2262:
1727:
1595:
1525:
827:
556:, women first officially take refuge vows as a layperson. Then, the renunciate vows of
530:
518:. The canon also describes extra vows required for women to be ordained as bhikkhunīs.
7666:
3891:
3753:"Wat Kow Tahm International Meditation Centre, Koh Phangan, Thailand – Mae Chee Ahmon"
3704:
3403:
3152:
The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Complete Translation of the Anguttara Nikaya
2569:
2205:: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages took place in Germany, in 18–20 July 2007.
1723:." However, they are not to be found in the actual ordination process for Bhikkhunis.
1590:
8045:
8007:
7703:
7688:
7651:
7636:
7409:
7325:
7240:
7077:
7042:
7027:
6754:
6744:
6425:
6272:
6257:
6128:
6051:
5971:
5906:
5838:
5725:
5482:
5349:
5237:
5209:
5181:
4993:
4195:
4004:
3866:
3587:
3481:
3379:
3301:
3155:
3044:
2999:
2960:
2933:
2873:
2802:
2778:
2620:
2314:
2302:
2177:
2140:
1495:
1479:
668:
542:
422:
223:
6989:
5783:
5683:
4644:
3671:"Book Review: Mae Chee Kaew: Her Journey to Spiritual Awakening & Enlightenment"
3170:"The Questionable Authenticity of AN 8.51/Cv.X.1: The Founding of the Order of Nuns"
2717:
2257:, with many women ordained in Sri Lanka since 1996. In 1996, through the efforts of
1646:
and Hong Kong has retained the practice, where female monastics are full bhikṣuṇīs.
809:, female monastics are required to follow special rules that male monastics do not,
514:, a collection of poems by elder nuns about enlightenment that was preserved in the
7693:
7646:
7641:
7497:
7462:
7437:
7432:
7183:
7139:
7052:
6727:
6383:
6376:
6160:
6150:
6036:
5700:
5572:
4834:
4586:
3032:
2434:
The official lineage of Tibetan Buddhist bhikkhunis recommenced on 23 June 2022 in
2069:. It is situated on 300 acres forest and meadows, 11 miles (18 km) outside of
1896:
1876:
1611:
1499:
1362:
1029:
839:
According to the one scriptural account of the introduction of the Garudammas (the
741:
553:
526:
482:
450:
345:
323:
301:
197:
171:
6772:
5138:
3191:"On Ordaining Bhikkhunīs Unilaterally | The Question of Bhikkhunī Ordination"
2993:
1032:
term for a bhikṣuṇī, a monastic who observes the full set of vows outlined in the
496:
as men. The Canon describes that the order of bhikkhunis was first created by the
8057:
8002:
7954:
7882:
7752:
7550:
7530:
7472:
7384:
7047:
6945:
6792:
6528:
6511:
6496:
6474:
6026:
5896:
5730:
5710:
5343:
5298:
4528:
4495:
4414:
4176:
4117:
3371:
3282:
3023:
Alice Collett (2006). "BUDDHISM AND GENDER Reframing and Refocusing the Debate".
2954:
2772:
2678:
2486:
2446:
2406:
2355:
2351:
2101:
2082:
2059:
1927:
1830:
1795:
990:
929:
766:
730:
661:
275:
6802:
5956:
5946:
2379:
referred to the Dalai Lama having said on occasion of the 2007 Hamburg congress
2266:
organised by the head of the Dambulla chapter of the Siyam Nikaya in Sri Lanka.
1977:
This is a matter of controversy in the Theravada and Tibetan traditions. He and
1859:
1330:
940:
453:
school rules. Until recently, the lineages of female monastics only remained in
8012:
7715:
7565:
7347:
6927:
6907:
6827:
6516:
6506:
6440:
6277:
5763:
5626:
5186:
The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture, p.133
4747:
4149:
3890:. International Congress On Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha. Archived from
2506:
2410:
2369:
2096:
2074:
1736:
957:)—first from a quorum of bhikkhunis, and then again from a quorum of bhikkhus.
806:
788:
680:
497:
489:
249:
5162:
4961:"First Theravada Ordination of Bhikkhunis in Indonesia After a Thousand Years"
1311:
8072:
7782:
7631:
6940:
6842:
6700:
6501:
6479:
6415:
6086:
5881:
5876:
5768:
5437:
4199:
3756:
3305:
3147:
3087:"The Buddhist Monastic Code II: The Khandhaka Rules Translated and Explained"
3036:
2523:
2490:
2427:
ceremony to mark the end of the varsa. Also in 2014 the Abbey held its first
2128:
2115:
ceremony to mark the end of the varsa. Also in 2014 the Abbey held its first
2090:
2063:
1919:), where the presence of nuns is a prerequisite for new nuns to be ordained.
1908:
1838:
1814:
1606:
1599:
1467:
1263:
833:
818:
649:
446:
410:
372:
359:
6240:
6230:
5602:
2564:
1809:
1129:
907:
does not allow for any power-based relationship between the monks and nuns.
688:
515:
7872:
7857:
7827:
7777:
7767:
7609:
7404:
6897:
6732:
6610:
6398:
6393:
6220:
6091:
5966:
5427:
5168:
A Reader in New Religious Movements: Readings in the Study of New Religions
4762:"Sati Saraniya Hermitage – Buddhist Women on a Path of Spiritual Awakening"
3921:
3808:
3730:
3442:
2494:
1776:
1732:
1650:
1325:
1234:
477:, while a few women have taken the full monastic vows in the Theravada and
6655:
6600:
6297:
5961:
5537:
2744:"Women in Tibetan Buddhism: Vision of Orgyen Samye Chokhor Ling Nunnery",
2657:
Referred to by Anālayo as "Vin II.271,34" and by Ṭhānissaro as "Cv.X.17.2"
2610:
1354:
1338:
1312:
1214:
1208:
1178:
752:. There is no equivalent in other traditions to the accounts found in the
699:
628:
139:
106:
7842:
7671:
6812:
6797:
6580:
6388:
6316:
6096:
5926:
5828:
5675:
5547:
4775:
2534:
2519:
2466:
2462:
2296:, was controversially ordained as first a novice and then a bhikkhuni in
1818:
1770:, was controversially ordained as first a novice and then a bhikkhuni in
1533:
1529:
780:
771:
603:
7832:
6292:
4461:, Foundation for Buddhist Studies, University of Hamburg, archived from
3447:"Walking in the Direction of Beauty—An Interview with Sister Chan Khong"
3400:"Order of Interbeing Beginnings - Sister Chan Khong, Learning True Love"
1806:
where four women became fully ordained nuns in the Theravada tradition.
7787:
7745:
7621:
7427:
7352:
6966:
6950:
6912:
6892:
6787:
6762:
6670:
6605:
6585:
6331:
6262:
6133:
6016:
5986:
5921:
5871:
5529:
5519:
5492:
4092:"Socially Engaged Buddhism in Thailand: Ordination of Thai Women Monks"
4024:
3169:
2995:
Gender and Salvation Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
2929:
2615:
2527:
2078:
1880:
1826:
1780:
1720:
1658:
1654:
954:
949:
or novice. They then undergo a two-year period following the vows of a
847:
784:
754:
693:
510:
6807:
5803:
3865:. Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
3582:
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn (1991). "Two Bhikkhuni Movements in Thailand".
533:
stated that being a woman was actually better than being a man :
291:
7762:
7735:
6902:
6777:
6489:
6405:
6282:
6172:
6145:
6138:
6101:
6058:
6021:
5788:
5753:
5720:
5695:
5650:
4458:
Abstract: The Four Assemblies and the Foundation of the Order of Nuns
2297:
2292:
Bhikkhuni, previously a professor of Buddhist philosophy known as Dr
2254:
2227:
2209:
2184:
2136:
2056:
1916:
1850:
1771:
1748:
1716:
1548:
1540:
1503:
1475:
1409:
1405:
1259:
1241:
1177:
584:
522:
478:
442:
7535:
6371:
6225:
5991:
5773:
5642:
5634:
3566:
3378:. Vol. 1. New York: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 606–610.
2319:
1802:
oversaw a dual ordination ceremony at Aranya Bodhi forest refuge in
1563:(also spelled "mae chee"), regardless of their level of attainment.
870:
In the same paper, however, In Young Chung also noted that cases of
703:
235:
8052:
7892:
7847:
7792:
7757:
7661:
7320:
6887:
6882:
6832:
6767:
6685:
6650:
6645:
6306:
6177:
6165:
6076:
5735:
5432:
3918:"Keeping track of the revival of bhikkhuni ordination in Sri Lanka"
3626:
3571:. First International Congress on Buddhist Women. Hamburg, Germany.
2605:
2428:
2246:
2116:
1843:
1752:
1631:
1552:
1456:
1425:
1417:
1207:
1056:
965:
454:
123:
6877:
6867:
6852:
6675:
6545:
5813:
4798:
4533:"The Revival of the Bhikkhunī Order and the Decline of the Sāsana"
4181:"The Revival of the Bhikkhunī Order and the Decline of the Sāsana"
2497:
burned herself as act of protest against the violence of the war.
1566:
The first Theravada bhikkhuni ordination in Australia was held in
7797:
7740:
7725:
6872:
6862:
6837:
6712:
6707:
6665:
6635:
6567:
6533:
6420:
6361:
6356:
6210:
6113:
5951:
5901:
5688:
5514:
4944:
2424:
2288:
became the first female monk to be ordained in Thailand in 2002.
2112:
2100:
an ordination that is, in effect, a novice ordination. Venerable
1673:
1639:
1622:
Full bhikṣuṇī ordination is common in the Dharmaguptaka lineage.
1444:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1173:
871:
759:
745:
707:
672:
657:
588:
546:
504:, who became the first ordained bhikkhuni. A famous work of the
474:
53:
6484:
6252:
4645:"Dalai Lama Endorsement – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
4600:
4478:
Dignity & Discipline, The Evolving Role of Women in Buddhism
2052:
Florida, was founded by Ven. Sudarshana Bhikkhuni of Sri Lanka.
1971:
The Revival of the Bhikkhunī Order and the Decline of the Sāsana
1950:
The Revival of the Bhikkhunī Order and the Decline of the Sāsana
1715:
writes: "In the Pali, the eight garudhammas appear in the tenth
613:
7877:
7862:
7698:
7560:
7540:
7315:
6977:
6857:
6847:
6782:
6410:
6366:
6351:
6341:
6311:
6235:
6118:
5886:
5758:
5502:
5497:
4857:"Thai monks oppose West Australian ordination of Buddhist nuns"
4622:
2478:
2435:
2086:
2066:
1872:
1853:
1784:
1708:
1685:
1643:
1560:
1543:, where many of the current bhikkhunis have been ordained. The
1483:
1255:
1222:
1156:
1112:
Generally for bhikkhunis, robes would be maroon with yellow in
1033:
958:
904:
776:
645:
580:
466:
438:
209:
3862:
The Revival of Bhikkhuni Ordination in the Theravada Tradition
1879:
bhikshuni ordination should be re-established," and cites the
993:
described the Plum Village approach to the Eight Garudhammas:
564:(Tibetan novice) ordination vows are given. After these, full
8017:
7852:
7710:
7676:
7656:
7626:
7555:
6972:
6817:
6695:
6690:
6660:
6615:
6462:
6457:
6336:
6041:
5866:
5833:
5823:
5056:
4244:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
4147:
2595:
2420:
2324:
2250:
2203:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
2108:
1932:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
1866:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
1860:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
1744:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1635:
1623:
1567:
1539:
Theravādin ordination is available for women (as of 2006) in
1460:
1448:
1429:
1413:
1113:
735:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
723:
711:
470:
462:
458:
1766:, previously a professor of Buddhist philosophy known as Dr
925:
762:
that speak of high levels of spiritual attainment by women.
7887:
6680:
6346:
5843:
5206:
Cave in the Snow: A Western Woman's Quest for Enlightenment
4761:
2438:
when 144 nuns, most of them Butanese, were fully ordained.
1452:
1421:
1186:
1142:
149:
4701:"Living in Vinaya – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
3701:"MC Brigitte Schrottenbacher – Meditationteacher Thailand"
2139:
tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony.
7545:
6081:
3976:. Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies. Archived from
3469:
2323:
Head shaving before a Tibetan Buddhist nun's ordination.
1846:
1810:
Bhante Sujato's Role in Re-establishing the Nun's Lineage
1666:
1190:
624:, the only temple in Thailand where there are bhikkhunis.
430:
4673:"Abbey Training – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
4025:"Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women"
3998:
2884:
2882:
1907:
The only women's ordination lineage that remains is the
1902:
5082:"Our Community – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
1695:
5282:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 30 November 2013.
5264:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 30 November 2013.
5234:
The First Free Women: Poems of the Early Buddhist Nuns
2774:
Innovative Buddhist Women: Swimming Against the Stream
1522:
Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women
1404:
and Southeast Asia, but appears to have lapsed in the
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1041:
1014:
500:
at the specific request of his aunt and foster-mother
457:
Buddhism and thus were prevalent in countries such as
335:
328:
5045:. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. July 2007.
4839:"Ordination of Bhikkhunis in the Theravada Tradition"
3915:
3647:
3325:
2879:
2461:
to promote peace between brothers and sisters during
1829:. Sujato along with other scholars such as Brahm and
737:
held at the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 2007.
671:) began with the Buddha, who established an order of
313:
5227:
5225:
5038:
Summary of Speeches at the Bhikshuni Congress: Day 3
4885:. Dhammasara.org.au. 22 October 2009. Archived from
4148:
Thanissara; Cintamani; Jitindriya (25 August 2010).
2395:, has announced a plan to restore nuns’ ordination.
1528:
in India with assistance from monks and nuns of the
5170:. Continuum International Publishing Group, London.
3564:
1412:in the 11th century C.E. It apparently survived in
813:. Their origin is unclear; the Buddha is quoted by
4382:
3509:"Monastic ordination for women in modern Buddhism"
3480:. Trashi Ganden Choepel Ling Trust. Archived from
3441:
3287:"Mahāpajāpatī's Going Forth in the Madhyama-āgama"
2991:
1672:Robes are gray or brown for Mahayana bhikṣuṇīs in
667:The tradition of the ordained monastic community (
5222:
5180:
5029:
4695:
4693:
8070:
5377:) Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
4432:"Bhikkhuni Ordination: Buddhism's Glass Ceiling"
2815:
966:The Fourteen Precepts of the Order of Interbeing
388:
2799:"A conversation with a sceptic – Bhikkhuni FAQ"
2764:
2677:
1891:so properly within the context of the Vinaya."
1735:is quoted with saying: "To raise the status of
541:The historical authorship of the controversial
5057:"Home – Sravasti Abbey – A Buddhist Monastery"
4945:Bhikkhuni Happenings – Alliance for Bhikkhunis
4776:"Dharma Seed – Amma Thanasanti's Dharma Talks"
4690:
4085:
4083:
3244:
2712:
2513:
2335:Novice nuns, Key Monastery, Spiti, India. 2004
974:, established in 1964 and associated with the
239:
228:
128:
5411:
4955:
4953:
4901:
4809:
3858:
3022:
2809:
2469:and were instrumental in the creation of the
1384:
350:
306:
213:
202:
187:
176:
6193:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
5345:Buddhist Women Across Cultures: Realizations
4919:
2998:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1837:from the Thai Forest Lineage of Ajahn Chah.
280:
5303:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
4859:. Wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au. Archived from
4318:
4262:
4080:
4059:
4038:
3936:
3885:
3831:"Why We Need Bhikkhunis as Dhamma Teachers"
3648:Thai Forest Tradition (13 September 2009).
3025:The Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
2981:Women and the religious order of the Buddha
2959:. Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
2391:, one of the two claimants to the title of
2002:He goes on further to argue, among others:
1443:Robes are orange/yellow for Theravadins in
254:
5418:
5404:
4950:
3581:
3167:
2567:contains a collection of poems called the
1391:
1377:
899:hundred would be a subsequent development.
364:
161:
154:
56:. Please do not remove this message until
5203:
5105:
4833:
4827:
4500:"On the Bhikkhunã Ordination Controversy"
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3209:"On the Bhikkhunã Ordination Controversy"
1547:has several stages, which can begin with
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
5296:
5231:
5199:
5197:
5195:
4947:. Bhikkhuni.net. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
4793:
4791:
4789:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4425:
4423:
4417:>. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: ๒๓ พฤศจิกายน ๒๕๕๔).
4344:
4342:
3911:
3909:
3854:
3852:
3807:. UCEC. 8 September 2010. Archived from
3555:, Buddhist Studies Review 24 (2), 227–29
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3060:
3058:
2330:
2318:
1617:
1605:
1589:
1119:
924:
635:
627:
612:
598:
92:
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
7380:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5290:
4348:
4175:
4143:
4141:
4094:. Warren Wilson College. Archived from
4089:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3281:
3277:
3275:
1585:
1091:vows on the same day and practice as a
920:
14:
8071:
7583:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5348:. State University of New York Press.
5307:
5258:"Therigatha: Verses of the Elder Nuns"
4925:
4559:. Āgama research group. Archived from
3727:"The Global Peace Initiative of Women"
3526:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3111:
2952:
2923:
2770:
2577:contains a collection of texts called
2505:After 20 years in India, as a Bikkhu,
2021:
1669:and is believed to have been a woman.
1007:
794:
775:, chapter 12, records 6,000 bhikkhuni
606:bringing the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka.
5399:
5383:Buddhist Monastic Code II: Bhikkhunis
5341:
5334:Rongxi, Li; Dalia, Albert A. (2002).
5192:
5131:
4786:
4667:
4665:
4516:
4420:
4339:
4219:Buddhist Society of Western Australia
3906:
3849:
3370:
3331:"The history of the bhikkhuni sangha"
3229:
3154:. Wisdom Publications. p. 1804.
3146:
3120:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
3055:
2500:
2062:in 2003. The Abbey practices in the
1903:Concerns about lineage and legitimacy
371:
5342:Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (1 April 1999).
4389:The Question of Bhikkhuni Ordination
4138:
4003:. Temple Ground Press. p. 148.
3916:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni (1 May 2012).
3781:. Shambala Sun. 2003. Archived from
3496:
3418:"The Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings"
3272:
3114:"Ananda: The Guardian of the Dhamma"
2626:
2308:
1823:Re-establishing Bhikkhuni Ordination
1696:Re-establishing bhikkhuni ordination
1513:Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, now known as
26:
4557:"about: core faculty & members"
4527:
4494:
3568:Glimmers of a Thai Bhikkhuni Sangha
3353:
3319:
3124:from the original on 12 August 2020
765:In a similar vein, major canonical
722:became a bhikkhuni and an attained
492:, women are as capable of reaching
24:
7370:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5390:Buddhist Monastic Code II: Respect
5371:The Bhikkhunis' Code of Discipline
5166:& Margaret Z. Wilkins (2006).
4662:
4429:
4280:from the original on 7 August 2008
4212:
3606:Metthanando Bhikku (7 June 2005).
3402:. 24 December 2005. Archived from
3376:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
3341:from the original on 4 August 2020
3011:answers: There is moksa for women;
2956:An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics
2718:"Gotamī Sutta [To Gotamī]
2171:
25:
8115:
5363:
5336:The Lives of Great Monks and Nuns
5106:Mackenzie, Vicki (22 July 2024).
4926:Toomey, Christine (Spring 2016).
4728:. Sravasti Abbey. 4 December 2015
4250:from the original on 19 June 2008
3609:Authoritarianism of the holy kind
3475:
481:schools. The official lineage of
88:Ordained female Buddhist monastic
8051:
8041:
8040:
7598:Thai temple art and architecture
7343:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5583:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5449:
5436:
5426:
5317:Journal of the Pali Text Society
5268:
5250:
5174:
5156:
5118:
5099:
5074:
5049:
4992:. Shambhala Publications, 2013.
4583:"Dhamma Cetiya Vihara in Boston"
3974:"Abbess Nyodai's 700th Memorial"
3888:"Abstract: Theravada Bhikkhunis"
1520:In 1996, through the efforts of
748:as men and can fully attain all
706:—also became a bhikkhuni and an
560:(rab-jung) are given before the
31:
8104:Ordination of women in Buddhism
5450:
5003:
4982:
4938:
4875:
4849:
4768:
4754:
4740:
4718:
4637:
4611:
4593:
4575:
4549:
4488:
4449:
4400:
4376:
4292:
4232:
4206:
4169:
4110:
4017:
3992:
3966:
3879:
3823:
3797:
3771:
3745:
3719:
3693:
3663:
3641:
3615:
3600:
3575:
3558:
3513:Women Active in Buddhism (WAiB)
3435:
3410:
3392:
3201:
3183:
3168:Brasington, Leigh (June 2010).
3140:
3105:
3079:
3016:
2985:
2973:
2946:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2863:
2850:
2841:
2757:Alex Gardner, "Yeshe Tsogyal",
2651:
2642:
2633:
1663:twenty-seventh Indian Patriarch
1610:A high-ranking bhikṣuṇī in the
1002:
7588:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7390:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6470:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5661:Places where the Buddha stayed
5184:(1994). Parallax Press (ed.).
4928:"The Story of One Burmese Nun"
4188:The Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3216:buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de
2827:
2791:
2751:
2738:
2706:
2693:
2671:
2579:Discourses of the Ancient Nuns
2493:government. In 1967 Bhikkhunī
13:
1:
7603:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5112:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
4932:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
4436:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
4090:Sommer, PhD, Jeanne Matthew.
3859:Bhikkhu Bodhi (11 May 2010).
3478:"Venerable Geshe Pal Tsering"
3453:(Winter 1994). Archived from
2979:Ven. Professor Dhammavihari,
2687:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
2664:
2453:and months after it became a
2282:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
2033:Buddhism in the United States
1930:, who was a presenter at the
1760:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
1707:belong to the context of the
1103:vows are included within the
7360:Buddhism and the Roman world
7336:Decline of Buddhism in India
7331:History of Buddhism in India
5431: Topics in
3565:Tathālokā Bhikkhunī (2015).
2777:. Routledge. pp. 5–13.
2733:"Yes, Ānanda, she would...."
2558:
2487:the persecution of Buddhists
2234:
2215:
2152:
1508:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
846:8.51, repeated in the later
750:four stages of enlightenment
7:
6558:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6298:
4619:"Samadhi Meditation Center"
4240:"Background and Objectives"
2992:Padmanabh S. Jaini (1991).
2801:. Buddhanet. Archived from
2591:Ordination process (Sangha)
2584:
2514:Discrimination against nuns
2269:
1355:
1339:
1313:
1215:
1209:
1179:
1105:
1099:
1097:from the beginning, as the
1093:
1087:
1081:
1042:
1015:
622:Songdhammakalyani Monastery
433:, fully ordained female in
336:
314:
292:
266:
240:
214:
188:
162:
140:
107:
58:conditions to do so are met
10:
8120:
7508:The unanswerable questions
4601:"Carolina Buddhist Vihara"
4300:"Press release 09/06/2006"
3805:"Dr Chatsumarn Kabilsingh"
3294:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3254:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3066:"Lotus Sutra – Chapter 12"
2748:, Spring/Summer 2013, p.11
2441:
2312:
2273:
2238:
2219:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2156:
2030:
2026:
1863:
1800:Bhante Henepola Gunaratana
1758:In Thailand, in 1928, the
1612:Chinese Buddhist tradition
1576:Dhammasara Nun's Monastery
821:, modern scholars such as
798:
594:
8036:
7988:
7903:
7818:
7593:Buddhist temples in Korea
7516:
7418:
7301:
6998:
6926:
6753:
6626:
6566:
6201:
6156:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6067:
6059:Three planes of existence
6007:
5852:
5744:
5674:
5666:Buddha in world religions
5528:
5473:
5445:
5204:Mackenzie, Vicki (1999).
5108:"Making the Sangha Whole"
5043:Alexander Berzin Archives
4748:"Mahapajapati Foundation"
3835:The Buddhist (TV channel)
3551:Kawanami, Hiroko (2007).
3335:Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron
3112:Hecker, Hellmuth (2006).
2683:"Making the Sangha Whole"
1926:However, the German monk
1804:Sonoma County, California
1352:
1336:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1279:
1254:
1240:
1233:
1206:
1196:
1172:
1165:
1154:
1140:
779:receiving predictions of
608:Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara
568:ordination may be given.
437:. Bhikkhunis live by the
426:
414:
396:
382:
365:
358:
344:
329:
322:
307:
300:
281:
274:
255:
248:
229:
222:
203:
196:
177:
170:
155:
148:
129:
122:
114:
103:
7375:Persecution of Buddhists
6596:Four stages of awakening
5977:Three marks of existence
5563:Physical characteristics
5297:Hirakawa, Akira (1999).
5232:Weingast, Matty (2020).
4605:Carolina Buddhist Vihara
3944:"The Ordination Process"
3150:, ed. (6 October 2012).
3037:10.2979/FSR.2006.22.2.55
2899:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
2858:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
2449:whom initially became a
1911:one, which is in use in
1825:in the Forest sangha of
1653:became the first female
1159:(the Buddhist community)
6738:Ten principal disciples
5621:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5323:: 43–70, archived from
3650:"Thai Forest Tradition"
3245:In Young Chung (1999).
2286:Varanggana Vanavichayen
1817:along with his teacher
1649:In 13th century Japan,
1447:, Thailand, Sri Lanka,
683:after his mother died.
337:gelongma (dge slong ma)
7448:Buddhism and democracy
6961:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6956:Chinese Buddhist canon
6188:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6183:Early Buddhist schools
5143:Plum Village Monastery
4883:"Bhikkhuni Ordination"
4817:"Women Making History"
4484:, 2010, pp. 65–97
4394:Metta Forest Monastery
4215:"Bhikkhuni Ordination"
4118:"Another Step Forward"
3584:Thai Women in Buddhism
2953:Harvey, Peter (2000).
2870:Book of the Discipline
2860:(Volume One), page 352
2835:"Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha"
2816:Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni.
2556:
2544:
2526:spoke in front of the
2475:Plum Village Monastery
2402:
2386:
2336:
2328:
2015:
2000:
1975:
1954:
1899:bhikshuni ordination.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1570:, 22 October 2009, at
1000:
936:
918:
901:
891:
881:
868:
691:, most notably in the
687:in many places in the
679:, the aunt who raised
664:
633:
625:
610:
539:
506:early Buddhist schools
441:, a set of either 311
389:
351:
98:
7458:Eight Consciousnesses
5568:Life of Buddha in art
4392:. Valley Center, CA:
3327:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
2888:Anguttara Nikaya 8.51
2876:, volume V, Chapter X
2720:Aṅguttara Nikāya 8:51
2551:
2539:
2397:
2381:
2334:
2322:
2294:Chatsumarn Kabilsingh
2241:Buddhism in Sri Lanka
2222:Buddhism in Indonesia
2159:Buddhism in Australia
2004:
1983:
1958:
1936:
1768:Chatsumarn Kabilsingh
1764:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
1705:The Eight Garudhammas
1621:
1614:during an alms round.
1609:
1593:
1515:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
1120:In Theravada Buddhism
995:
928:
913:
909:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
896:
886:
876:
860:
811:the Eight Garudhammas
801:The Eight Garudhammas
718:'s daughter princess
654:Burmese square script
639:
632:A Vietnamese bhiksuni
631:
618:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
616:
602:
535:
96:
8094:Buddhist terminology
8084:Buddhist monasticism
7935:East Asian religions
7365:Buddhism in the West
6936:Early Buddhist texts
6551:Four Right Exertions
6017:Ten spiritual realms
5510:Noble Eightfold Path
5375:Bhikkhuni Patimokkha
5308:Hüsken, Ute (2000),
5291:General bibliography
5164:George D. Chryssides
5017:on 28 September 2007
4803:Vajra Dakini Nunnery
4625:on 24 September 2011
4589:on 18 November 2013.
4306:on 23 September 2015
4001:Receiving the Marrow
3629:on 14 September 2012
3612:, buddhistchannel.tv
3406:on 24 December 2005.
3329:(28 December 1999).
2924:Wilson, Liz (2013).
2416:Dharmaguptaka Vinaya
2342:Samding Dorje Phagmo
2276:Buddhism in Thailand
1634:tradition in China,
1586:In Mahayana Buddhism
1572:Bodhinyana Monastery
1242:Anagārika, Anagārikā
1167:Buddhist monasticism
921:Becoming a bhikkhuni
702:, mother of his son
642:Bhikkhuni-patimokkha
435:Buddhist monasticism
398:Glossary of Buddhism
8058:Religion portal
7805:Temple of the Tooth
7684:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6723:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
6216:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5999:Two truths doctrine
5819:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5619:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5139:"Sister Chan Khong"
4915:. 16 February 2010.
4909:"Saccavadi's story"
4889:on 19 February 2011
4482:Wisdom Publications
4465:on 18 November 2018
4150:"The Time Has Come"
3924:on 11 February 2017
3894:on 14 December 2019
3681:on 20 December 2014
3372:Tsomo, Karma Lekshe
3195:www.dhammatalks.org
3093:on 22 November 2005
2546:In the foreword of
2471:Order of Interbeing
2389:Ogyen Trinley Dorje
2197:Buddhism in Germany
2071:Newport, Washington
2022:Recent developments
1913:East Asian Buddhism
1821:were involved with
1680:; gray or black in
1602:ordination lineage.
1557:ordination of women
1472:Sri Lankan Buddhism
1281:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1008:In Tibetan Buddhism
972:Order of Interbeing
934:Order of Interbeing
932:, bhikkhuni in the
864:Bhikṣuṇī Prātimokṣa
795:The Eightfold Paths
716:Mahapajapati Gotami
677:Mahapajapati Gotami
502:Mahapajapati Gotami
373:[pʰiksuniː]
45:of this article is
8089:Buddhist nunneries
7980:Western philosophy
7578:Dzong architecture
7400:Vipassana movement
7395:Buddhist modernism
6823:Emperor Wen of Sui
6591:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6524:Threefold Training
6326:Vipassana movement
6042:Hungry Ghost realm
5862:Avidyā (Ignorance)
5809:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5558:Great Renunciation
5553:Eight Great Events
5435:
4780:www.dharmaseed.org
4413:2010-07-26 at the
4384:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
4126:. 12 November 2010
4098:on 4 December 2008
3954:on 15 October 2006
3811:on 5 February 2013
3779:"Ordained at Last"
3586:. Parallax Press.
3484:on 3 November 2009
3457:on 5 December 2008
3337:. Sravasti Abbey.
2926:Family in Buddhism
2805:on 9 January 2009.
2714:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
2501:Triratna Tradition
2356:current Dalai Lama
2337:
2329:
2077:was chosen by the
2012:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
1997:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
1979:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
1728:Karma Lekshe Tsomo
1628:
1616:
1604:
1598:, a member of the
1596:Taiwanese bhikṣuṇī
1574:. Four nuns from
1545:ordination process
1526:Maha Bodhi Society
1294:Gahattha, gahapati
937:
815:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
665:
634:
626:
611:
531:Guru Padmasambhava
99:
8066:
8065:
7704:Om mani padme hum
7410:Women in Buddhism
7326:Buddhist councils
7196:Western countries
6984:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6745:Shaolin Monastery
6322:Samatha-vipassanā
5932:Pratītyasamutpāda
5736:Metteyya/Maitreya
5654:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5483:Four Noble Truths
5355:978-0-7914-4138-1
5280:Access to Insight
5262:Access to Insight
5182:Stephen Batchelor
4863:on 6 October 2018
4835:Boorstein, Sylvia
4750:. 9 January 2023.
4351:"The Validity of
4010:978-0-9855651-0-7
3886:Kusuma Devendra.
3872:978-0-86171-588-6
3837:. 5 November 2011
3733:on 16 August 2007
3593:978-0-938077-84-8
3451:The Turning Wheel
3161:978-1-61429-040-7
3118:Access to Insight
2966:978-0-521-55640-8
2939:978-1-4384-4753-7
2874:Pali Text Society
2784:978-0-7007-1219-9
2759:Treasury of Lives
2627:Explanatory notes
2621:Women in Buddhism
2518:In March 1993 in
2315:Buddhism in Tibet
2309:Tibetan tradition
2263:Mahābodhi Society
2178:Buddhism in Burma
2146:Walpola Piyananda
2141:Bhante Gunaratana
1969:Bhikkhu Anālayo,
1948:Bhikkhu Anālayo,
1835:Brahm's expulsion
1657:in that country.
1401:
1400:
1368:
1367:
1305:Related religions
1271:lay renunciants (
1246:lay renunciants (
989:In an interview,
805:According to the
543:Eight Garudhammas
488:According to the
403:
402:
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
8111:
8056:
8055:
8044:
8043:
7883:Sacred languages
7731:Maya Devi Temple
7694:Mahabodhi Temple
7498:Secular Buddhism
7463:Engaged Buddhism
6303:
6151:Tibetan Buddhism
6102:Vietnamese Thiền
5701:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5652:
5644:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5453:
5452:
5440:
5430:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5396:
5359:
5331:
5329:
5314:
5304:
5284:
5283:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5201:
5190:
5189:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5135:
5129:
5128:, JUNE 27, 2022.
5122:
5116:
5115:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5013:. Archived from
5007:
5001:
4988:Haas, Michaela.
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4965:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4819:. Archived from
4813:
4807:
4806:
4795:
4784:
4783:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4621:. Archived from
4615:
4609:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4585:. Archived from
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:on 13 March 2012
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4529:Analayo, Bhikkhu
4525:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4496:Analayo, Bhikkhu
4492:
4486:
4485:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4427:
4418:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4349:Anālayo (2017).
4346:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4302:. Archived from
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4246:. 20 July 2007.
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4185:
4177:Analayo, Bhikkhu
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3980:on 21 March 2012
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3950:. Archived from
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3920:. Archived from
3913:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3759:on 24 April 2012
3755:. Archived from
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3729:. Archived from
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3703:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3677:. Archived from
3675:Wandering Dhamma
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3625:. Archived from
3619:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3374:(2004). "Nuns".
3368:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3291:
3283:Analayo, Bhikkhu
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3251:
3242:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3089:. Archived from
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2877:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2710:
2704:
2703:, JUNE 27, 2022.
2697:
2691:
2690:
2681:(22 July 2024).
2675:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2491:South Vietnamese
2377:Alexander Berzin
2013:
1998:
1973:
1952:
1897:Mulasarvastivada
1877:Mulasarvastivada
1713:Bhikkhuni Kusuma
1578:, Ajahn Vayama,
1480:Burmese Buddhism
1393:
1386:
1379:
1358:
1342:
1316:
1306:
1218:
1212:
1182:
1161:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1045:
1030:Standard Tibetan
1018:
844:Aṅguttara Nikāya
831:
742:Indian religions
660:, c. 1846-1853.
583:of Thailand and
554:Tibetan Buddhism
527:Tibetan Buddhism
483:Tibetan Buddhist
451:Mulasarvastivada
429:) is a Buddhist
428:
416:
415:𑀪𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀼𑀦𑀻
392:
378:
377:
375:
354:
339:
332:
331:
317:
310:
309:
295:
284:
283:
269:
258:
257:
243:
232:
231:
217:
206:
205:
191:
180:
179:
165:
158:
157:
156:𑀪𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀼𑀦𑀻
143:
132:
131:
110:
108:𑀪𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀼𑀦𑀻
101:
100:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
35:
34:
27:
21:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8099:Buddhist titles
8069:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8050:
8032:
7984:
7899:
7814:
7551:Ordination hall
7512:
7414:
7385:Buddhist crisis
7297:
6994:
6946:Mahayana sutras
6922:
6918:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6749:
6622:
6562:
6512:Bodhisattva vow
6197:
6063:
6003:
5962:Taṇhā (Craving)
5897:Five hindrances
5848:
5740:
5670:
5524:
5469:
5441:
5424:
5366:
5356:
5330:on 9 April 2015
5327:
5312:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5202:
5193:
5179:
5175:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5123:
5119:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4924:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4837:(25 May 2011).
4832:
4828:
4823:on 1 June 2010.
4815:
4814:
4810:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4475:
4468:
4466:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4428:
4421:
4415:Wayback Machine
4405:
4401:
4381:
4377:
4361:
4347:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4276:. August 2007.
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4213:Sujato, Ajahn.
4211:
4207:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4146:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3948:Bhavana Society
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3914:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3707:on 6 March 2014
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3369:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3249:
3243:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3021:
3017:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:. p. 191.
2922:
2918:
2912:Indian Buddhism
2909:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2726:dhammatalks.org
2711:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2679:Vicki Mackenzie
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2587:
2575:Saṃyutta Nikāya
2561:
2516:
2503:
2483:Thích Quảng Đức
2459:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2444:
2407:Thubten Chodron
2352:Thubten Chodron
2317:
2311:
2278:
2272:
2243:
2237:
2224:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2172:Burma (Myanmar)
2161:
2155:
2102:Thubten Chodron
2083:Thubten Chodron
2060:Thubten Chodron
2035:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1928:Bhikkhu Anālayo
1905:
1868:
1862:
1831:Bhikkhu Analayo
1812:
1796:Ayya Tathaaloka
1698:
1688:, and black in
1588:
1397:
1304:
1270:
1262:
1158:
1155:
1127:
1122:
1010:
1005:
980:Thích Nhất Hạnh
968:
923:
825:
823:Hellmuth Hecker
803:
797:
781:bodhisattvahood
767:Mahayana sutras
662:British Library
597:
369:
333:
311:
285:
259:
233:
207:
181:
159:
133:
105:
104:Translations of
89:
82:
71:
65:
62:
51:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8048:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7615:Greco-Buddhist
7607:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7566:Burmese pagoda
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7522:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7348:Greco-Buddhism
7345:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7281:United Kingdom
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7226:Czech Republic
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7105:
7100:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6990:Abhidharmadīpa
6987:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:B. R. Ambedkar
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6828:Songtsen Gampo
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Eight precepts
6504:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6295:
6285:
6280:
6278:Five Strengths
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5917:Mental factors
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5769:Mahamoggallāna
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5684:Avalokiteśvara
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5365:
5364:External links
5362:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5339:
5332:
5305:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5267:
5249:
5242:
5221:
5214:
5208:. Bloomsbury.
5191:
5173:
5155:
5130:
5117:
5098:
5086:Sravasti Abbey
5073:
5061:Sravasti Abbey
5048:
5028:
5002:
4981:
4970:. 22 June 2015
4949:
4937:
4918:
4900:
4874:
4848:
4826:
4808:
4785:
4767:
4753:
4739:
4717:
4705:Sravasti Abbey
4689:
4677:Sravasti Abbey
4661:
4649:Sravasti Abbey
4636:
4610:
4592:
4574:
4548:
4515:
4487:
4448:
4430:Talbot, Mary.
4419:
4399:
4375:
4355:Ordination by
4338:
4317:
4291:
4274:Study Buddhism
4261:
4231:
4205:
4168:
4137:
4109:
4079:
4058:
4037:
4016:
4009:
3991:
3965:
3935:
3905:
3878:
3871:
3848:
3822:
3796:
3785:on 3 July 2008
3770:
3744:
3718:
3692:
3662:
3640:
3614:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3557:
3525:
3495:
3468:
3445:; Susan Moon.
3434:
3409:
3391:
3384:
3352:
3318:
3271:
3228:
3200:
3182:
3160:
3148:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
3139:
3104:
3078:
3054:
3015:
3004:
2984:
2972:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2878:
2862:
2849:
2840:
2826:
2808:
2790:
2783:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2705:
2692:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2560:
2557:
2515:
2512:
2507:Sangharakshita
2502:
2499:
2457:, worked with
2443:
2440:
2411:Sravasti Abbey
2374:
2373:
2370:Jampa Tsedroen
2365:
2310:
2307:
2271:
2268:
2236:
2233:
2217:
2214:
2192:
2189:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2151:
2097:Sravasti Abbey
2091:Rains Retreats
2075:Sravasti Abbey
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2009:
1994:
1984:
1966:
1945:
1904:
1901:
1864:Main article:
1861:
1858:
1811:
1808:
1697:
1694:
1587:
1584:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:Jain monastics
1360:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1128:People of the
1121:
1118:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
967:
964:
922:
919:
807:Buddhist Canon
799:Main article:
796:
793:
789:Gautama Buddha
681:Gautama Buddha
644:, part of the
640:Folios of the
596:
593:
490:Buddhist Canon
401:
400:
394:
393:
386:
380:
379:
362:
356:
355:
348:
342:
341:
326:
320:
319:
304:
298:
297:
278:
272:
271:
252:
246:
245:
226:
220:
219:
200:
194:
193:
174:
168:
167:
152:
146:
145:
126:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
87:
84:
83:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8116:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8079:Buddhist nuns
8077:
8076:
8074:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7820:Miscellaneous
7817:
7811:
7810:Vegetarianism
7808:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7632:Buddha in art
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:United States
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:Padmasambhava
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6755:Major figures
6752:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6701:Western tulku
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Five precepts
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6480:Dhamma vicaya
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Buddhābhiṣeka
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Enlightenment
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:Dhamma theory
5880:
5878:
5877:Buddha-nature
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Samantabhadra
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5245:
5243:9781611807769
5239:
5236:. Shambhala.
5235:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5215:0-7475-4389-5
5211:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4969:
4968:bhikkhuni.net
4962:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4913:Sujato's Blog
4910:
4904:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4757:
4749:
4743:
4727:
4721:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4343:
4327:
4321:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4068:
4062:
4047:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3385:0-02-865719-5
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3005:0-520-06820-3
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2731:arahantship?"
2727:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:Sylvia Wetzel
2521:
2511:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:According to
2348:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:In 1928, the
2277:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2129:Drikung Kagyu
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:Dharmaguptaka
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2019:
2008:
2003:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Dharmaguptaka
1900:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1839:Bhante Sujato
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:Bhante Sujato
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:However, the
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1600:Dharmaguptaka
1597:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Thai Buddhism
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:dasa sil mata
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:tradition of
1407:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:Lay devotee (
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:modern female
1268:
1265:
1264:dasa sil mata
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
999:
994:
992:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:
943:, becoming a
942:
935:
931:
927:
917:
912:
910:
906:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:
867:
865:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
841:Gotamī Sutta,
837:
835:
834:Bhikkhu Bodhi
829:
824:
820:
819:Bhante Sujato
816:
812:
808:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:
768:
763:
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
720:Sundari Nanda
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
695:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
630:
623:
619:
615:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:enlightenment
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Dharmaguptaka
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
412:
408:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
374:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
338:
327:
325:
321:
316:
305:
303:
299:
294:
289:
279:
277:
273:
268:
263:
253:
251:
247:
242:
237:
227:
225:
221:
216:
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
185:
175:
173:
169:
164:
153:
151:
147:
142:
137:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
95:
91:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
7998:Bodhisattvas
7918:Christianity
7913:Baháʼí Faith
7778:Dharmachakra
7768:Prayer wheel
7758:Prayer beads
7526:Architecture
7405:969 Movement
7189:Saudi Arabia
7167:Central Asia
7160:South Africa
6982:
6965:
6898:Panchen Lama
6803:Buddhapālita
6640:
6399:Satipatthana
6394:Mindful Yoga
6307:Recollection
6221:Brahmavihara
6092:Japanese Zen
6087:Chinese Chan
6047:Animal realm
5854:Key concepts
5676:Bodhisattvas
5488:Three Jewels
5389:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5344:
5325:the original
5320:
5316:
5299:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5233:
5205:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5133:
5125:
5120:
5111:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5085:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5060:
5051:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5015:the original
5005:
4989:
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4967:
4940:
4931:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4891:. Retrieved
4887:the original
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4861:the original
4851:
4842:
4829:
4821:the original
4811:
4802:
4779:
4770:
4756:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:
4680:. Retrieved
4676:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4613:
4604:
4595:
4587:the original
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:the original
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4506:. Retrieved
4490:
4477:
4467:, retrieved
4463:the original
4457:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4435:
4402:
4388:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4329:. Retrieved
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4304:the original
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:
4208:
4191:
4187:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4153:
4130:19 September
4128:. Retrieved
4121:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:the original
4070:. Retrieved
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4019:
4000:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:the original
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3952:the original
3947:
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3896:. Retrieved
3892:the original
3881:
3861:
3839:. Retrieved
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3757:the original
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3705:the original
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:the original
3674:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3617:
3608:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3450:
3443:Alan Senauke
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3422:Plum Village
3421:
3412:
3404:the original
3394:
3375:
3343:. Retrieved
3334:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3297:
3293:
3262:. Retrieved
3257:
3253:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3151:
3142:
3133:
3126:. Retrieved
3117:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3048:
3031:(2): 55–84.
3028:
3024:
3018:
3009:
2994:
2987:
2975:
2955:
2948:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2829:
2811:
2803:the original
2793:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2746:Pema Mandala
2745:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2686:
2673:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2517:
2504:
2495:Nhat Chi Mai
2454:
2445:
2433:
2409:established
2403:
2398:
2393:17th Karmapa
2387:
2382:
2375:
2349:
2346:
2338:
2327:, India 2004
2279:
2244:
2225:
2207:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2106:
2095:
2081:. Bhikshuni
2054:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2016:
2005:
2001:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1939:Mahāpajāpatī
1937:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1869:
1856:since 2012.
1813:
1793:
1777:Samut Sakhon
1757:
1742:
1733:Tenzin Palmo
1725:
1703:
1699:
1671:
1651:Mugai Nyodai
1648:
1629:
1565:
1538:
1519:
1512:
1510:in England.
1491:
1465:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1402:
1286:
1272:
1247:
1226:
1148:
1141:
1111:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1053:dge tshul ma
1052:
1040:
1038:
1026:dge slong ma
1025:
1013:
1011:
1003:By tradition
996:
988:
984:
976:Plum Village
969:
944:
941:Ten Precepts
938:
914:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
869:
863:
861:
857:
853:
840:
838:
804:
770:
769:such as the
764:
753:
739:
728:
692:
685:
666:
641:
579:), like the
576:
572:
570:
565:
561:
558:rabtu jungwa
557:
551:
540:
536:
520:
509:
487:
418:
406:
404:
90:
72:
63:
41:
7843:Dharma talk
7672:Asalha Puja
7468:Eschatology
7271:Switzerland
7251:New Zealand
7179:Middle East
7088:Philippines
7008:Afghanistan
6813:Bodhidharma
6798:Buddhaghosa
6718:Householder
6628:Monasticism
6581:Bodhisattva
6436:Prostration
6389:Mindfulness
6317:Anapanasati
6300:Kammaṭṭhāna
6097:Korean Seon
6037:Asura realm
6032:Human realm
5972:Ten Fetters
5927:Parinirvana
5829:Uppalavanna
5794:Mahākaccana
5779:Mahākassapa
5711:Kṣitigarbha
5706:Ākāśagarbha
5603:Suddhodāna
5548:Four sights
5475:Foundations
5126:Lion's Roar
4893:19 November
4867:19 November
4567:18 November
4541:18 November
4508:18 November
4469:18 November
4441:18 November
4224:8 September
4161:8 September
4155:Lion's Roar
4123:Lion's Roar
3958:7 September
3623:"Theravada"
3518:28 December
3461:30 November
2701:Lion's Roar
2535:Ajahn Amaro
2520:Dharamshala
2467:Mindfulness
2463:Vietnam war
2290:Dhammananda
1842:Bhikkhunī (
1819:Ajahn Brahm
1534:Korean Seon
1530:Jogye Order
1298:Householder
1202:Nun trainee
1057:śrāmaṇerikā
826: [
783:and future
772:Lotus Sutra
604:Sanghamitta
330:དགེ་སློང་མ་
66:August 2024
8073:Categories
7960:Psychology
7940:Gnosticism
7928:Comparison
7923:Influences
7905:Comparison
7788:Bhavacakra
7746:Kushinagar
7721:Pilgrimage
7667:Māgha Pūjā
7622:Bodhi Tree
7438:Buddhology
7428:Abhidharma
7420:Philosophy
7353:Menander I
7221:Costa Rica
7172:Uzbekistan
7013:Bangladesh
6967:Dhammapada
6951:Pali Canon
6913:Ajahn Chah
6893:Dalai Lama
6793:Kumārajīva
6788:Vasubandhu
6763:The Buddha
6671:Zen master
6606:Sakadagami
6586:Buddhahood
6517:Pratimokṣa
6332:Shikantaza
6288:Meditation
6263:Deity yoga
6134:Madhyamaka
6027:Deva realm
5922:Mindstream
5872:Bodhicitta
5784:Aṅgulimāla
5651:Devadatta
5627:Yaśodharā
5530:The Buddha
5520:Middle Way
4998:1559394072
4629:21 January
4102:6 December
3488:4 February
3345:12 October
3311:12 October
3264:7 November
3175:12 October
3128:12 October
2930:SUNY Press
2910:Nakamura,
2901:, page 822
2897:Routledge
2856:Macmillan
2665:References
2616:Upasampada
2570:Therīgāthā
2565:Pāli Canon
2528:Dalai Lama
2481:. In 1963
2447:Chân Không
2313:See also:
2274:See also:
2259:Sakyadhita
2239:See also:
2226:The first
2220:See also:
2208:The first
2195:See also:
2176:See also:
2157:See also:
2079:Dalai Lama
2031:See also:
1881:Dalai Lama
1827:Ajahn Chah
1781:Chiang Mai
1721:Cullavagga
1676:, gray in
1659:Prajñātārā
1655:Zen master
1504:siladharas
1198:Sikkhamānā
1130:Pāli Canon
991:Chân Không
955:upasampada
930:Chân Không
848:Cullavagga
785:buddhahood
755:Therigatha
694:Therigatha
689:Pali Canon
575:(Sanskrit
516:Pāli Canon
511:Therigatha
390:tỳ kheo ni
384:Vietnamese
315:bhikṣuṇiya
241:bikuni/ama
43:neutrality
8028:Festivals
8008:Buddhists
7970:Theosophy
7773:Symbolism
7763:Hama yumi
7736:Bodh Gaya
7503:Socialism
7478:Evolution
7453:Economics
7291:Venezuela
7206:Australia
7201:Argentina
7125:Sri Lanka
7120:Singapore
7038:Indonesia
7000:Countries
6941:Tripiṭaka
6903:Ajahn Mun
6778:Nagarjuna
6773:Aśvaghoṣa
6656:Anagārika
6651:Śrāmaṇerī
6646:Śrāmaṇera
6641:Bhikkhunī
6601:Sotāpanna
6490:Passaddhi
6431:Offerings
6406:Nekkhamma
6283:Iddhipada
6203:Practices
6173:Theravada
6146:Vajrayana
6139:Yogachara
6109:Pure Land
6022:Six Paths
6009:Cosmology
5789:Anuruddha
5764:Sāriputta
5754:Kaundinya
5746:Disciples
5721:Vajrapāṇi
5573:Footprint
5538:Tathāgata
4353:bhikkhunī
4200:1076-9005
3841:15 August
3815:15 August
3427:24 August
3306:1076-9005
3045:144745667
2611:Anagārika
2601:Śikṣamāṇā
2559:In poetry
2455:Bhikkhunī
2451:Śikṣamāṇā
2305:remains.
2298:Sri Lanka
2255:Sri Lanka
2235:Sri Lanka
2228:Theravada
2216:Indonesia
2210:bhikkhuni
2185:Sri Lanka
2153:Australia
2137:Theravada
2089:spent 25
2057:Bhikshuni
1917:Theravada
1851:monastery
1794:In 2010,
1791:remains.
1772:Sri Lanka
1749:Sri Lanka
1717:khandhaka
1549:Anagarika
1541:Sri Lanka
1476:thilashin
1410:Sri Lanka
1406:Theravada
1260:thilashin
1180:Bhikkhuṇī
1066:dge snyan
1028:) is the
951:śikṣamāṇā
946:śrāmaṇerī
700:Yasodharā
585:thilashin
566:bhikkhuni
523:Vajrayana
479:Vajrayana
449:, or 364
443:Theravada
407:bhikkhunī
352:Bhikkhuni
308:භික්ෂුණිය
267:phĭkkhŏni
189:beiʔkʰṵnì
163:bhikkhunī
54:talk page
18:Bhikkhuni
8046:Category
7975:Violence
7945:Hinduism
7893:Sanskrit
7848:Hinayana
7833:Amitābha
7793:Swastika
7662:Uposatha
7652:Holidays
7637:Calendar
7483:Humanism
7321:Kanishka
7311:Timeline
7135:Thailand
7103:Kalmykia
7098:Buryatia
7083:Pakistan
7068:Mongolia
7063:Maldives
7058:Malaysia
7023:Cambodia
6888:Shamarpa
6883:Nichiren
6833:Xuanzang
6768:Nagasena
6686:Rinpoche
6416:Pāramitā
6258:Devotion
6178:Navayana
6166:Dzogchen
6129:Nichiren
6077:Mahayana
6069:Branches
5947:Saṅkhāra
5696:Mañjuśrī
5653:(cousin)
5645:(cousin)
5613:(mother)
5605:(father)
5593:Miracles
5543:Birthday
5460:Glossary
5433:Buddhism
5148:26 April
4974:24 March
4843:HuffPost
4411:Archived
4386:(2020).
4357:bhikkhus
4310:25 April
4278:Archived
4248:Archived
4179:(2013).
4030:25 April
3984:10 April
3711:25 April
3685:25 April
3655:25 April
3633:25 April
3339:Archived
3285:(2011).
3260:: 29–105
3221:24 March
3166:qtd. in
3122:Archived
3097:25 April
3071:25 April
2606:Samanera
2585:See also
2429:Pavarana
2270:Thailand
2247:Thailand
2117:Pavarana
2044:"Vihara"
2010:—
1995:—
1967:—
1946:—
1844:Buddhist
1753:Thailand
1632:Mahayana
1626:, Taiwan
1553:Thailand
1457:Cambodia
1426:Cambodia
1418:Thailand
1356:Nigaṇṭha
1340:Brāhmaṇa
1320:Wanderer
1216:Samaṇērī
1210:Samaṇera
1106:gelongma
1100:getsulma
1094:gelongma
1088:gelongma
1082:getsulma
1043:getsulma
1016:gelongma
760:Apadanas
710:. Queen
673:bhikkhus
577:sāmaṇerī
573:getsulma
562:getsulma
455:Mahayana
427:भिक्षुणी
423:Sanskrit
419:bhikṣuṇī
256:ភិក្ខុនី
224:Japanese
178:ဘိက္ခုနီ
141:bhikṣuṇī
130:भिक्षुणी
124:Sanskrit
47:disputed
8023:Temples
8003:Buddhas
7965:Science
7955:Judaism
7950:Jainism
7868:Lineage
7828:Abhijñā
7798:Thangka
7741:Sarnath
7726:Lumbini
7647:Funeral
7642:Cuisine
7518:Culture
7493:Reality
7443:Creator
7433:Atomism
7303:History
7276:Ukraine
7236:Germany
7155:Senegal
7145:Vietnam
7073:Myanmar
6873:Shinran
6863:Karmapa
6838:Shandao
6808:Dignāga
6733:Śrāvaka
6713:Donchee
6708:Kappiya
6666:Sayadaw
6636:Bhikkhu
6611:Anāgāmi
6568:Nirvana
6534:Samadhi
6421:Paritta
6362:Tonglen
6357:Mandala
6312:Smarana
6293:Mantras
6241:Upekkha
6211:Bhavana
6161:Shingon
6114:Tiantai
5967:Tathātā
5957:Śūnyatā
5952:Skandha
5942:Saṃsāra
5937:Rebirth
5912:Kleshas
5902:Indriya
5804:Subhūti
5689:Guanyin
5643:Ānanda
5635:Rāhula
5515:Nirvana
5455:Outline
5091:28 July
5066:28 July
5021:12 July
5000:. p. 6.
4732:28 July
4710:28 July
4682:28 July
4654:28 July
4372:: 9–25.
4331:16 June
4284:16 June
4254:21 July
4072:16 June
4051:16 June
3928:12 July
3898:29 June
3789:21 July
3476:Staff.
2489:by the
2442:Vietnam
2425:kathina
2191:Germany
2166:Nirodha
2113:kathina
2027:America
1737:Tibetan
1719:of the
1674:Vietnam
1661:is the
1640:Vietnam
1580:Nirodha
1561:Maechis
1445:Vietnam
1347:Brahmin
1331:Ascetic
1326:Ājīvika
1174:Bhikkhu
1149:English
1055:) is a
911:wrote:
872:Brahmin
777:arhants
758:or the
746:nirvana
708:arahant
658:Myanmar
595:History
589:Myanmar
547:bhikkhu
521:In the
508:is the
475:Vietnam
367:ภิกษุณี
346:Tagalog
324:Tibetan
302:Sinhala
215:bǐqiūní
198:Chinese
172:Burmese
115:English
8018:Sutras
8013:Suttas
7878:Siddhi
7863:Koliya
7838:Brahmā
7753:Poetry
7699:Mantra
7689:Kasaya
7561:Pagoda
7541:Kyaung
7536:Vihāra
7531:Temple
7473:Ethics
7316:Ashoka
7266:Sweden
7261:Poland
7256:Norway
7246:Mexico
7231:France
7216:Canada
7211:Brazil
7150:Africa
7130:Taiwan
7093:Russia
7018:Bhutan
6978:Vinaya
6858:Naropa
6848:Saraha
6783:Asanga
6539:Prajñā
6448:Refuge
6411:Nianfo
6372:Tertön
6367:Tantra
6352:Ganana
6342:Tukdam
6268:Dhyāna
6236:Mudita
6231:Karuṇā
6124:Risshū
6119:Huayan
6052:Naraka
5992:Anattā
5987:Dukkha
5982:Anicca
5887:Dharma
5839:Channa
5774:Ānanda
5759:Assaji
5726:Skanda
5629:(wife)
5598:Family
5578:Relics
5503:Sangha
5498:Dharma
5493:Buddha
5352:
5240:
5212:
4996:
4799:"Home"
4198:
4007:
3869:
3590:
3382:
3304:
3158:
3043:
3002:
2963:
2936:
2781:
2761:, 2008
2479:France
2436:Bhutan
2354:, the
2303:sangha
2087:Buddha
2067:Vinaya
2049:vihara
2040:vihara
1873:Vinaya
1854:Vihara
1789:sangha
1785:Rayong
1751:, and
1709:Vinaya
1686:Taiwan
1644:Taiwan
1492:guruma
1484:Maechi
1459:, and
1314:Samaṇa
1287:m., f.
1256:Maechi
1248:m., f.
1227:m., f.
1223:Novice
1157:Sangha
1074:genyen
1034:vinaya
959:Vinaya
905:Vinaya
704:Rāhula
669:sangha
646:Vinaya
581:maechi
498:Buddha
473:, and
467:Taiwan
445:, 348
439:Vinaya
293:biguni
276:Korean
262:UNGEGN
236:Rōmaji
210:Pinyin
7990:Lists
7858:Kalpa
7853:Iddhi
7716:Music
7711:Mudra
7677:Vassa
7657:Vesak
7627:Budai
7573:Candi
7556:Stupa
7488:Logic
7241:Italy
7140:Tibet
7078:Nepal
7048:Korea
7043:Japan
7033:India
7028:China
6973:Sutra
6928:Texts
6878:Dōgen
6868:Hōnen
6853:Atiśa
6818:Zhiyi
6728:Achar
6696:Tulku
6691:Geshe
6676:Rōshi
6661:Ajahn
6616:Arhat
6576:Bodhi
6546:Vīrya
6463:Sacca
6458:Satya
6453:Sādhu
6441:Music
6384:Merit
6377:Terma
6337:Zazen
6273:Faith
6226:Mettā
5907:Karma
5867:Bardo
5834:Asita
5824:Khema
5814:Upāli
5799:Nanda
5637:(son)
5611:Māyā
5588:Films
5465:Index
5328:(PDF)
5313:(PDF)
4964:(PDF)
4536:(PDF)
4503:(PDF)
4408:ลิงก์
4366:JOCBS
4362:(PDF)
4359:Only"
4184:(PDF)
3763:6 May
3737:6 May
3290:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
3041:S2CID
2821:(PDF)
2596:Unsui
2421:varsa
2325:Spiti
2251:India
2109:varsa
1745:India
1731:Ven.
1690:Japan
1682:China
1678:Korea
1636:Korea
1624:Vesak
1568:Perth
1496:Nepal
1461:Burma
1449:Nepal
1430:Tibet
1414:Burma
1235:Laity
1114:Tibet
1062:Wylie
1049:Wylie
1022:Wylie
830:]
731:devas
724:arhat
712:Khema
471:Japan
463:Korea
459:China
417:) or
250:Khmer
230:比丘尼/尼
184:MLCTS
7888:Pāḷi
7873:Māra
7783:Flag
7184:Iran
7108:Tuva
7053:Laos
6681:Lama
6529:Śīla
6497:Śīla
6485:Pīti
6475:Sati
6426:Puja
6347:Koan
6253:Dāna
5844:Yasa
5731:Tārā
5350:ISBN
5321:XXVI
5238:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5150:2015
5093:2017
5068:2017
5023:2021
4994:ISBN
4976:2024
4895:2010
4869:2010
4734:2017
4712:2017
4684:2017
4656:2017
4631:2018
4569:2018
4543:2018
4510:2018
4471:2018
4443:2018
4333:2016
4312:2015
4286:2016
4256:2008
4226:2019
4196:ISSN
4163:2019
4132:2015
4104:2011
4074:2016
4053:2016
4032:2015
4005:ISBN
3986:2012
3960:2006
3930:2021
3900:2014
3867:ISBN
3843:2012
3817:2012
3791:2008
3765:2012
3739:2012
3713:2015
3687:2015
3657:2015
3635:2015
3588:ISBN
3520:2016
3490:2010
3463:2010
3429:2020
3380:ISBN
3347:2020
3313:2020
3302:ISSN
3266:2010
3223:2024
3177:2020
3156:ISBN
3130:2020
3099:2015
3073:2015
3000:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2563:The
2473:and
2253:and
2201:The
1798:and
1783:and
1684:and
1502:and
1500:Laos
1498:and
1453:Laos
1422:Laos
1187:Monk
1143:Pali
1085:and
970:The
903:The
832:and
650:Pali
411:Pali
360:Thai
150:Pali
136:IAST
40:The
7610:Art
7546:Wat
6082:Zen
3298:118
3033:doi
2477:in
1847:nun
1667:Zen
1665:of
1532:of
1506:at
1494:in
1486:in
1478:in
1470:in
1428:or
1191:Nun
1070:THL
787:by
587:of
552:In
525:of
431:nun
282:비구니
204:比丘尼
118:Nun
8075::
7112:ru
5319:,
5315:,
5278:.
5260:.
5224:^
5194:^
5141:.
5110:.
5084:.
5059:.
4966:.
4952:^
4930:.
4911:.
4841:.
4801:.
4788:^
4778:.
4703:.
4692:^
4675:.
4664:^
4647:.
4603:.
4531:.
4518:^
4498:.
4480:,
4434:.
4422:^
4370:12
4368:.
4364:.
4341:^
4272:.
4242:.
4217:.
4194:.
4192:20
4190:.
4186:.
4152:.
4140:^
4120:.
4082:^
3946:.
3908:^
3851:^
3833:.
3673:.
3528:^
3511:.
3498:^
3449:.
3420:.
3355:^
3333:.
3300:.
3296:.
3292:.
3274:^
3256:.
3252:.
3231:^
3214:.
3193:.
3132:.
3116:.
3057:^
3047:.
3039:.
3029:22
3027:.
3008:.
2928:.
2881:^
2872:,
2728:.
2724:.
2716:.
2685:.
2581:.
2522:,
2249:,
2042:.
1849:)
1779:,
1747:,
1711:.
1692:.
1642:,
1638:,
1594:A
1555:,
1536:.
1490:,
1482:,
1474:,
1455:,
1451:,
1424:,
1420:,
1273:f.
1258:,
1213:,
1189:,
1176:,
1116:.
1109:.
1072::
1068:,
1064::
1051::
1039:A
1024::
1012:A
828:de
791:.
726:.
656:.
652:,
591:.
529:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
425::
413::
405:A
290::
288:RR
264::
238::
212::
186::
138::
7114:)
7110:(
6328:)
6324:(
5419:e
5412:t
5405:v
5373:(
5358:.
5246:.
5218:.
5188:.
5152:.
5114:.
5095:.
5070:.
5025:.
4978:.
4934:.
4897:.
4871:.
4845:.
4805:.
4782:.
4764:.
4736:.
4714:.
4686:.
4658:.
4633:.
4607:.
4571:.
4545:.
4512:.
4474:;
4445:.
4396:.
4335:.
4314:.
4288:.
4258:.
4228:.
4202:.
4165:.
4134:.
4106:.
4076:.
4055:.
4034:.
4013:.
3988:.
3962:.
3932:.
3902:.
3875:.
3845:.
3819:.
3793:.
3767:.
3741:.
3715:.
3689:.
3659:.
3637:.
3596:.
3522:.
3492:.
3465:.
3431:.
3388:.
3349:.
3315:.
3268:.
3258:6
3225:.
3197:.
3179:.
3164:.
3101:.
3075:.
3035::
2969:.
2942:.
2837:.
2823:.
2787:.
2722:"
2689:.
1392:e
1385:t
1378:v
1289:)
1275:)
1266:,
1250:)
1229:)
1225:(
1060:(
1047:(
1020:(
421:(
409:(
376:)
370:(
340:)
334:(
318:)
312:(
296:)
286:(
270:)
260:(
244:)
234:(
218:)
208:(
192:)
182:(
166:)
160:(
144:)
134:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.