2463:
office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment." Article 153 itself expressly forbids particular forms of discrimination; clause 5 states that "All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the
Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially," while clause 9 states: "Nothing in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays."
2330:, was asked by Lim Chong Eu if there is a "legal and constitutional definition of the term "Bumiputera", and whether the children of Malaysian citizens who were born after 31 August 1963, will also be entitled to all the rights of "Bumiputera". To this, Tunku replied: "Mr Speaker, Sir, the term 'Bumiputera'...has no legal meaning except in so far as to denote the natives of the mainland of Malaya and the natives of the Borneo States". He later qualified that the benefits under Article 153 were for "the natives of Malaysia…who are less advanced and less able to compete with these other Malaysians".
2565:
are opaque, with details of implementation largely left to the various ministries and civil servants within those ministries. Policies and practices vary greatly. Some practices are explicit and contained in law or regulation, while others are informal, leaving much ambiguity for potential investors. The civil service itself is subject to bumiputera hiring preferences. The NEM proposes reforming ethnic preferences in business ownership and social safety net programs. Some conservative bumiputera groups have voiced strong opposition to any significant changes to the extensive preferences."
2297:
5099:
2819:
2500:(NEP), designed to be a more aggressive form of affirmative action for the bumiputera than Article 153. Article 153 provides specifically for the use of quotas in the granting of scholarships, positions in the civil service, and business licences, as well as native reservations of land. Policies under the rubric of the NEP include subsidies for real estate purchases, quotas for public equity shares, and general subsidies to bumiputera businesses.
45:
162:
2637:, former Minister of Trade and Industry, the policy was to create "Towering Malays". In 2005 she gave a speech that stated: "If there are young Malay entrepreneurs whose companies are successful, then we appreciate their success, we want Towering Malays of glokal (global and local) standard". She also said that the policy of Approved Permits (APs) had produced many bumiputera entrepreneurs in the automotive industry.
2553:
preferential policies include quotas for the following: admission to government educational institutions, qualification for public scholarships, marking of universities exam papers, special bumiputera-only classes prior to university's end of term exams, for positions in government, and ownership of businesses. Most of the policies were established in the
2706:
of training and education that the more competitive societies, the non-Malay society, has produced. That is what must be done, isn't it? Not to feed them with this obscurantist doctrine that all they have got to do is to get Malay rights for the few special Malays and their problem has been resolved."
2722:
cautioned against questioning the bumiputera's special rights, which met with approval from the delegates: "Let no one from the other races ever question the rights of Malays on this land. Don't question the religion because this is my right on this land." In 2004, Mohd. Johari
Baharum, parliamentary
2488:
argued that "the question be left to the Malays themselves because ... as more and more Malays became educated and gained self-confidence, they themselves would do away with this 'special position'." Ismail believed the special position was "a slur on the ability of the Malays." In 1970, however, one
2514:
have both suggested that Malays should depend less on government assistance. Many observers believe full abolition of bumiputera privileges is unlikely, especially in view of the constitutional issues involved, although successive administrations since
Mahathir have attempted to reform the system of
2734:
of
Peninsular Malaysia are not considered bumiputera under the federal constitution. As their settlement predates that of the Malays, it is considered by many, that bumiputera is about the promotion one religion over another, especially since Orang Asli are much worse off than Muslim Malays. Others
2705:
Lee closed with "Meanwhile, whenever there is a failure of economic, social and educational policies, you come back and say, oh, these wicked
Chinese, Indian and others opposing Malay rights. They don't oppose Malay rights. They, the Malay, have the right as Malaysian citizens to go up to the level
2701:
find his way out into this modernised civil society? By becoming servants of the 0.3 per cent who would have the money to hire them to clean their shoe, open their motorcar doors?" and "How does telling a Malay bus driver that he should support the party of his Malay director (UMNO) and the
Chinese
2613:
Approved
Permits (APs) for automobiles preferentially allow bumiputera to import vehicles. Automotive companies wishing to bring in cars need to have an AP to do so. APs were originally created to allow bumiputera participation in the automotive industry, since they were issued to companies with at
2564:
In a report titled 2012 Investment
Climate Statement – Malaysia published by the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (US Department of State), under the heading "Ethnic Preferences", part of a paragraph describes the reality of the bumiputera policy as follows: "Many of the preference policies
2552:
for bumiputera, for NEP is racial-based and not deprivation-based. For instance, all bumiputera, regardless of their financial standing, are entitled 7 percent discount on houses or property, including luxurious units; whilst a low-income non-bumiputra receives no such financial assistance. Other
2462:
of the
Constitution, states that all Malaysian citizens shall be equal under the law, and "Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any
2790:
In 2006, the
Minister of Higher Education, Mustapa Mohamad, stated that he wanted public universities to recruit more non-bumiputera academic staff to "strive for world-class institutions", which may have signaled a move toward less racial discrimination in academia. However this does not affect
2587:
For a limited period, a certain percentage of new housing in any development had to be sold to bumiputera. Housing developers are required to provide a minimum 7% discount to bumiputera buyers of these lots. This is required regardless of the income level of the potential buyer. Remaining unsold
2275:
in 1969 and to placate the Malay majority through granting them a privileged status over Malaysian Chinese. Originally intended as a temporary measure, these policies are still in effect. They have been described as racially discriminatory. Although the policies have succeeded in creating a
2656:) programme. Bumiputera compose an overwhelming majority of entrants to the matriculation programme. It is a commonly-held belief that the public university entry requirements are easier for matriculation students and disproportionately difficult for STPM students.
2723:
secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, stated that the PSD scholarships would remain quota based. He added that there were no plans to convert this to a merit based system, and that the total value of the PSD scholarship since 1996 was 2.4 billion
2364:"If the child was born in Sabah or the father was domiciled in Sabah at the time of birth, and one of the parents is an indigenous native of Sabah as stated in Article 161A (6)(b) Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
2337:(Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008), the Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined bumiputra as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant:
2422:
Chinese immigrants, who typically settled in urban areas, played a significant role in the commercial sector after the Indians left the country to return to India, much of the commercial sector was taken over by wealthy Chinese merchants. The
1141:
2456:, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay customs and is the child of at least one parent who was born within the Federation of Malaysia before independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957, or the issue of such a person."
2323:" (Article 160(2)), "natives" of Sarawak (161A(6)(a)), and "natives" of Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)). Definitions of bumiputera in public use vary among different institutions, organisations, and government departments and agencies.
2781:
reflected on how non-Muslims have been treated as second class citizens. He stated, "I'm sorry but some of your fellow citizens in this country who are not Muslims are facing this discrimination, they are facing injustices."
2794:
The manufacturing sector is exempted from the Foreign Investment Committee (FIC) Guidelines and the mandatory 30% Bumiputera equity and restrictions in market entry have been removed for all (manufacturing) sub-sectors.
2602:
Many government-tendered projects require that companies submitting tenders be bumiputera owned. This requirement has led to non-bumiputera teaming up with bumiputera companies to obtain projects, in a practice known as
2628:
group, received 6,387 in 2003, making him the largest single recipient of APs. More than 12,200 APs were issued in 2003. In addition to APs, foreign car marquees are required to pay between 140% and 300% import
2270:
in public education and in the public sector) in order to elevate the socioeconomic status of the economically disadvantaged bumiputera community. It was an effort to defuse interethnic tensions following the
2993:
Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Parliament of Malaysia, vol. II, Session 1965–1966, 13 November 1965 (Kuala Lumpur: GPO), cols.
2445:
to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
2702:
bus conductor to join another party of his Chinese director (MCA) – how does that improve the standards of the Malay bus driver and the Chinese bus conductor who are both workers in the same company?"
2659:
Quotas also exist for Public Services Department (JPA) scholarships, full scholarships offered to students to study in leading universities worldwide. These scholarships are given on the basis of SPM (
2588:
houses after a given time period are allowed to be sold to non-bumiputera if the developer proves attempts have been made to fulfil the requirement. There is no bumiputera discount on existing housing.
2427:(CLC), comprising leading politicians from different racial backgrounds, supported the promotion of economic equality for the Malays, conditional on political equality for the non-Malays. CLC member
2431:
later said, "I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given a better deal. Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non-Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals."
4994:
1102:
3579:
2415:
At the time of Malaya's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, the population included many first- or second-generation immigrants who had come to fill manpower needs as
3434:
2667:) results, ethnic group, and certain quotas. The JPA scholars are sent to selected pre-university programmes offered by the government – from there, they apply to universities.
2536:
said that the government would consider the request of the Muslim Indian community to be recognized as bumiputera, in what is seen as a move to woo voters in the lead-up to the
2644:". In 2003 it began the system of "Malaysian model meritocracy" for university admission. Admission to public universities was not based upon a common examination such as the
2396:
of Portuguese-Eurasian descent. Most of these encompass communities that were established in southeast Asia prior to the period of British colonial rule which saw large-scale
3550:
2374:"If both of the parents are indigenous natives of Sarawak as stated in Article 161A (6)(a) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus their child is considered as a Bumiputera"
3491:
2407:
In Sarawak, there were cases of people with one bumiputera parent and one non-bumiputera parent being dismissed as non-bumiputera. However, this law was changed in 2022.
1610:
5064:
634:
2754:
is racist and the policy prevented other races from receiving government aid. Nik Aziz's remarks were made in response to the criticisms and threats made by
4911:
4836:
4670:
4916:
3616:
850:
2807:. Smart Cards identify citizens as Muslims or non-Muslims. The national identification card does not specify whether or not the holder is a bumiputera.
4794:
2021:
1382:
5135:
4973:
2153:
801:
3584:
4983:
4800:
4950:
714:
3292:
5150:
4978:
4635:
2695:(who was also a member of that Parliament) questioned the implementation of Malay rights as proposed. Lee asked, "How does the Malay in the
3833:
1387:
4988:
2607:". Ali, the bumiputera, is included solely to satisfy this requirement, and Baba (the non-bumiputera) pays Ali a certain sum in exchange.
2449:
2434:
2316:
1357:
943:
459:
4766:
3350:
619:
3442:
3227:
2557:(NEP) period. Many policies focus on trying to achieve a bumiputerashare of corporate equity, comprising at least 30% of the total.
541:
429:
109:
5011:
4437:
3609:
3041:
2791:
entry into universities, which is still designed to restrict other races access to higher education in favour of the bumiputera.
81:
4417:
2122:
806:
551:
379:
364:
359:
189:
62:
4432:
4318:
3590:
2012 Investment Climate Statement – Malaysia, By BUREAU OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS AFFAIRS, U.S. Department of State, June 2012
693:
624:
344:
3106:
4830:
4403:
3068:
3037:
2146:
1163:
434:
248:
88:
3517:
5145:
4741:
2715:
2653:
1823:
1479:
1392:
1283:
933:
751:
369:
354:
2478:
in 1969, representatives within the government argued over whether the special position of the bumiputera should have a
2459:
2335:
Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008
5125:
4751:
3602:
3554:
3161:
3092:
2759:
1377:
833:
3495:
2584:. Foreign companies that operate in Malaysia also had to adhere to this requirement. This policy was canceled in 2009.
5074:
4956:
4812:
4628:
3214:
3139:
2618:(a business newspaper) estimated that APs were worth approximately RM 35,000 each. They also estimated that the late
1007:
838:
300:
278:
128:
95:
3007:
1776:
1605:
1499:
938:
828:
5043:
5036:
4571:
2978:
Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h)
2537:
2139:
1352:
845:
589:
384:
77:
5059:
4566:
3274:
2633:
As a result of these policies, many bumiputera with good connections quickly became millionaires. According to
444:
66:
2470:, which drafted the Constitution, initially proposed that Article 153 expire after 15 years unless renewed by
599:
4932:
4884:
4746:
4602:
3376:
2619:
2554:
2497:
2424:
2053:
1761:
424:
3580:
Indian Community Victim of 'Bumiputera' Policy, Observer Research Foundation, By Dilip Lahiri, February 2008
2354:
as stated in Article 160 (2) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
5103:
4652:
4621:
2515:
government aid for the bumiputera. Some bumiputera groups believe further affirmative action is necessary.
1310:
1258:
179:
2640:
Since 2000, the government has discussed phasing out certain affirmative action programs and reinstating "
4938:
4712:
4660:
4582:
2747:
2689:
2573:
2380:
In addition to the interpretation given above, a broader definition of bumiputera include groups such as
1964:
1808:
1213:
796:
734:
3551:"Easy step to amend religion in MyKad, The Star On-Line, BY M. Krishnamoorthy, Friday December 23, 2005"
5130:
5084:
4889:
4824:
4782:
4761:
2977:
2848:
2652:, but rather upon a two parallel systems of either a one-year matriculation course or a two-year STPM (
2504:
2073:
818:
479:
194:
31:
17:
2958:
2905:
2610:
Projects were earmarked for bumiputera contractors to enable them to gain expertise in various fields.
4717:
3625:
2266:
In the 1970s, the Malaysian government implemented policies designed to favour bumiputera (including
1404:
1218:
1107:
987:
641:
609:
258:
184:
4592:
4521:
3723:
2858:
2660:
2419:, among rich Chinese merchants and settlers who brought their wealth and investment into Malaysia.
2312:
2245:
1670:
1558:
1399:
1168:
1092:
915:
870:
724:
604:
579:
509:
439:
315:
5031:
4496:
4442:
3743:
2263:"; the latter is also used in Malaysia but in a more generic sense to mean "indigenous peoples".
1969:
1949:
1803:
1793:
1751:
1367:
1208:
1057:
1052:
1022:
1017:
960:
895:
880:
813:
786:
771:
145:
102:
55:
3589:
3252:
997:
4806:
4587:
3823:
3698:
2838:
2743:
2681:
2518:
2471:
2301:
2211:
2068:
2041:
2031:
1489:
1469:
1332:
1203:
1087:
1032:
1002:
982:
910:
890:
865:
860:
855:
766:
729:
702:
673:
668:
594:
243:
233:
5155:
5016:
4723:
4556:
4546:
4075:
3693:
3678:
3318:
2507:
2442:
2347:
2296:
2191:
2036:
1996:
1929:
1818:
1766:
1685:
1434:
1198:
1097:
1072:
1067:
1047:
1042:
1037:
977:
925:
885:
791:
761:
651:
253:
4536:
4818:
4686:
4561:
4541:
4506:
3713:
3660:
2526:
2428:
2416:
2319:. However, the constitution does not use the term bumiputera; it defines only "Malay" and "
1907:
1419:
1293:
1112:
992:
950:
900:
875:
683:
646:
374:
228:
8:
5069:
5021:
4665:
4644:
4577:
4526:
3808:
3728:
2833:
2719:
2649:
2604:
2561:
proposed this target after the government was unable to agree on a suitable policy goal.
2558:
2490:
2485:
2341:
2308:
2215:
2199:
2083:
1944:
1563:
1459:
1439:
1228:
1136:
1082:
1062:
1027:
920:
707:
504:
5140:
4944:
4863:
4427:
4422:
4412:
3688:
3370:
2549:
2381:
2327:
2267:
2260:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1781:
1771:
1746:
1680:
1638:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1444:
719:
4858:
4788:
4756:
4733:
4691:
4597:
4398:
4362:
4313:
4295:
4023:
3860:
3791:
3210:
3157:
3135:
2385:
2236:
2115:
2026:
1954:
1939:
1722:
1665:
1464:
1372:
1263:
1183:
1012:
283:
3466:"Look in the mirror, Muslim don tells Malaysians critical of Western discrimination"
4853:
4452:
4447:
4332:
4105:
4008:
3845:
3766:
3655:
3296:
2511:
2397:
2078:
2063:
1991:
1912:
1882:
1697:
1533:
1233:
781:
776:
614:
499:
4251:
2959:"Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)"
2255:). This can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil". In
4551:
4530:
4515:
4511:
4284:
4278:
4234:
4199:
4120:
4003:
3818:
3776:
3733:
3708:
2843:
2824:
2599:(ASN) has return rates approximately 3 to 5 times that of local commercial banks.
2475:
2467:
2393:
2272:
2226:
2093:
2001:
1897:
1838:
1690:
1675:
1655:
1620:
1327:
1238:
1173:
955:
905:
678:
524:
5079:
4707:
4347:
4290:
4190:
4155:
4125:
4080:
4053:
4018:
3929:
3850:
3828:
3703:
3683:
3524:
2581:
2088:
2046:
2016:
2006:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1892:
1712:
1648:
1590:
1585:
1570:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1223:
1158:
656:
629:
469:
153:
4486:
2945:
2931:
5119:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4256:
4241:
4209:
4150:
4130:
4085:
4063:
4013:
3939:
3922:
3813:
3781:
3718:
2778:
2763:
2493:
said that Malay special rights would remain for "hundreds of years to come."
2479:
2203:
2100:
1707:
1643:
1628:
1484:
1449:
1429:
1300:
1243:
1178:
546:
449:
3594:
3045:
5026:
4879:
4337:
4327:
4224:
4219:
4175:
4160:
4095:
4043:
3998:
3986:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3934:
3902:
3838:
3761:
2692:
2634:
2529:(MARA), the government founded an agency to preserve bumiputera interests.
2401:
1934:
1813:
1633:
1600:
1580:
1504:
1494:
1474:
1454:
1077:
970:
965:
688:
663:
514:
454:
419:
389:
3585:
The "Allah" case in Malaysia, World Press, By Dr Marranci, 18 January 2010
3465:
2803:
Malaysia requires citizens to carry a national identification card called
4384:
4110:
4058:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3855:
3802:
3390:
2641:
2592:
2533:
2284:
middle class, they have been less effective in eradicating poverty among
2207:
2178:
1828:
1788:
1756:
1615:
1575:
1409:
1322:
1273:
1248:
1148:
823:
536:
519:
474:
394:
3228:"Putrajaya to study Indian Muslims' call to be recognised as Bumiputera"
3015:
2879:
2466:
The concept of the bumiputera's special position has been disputed. The
27:
Term describing various communities designated as indigenous in Malaysia
4378:
4270:
4246:
4214:
4090:
3912:
3887:
3874:
3635:
2736:
2731:
2718:, which is the largest member of the governing coalition, deputy chair
2404:. Others favour a definition encompassing all children of bumiputera.
2351:
2320:
2277:
2195:
2110:
2105:
1986:
1981:
1877:
1853:
1702:
1595:
1553:
1509:
1317:
1305:
1278:
1268:
1188:
563:
558:
529:
464:
305:
4613:
4995:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
4906:
4204:
4100:
4070:
2853:
2798:
2771:
2685:
2389:
2326:
In the parliamentary debate of 13 November 1965, the Prime Minister,
2311:. It recognised the "special position" of the Malays provided in the
2256:
2011:
1959:
1660:
1253:
339:
3412:
2580:) used to adhere to a 30% bumiputera ownership of equity to satisfy
44:
4180:
2307:
The concept of a bumiputera ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by
2222:
2206:. The term is sometimes controversial. It is used similarly in the
1976:
1798:
1717:
1362:
1288:
1193:
1153:
494:
489:
484:
409:
404:
349:
2770:
when Boo was reported to have compared "bumiputeraism" with state
4185:
4048:
4035:
3976:
3738:
3030:
2946:"Quickiepedia | Outcasts in their own land – The Orang Asli"
2724:
2697:
2664:
2369:
414:
310:
290:
263:
238:
161:
2474:. This qualification was struck from the final draft. After the
4466:
4229:
4165:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3946:
3196:, p. 218 (2nd ed.). Democratic Action Party. No ISBN available.
2281:
1414:
399:
295:
273:
268:
218:
3156:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
4170:
4142:
3993:
3798:
3786:
3771:
2804:
2767:
2453:
2359:
2285:
1424:
223:
2452:
defines a Malay as being one who "professes the religion of
2755:
2709:
2624:
2230:
2182:
2058:
1887:
2300:
A diagram of the special position of bumiputera under the
2645:
5065:
List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports
3339:, Abridged edition, pp. 327–328. Federal Publications.
2785:
2670:
2250:
3107:"Of Mixed Marriages And Recognition Of Native Status"
2548:
Certain but not all pro-bumiputera policies exist as
3038:"Takrifan Bumiputera (The definition of Bumiputera)"
2814:
2595:are available for purchase by bumiputera only. The
2591:A basket of government-run (and profit-guaranteed)
2525:in 1965. Following debate of the act to create the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4795:Labuan International Business and Financial Centre
2799:National identification card system and bumiputera
2190:, Native) is a term used in Malaysia to describe
2022:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
5117:
3548:
30:"Bumiputra" redirects here. For other uses, see
4801:Malaysia International Islamic Financial Centre
3175:
3173:
3069:"Siamese community now regarded as Bumiputeras"
1666:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1142:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
4629:
3624:
3610:
3357:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011
3205:Tan, Chee Koon & Vasil, Raj (ed., 1984).
3002:
3000:
2496:In the 1970s, the government implemented the
2147:
4974:Malaysia–European Union Free Trade Agreement
4912:Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle
3170:
2932:"Malaysia ethnic tribes 'forced to convert'"
4989:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4984:Malaysia–United States Free Trade Agreement
4917:Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle
3435:"Nik Aziz says 'bumiputera' term is racist"
3105:Chandra, Sarah Hafizah (20 February 2022).
2714:At the 2004 annual general assembly of the
2225:language which was later absorbed into the
1358:List of people killed for being transgender
4767:Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
4636:
4622:
3617:
3603:
3348:
2997:
2154:
2140:
4979:Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
3066:
2746:, the spiritual leader of the opposition
2730:Another controversial aspect is that the
2614:least 70% bumiputera ownership. In 2004,
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4461:
4371:
2710:Policy apologists and ongoing opposition
2295:
2183:
430:Social determinants of health in poverty
5136:Racial and religious quotas in Malaysia
4643:
3104:
3042:Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia)
2865:
14:
5118:
3349:Gatsiounis, Ioannis (2 October 2004).
3134:, pp. 82–84. Oxford University Press.
2441:It shall be the responsibility of the
2291:
4617:
3598:
3549:M.Krishnamoorthy (23 December 2005).
3209:, p. 10. Eastern Universities Press.
3132:Nation-building in Malaysia 1946–1974
3067:Webmaster, M. T. (25 February 2012).
2543:
5151:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
4831:Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy
2973:
2971:
2202:, and various indigenous peoples of
1164:Capital punishment for homosexuality
435:Social determinants of mental health
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
4951:Government Transformation Programme
3489:
3311:
3151:
2786:Present condition of the bumiputera
2777:On 1 February 2015, Swiss academic
2739:are in fact considered bumiputera.
2716:United Malays National Organisation
2675:
2671:Opposition to the bumiputera policy
2654:Malaysian Higher School Certificate
2568:Examples of such policies include:
1284:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
5075:Goods and services tax in Malaysia
4752:Federal Land Development Authority
3463:
3393:. malaysiakini.com. 7 October 2004
3093:"Malaysia: The People of Malaysia"
25:
5167:
4957:Economic Transformation Programme
4813:Northern Corridor Economic Region
3573:
3492:"Archives | The Star Online"
3275:"Scrapped – 30% bumi equity rule"
3179:"Snag in policy implementation",
3014:. 29 October 2009. Archived from
2968:
2437:of the Constitution states that,
5098:
5097:
3553:. Thestar.com.my. Archived from
3494:. Thestar.com.my. Archived from
3351:"Abdullah stirs a hornets' nest"
2817:
1777:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1606:Law for Protection of the Nation
1500:White genocide conspiracy theory
160:
43:
4671:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
3542:
3510:
3483:
3464:AR, Zurairi (1 February 2015).
3457:
3427:
3405:
3383:
3342:
3329:
3285:
3267:
3245:
3220:
3199:
3186:
3154:Lim Kit Siang: Defying the Odds
3145:
3124:
3098:
3086:
3060:
3008:"Being 'mixed' is no privilege"
1611:MSM blood donation restrictions
1353:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
54:needs additional citations for
5060:List of Malaysia states by GDP
3490:Goh, Leanne (30 August 2006).
3441:. 1 March 2009. Archived from
2987:
2952:
2938:
2924:
2898:
2880:"The slaughter of sacred cows"
2872:
1624:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
4933:Malaysian New Economic Policy
4885:Shared Prosperity Vision 2030
4747:Energy Commission of Malaysia
2622:, the former chairman of the
2555:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2532:In July 2017, Prime Minister
2425:Communities Liaison Committee
2221:The term is derived from the
2054:Second-generation gender bias
1762:Constitutional colorblindness
425:Social determinants of health
4890:National Transformation 2050
4283:Peranakan Eropah (including
2948:– via www.youtube.com.
2934:– via www.youtube.com.
2388:, Muslim Indian Malaysians,
7:
4939:National Development Policy
4708:Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
4661:1997 Asian financial crisis
3183:, 31 December 2006, pp. 8–9
2810:
2766:, the opposition leader in
2748:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
2574:Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
2251:
1965:Medical model of disability
1809:Hate speech laws by country
10:
5172:
5146:Discrimination in Malaysia
5085:Subsidy reform in Malaysia
4825:Sabah Development Corridor
4783:East Coast Economic Region
4762:Permodalan Nasional Berhad
3130:Ongkili, James P. (1985).
2849:Social contract (Malaysia)
2410:
2346:"If one of the parents is
2074:Social model of disability
480:Discrimination against men
78:"Bumiputera" Malaysia
32:Bumiputra (disambiguation)
29:
5126:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
5093:
5052:
5004:
4966:
4925:
4899:
4872:
4846:
4775:
4732:
4718:Payments Network Malaysia
4700:
4679:
4651:
4495:
4477:
4397:
4312:
4269:
4141:
4034:
3886:
3873:
3752:
3669:
3654:
3643:
3632:
3626:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
3375:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3319:"Memoirs of Lee Kwan Yew"
2538:upcoming general election
2259:, this term is known as "
2240:
2184:
1405:Opposition to immigration
274:Race / Ethnicity
4742:Employees Provident Fund
4687:Central Bank of Malaysia
3699:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
2859:Human rights in Malaysia
2661:Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
2578:Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur
2572:Companies listed on the
2313:Constitution of Malaysia
1400:Occupational segregation
1169:Compulsory sterilization
3767:Christmas Island Malays
3192:Lim, Kit Siang (1978).
2906:"A Never Ending Policy"
2760:Democratic Action Party
2680:In the 1965 session of
1950:Internalized oppression
1804:Fighting Discrimination
1794:Fat acceptance movement
1752:Anti-discrimination law
1378:Native American mascots
4807:Malaysia Vision Valley
3335:Lee, Kuan Yew (2000).
3207:Without Fear or Favour
3194:Time Bombs in Malaysia
3152:Kee, Beng Ooi (2015).
2984:. Accessed 30 May 2007
2965:. Accessed 30 May 2007
2839:Bumiputera (Indonesia)
2744:Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat
2521:began to use the term
2447:
2304:
2302:Malaysian Constitution
2231:
2069:Social identity threat
2042:Reverse discrimination
2032:Racial color blindness
1490:Violence against women
1470:Sex-selective abortion
4926:Policies and Programs
4900:Economic co-operation
4776:Corridors and Regions
4724:Overnight Policy Rate
3439:The Malaysian Insider
2750:stated that the term
2597:Amanah Saham Nasional
2508:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2443:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2439:
2299:
2037:Religious intolerance
1997:Political correctness
1819:Intersex human rights
1767:Cultural assimilation
1435:Religious persecution
1199:Disability hate crime
966:Jewish / Antisemitism
4819:Port Klang Free Zone
4537:China/Taiwan Chinese
2866:Notes and references
2663:, the equivalent of
2582:listing requirements
2527:Majlis Amanah Rakyat
2510:and his predecessor
2429:E.E.C. Thuraisingham
2417:indentured labourers
1420:Political repression
385:Anti-left handedness
375:Anti-intellectualism
63:improve this article
5070:Poverty in Malaysia
5037:Palm oil production
4734:Government agencies
4701:Banking and Finance
4666:Tiger Cub Economies
4645:Economy of Malaysia
4497:Foreign ethnicities
3880:Indigenous peoples)
3518:"amfta-Mansurpapar"
3337:The Singapore Story
3111:New Sarawak Tribune
2834:Bumiputera (Brunei)
2720:Badruddin Amiruldin
2559:Ismail Abdul Rahman
2498:New Economic Policy
2486:Ismail Abdul Rahman
2342:Peninsular Malaysia
2309:Abdul Razak Hussein
2292:Official definition
2200:Peninsular Malaysia
1945:Historical eugenics
1460:Segregation academy
1440:Religious terrorism
1229:Enemy of the people
1137:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
625:Jehovah's Witnesses
505:Perpetual foreigner
4945:New Economic Model
4873:Economic blueprint
4837:South Perak Region
4438:Indians in Sarawak
3729:Terengganuan Malay
3557:on 28 January 2006
3530:on 30 October 2012
3498:on 23 October 2007
3391:"malaysiakini.com"
3048:on 5 February 2012
3018:on 1 November 2009
2550:affirmative action
2544:Contentious policy
2382:native Indonesians
2328:Tunku Abdul Rahman
2321:aboriginal peoples
2305:
2268:affirmative action
1849:Social integration
1844:Self-determination
1834:Racial integration
1782:Diversity training
1772:Cultural pluralism
1747:Affirmative action
1639:Racial segregation
1549:Crime of apartheid
1445:Religious violence
930:Indigenous people
301:Sexual orientation
5131:Politics and race
5113:
5112:
4789:Iskandar Malaysia
4757:Khazanah Nasional
4692:Malaysian ringgit
4611:
4610:
4473:
4472:
4393:
4392:
4363:Penangite Chinese
4308:
4307:
4265:
4264:
3869:
3868:
3724:Selangorian Malay
3689:Kelantanese Malay
3299:on 10 August 2007
3181:New Straits Times
2742:On 1 March 2009,
2386:Malaysian Siamese
2249:
2164:
2163:
2027:Racism by country
1955:Intersectionality
1940:Heteronormativity
1723:Voter suppression
1465:Sexual harassment
1264:Forced conversion
1184:Cultural genocide
829:African Americans
635:post–Cold War era
620:Eastern Orthodoxy
370:Anti-drug addicts
365:Anti-homelessness
284:Scientific racism
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
5163:
5101:
5100:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4467:Peranakan Chitty
4459:
4458:
4433:Indians in Sabah
4418:Penangite Indian
4369:
4368:
3884:
3883:
3744:Sarawakian Malay
3667:
3666:
3652:
3651:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3523:. Archived from
3522:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3295:. Archived from
3289:
3283:
3282:
3279:The Edge Markets
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3149:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3044:. Archived from
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2676:Early opposition
2512:Mahathir Mohamad
2315:, in particular
2254:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2079:Social privilege
2064:Social exclusion
1992:Police brutality
1913:Multiculturalism
1883:Amatonormativity
1698:Social exclusion
1534:Age of candidacy
1328:Homeless dumping
1234:Ethnic cleansing
164:
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5089:
5048:
5000:
4962:
4921:
4895:
4868:
4842:
4771:
4728:
4713:Islamic Banking
4696:
4675:
4647:
4642:
4612:
4607:
4498:
4491:
4480:(non-Peranakan)
4479:
4469:
4457:
4401:
4389:
4367:
4316:
4304:
4301:Peranakan Turki
4261:
4137:
4030:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3865:
3748:
3704:Penangite Malay
3658:
3639:
3628:
3623:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3445:on 2 March 2009
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3150:
3146:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2976:
2969:
2963:helplinelaw.com
2957:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2912:. 27 April 2013
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2844:Ketuanan Melayu
2825:Malaysia portal
2823:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2801:
2788:
2735:argue that the
2712:
2678:
2673:
2620:Nasimuddin Amin
2546:
2476:13 May Incident
2468:Reid Commission
2413:
2394:Kristang people
2294:
2273:13 May Incident
2227:classical Malay
2160:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2002:Polyculturalism
1898:Civil liberties
1870:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1839:Reappropriation
1739:
1738:Countermeasures
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1656:Racial steering
1622:Numerus clausus
1526:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1239:Ethnic conflict
1174:Corrective rape
1129:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
754:
743:
742:
741:
740:
739:
694:minority Muslim
582:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
460:HIV/AIDS stigma
332:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
269:Mental disorder
211:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
172:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5080:Bamboo network
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4803:(Kuala Lumpur)
4798:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4478:Mixed ancestry
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4379:Peranakan Cina
4375:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4296:Peranakan Siam
4293:
4291:Jawi Peranakan
4288:
4281:
4279:Peranakan Arab
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3894:
3892:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Burmese Malays
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Bruneian Malay
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Perlisan Malay
3711:
3709:Perakian Malay
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Malaccan Malay
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Johorean Malay
3675:
3673:
3664:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3574:External links
3572:
3569:
3568:
3541:
3509:
3482:
3456:
3426:
3404:
3382:
3341:
3328:
3310:
3284:
3281:. 1 July 2009.
3266:
3244:
3219:
3198:
3185:
3169:
3163:978-9814516259
3162:
3144:
3123:
3097:
3085:
3073:Malaysia Today
3059:
3029:
2996:
2986:
2967:
2951:
2937:
2923:
2897:
2886:. 3 April 2003
2870:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2711:
2708:
2690:Prime Minister
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2631:
2630:
2611:
2608:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2545:
2542:
2505:Prime Minister
2489:member of the
2412:
2409:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2293:
2290:
2282:Native Bornean
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:Reverse racism
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Prisoner abuse
2014:
2009:
2007:Power distance
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:Ethnic penalty
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:Neurodiversity
1915:
1905:
1903:Dehumanization
1900:
1895:
1893:Cisnormativity
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:Related topics
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1851:
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1836:
1831:
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1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:State religion
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:Nuremberg Laws
1646:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:Ghetto benches
1588:
1586:Gerrymandering
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Gender pay gap
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
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1397:
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1390:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Lavender scare
1345:
1343:Kill Haole Day
1340:
1338:Indian rolling
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
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1296:
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1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Eliminationism
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:Cancel culture
1156:
1151:
1146:
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1144:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:Manifestations
1127:
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1123:
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1100:
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1080:
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1055:
1050:
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1020:
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1010:
1008:Middle Eastern
1005:
1000:
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985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
963:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
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842:
841:
836:
831:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
758:
757:
756:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
738:
737:
735:Zoroastrianism
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
711:
710:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
661:
660:
659:
657:Untouchability
654:
644:
639:
638:
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632:
627:
622:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
584:
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573:
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566:
561:
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544:
534:
533:
532:
527:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Leprosy stigma
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
287:
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281:
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256:
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236:
231:
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209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
157:
156:
154:Discrimination
150:
149:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5105:
5096:
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5092:
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5083:
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5076:
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5061:
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5038:
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5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
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4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
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4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4797:(Labuan IBFC)
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
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4740:
4739:
4737:
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4711:
4709:
4706:
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4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
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4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
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4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:East Timorese
4540:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
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4517:
4513:
4510:
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4500:
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4454:
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4431:
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4426:
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4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4383:
4381:(Baba-Nyonya)
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
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4339:
4336:
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4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4297:
4294:
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4289:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4255:
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4248:
4245:
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4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
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4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
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4201:
4198:
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4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:Kadazan-Dusun
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3923:Orang Seletar
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Patani Malays
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
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3785:
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3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
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3763:
3760:
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3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
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3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Kedahan Malay
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3638:
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3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
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3601:
3600:
3597:
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3552:
3545:
3526:
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3513:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3414:
3408:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3215:967-908-051-X
3212:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3140:0-19-582681-7
3137:
3133:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3095:, TripAdvisor
3094:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3043:
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3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
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2983:
2979:
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2960:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2911:
2910:The Economist
2907:
2901:
2885:
2884:The Economist
2881:
2875:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
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2835:
2832:
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2826:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2779:Tariq Ramadan
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:Boo Cheng Hau
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
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2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:sunset clause
2477:
2473:
2469:
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2461:
2457:
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2438:
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2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
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2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2288:communities.
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:East Malaysia
2201:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Social stigma
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
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2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
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2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
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1797:
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1745:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:State atheism
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
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1682:
1679:
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1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Jim Crow laws
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:One-drop rule
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
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1544:Blood quantum
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1498:
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1485:Victimisation
1483:
1481:
1480:Trans bashing
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Religious war
1448:
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1430:Racialization
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1244:Ethnic hatred
1242:
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1179:Counter-jihad
1177:
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944:United States
942:
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807:United States
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747:
746:
736:
733:
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728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Protestantism
718:
716:
713:
709:
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695:
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633:
631:
630:LDS or Mormon
628:
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547:Transmisogyny
545:
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451:
450:Gerontophobia
448:
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443:
441:
438:
436:
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431:
428:
426:
423:
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418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
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401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Anti-intersex
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Anti-albinism
353:
351:
348:
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181:
180:Institutional
178:
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159:
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133:
130:
122:
111:
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101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5156:Malay people
5102:
5053:Other topics
4593:Singaporeans
4499:/expatriates
4225:Orang Sungai
3762:Cocos Malays
3753:
3719:Pahang Malay
3670:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3525:the original
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3438:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3415:. temiar.com
3413:"temiar.com"
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3385:
3359:. Retrieved
3354:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:the original
3287:
3278:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3153:
3147:
3131:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:
3100:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3040:(in Malay).
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3011:
2989:
2981:
2962:
2954:
2940:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2776:
2751:
2741:
2729:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2693:Lee Kuan Yew
2679:
2658:
2639:
2635:Rafidah Aziz
2632:
2623:
2615:
2596:
2593:mutual funds
2577:
2567:
2563:
2547:
2531:
2522:
2517:
2502:
2495:
2484:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2440:
2433:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2379:
2348:Muslim Malay
2334:
2333:In the book
2332:
2325:
2306:
2276:significant
2265:
2220:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
1935:Gender-blind
1814:Human rights
1634:Racial quota
1621:
1601:Jewish quota
1581:Gerontocracy
1576:Gender roles
1554:Disabilities
1539:Blood purity
1505:Wife selling
1495:White flight
1475:Slut-shaming
1455:Scapegoating
1373:Murder music
1028:Palestinians
971:Anti-Zionism
839:South Africa
824:Black people
802:South Africa
610:Christianity
600:Baháʼí Faith
515:Sectarianism
455:Heterosexism
420:Ephebiphobia
390:Anti-Masonry
249:Hair texture
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
5032:Agriculture
4880:Vision 2020
4522:Bangladeshi
4385:Sino-Native
3918:Orang Kuala
3908:Orang Kanaq
3898:Proto-Malay
3824:Minangkabau
3803:Bugis-Malay
3754:Anak Dagang
3255:. State.gov
3052:27 February
3012:Borneo Post
2982:helplinelaw
2642:meritocracy
2534:Najib Razak
2450:Article 160
2435:Article 153
2398:immigration
2317:Article 153
2252:bhū́miputra
2208:Malay world
1829:Nonviolence
1824:LGBT rights
1789:Empowerment
1757:Anti-racism
1671:Segregation
1616:No kid zone
1410:Persecution
1323:Hate speech
1274:Gay bashing
1249:Ethnic joke
1204:Dog whistle
1149:Blood libel
819:Azerbaijani
715:Neopaganism
708:Persecution
669:Persecution
652:Persecution
615:Catholicism
595:Exclusivism
537:Transphobia
520:Supremacism
475:Lesbophobia
395:Aporophobia
360:Anti-autism
195:Taste-based
190:Statistical
5120:Categories
5044:Automotive
5005:Industries
4967:Agreements
4603:Vietnamese
4557:Indonesian
4443:Sri Lankan
4247:Sama-Bajau
4215:Lun Bawang
4091:Lun Bawang
4024:Semaq Beri
3913:Orang Laut
3888:Peninsular
3875:Orang Asal
3792:Mandailing
3646:Bumiputera
3636:Malaysians
3561:6 February
3534:6 February
3502:6 February
3470:Malay Mail
3419:6 February
3397:6 February
3361:8 November
3355:Asia Times
3259:6 February
3253:"Malaysia"
3022:29 October
2994:2467–2476.
2752:bumiputera
2737:Orang Asli
2732:Orang Asli
2682:Parliament
2519:Parliament
2472:Parliament
2352:Orang Asli
2280:Malay and
2232:bhumiputra
2196:Orang Asli
2168:Bumiputera
2111:Stereotype
2106:Speciesism
1987:Oppression
1982:Oikophobia
1878:Allophilia
1854:Toleration
1703:Sodomy law
1596:Internment
1510:Witch-hunt
1388:Blackhawks
1318:Hate group
1306:Hate crime
1279:Gendercide
1269:Freak show
1259:Excellence
1219:Employment
1189:Defamation
1108:Vietnamese
1103:Venezuelan
988:Lithuanian
642:Falun Gong
564:Xenophobia
559:Vegaphobia
542:Non-binary
500:Pedophobia
465:Homophobia
279:Skin color
239:Disability
210:Attributes
185:Structural
89:newspapers
18:Bhumiputra
5141:Ethnology
5017:Transport
4907:BIMP-EAGA
4892:(defunct)
4588:Pakistani
4487:Chindians
4462:Peranakan
4372:Peranakan
4343:Hainanese
4333:Cantonese
4298:(Sam-Sam)
4271:Peranakan
4176:Mangka'ak
4071:Orang Ulu
4009:Cheq Wong
3846:Sundanese
3814:Baweanese
3782:Banjarese
3671:Anak Jati
3371:cite news
2854:Malayness
2772:apartheid
2686:Singapore
2523:bumiputra
2460:Article 8
2390:Peranakan
2257:Indonesia
2246:romanized
2241:भूमिपुत्र
2212:Indonesia
2185:بوميڤوترا
2174:bumiputra
2084:Christian
2012:Prejudice
1960:Masculism
1908:Diversity
1686:religious
1661:Redlining
1254:Ethnocide
1214:Education
1093:Ukrainian
1023:Pakistani
1013:Mongolian
934:Australia
916:Hungarian
871:Colombian
851:Bulgarian
725:Rastafari
674:Ahmadiyya
580:Religious
552:Trans men
510:Pregnancy
445:Gayphobia
440:Fatphobia
345:Acephobia
340:Arophobia
316:Viewpoint
119:June 2009
5104:Category
4720:(PayNet)
4680:Currency
4574:(former)
4567:Japanese
4547:Filipino
4531:Rohingya
4516:Hadhrami
4428:Malayali
4413:Gujarati
4285:Kristang
4235:Tambanuo
4181:Maragang
4004:Mah Meri
3890:Malaysia
3819:Makassar
3809:Javanese
3777:Acehnese
3475:22 March
3237:22 March
2916:20 April
2811:See also
2758:against
2665:O-Levels
2650:A-Levels
2616:The Edge
2605:Ali Baba
2392:and the
2237:Sanskrit
2223:Sanskrit
2123:The talk
2059:Snobbery
1977:Net bias
1799:Feminism
1718:Ugly law
1559:Catholic
1525:Policies
1368:Mortgage
1363:Lynching
1294:examples
1289:Genocide
1209:Economic
1194:Democide
1154:Bullying
1058:Scottish
1053:Romanian
1018:Nigerian
961:Japanese
896:Georgian
881:Filipino
814:Assyrian
787:Armenian
777:American
772:Albanian
752:national
730:Yazidism
647:Hinduism
605:Buddhism
495:Nepotism
490:Misogyny
485:Misandry
410:Clannism
405:Biphobia
350:Adultism
259:Language
146:a series
144:Part of
5022:Tourism
4997:(CPTPP)
4864:Sarawak
4833:(SCORE)
4653:History
4562:Iranian
4527:Burmese
4507:African
4423:Punjabi
4358:Henghua
4353:Foochow
4348:Teochew
4328:Hokkien
4314:Chinese
4210:Illanun
4191:Rumanau
4186:Minokok
4156:Kadazan
4126:Melanau
4117:Others
4081:Kelabit
4054:Bukitan
4049:Bidayuh
4036:Sarawak
4019:Jah Hut
3977:Mendriq
3930:Semelai
3861:Siamese
3829:Kerinci
3739:Kedayan
3449:1 March
3303:11 July
2890:22 July
2725:ringgit
2698:kampung
2503:Former
2491:Cabinet
2411:History
2370:Sarawak
2261:Pribumi
2248::
2187:
1930:Figleaf
1333:Housing
1088:Turkish
1033:Pashtun
1003:Mexican
983:Kurdish
956:Italian
906:Haitian
891:Finnish
866:Chinese
861:Chechen
856:Catalan
846:Bengali
767:African
750:Ethnic/
703:Judaism
689:Sunnism
679:Shi'ism
590:Atheism
415:Elitism
306:Species
244:Genetic
234:Dialect
103:scholar
5027:Postal
4991:(RCEP)
4859:Penang
4847:States
4821:(PKFZ)
4815:(NCER)
4785:(ECER)
4583:Nepali
4578:Korean
4572:Jewish
4552:Indian
4453:Telugu
4399:Indian
4257:Tidong
4242:Rungus
4230:Dumpas
4205:Ida'an
4200:Bisaya
4166:Kwijau
4131:Miriek
4121:Bisaya
4106:Sa'ban
4086:Kenyah
4064:Selako
4014:Temiar
3982:Mintil
3972:Kintaq
3967:Kensiu
3947:Semang
3940:Temuan
3878:(Other
3293:"UMNO"
3213:
3160:
3138:
2216:Brunei
2214:, and
2194:, the
2192:Malays
2116:threat
1970:autism
1691:sexual
1681:racial
1564:Jewish
1415:Pogrom
1393:Chiefs
1383:Braves
1098:Uyghur
1073:Somali
1068:Slavic
1048:Romani
1043:Quebec
1038:Polish
978:Korean
939:Canada
926:Indian
911:Hazara
886:Fulani
797:France
762:Afghan
684:Sufism
400:Audism
331:Social
254:Height
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
5012:Ports
4959:(ETP)
4953:(GTP)
4947:(NEM)
4941:(NDP)
4935:(NEP)
4854:Johor
4839:(WPS)
4827:(SDC)
4809:(MVV)
4448:Tamil
4338:Hakka
4252:Suluk
4220:Murut
4171:Lotud
4161:Dusun
4143:Sabah
4101:Punan
4096:Penan
4076:Kayan
4044:Dayak
3999:Semai
3994:Senoi
3962:Jahai
3957:Lanoh
3952:Batek
3935:Temoq
3903:Jakun
3799:Bugis
3787:Batak
3772:Chams
3656:Malay
3528:(PDF)
3521:(PDF)
3232:TODAY
3116:9 May
3078:9 May
2805:MyKad
2768:Johor
2629:duty.
2454:Islam
2402:China
2400:from
2360:Sabah
2286:rural
2278:urban
2229:word
2094:white
1425:Purge
1113:Welsh
1078:Tatar
998:Māori
993:Malay
951:Irish
901:Greek
876:Croat
834:China
792:Asian
664:Islam
525:White
264:Looks
229:Class
224:Caste
171:Forms
110:JSTOR
96:books
4791:(IM)
4598:Thai
4512:Arab
4404:list
4319:list
4111:Ukit
4059:Iban
3839:Rawa
3661:list
3563:2014
3536:2014
3504:2014
3477:2023
3451:2009
3421:2014
3399:2014
3377:link
3363:2009
3305:2008
3261:2014
3239:2023
3211:ISBN
3158:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3118:2024
3080:2024
3054:2012
3024:2009
2918:2019
2892:2011
2756:UMNO
2625:Naza
2179:Jawi
2089:male
1888:Bias
1311:LGBT
1083:Thai
1063:Serb
921:Igbo
782:Arab
530:Male
311:Size
291:Rank
82:news
3987:Mos
3834:Ocu
3323:CNN
2762:'s
2688:'s
2648:or
2646:SAT
2198:of
2171:or
1676:age
296:Sex
219:Age
65:by
5122::
3468:.
3437:.
3373:}}
3369:{{
3353:.
3321:.
3277:.
3230:.
3172:^
3109:.
3071:.
3010:.
2999:^
2980:,
2970:^
2961:,
2908:.
2882:.
2774:.
2727:.
2684:,
2540:.
2482:.
2384:,
2243:,
2239::
2218:.
2210:,
2181::
148:on
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4623:v
4533:)
4529:(
4518:)
4514:(
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4402:(
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4317:(
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3805:)
3801:(
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3538:.
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3423:.
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3325:.
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3241:.
3217:.
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3120:.
3082:.
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100:·
93:·
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59:.
34:.
20:)
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