1004:
979:
in which all the ceremonies of a regular marriage are not performed. Remarriage often takes place between widowers and widows, though bachelors are not barred from such a union. However, in case of woman, levirate applies mainly to widows. In case of widow-marriage also, bride-price of lesser amount is given. Divorce is also allowed among the
Bhumijs in extreme cases of adultery, and the divorced women may remarry according to the sanga rite. However, a woman has no right to divorce her husband, and if she is neglected or ill-treated, only remedy available to her is to run away with another man. Adultery within the community is generally condoned with a fine but adultery with a member of another tribe results in ostracization.
341:, and elements from caste-based society. During the colonial period, they were often labeled as Hinduized or semi-Hinduized tribes, and sometimes even identified as a distinct caste. In modern times, the Bhumij form part of the tribe-caste continuum society. Their society is characterised by nuclear family, patriliny, exogamy and hereditary headship of the village community. They follow Hindu practices of succession and inheritance. The Bhumijs are divided into several geographical endogamous groups based on ancestral territory and occupation, such as
520:
prohibitive marriage rules. Besides, lately they have developed a local grouping called the thaks, named after villages. Each of these thaks is also exogamous in the sense that a member of one thak cannot marry a member of the same village even if he or she belongs to a different sept. The rule of exogamy is so strict that a man may not marry a woman of his own sept, nor a woman who comes within the standard formula for reckoning prohibited degrees, calculated to three generations in the descending line, but sometimes extended to five where
1103:(drum) and sing religious and romantic songs depending on the occasion. Community feast and intoxicating drinks provide the Bhumijs the desired amusement. The institutions of soya and phul among the Bhumijs of Manbhum help in establishing ceremonial friendship with people of other communities. Thus, the Bhumijs have a good sense of community feeling and they maintain equilibrium and peaceful coexistence. However, by the turn of the 20th century, Hinduism had begun to change many of their local customs.
557:
830:(EIC). The rebels rose in revolt due to the exploitative land revenue policies of the EIC, which threatened their economic livelihoods. According to L.S.S. O’Malley, an EIC administrator who wrote the Bengal District Gazetteer, "In March 1766 Government resolved to send an expedition into the country west and north-west of Midnapore in order to coerce them into paying revenue, and to capture and demolish as many of their strongholds as possible." Amongst the many dispossessed Bhumij
147:
64:
930:
depend upon agriculture, fishing, hunting and forest produces. Thus, the
Bhumijs who are mainly agriculturists also hunt and trap birds and animals in the jungles, and the landless among them work as labourers. Various seasonally available forest products are a subsidiary source of income for them. Marginal income from wage labour, minor non-forest products and animal husbandry are the main source of livelihood for the rural Bhumij.
52:
937:
As regards dress and ornaments, they follow their Hindu neighbours. Children of both the sexes go naked till the age of four or five years and after which they wear a towel or trouser till adolescence. The male dress consists of a shirt, a dhoti or lungi, and a towel. The women wear sari and blouse.
1090:
festival in Bhadra (August – September) for prosperity of the village. An unmarried male goes to the jungle and brings a branch of the Karam tree and plants near the house of the Dehuri or at any particular place meant for it. After a long spell of dance and music throughout the night, they immerse
990:
After death, the rich section of the
Bhumijs generally cremates the bodies of adults, and the poor ones bury them due to cost of firewood. However, the children of both rich and poor are buried. The practice of burial or cremation and observance of death pollution vary a little from place to place.
978:
Sex before marriage was not considered taboo, but it was understood that if the girl became pregnant she would marry the father of the child. The Bhumij recognise polygyny, barrenness of first wife is the main reason. Polyandry is unknown. Widows are allowed to remarry according to the sanga ritual
1067:
festival in
Baisakh (April–May) and Phalgun (February–March). Karakata, a female deity, responsible for rains and bumper crops, Baghut or Bagh-Bhut, a male deity, responsible to ward off the animals and protect the crops in Kartik (October–November), Gram-Deota and Deoshali, the village deities to
933:
Rice is their staple food and is consumed throughout the year. They are non-vegetarians, but do not eat pork or beef. The
Bhumijs also eat white-ants (termites) and insects. Drinks like rice beer and toddy are commonly consumed by them. Mahua liquor is used sumptuously during feasts and festivals.
929:
claim that their original occupation was military service. Subsequently, agriculture was taken as the sole activity by all the tribes, except the iron-smelting Shelo. A few were engaged in petty trade, and some immigrated to the tea districts of Assam. In
Jharkhand and Bihar, the Bhumij even today
1098:
is a communal servant of the village, all its inhabitants have equal claims on his services. For his services he receives a few plots of rent-free land and the heads of sacrificed animals in the communal religious rites. For this, in addition to performance of religious rituals, he makes certain
991:
But mourning takes place generally for ten days after which the cleaning and shaving rituals are performed, followed by certain rituals and feast marks the last part of death rituals. At times even the charred bones are kept in an earthen pot and carried to the ancestral clan ossuary for burial.
519:
A Bhumij refrains from injuring anything represented by the name of the group. But there are no elaborate rituals in honour of clan totems. It may be that the exogamous groups were totemic, but with the progress of time and contact with their Hindu neighbours, the totemic system has turned into
1072:, a deity, presiding over snakes, is worshipped in Shravana (July–August) for two or three days in the courtyards of Seraikela Bhumijs. The Bhumijs also worship Paori, a female deity, in Jaistha (May–June) and again in Asadh (June–July) for timely rains and general welfare of the village.
941:
In the early 1900s, no Bhumij followed child marriage unless they were from the more
Sanskritized wealthy families. Brides would be given for an amount ranging from Rs 3 to Rs 12 (in the early 20th century). Usually the wedding would be at the bride's house, where a square space, called a
1362:
The Bhumij are recognized as
Scheduled Tribes in three states: Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, with a population of 869,653 according to the 2011 census. However, Bhumij residing in other administrative states and countries are not individually counted in the census; thus,
982:
At birth, a woman is attended by a midwife of the Ghasi community, and the umbilical cord is severed by her, and after birth it is put in a hole dug outside the hut. Birth-related pollution varies from 8 to 10 days, during which mother remains in the lying-in-room. After it, a
954:
branches would be placed, bound with cowries and 5 pieces of turmeric. At the ends of the square were placed 4 earthen water-vessels, each half-filled with pulses and covered with a lamp. The pots were connected with a cotton thread marking the boundary of the
1068:
ward off sickness and watch over supply of water for drinking and irrigation in Ashadh (July–August), Buru, a mountain deity, for general prosperity in Magh, Panchbahini and
Baradela, local deities of Bankura Bhumijs, etc., are worshipped by the Bhumijs.
1503:
1164:
before the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order of 1956. Until 2024, the Tamudia segment of the Bhumij tribe was designated as Scheduled Caste in Odisha, but it was subsequently recognized as Scheduled Tribes.
1099:
sacrifices like avoiding certain food and observing fast on certain occasions. The office of Naya is generally hereditary. The whole community gets involved in any social or religious celebration. People dance to the tune of a
425:. Which are generally indicated their ancestral territory and profession. Each group forms an exogamous group of its own and do not intermarry. Each one of these groups consists of a number of exogamous sub-groups called "
909:(Lakshman's son) attacked Madabh Singh and killed him, and afterwards led a general uprising. The Britishers were forced to send in troops to quell the revolt, and pushed him into the hills. Ganga Narayan fled to
967:. The bride would then sit on his left-hand side, and a short introduction would be delivered by relatives. A priest, would chant mantras, then the bride would light and blow out the lamps at the corners of the
897:
of 1832 is quite well-known. In this case, there was a disputed succession over the crown. The court decided the eldest son of the king, the son of the second wife instead of the son of the first wife (
1966:
1496:
1094:
The community priest, variously known as Laya, Naya or Dehuri, is from their own tribe rather than a Brahmin, and he solely conducts all the rituals and ceremonies for all deities. As the
1080:
tree and also better shooting out of sal leaves. Atra, a Goddess, for protection from smallpox is worshipped. Dhulla Puja is held in Baisakh (April–May) for the wellbeing of the village.
727:) such as Kaitra, Garur, Kasim, Bhugal, Baundra, Ban, Nag, Shona, Shar, Tresha, etc. Their Bhumij dialect is less and less spoken and Bengali is more widely spoken among the community.
2135:
2037:
971:
5 or 7 times, depending on the custom. The bride would then be "given" to the groom, and the priest would then join the couple's right hands. Finally, the groom applied
1076:
puja is performed before ploughing and transplanting of paddy seedlings. They worship Jaharburi in Chaitra (March–April), associated with the better flowering of the
882:, Subal Singh of Kuilapal, Shyam Ganjam Singh of Dhadka, Raja Mohan Singh of Juriah, Lakshman Singh of Dulma, Sunder Narayan Singh and Fateh Singh. In 1798, when the
2648:
2063:
975:
to the bride's forehead and tied a knot that would remain intact for 3–10 days, after which they would rub themselves with turmeric, bathe, and untie the knot.
407:
3138:
1974:
1850:
History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, first published 2001, second reprint 2002, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd. pages 187-188,
2877:
1755:
1547:
917:
ruled by a Thakur that claimed supremacy over the area. During the siege, Ganga Narayan was killed, and his head was set to the Britishers by the Thakur.
2357:
1867:
2673:
1084:
is held on the day of the new moon in Kartik (October–November) before reaping, and Nua-Khia, the new rice-eating ceremony. The Bhumijs also celebrate
743:. He claimed the eastern branch of Bhumij lost their connection with their original language and spoke Bengali. According to him, they were a group of
533:
938:
Young girls are fond of ornaments such as nose-rings, earrings, bead necklaces, armlets and bangles made of brass. They put on flowers in their hair.
1668:
1944:
2678:
337:
The social structure of the Bhumijas is characterized by its dynamism, incorporating both tribal traits inherited from their parent tribe, the
3010:
2641:
901:), to be the king. Lakshman Narayan Singh, the son of the patrani, opposed his brother, was arrested and died in jail. A younger son of the
1110:
among the Bhumij have been organising protests and petitions to have their religion recognised by the government of India in census forms.
2814:
867:
855:
369:
350:
318:
306:
913:, where he was asked by the Lakras to prove his loyalty if they would join his cause. Their condition was for him to attack a fort of
3131:
1444:
2870:
2724:
2719:
2634:
2350:
3612:
1003:
1388:
3602:
2229:
1835:
1808:
1768:
1593:
1560:
1139:
1479:
1462:
747:
who moved east and lost connection with other Mundas, and later adopted Hindu customs when non-tribals arrived in the area.
3597:
3124:
3607:
3276:
2863:
987:
washerman and barber are engaged to clean the clothes and shave and pare the nails. This is followed by naming ceremony.
532:
According to genetic study conducted on Bhumij population on 2010, it was found that their 70% Y Haplogroups belongs to
3577:
2886:
2343:
1123:
3173:
3003:
2366:
1855:
2210:"Bhumij in a heterogeneous society: negotiating hierarchies and access to water in the Jungle Mahals of West Bengal"
3587:
1825:
3572:
2657:
1733:
1131:
754:
still retain linguistic links with Mundari, those living further east have adopted Bengali as their language. In
237:
814:
started between 1766 and 1816 by the inhabitants of the countryside surrounding the West Bengali settlements of
429:, the names of which are chosen from diverse sources representing fauna and flora, heavenly bodies, earth, etc.
3582:
1063:, both considered to be their supreme deities. They worship Jahuburu in the sacred grove of the village at the
905:, Madabh Singh, was appointed diwan but became widely detested as a cheat who abused his position. Therefore,
1719:
1149:
2208:
Sarkar, Soma (1 January 2022), Chatterjee, Uday; Kashyap, Anil; Everard, Mark; Panda, Gopal Krishna (eds.),
1917:
3592:
3536:
2996:
589:
1798:
1654:
3234:
3147:
2209:
1952:
758:
they are completely Hinduized. During British rule, or sometimes even earlier, many of the Bhumij became
3452:
2025:
2110:"Parliament passes the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill 2024"
2109:
3531:
3389:
2010:"List of Scheduled Castes State wise / UT wise list of Scheduled Castes updated up to 05-01-2023"
1364:
1023:
585:
541:
2291:
739:
noted in 1890 that the Bhumij inhabit that tract of the country which lies on both sides of the
544:
speaker and rest belongs to Haplogroups found in India. Their mitrocondrial Haplogroups belongs
265:
1988:
1423:
3541:
3377:
3250:
3105:
2829:
1868:"The martial dance of the Bhumij still survives in a little outback | Outlook India Magazine"
1618:
3266:
2188:
Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers
1688:
Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers
1153:
751:
545:
8:
3019:
2420:
1673:
1323:
1268:
1127:
906:
863:
789:
736:
653:
613:
310:
2167:
3372:
3155:
3090:
2789:
2221:
1396:
1293:
1198:
910:
887:
827:
740:
712:
696:
354:
294:
253:
1763:. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, Bhubaneswar.
1555:. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, Bhubaneswar.
776:. However, all of them, having climbed the social ladder, proclaimed themselves to be
256:
and also in states like Bihar and Assam. There is also a sizeable population found in
3457:
3349:
3258:
2225:
2186:
2173:
1851:
1831:
1804:
1764:
1686:
1660:
1556:
811:
704:
649:
1000:, although it has been reduced to a single village among the Bhumij who perform it.
636:, where they are very recent immigrants, their greatest concentration occurs in the
3506:
2217:
2192:
1711:
1328:
1272:
1161:
1119:
1086:
1041:
In January 2019, Bhumij was accorded the status of second language in the state of
894:
834:, those who lent support to the rebels included royalty such as Jagannath Singh of
167:
2626:
2136:"Odisha ST list gets two new entrants and offers relief to at least 50 sub-tribes"
1395:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from
3567:
3163:
2927:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1218:
1186:
1017:
843:
807:
708:
700:
261:
171:
2088:
806:. The people in the surrounding areas were quite scared of them. The well known
3462:
3339:
3297:
2739:
2615:
2440:
2274:
1577:
1389:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix"
1242:
1230:
1192:
946:, would be created in a courtyard by dabbing it with rice-water. In the center
871:
677:
673:
537:
394:
3116:
2196:
3561:
3501:
3440:
3425:
3415:
3402:
3357:
3302:
3085:
3080:
3045:
3035:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2855:
2839:
2769:
2764:
2744:
2734:
2699:
2600:
2575:
2545:
2515:
2465:
2450:
2435:
2425:
2410:
2390:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1157:
688:
556:
381:
322:
227:
2335:
2314:
2009:
1664:
3546:
3435:
3420:
3367:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3215:
3200:
3168:
3095:
3075:
3055:
2977:
2962:
2947:
2937:
2922:
2834:
2804:
2774:
2759:
2754:
2560:
2525:
2520:
2505:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2460:
2430:
2265:
2200:
2177:
1259:
1180:
1174:
996:
839:
744:
641:
637:
524:
or mutual recognition of kinship has been maintained between the families.
338:
230:
203:
1892:
1528:
1156:. Those residing in other states and countries are considered part of the
3513:
3494:
3489:
3477:
3472:
3410:
3397:
3334:
3205:
3030:
2972:
2844:
2794:
2784:
2709:
2668:
2610:
2605:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2510:
2470:
2455:
2415:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2038:"203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15"
1302:
1206:
1059:
1035:
1026:, related to Ho, Mundari and Santali, spoken mainly in the Indian states
669:
609:
605:
569:
388:
362:
343:
285:
Bhumij means "one who is born from the soil" and it is derived from word
241:
76:
289:(a land or soil). According to N. Ramaswani, the word is etymologically
3482:
3193:
3070:
2799:
2555:
2500:
1202:
1077:
777:
720:
684:
617:
412:
399:
358:
257:
207:
152:
69:
2988:
3467:
3210:
3188:
3060:
2729:
2475:
1042:
1027:
914:
875:
815:
760:
657:
601:
565:
326:
249:
211:
96:
1445:"A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix)"
3220:
3183:
2902:
2253:
1107:
859:
847:
835:
831:
755:
625:
621:
373:
314:
298:
191:
187:
3362:
3225:
2932:
2917:
2897:
2809:
2749:
2565:
2319:
1787:, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 423-434, Prakash Bhaban
1502:(in Bengali). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2021. p. 33.
1433:. Minister of tribal affairs: statistics division, Govt of India.
1338:
926:
883:
879:
851:
823:
819:
661:
645:
597:
593:
302:
269:
130:
2323:(Video). Ministry of tribal affairs, Govt of India. 6 March 2018
1007:
Firkal slowly decaying martial dance of ChotaNagpur of Jharkhand
3445:
3430:
3287:
3100:
3065:
2942:
2912:
2824:
2779:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2585:
2495:
2445:
2405:
1069:
1064:
1031:
772:
629:
573:
313:
also had claimed that Bhumijs were the original inhabitants of
245:
215:
86:
3239:
3178:
3050:
2819:
2714:
2595:
2369:
1135:
984:
716:
692:
665:
633:
632:
and sporadically distributed in other parts those states. In
581:
577:
234:
116:
106:
57:
1967:"Tribals to rally for inclusion of Sarna religion in census"
1367:
figures are used to estimate their current total population.
1485:. Office of the Registrar General, India. 1954. p. 11.
1468:. Office of the Registrar General, India. 1954. p. 12.
766:
403:
1480:"Estimated Population by Castes, 7. Tripura – Census 1951"
2275:"Tribe–Caste and Tribe–Peasant Continua in Central India"
1144:
1463:"Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951"
386:
in Tripura. In Mayurbhanj, segmentary Bhumija group are
1424:"Statistical profile of scheduled tribes in India 2013"
959:. On the bridegroom's arrival, he would be led to the
1022:
Bhumij is the language of the Munda subfamily of the
799:
793:
1918:"Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language"
2656:
2292:"The media and nature of Hindu-Bhumij interactions"
2254:"Bhumij-Kshatriya Social Movement in South Manbhum"
1623:. Swan Sonnenshein & Company. 1886. p. 89.
886:estate was sold to pay taxes required of it by the
2296:Journal of the Asiatic Society Letters and Science
2134:
1038:. It is spoken by around 100,000 people in India.
293:meaning "people originating from Bhum areas, i.e.
3559:
1716:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
699:with a population of 3000. The Bhumijs lives in
584:. Specifically they are thickly concentrated in
3146:
890:, the Bhumij led a revolt against the British.
380:Bara, Bhoogol, Bhuiya, Kada kata, Manki, Nag,
2885:
1800:Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand
1497:"Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex"
735:Bhumij means "one who is born from the soil".
226:(also transliterated as Bhumuj, Bhumija) is a
3132:
3004:
2871:
2642:
2365:
2351:
2089:"CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF ASSAM"
376:mura, Khanga mura, Kumpat mura, Manki bhumij
1823:
1437:
798:), and their various rebellions were called
780:, in keeping with the trends in the region.
2264:(2). Calcutta University: 9–32 – via
1684:
1575:
723:regions. They are divided into many clans (
3139:
3125:
3011:
2997:
2878:
2864:
2649:
2635:
2358:
2344:
2258:Bulletin of the Department of Anthropology
2064:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
1827:Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates
1796:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1113:
994:They also practice the martial art called
560:Distribution of Bhumij people, 2011 census
551:
1160:. However, the Bhumij were classified as
1048:
640:. Bhumijs are also found sporadically in
564:The Bhumijs are primarily inhabitants of
1844:
1797:Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010).
1148:], and in Tripura and Assam (as the
1002:
555:
3018:
1411:
695:as tea-labourers. They can be found in
3560:
2207:
1943:Kiro, Santosh Kumar (19 August 2013).
1703:
1652:
3120:
2992:
2859:
2630:
2339:
2289:
2272:
2251:
2184:
1777:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
393:(this subgroup earlier notified as a
233:of India. They primarily live in the
2315:""Bhumij Tribe" A Documentary Movie"
1942:
1709:
1541:
1539:
792:claimed they were known as robbers (
44:Regions with significant populations
2165:
1753:
1545:
1509:from the original on 13 August 2022
1245:- queen of Karnagarh and leader of
1152:), they fall under the category of
764:and some even secured the title of
332:
13:
2245:
2222:10.1016/b978-0-323-91603-5.00019-1
1824:Bhattacherje, S. B. (1 May 2009).
1627:
1281:Jagannath Singh Patar - leader of
136:
122:
14:
3624:
2307:
1671:from the original on 13 May 2022.
1536:
1168:
1118:Bhumijas have been designated as
1830:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1134:—by the Government of India. In
687:, the Bhumij people came to the
145:
62:
50:
2658:Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal
2159:
2127:
2102:
2081:
2056:
2030:
2002:
1981:
1973:. 30 March 2013. Archived from
1959:
1945:"Delhi demo for Sarna identity"
1936:
1910:
1885:
1860:
1817:
1790:
1747:
1734:"STORY OF AN ANCESTOR'S BELIEF"
1726:
1678:
1656:The tribes and castes of Bengal
1611:
1586:
1569:
406:Bhumij, Desi or Dehuri Bhumij,
2216:, Elsevier, pp. 241–256,
1893:"Bhumij language and alphabet"
1521:
1489:
1472:
1455:
1381:
1356:
1233:- tribal leader and politician
548:found in Indian subcontinent.
346:, Na-gadi, Astha, Choto Astha
1:
3613:Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand
1720:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
1344:
1251:Baidyanath Singh - leader of
1091:it in water on the next day.
783:
750:While those living nearer to
175:
33:
3603:Social groups of West Bengal
2214:Indigenous People and Nature
1659:. Bengal secretariat Press.
1620:The Asiatic Quarterly Review
1349:
1287:Raghunath Singh - leader of
963:and sit on a board called a
800:
794:
280:
7:
3598:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
3174:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis
3148:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
1312:
1011:
527:
275:
10:
3629:
3608:Social groups of Jharkhand
2887:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
2172:. University of Calcutta.
2169:The Bhumijas of Seraikella
2166:Das, Tarakchandra (1931).
1989:"List of Scheduled Tribes"
1449:Census commission of India
1374:
1015:
920:
730:
536:found among population of
3578:Scheduled Tribes of India
3524:
3388:
3348:
3275:
3154:
3026:
2893:
2664:
2376:
2197:10.13140/RG.2.1.1456.9200
1803:. Gyan Publishing House.
1138:, they are recognized as
202:
197:
186:
181:
166:
161:
143:
129:
115:
105:
95:
85:
75:
48:
43:
32:
27:
1785:Paschim Banger Sanskriti
826:against the rule of the
3588:Social groups of Odisha
2290:Sinha, Surajit (1959).
2273:Sinha, Surajit (1965).
2252:Sinha, Surajit (1959).
1150:Ex-tea garden community
1114:Official classification
1024:Austroasiatic languages
592:district of Jharkhand;
552:Geographic distribution
542:Austro-Asiatic language
3573:Social groups of Assam
1653:Risley, H. H. (1892).
1154:Other Backward Classes
1049:Religion and festivals
1008:
878:, Raja Madhu Singh of
846:, Baidyanath Singh of
788:An account by Colonel
561:
266:Austroasiatic language
3583:Tribes of West Bengal
3235:Bishnupriya Manipuris
2185:Kujur, Smita (2010).
1205:recipient and tribal
1122:in only three states—
1006:
858:, Raghunath Singh of
770:. Others were called
559:
408:Barah Bhuiyan Bhumij
372:, Mura, Mura bhumij,
260:. Bhumijas speak the
198:Related ethnic groups
37: 1 million
16:Ethnic group of India
3267:Urdu-speaking people
2014:socialjustice.gov.in
1685:Smita Kujur (2010).
1576:N Ramaswamy (1992).
1053:The Bhumijs worship
854:, Lakshman Singh of
752:Chota Nagpur Plateau
546:Haplogroup M (mtDNA)
272:script for writing.
252:, mostly in the old
3593:Tribes of Jharkhand
3020:Tribes of Jharkhand
2367:Scheduled tribes of
1754:Ota, A. B. (2014).
1710:Jengcham, Subhash.
1546:Ota, A. B. (2014).
1324:Ganga Narayan Singh
1269:Ganga Narayan Singh
907:Ganga Narayan Singh
737:Herbert Hope Risley
654:Andaman and Nicobar
590:Saraikela kharsawan
214: •
210: •
206: •
170: •
24:
1977:on 2 October 2013.
1955:on 4 January 2014.
1393:censusindia.gov.in
1294:Shyam Ganjam Singh
1199:Gambhir Singh Mura
1158:general population
1009:
888:East India Company
850:, Mangal Singh of
828:East India Company
812:peasant rebellions
741:Subarnarekha River
562:
423:Sikharbhumi Bhumij
254:Singhbhum district
190: •
176:Regional languages
174: •
22:
3555:
3554:
3114:
3113:
2986:
2985:
2853:
2852:
2624:
2623:
2231:978-0-323-91603-5
2143:. 9 February 2024
1837:978-81-207-4074-7
1810:978-81-7835-121-6
1770:978-93-80705-25-5
1562:978-93-80705-25-5
1106:The followers of
650:Arunachal Pradesh
517:
516:
221:
220:
3620:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2303:
2286:
2269:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2204:
2181:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1951:. Archived from
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1924:. 5 January 2019
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1650:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1385:
1368:
1360:
1329:Bhumij rebellion
1273:Bhumij rebellion
1162:Scheduled Castes
1140:Scheduled Castes
1120:Scheduled Tribes
805:
797:
433:
432:
365:Sikharia, Tharua
333:Social structure
151:
149:
148:
138:
124:
68:
66:
65:
56:
54:
53:
38:
35:
28:Total population
25:
21:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3520:
3384:
3344:
3271:
3150:
3145:
3115:
3110:
3022:
3017:
2987:
2982:
2889:
2884:
2854:
2849:
2660:
2655:
2625:
2620:
2372:
2364:
2326:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2248:
2246:Further reading
2236:
2234:
2232:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2141:Hindustan Times
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2068:www.ncbc.nic.in
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2044:. 23 March 2023
2042:Hindustan Times
2036:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1922:The Avenue Mail
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1872:Outlook (India)
1866:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1651:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1365:colonial census
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1334:Chuar Rebellion
1319:Bhumij language
1315:
1307:Chuar Rebellion
1298:Chuar Rebellion
1289:Chuar Rebellion
1283:Chuar Rebellion
1277:Chuar Rebellion
1264:Chuar Rebellion
1253:Chuar Rebellion
1247:Chuar rebellion
1219:Hari Ram Sardar
1187:Jogeswar Bhumij
1171:
1116:
1051:
1020:
1018:Bhumij language
1014:
925:The Bhumijs of
923:
786:
733:
554:
530:
391:Bhumij, Tamudia
335:
283:
278:
262:Bhumij language
146:
144:
63:
61:
51:
49:
36:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:Sauria Paharia
3375:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Jalia Kaibarta
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3277:Austro-Asiatic
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Sauria Paharia
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Sauria Paharia
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2309:
2308:External links
2306:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2270:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2205:
2182:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2101:
2080:
2055:
2029:
2001:
1980:
1971:Times of India
1958:
1935:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1843:
1836:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1783:Ghosh, Binoy,
1776:
1769:
1746:
1725:
1702:
1677:
1626:
1610:
1598:www.scstrti.in
1585:
1579:Bhumij Grammar
1568:
1561:
1535:
1520:
1488:
1471:
1454:
1436:
1410:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1243:Rani Shiromani
1240:
1234:
1231:Sanatan Sardar
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1196:
1193:Pranjal Bhumij
1190:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1169:Notable people
1167:
1115:
1112:
1050:
1047:
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
922:
919:
872:Rani Shiromani
810:, a series of
785:
782:
732:
729:
678:Madhya Pradesh
674:Andhra Pradesh
586:East Singhbhum
553:
550:
538:Southeast Asia
529:
526:
515:
514:
512:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
419:Tamaria Bhumij
395:Schedule Caste
348:in Jharkhand;
334:
331:
282:
279:
277:
274:
219:
218:
200:
199:
195:
194:
184:
183:
179:
178:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
141:
140:
133:
127:
126:
121:72,003 (1951,
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
46:
45:
41:
40:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
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3586:
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3579:
3576:
3574:
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3535:
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3527:
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3503:
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3496:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3390:Tibeto-Burman
3387:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
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3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
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3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
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3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
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3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2979:
2976:
2974:
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2964:
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1399:on 4 May 2020
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895:Bhumij revolt
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864:Ganga Narayan
861:
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426:
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418:
417:. In Purulia
414:
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383:
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366:
364:
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359:Haldi Pukhria
356:
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351:Barah Bhuiyan
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71:
59:
47:
42:
31:
26:
3358:Kurukh/Oraon
3335:Pnar/Jaintia
3292:
3216:Shershabadia
3040:
2907:
2790:Mal Pahariya
2689:
2421:Bodo-Kachari
2400:
2325:. Retrieved
2318:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2279:Man in India
2278:
2266:Academia.edu
2261:
2257:
2235:, retrieved
2213:
2201:ResearchGate
2199:– via
2187:
2168:
2160:Bibliography
2145:. Retrieved
2140:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1995:
1983:
1975:the original
1970:
1961:
1953:the original
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1897:omniglot.com
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1846:
1826:
1819:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1715:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1655:
1619:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1578:
1571:
1548:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1491:
1474:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1392:
1383:
1358:
1305:- leader of
1296:- leader of
1271:- leader of
1262:- leader of
1260:Durjan Singh
1239:- politician
1227:- politician
1221:- politician
1215:- politician
1195:- footballer
1183:- politician
1181:Haren Bhumij
1177:- politician
1175:Durga Bhumij
1143:
1117:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1082:Vadhna Parab
1081:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1040:
1021:
995:
993:
989:
981:
977:
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964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
924:
902:
898:
892:
840:Durjan Singh
808:Chuar revolt
801:
787:
771:
765:
759:
749:
734:
724:
682:
642:Chhattisgarh
638:Assam valley
628:district of
608:district of
563:
531:
521:
518:
504:
494:
486:
476:
468:
458:
450:
428:
424:
420:
416:
400:Haldipukuria
398:
397:of Odisha),
387:
379:
368:
367:in Odisha;
349:
342:
336:
290:
286:
284:
248:, Assam and
231:ethnic group
223:
222:
157:9,664 (2021)
39:(2011, est.)
19:Ethnic group
3373:Mal Paharia
3156:Indo-Aryans
3091:Mal Paharia
2710:Chik Baraik
2285:(1): 57–83.
2096:ncbc.nic.in
1877:28 February
1695:11 November
1403:18 November
1303:Subal Singh
1189:- cricketer
1132:West Bengal
1060:Marang Buru
1036:West Bengal
670:Maharashtra
610:West Bengal
606:24 Parganas
570:West Bengal
491:betel palm
463:wild goose
242:West Bengal
135:755 (1951,
77:West Bengal
3562:Categories
3458:Tanchangya
3259:Rajbongshi
3194:Mahifarash
2191:(Thesis).
2114:pib.gov.in
2048:1 February
2026:Direct URL
1603:9 November
1345:References
1203:Padma Shri
1142: [
784:Rebellions
778:Kshatriyas
721:Chittagong
685:Bangladesh
618:Sundargarh
614:Mayurbhanj
378:in Assam;
268:, and use
258:Bangladesh
153:Bangladesh
70:Bangladesh
3532:Armenians
3507:Hrangkhol
3350:Dravidian
3211:Rohingyas
3189:Dhakaiyas
2237:21 August
1594:"Tamudia"
1529:"Ol Onal"
1513:15 August
1350:Footnotes
1128:Jharkhand
1055:Singbonga
1043:Jharkhand
1028:Jharkhand
915:Kharsawan
876:Karnagarh
832:zamindars
816:Midnapore
761:zamindars
713:Srimangal
697:Srimangal
658:Meghalaya
602:Midnapore
566:Jharkhand
473:mushroom
455:sal fish
327:Baghmundi
309:, etc.",
295:Singhbhum
281:Etymology
250:Jharkhand
162:Languages
97:Jharkhand
3363:Mushahar
3263:Ranjoarh
3221:Sylhetis
3184:Bengalis
3164:Assamese
2928:Dangaria
2903:Bhottada
2815:Parhaiya
2681:(Bediya)
2674:Adhikari
2147:13 March
2119:13 March
1928:17 April
1902:19 April
1712:"Bhumij"
1691:(Thesis)
1669:Archived
1665:68183872
1533:omniglot
1504:Archived
1313:See also
1108:Sarnaism
1012:Language
911:Singhbum
884:Puncheet
868:Barabhum
860:Dhalbhum
856:Barabhum
848:Dhalbhum
836:Dhalbhum
756:Dhalbhum
705:Rajshahi
626:Balasore
622:Keonjhar
528:Genetics
522:bhaiyadi
499:pumpkin
495:Tumarung
477:Sandilya
402:Bhumij,
382:Patkumia
374:Chaibasa
370:Borabhui
344:Tamaliya
319:Barabhum
315:Dhalbhum
307:Barabhum
299:Dhalbhum
276:Overview
192:Sarnaism
188:Hinduism
182:Religion
3542:Indians
3537:Chinese
3463:Tripuri
3453:Rakhine
3340:Santals
3251:Nepalis
3226:Mahimal
2918:Bhunjia
2898:Bathudi
2810:Nagesia
2750:Kharwar
2745:Karmali
2740:Kagatay
2616:Tripuri
2566:Mudugar
2546:Mishing
2441:Chenchu
2320:YouTube
2178:4789648
1743:. 2022.
1674:Alt URL
1451:. 2011.
1375:Sources
1339:Ol Onal
927:Manbhum
921:Culture
903:patrani
899:patrani
880:Manbhum
852:Panchet
824:Manbhum
820:Bankura
802:chuaris
731:History
662:Manipur
646:Tripura
598:Bankura
594:Purulia
534:O2a-M95
481:a bird
451:Salrisi
389:Tamaria
363:Tamadia
303:Manbhum
291:Bhūm-jo
270:Ol Onal
168:Mundari
131:Tripura
101:209,448
91:283,909
81:376,296
3568:Bhumij
3547:Jummas
3525:Others
3502:Pankho
3446:Pangal
3441:Meitei
3431:Laleng
3426:Khyang
3416:Hajong
3403:Chakma
3303:Kharia
3293:Bhumij
3101:Santal
3081:Kurukh
3066:Kodaku
3046:Birhor
3041:Bhumij
2978:Shabar
2968:Santal
2958:Kurukh
2943:Kandha
2933:Gadaba
2913:Bhuiya
2908:Bhumij
2840:Tamang
2825:Santal
2780:Mahali
2770:Lepcha
2765:Kurukh
2735:Hyolmo
2725:Hajang
2720:Gorait
2705:Birjia
2700:Birhor
2695:Bhutia
2690:Bhumij
2685:Bhuiya
2601:Santal
2586:Rabari
2516:Lepcha
2496:Khonds
2481:Irulas
2466:Hajong
2451:Dimasa
2446:Dhanka
2436:Chakma
2411:Birhor
2406:Bhutia
2401:Bhumij
2391:Bharia
2327:13 May
2228:
2176:
2073:25 May
2019:21 May
1854:
1834:
1807:
1767:
1757:Bhumij
1663:
1559:
1549:Bhumij
1209:dancer
1130:, and
1124:Odisha
1074:Asadhi
1070:Manasa
1065:Sarhul
1032:Odisha
997:Firkal
973:kumkum
844:Raipur
795:chuars
790:Dalton
773:Sardar
709:Khulna
701:Sylhet
630:Odisha
624:, and
580:, and
574:Odisha
509:snake
487:Hemron
459:Hansda
445:Totem
439:Totem
415:Bhumij
384:, Sing
355:Deshua
323:Patkum
311:Dalton
246:Odisha
238:states
235:Indian
224:Bhumij
216:Santal
172:Bhumij
150:
87:Odisha
67:
55:
23:Bhumij
3495:Halam
3436:Marma
3421:Khumi
3368:Malto
3328:Sabar
3318:Munda
3313:Mahle
3308:Khasi
3288:Bauri
3255:Polia
3240:Bonaz
3201:Kahar
3179:Beens
3169:Barua
3096:Munda
3086:Mahli
3076:Korwa
3051:Chero
3036:Baiga
2973:Saura
2963:Munda
2948:Kisan
2923:Bonda
2835:Sabar
2820:Rabha
2805:Munda
2785:Mahli
2775:Lodha
2760:Korwa
2715:Dukpa
2679:Badia
2596:Reang
2591:Rabha
2576:Oraon
2561:Munda
2531:Mahli
2526:Lodha
2521:Limbu
2506:Korwa
2491:Khasi
2486:Karbi
2461:Gondi
2431:Bonda
2426:Boksa
2386:Baiga
2370:India
2092:(PDF)
1992:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1207:Chhau
1136:Bihar
1101:madal
1087:Karam
985:Hindu
969:marwa
961:marwa
957:marwa
952:sidha
948:mahua
944:marwa
745:Munda
725:killi
717:Dhaka
693:Bihar
691:from
666:Delhi
634:Assam
582:Bihar
578:Assam
442:Clan
436:Clan
427:kili"
339:Munda
287:bhūmi
264:, an
228:Munda
204:Munda
117:Assam
111:1,567
107:Bihar
58:India
3514:Mizo
3490:Kuki
3478:Chin
3473:Bawm
3411:Garo
3407:Dalu
3398:Chak
3323:Kora
3284:Aowe
3247:Koch
3244:Keot
3056:Gond
3031:Asur
2953:Koya
2938:Gond
2845:Toto
2795:Mech
2755:Kora
2669:Asur
2611:Toda
2606:Sora
2581:Pnar
2571:Naga
2551:Mizo
2541:Mech
2536:Mara
2511:Kuki
2471:Hmar
2456:Garo
2416:Bodo
2396:Bhil
2381:Asur
2329:2022
2262:VIII
2239:2022
2226:ISBN
2174:OCLC
2149:2024
2121:2024
2075:2023
2050:2024
2021:2023
1930:2022
1904:2022
1879:2020
1852:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1697:2022
1661:OCLC
1605:2022
1557:ISBN
1515:2022
1405:2017
1275:and
1096:Naya
1057:and
1034:and
965:pira
950:and
893:The
822:and
767:Raja
719:and
676:and
604:and
540:and
469:Leng
410:and
404:Teli
325:and
137:est.
123:est.
3483:Mru
3206:Kan
3071:Kol
2800:Mru
2556:Mog
2501:Kol
2218:doi
2193:doi
1145:sic
1078:sal
874:of
866:of
842:of
683:In
505:Nag
413:Kol
329:.
240:of
208:Kol
3564::
3468:Zo
3061:Ho
2730:Ho
2476:Ho
2317:.
2300:23
2298:.
2294:.
2283:45
2281:.
2277:.
2260:.
2256:.
2224:,
2212:,
2139:.
2112:.
2094:.
2066:.
2040:.
2012:.
1994:.
1969:.
1947:.
1920:.
1895:.
1870:.
1739:.
1718:.
1714:.
1667:.
1629:^
1596:.
1538:^
1447:.
1429:.
1413:^
1391:.
1201:-
1126:,
1045:.
1030:,
870:,
862:,
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672:,
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301:,
297:,
244:,
212:Ho
60:,
34:c.
3140:e
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3126:v
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2331:.
2268:.
2220::
2203:.
2195::
2180:.
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2123:.
2098:.
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2052:.
2023:.
1998:.
1932:.
1906:.
1881:.
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1565:.
1531:.
1517:.
1407:.
139:)
125:)
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