3319:
7673:
Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.
2347:
3087:, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" of undesirable behavior by subjects or researchers. It refers to a tendency to under-report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results. This can propagate, as each instance reinforces the status quo, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results.
3130:
12401:
10446:
10436:
3998:: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation. The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature. Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists
2461:. It can be positive or negative, depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand. As understood in
3857:
Religious bias in textbooks is observed in countries where religion plays a dominant role. There can be many forms of educational bias. Some overlooked aspects, occurring especially with the pedagogical circles of public and private schoolsâsources that are unrelated to fiduciary or mercantile impoverishment which may be unduly magnifiedâinclude teacher bias as well as a general bias against women who are going into STEM research.
73:
12411:
2852:
38:
4018:
2691:, or the appearance of corruption, happens. "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." It exists if the circumstances are sensibly accepted to present a hazard that choices made may be unduly affected by auxiliary interests.
3952:, match fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. There is a variety of reasons for this, but the most common is in exchange for a payoff from gamblers. Players might also intentionally perform poorly to get an advantage in the future (such as a better
2610:. It is the propensity to credit accomplishment to our own capacities and endeavors, yet attribute failure to outside factors, to dismiss the legitimacy of negative criticism, concentrate on positive qualities and accomplishments yet disregard flaws and failures. Studies have demonstrated that this bias can affect
2958:
that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with a high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they
2310:
about the causes of their own and others' behaviors; but these attributions do not necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world. When judging others we tend to
3518:
Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies. It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious
3883:
to anticipate a particular output. To accomplish this, the learning algorithm is given training cases that show the expected connection. Then the learner is tested with new examples. Without further assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly as unknown situations may not be predictable. The
3809:
Gatekeeping is the way in which information and news are filtered to the public, by each person or corporation along the way. It is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's
3148:
Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such a way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be
3098:
respondents can tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed positively by others. It can take the form of over-reporting laudable behavior, or under-reporting undesirable behavior. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. The
2938:
Self-regulation is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards. Self-regulation of any group can create a conflict of interest.
3993:
Implicit stereotypes are shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are unaware/unintentionally
7342:
Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to
3884:
inductive bias of the learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered. It may bias the learner towards the correct solution, the incorrect, or be correct some of the time. A classical example of an inductive bias is
7672:
Gender or Sex
Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance.
3856:
Bias in education refers to real or perceived bias in the educational system. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, as their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment.
3171:
Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of
3824:
Sensationalism is when events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present skewed impressions of events, which may cause a misrepresentation of the truth of a story. Sensationalism may involve reporting about insignificant matters and events, or the presentation of
2939:
If any organization, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within their own group, it may be in their interest in the short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself.
2187:, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation. Furthermore, cognitive biases may allow speedier choices when speed is more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, coming about because of an
2174:
A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own "subjective
3930:, trading based on insider information is illegal because it is seen as unfair to other investors who do not have access to the information as the investor with insider information could potentially make far larger profits that a typical investor could make.
3004:
Statistical bias is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. It is a property of a
2652:
ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making.
2648:; a preference for the current state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss. Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the
2554:, wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. A person's
11427:
1052:
5445:
2179:" from their own perceptions, their view of the world may dictate their behaviour. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called
9178:
7290:
as discrimination against either men or women on the grounds of sex, and also "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships".
2484:
Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts,
7797:
Ames, Barry; Barker, David C; Bonneau, Chris W; Carman, Christopher J (2005), "Hide the
Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"",
6560:
2151:, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice".
3287:, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences. Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people.
3226:
Ageism is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people.
2959:
prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture is a risk to which a regulatory agency is exposed by its very nature.
2396:
charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain
2920:, stand to benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, there is a conflict of interest. This can lead to all sides in a debate looking to sway the issue by means of lobbyists.
7403:
lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over
3573:. Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase the
3790:
Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. That is, its
2985:
to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others. An example of shilling is
7685:
De Vos, M. (2020). The
European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.
6535:
6142:
3749:
Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative,
3776:. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.
10353:
3301:
Racism consists of ideologies based on a desire to dominate or a belief in the inferiority of another race. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently.
11396:
3442:. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians. Some have argued that these claims are based upon
3035:
A forecast bias is when there are consistent differences between results and the forecasts of those quantities; that is: forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low.
1013:
4748:
2509:. Ordinary people may tend to imagine other people as basically the same, not significantly more or less valuable, probably attached emotionally to different groups and different land.
5410:
2481:, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. People use filters to make sense of the world, the choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame.
9168:
3212:, or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".
2225:, individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. For example, the initial price offered for a
7126:
racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
2797:
of bribery in some countries, while in the United States they are legal provided they adhere to election law. Tipping is considered bribery in some societies, but not others.
5524:
Chandon, Pierre; Wansink, Brian (2007). "The
Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimate and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions".
2405:(when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and
3810:
role in modern public life. This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be."
8963:
6554:"Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction"
7774:
6553:
5219:
2094:, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a
11890:
1521:
8215:
3682:
on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion. Racial profiling is commonly referred to regarding its use by
6610:
5897:
Campbell, W. Keith; Sedikides, Constantine; Reeder, Glenn D.; Elliot, Andrew J. (2000). "Among friends? An examination of friendship and the self-serving bias".
10936:
8230:
3968:, involves fixing small events within a match which can be gambled upon, but which are unlikely to prove decisive in determining the final result of the game.
545:
5729:
6532:
5459:
Wade, T Joel; DiMaria, Cristina (2003). "Weight Halo
Effects: Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women's Race and Weight".
3602:
is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a
11144:
3738:
in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating
761:
6139:
4797:
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2815:
over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This has been researched by
7994:
Brady, K. L.; Eisler, R. M. (1995). "Gender Bias in the
College Classroom: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research".
7952:
Boysen, Guy A; Vogel, David L; Cope, Marissa A; Hubbard, Asale (2009), "Incidents Of Bias in
College Classrooms: Instructor and Student Perceptions",
2577:. It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.
12285:
11668:
7020:
5700:
5022:
1930:
1293:
11095:
9268:
Mitchell, T. M. (1980). The need for biases in learning generalizations (Report). CBM-TR 5-110. New
Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University.
2573:
The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." The term horn effect refers to
2062:
712:
8121:
4661:
3504:. It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting the subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions.
10159:
10021:
5809:
3626:. However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results.
9205:
7343:
justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics.
5578:
4522:
Welsh, Matthew B.; Delfabbro, Paul H.; Burns, Nicholas R.; Begg, Steve H. (2014). "Individual differences in anchoring: Traits and experience".
11016:
10131:
9316:
5942:
De
Michele, P.; Gansneder, B.; Solomon, G. (1998). "Success and failure attributions of wrestlers: Further Evidence of the Self-Serving Bias".
4740:
2306:
An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own and others' behaviors. People make
625:
3742:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also
3450:
of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers. There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of
12447:
9302:
6985:
Rhodes, Gillian; Simmons, Leigh; Peters, Marianne (2005). "Attractiveness and Sexual
Behavior: Does Attractiveness Enhance Mating Success?".
5402:
8980:
6488:
11673:
9996:
6140:"Don't Pay for the Misdeeds of Others: Intro to Avoiding Third-Party FCPA Liability," 6 BNA White Collar Crime Report 33 (January 14, 2011)
4416:
1298:
7042:
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior:
6732:
11643:
11237:
10769:
7841:
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6648:
1268:
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is favoritism of long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications.
2705:
Bribery is giving of money, goods or other forms of recompense to in order to influence the recipient's behavior. Bribes can include
5616:
10851:
10739:
10482:
4953:
452:
340:
8776:
6512:
5162:
van der Pas, D. (2014). "Making Hay While the Sun Shines: Do Parties Only Respond to Media Attention When The Framing is Right?".
10026:
8361:
7697:
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2315:, whereas we tend to assume our own actions arise because of the necessity of external circumstances. There are a wide range of
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100:
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Song, F.; Parekh, S.; Hooper, L.; Loke, Y. K.; Ryder, J.; Sutton, A. J.; Hing, C.; Kwok, C. S.; Pang, C.; Harvey, I. (2010).
8187:
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5502:
4496:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
4268:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
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to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the
604:
535:
255:
9227:
4839:"Search for meanings: from pleistocene art to the worship of the mountains in early China. Methodological tools for Mimesis"
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Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions
3927:
2811:
Favoritism, sometimes known as in-group favoritism, or in-group bias, refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's
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744:
6606:
4842:
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11301:
11132:
10618:
10596:
9005:
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Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice,
5060:
4878:
Abramson, L.Y.; Seligman, M.E.; Teasdale, J.D. (1978). "Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation".
3964:
system. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. Another form of match-fixing, known as
3704:
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them. The study of
2860:
918:
749:
211:
189:
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4991:
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3580:
The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an
3363:, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster
2580:
Both of these bias effects often clash with phrases such as "words mean something" and "Your words have a history."
12048:
11885:
11785:
11232:
11122:
9423:
8550:
8385:
Murali, N. S.; Murali, H. R.; Auethavekiat, P.; Erwin, P. J.; Mandrekar, J. N.; Manek, N. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2004).
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3758:
2266:
2261:
Apophenia, also known as patternicity, or agenticity, is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within
1687:
1516:
1410:
849:
739:
6117:
5843:
Campbell, W.K.; Sedikides, C. (1999). "Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration".
4216:
2409:(when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations). Confirmation biases contribute to
11638:
11139:
10891:
10694:
10098:
10016:
9826:
7262:
Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
3739:
3520:
2048:
1263:
756:
500:
295:
10754:
7507:
7448:
6945:
6801:
5288:
2401:(when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence),
355:
10901:
9945:
9348:
Greenwald, A. G.; Banaji, M. R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes".
6958:
Eagly, Alice; Ashmore, Richard; Makhijani, Mona G.; Longo, Laura C. (1991). "What is beautiful is good, but".
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while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it. The effect is stronger for
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510:
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12033:
10734:
10439:
10413:
10117:
9831:
9485:
8919:
Fox, K. A.; Cook, C. L. (2011). "Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming".
7157:
Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
5638:
Coombs, Timothy W; Holladay, Sherry J (2006). "Unpacking the halo effect: reputation and crisis management".
5335:
4793:
4105:
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expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually
2567:
2324:
1962:
1672:
335:
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Pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that pareidolia combined with
2237:
lower than the initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is worth.
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usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls.
5692:
5426:"Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment"
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3679:
3197:
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1873:
1719:
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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World
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wrote: "A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices."
5961:
Moon, Youngme (2003). "Don't Blame the Computer: When Self-Disclosure Moderates the Self-Serving Bias".
5593:
3792:
12337:
11112:
10789:
10520:
9939:
9465:
8732:
8502:"An exploratory analysis of PubMed's free full-text limit on citation retrieval for clinical questions"
8386:
8152:
7616:
6670:
Green S, Higgins S, editors: Glossary. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5.
6172:
Taylor, Donald M.; Doria, Janet R. (April 1981). "Self-serving and group-serving bias in attribution".
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finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. This can propagate further as
3044:
2789:. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political
2320:
2204:
1982:
729:
390:
105:
8730:
Dickersin, K.; Chan, S.; Chalmers, T. C.; et al. (1987). "Publication bias and clinical trials".
6542:
ICE Australia, International Conferences and Events (PDF) (October 24, 2007). Retrieved April 14, 2011
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Rosenberg, M (2016). "The Destruction of Clinical Medicine and What is Needed for its Resurrection".
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Welsh, Matthew; Begg, Steve (2016). "What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research".
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analyzed. This results in a sample that may be significantly different from the overall population.
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9274:
8122:"Do Financial Conflicts of Interest Bias Research? An Inquiry into the "Funding Effect" Hypothesis"
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Sexism, or prejudice toward one sex (almost always women), has existed throughout recorded history.
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Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain
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in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor
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11107:
11080:
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10245:
9322:
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6475:
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3446:
which would not reliably indicate systematic bias, and have suggested that this divide is due to
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3141:
3058:
3014:
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1878:
1858:
1714:
1704:
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1278:
1119:
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933:
928:
871:
806:
791:
724:
697:
682:
56:
11291:
8977:
5076:
Nickerson, Raymond S. (June 1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises".
4367:
3990:, is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group.
908:
12477:
12332:
12305:
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11755:
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10079:
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9502:
9357:
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5533:
4382:
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3497:
3479:
2812:
2790:
2470:
2359:
1977:
1950:
1940:
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1243:
1114:
998:
943:
913:
893:
821:
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776:
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766:
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613:
584:
579:
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154:
144:
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Kahneman, D.; Tversky, A. (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness".
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11366:
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11055:
10953:
10571:
9858:
9773:
9748:
9693:
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8339:
7317:
however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims.
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562:
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31:
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Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy (2009). "The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling".
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Shermer, Michael (2008). "Patternicity: Finding Meaningful Patterns in Meaningless Noise".
4629:
4446:
3485:
3459:
3439:
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3380:
3375:. Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their
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3054:
2973:
Shilling is deliberately giving spectators the feeling that one is an energetic autonomous
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2603:
2406:
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1816:
1330:
1204:
1023:
903:
861:
811:
786:
594:
557:
285:
139:
7187:'sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women.
7081:
6938:
Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth About the Pay Gap -- And What Women Can Do About It
4922:
3614:
will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias.
2457:, and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and communicate about
8:
12728:
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10289:
9966:
9883:
9783:
9718:
9658:
9648:
9643:
9507:
9173:
8627:"Dissemination and publication of research findings: An updated review of related biases"
8467:"The effect of online status on the impact factors of general internal medicine journals"
8288:"Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review"
7443:
7433:
inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men.
5612:
5309:
5045:
3977:
3743:
3640:
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2718:
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has been found to produce a halo effect. The halo effect is also present in the field of
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2438:
2328:
2269:
for gambling. Gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in
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2103:
1992:
1853:
1474:
1370:
1350:
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993:
973:
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831:
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415:
9255:"Crisis Counseling with Children," Van Ornum and Murdock, 1990, NY: Crossroad/Continuum.
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Giroux, Henry A. (2006), "Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy",
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2683:, etc.) which could potentially corrupt. The potential conflict is autonomous of actual
12520:
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12115:
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8768:
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8607:
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7100:"Racism" in R. Schefer. 2008 Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. SAGE. p. 1113
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Heider, F. (1958). "The psychology of interpersonal relations", New York: Wiley, 322 p.
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1591:
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1459:
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5988:
Samuelson, William; Zeckhauser, Richard (1988). "Status quo bias in decision making".
5241:
4717:
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results bias the research outcome. Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or
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12537:
12464:
12379:
12290:
12218:
12203:
12002:
11945:
11750:
11658:
11549:
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6941:
6867:
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1283:
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923:
194:
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8716:
8265:
8148:
7981:
7827:
7770:
5380:
5148:
4820:"The worship to the mountains: a study of the creation myths of the chinese culture"
4587:
3772:
Bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the
2543:
influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties.
12682:
12574:
12342:
12327:
12255:
12176:
12146:
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10043:
9903:
9843:
9768:
9753:
9613:
9566:
9475:
9470:
9455:
9387:
9367:
9169:"Proposed Texas textbooks are inaccurate, biased and politicized, new report finds"
8930:
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8741:
8694:
8685:
8638:
8611:
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8513:
8437:
8398:
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6027:
6007:
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5171:
5136:
5097:
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4907:
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4713:
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4531:
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4392:
4318:
4179:
4141:
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4082:
4042:
4032:
3995:
3919:
3885:
3872:
3673:
3653:
3649:
3593:
3558:
3554:
3532:
3501:
3410:
3318:
2982:
2786:
2738:
2714:
2301:
2099:
2095:
1987:
1972:
1900:
1821:
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1608:
1444:
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525:
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7301:(3rd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 631.
6392:
6340:
6289:
6258:
6187:
5494:
4641:
4458:
2292:
may have helped ancient societies organize chaos and make the world intelligible.
12667:
12516:
12357:
12265:
12161:
12110:
11970:
11955:
11935:
11900:
11613:
11524:
11459:
11249:
11199:
10980:
10834:
10240:
10174:
10011:
10001:
9778:
9758:
9673:
9576:
9551:
9546:
9519:
9497:
9409:
8984:
8335:
8117:
7916:
7088:
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816:
589:
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9235:
9228:"How to Get Your Ex Boyfriend Back â Tips to Win Back His Love and Get Him Back"
8965:
Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News Magazine Opinion Articles
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Lexchin, Joel; Bero, Lisa A; Djulbegovic, Benjamin; Clark, Otavio (2003-05-31).
8093:
Bias testing in market research: A framework to enable inclusive research design
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12280:
12270:
12188:
12181:
12166:
12156:
11992:
11928:
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11865:
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11633:
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11623:
11509:
11444:
10958:
10931:
10779:
10491:
10319:
10277:
10053:
10048:
10038:
9961:
9878:
9838:
9788:
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McCombs, M; Reynolds, A (2002). "News influence on our pictures of the world".
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7368:
men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive
7323:
7216:
Sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination.
5974:
5354:
4941:
4689:
3915:
3903:
3866:
3819:
3773:
3699:
3687:
3536:
3447:
3336:
3280:
3242:
3124:
3070:
3061:, and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
3010:
2955:
2824:
2742:
2645:
2611:
2486:
2278:
2256:
2176:
2165:
1997:
1955:
1925:
1915:
1833:
1826:
1811:
1801:
1623:
1559:
1501:
1496:
1481:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1134:
1069:
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Mueller, P. S.; Murali, N. S.; Cha, S. S.; Erwin, P. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2006).
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The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language
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McGauran, N; Wieseler, B; Kreis, J; SchĂźler, YB; KĂślsch, H; Kaiser, T (2010).
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5651:
5472:
5140:
5089:
4891:
4769:
4145:
3618:
with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a
2417:
due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.
12713:
12707:
12364:
11987:
11923:
11908:
11770:
11735:
11715:
11586:
11529:
11464:
10856:
10759:
10204:
9991:
9971:
9934:
9908:
9893:
9873:
9853:
9816:
9728:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9556:
9460:
8934:
8854:
8769:"The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why 'Driving While Black' matters"
8140:
7973:
7894:
7819:
7754:
7410:
7294:
6816:
6812:
6484:
6195:
6087:
6019:
5856:
5372:
5175:
4543:
4191:
4077:
3731:
3574:
3570:
3421:
3166:
3030:
2987:
2778:
2462:
2428:
2180:
2009:
1618:
1554:
1539:
1395:
1360:
1340:
1211:
1154:
1089:
457:
360:
10354:
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)
9137:
6709:
6234:
6209:
5920:
12662:
12647:
12198:
12085:
11913:
11880:
11860:
11790:
11780:
11760:
11740:
11371:
11264:
11259:
10990:
10965:
10824:
10764:
10729:
10699:
10294:
10267:
10194:
10169:
10154:
9951:
9713:
9698:
8942:
8652:
8603:
8535:
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7811:
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7696:
Macfarlane, Christina; Coppack, Sean; Masters, James (September 12, 2019).
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6887:
6728:
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5928:
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4725:
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3939:
3513:
3246:
3177:
3080:
2816:
2730:
2672:
2532:
1843:
1724:
1544:
1511:
1491:
1415:
1405:
1385:
1365:
988:
881:
876:
599:
574:
425:
365:
330:
300:
9379:
8884:
8753:
8708:
8249:
7886:
7721:"Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology"
7586:
7528:
7520:
7223:
7168:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104.
5665:
Klein, Jill; Dawar, Niraj (2004). "Evaluations in a Product-Harm Crisis".
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11434:
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Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments
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Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping".
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6149:(discussing bribery in the context of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act).
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Pal, G.C. (2007). "Is there a universal self-serving attribution bias?".
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2522:
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2214:
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Easterbrook, P. J.; Berlin, J. A.; Gopalan, R.; Matthews, D. R. (1991).
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
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Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.).
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3272:
3185:
3050:
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2905:
2881:
2877:
2688:
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2454:
2446:
2389:
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2289:
2262:
2250:
2127:
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2019:
2014:
1895:
1890:
1788:
1764:
1613:
1506:
1464:
1420:
1228:
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1179:
1099:
474:
469:
440:
375:
216:
45:
12425:
8402:
7745:
6978:
3656:
drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a
12619:
12599:
12507:
12482:
12275:
12223:
11940:
11539:
10649:
10225:
10074:
9561:
8643:
8626:
7965:
7650:
5441:
5284:
4984:"Rewind: Watch the Media Spend Two Years Hyping a Now-Debunked Story"
4052:
3888:, which assumes that the simplest consistent hypothesis is the best.
3876:
3332:
3276:
3201:
3162:
2828:
2595:
2274:
2246:
2222:
2091:
1920:
1868:
1571:
1164:
250:
7131:
5268:
4794:"Apophenia & Illusory Correlation ÂŤ Paul Xavier Waterstone"
4183:
3488:, experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding
12672:
12652:
12604:
12589:
12527:
12487:
12240:
12070:
11997:
11648:
11574:
11479:
11439:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10719:
10714:
10659:
10360:
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10256:
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Barry H. Kantowitz; Henry L. Roediger, III; David G. Elmes (2009).
5547:
5336:"The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments"
4047:
3957:
3762:
3599:
3566:
3435:
3427:
3205:
3189:
2974:
2954:, instead advances the commercial or political concerns of special
2897:
2893:
2871:
2836:
2832:
2766:
2722:
2710:
2502:
2450:
2373:
2226:
1885:
1709:
1628:
1273:
1199:
1104:
1064:
405:
400:
395:
320:
315:
260:
37:
8843:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8551:"Opening up the Evidence: Evidence-Based Practice and Open Access"
5941:
4368:"Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality"
3577:
of open access journals relative to journals without open access.
3103:
questionnaires; of special concern are self-reports of abilities,
12579:
12569:
12564:
12547:
10724:
10628:
10608:
10581:
10556:
10460:
6043:
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
4923:"Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment"
4774:
4132:
Steinbock, Bonnie (1978). "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality".
4067:
3645:
3266:
3158:
2981:
for whom one is working. The effectiveness of shilling relies on
2840:
2762:
2700:
2676:
2563:
2490:
2458:
2393:
2346:
2270:
325:
221:
201:
174:
149:
72:
8678:
7698:"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist"
7274:(4th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 551.
3598:
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic
2311:
assume their actions are the result of internal factors such as
12614:
12609:
12594:
12492:
11700:
10709:
10613:
10591:
10586:
10536:
4971:
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
3949:
3661:
3657:
3463:
3455:
3431:
3344:
3328:
3311:
3296:
3221:
3181:
3173:
2978:
2668:
2385:
1325:
310:
206:
184:
179:
129:
7417:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
7197:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 748â751.
4506:
4365:
4293:
4278:
3994:
hold such stereotypes. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit
3565:âthat is, journals that make their full text available on the
3064:
2912:
in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a
2851:
11710:
10541:
10209:
8384:
5212:"The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages"
3907:
3395:. Sexism may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.
3348:
3013:
of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative
2968:
2794:
2706:
2623:
2536:
2506:
2498:
2234:
2148:
1335:
134:
42:
Interpretations of the random patterns of craters on the Moon
7193:
Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.).
7112:
Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life
7055:
SCHMID, W. THOMAS (April 1996). "The Definition of Racism".
6687:
4837:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
4818:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
3708:
seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible.
2213:
that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of
12542:
12322:
8285:
6796:"bias ...; prejudice", The New MerriamâWebster Dictionary,
3368:
3352:
2913:
2734:
1967:
8828:
Merriam-Webster's CollegiateÂŽ Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
8208:"It's Not the Answers That Are Biased, It's the Questions"
6957:
5198:
Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience
4509:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4296:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4281:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
3379:
or their gender or sex differences. An example of this is
9401:
7918:
Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?
6690:"Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review"
6531:
Gary Adams, Sharon Hayes, Stuart Weierter and John Boyd,
4492:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
4264:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
3761:, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended
3584:
available online more readily than articles that do not.
3340:
2909:
2615:
9291:"Evaluation and selection of biases in machine learning"
9282:
8582:
Wentz, R. (2002). "Visibility of research: FUTON bias".
8493:
8458:
8387:"Impact of FUTON and NAA bias on visibility of research"
7695:
7578:
6835:
Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972). "Poultry and Prejudice".
4877:
2110:
process that does not give accurate results on average.
7796:
7689:
7638:
7636:
7141:
Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2011).
4836:
4817:
4521:
4432:
2990:
that give the impression of being autonomous opinions.
2133:, "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes
2086:
an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate,
8665:
H. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton and M. Borenstein. (2005).
8500:
Krieger, M. M.; Richter, R. R.; Austin, T. M. (2008).
8426:"Online access to nephrology journals: The FUTON bias"
7951:
7473:
7299:
The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
3502:
selective recording of experimental results themselves
8998:
The Printing Press (Inventions That Shaped the World)
8729:
8464:
7535:
7498:
6951:
4963:
4770:"Why Do We Need a Belief in God with Michael Shermer"
3569:
without chargeâin their own writing as compared with
3496:
influences on subject behavior including creation of
3383:. Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities (
2876:
Lobbying is the attempt to influence choices made by
2350:
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "
9039:
8624:
8499:
8013:
Sackett, D. L. (1979). "Bias in analytic research".
7633:
7604:
6158:
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. (2010).
5722:"The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]"
5594:"The 'halo effect' shields NGOs from media scrutiny"
4741:"Michael Shermer: The pattern behind self-deception"
4435:"Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases"
4339:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
4013:
2546:
The name halo effect is based on the concept of the
7438:
6984:
6817:
Quotable Quotes â Courtesy of The Freeman Institute
5987:
4615:"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases"
4606:
3325:
organizations campaigned for women's right to vote.
2687:, it can be found and intentionally defused before
9024:
8834:
8201:
8199:
8175:
7642:
7543:
7454:(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 601.
7384:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
7267:
6855:
6586:FTC v. Greeting Cards of America, Inc. et al - USA
5417:
3757:, the influence of the owners of the news source,
3553:Full text on net (or FUTON) bias is a tendency of
3347:. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects
44:. A common example of a perceptual bias caused by
12286:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8577:
8575:
8380:
8378:
8090:Geisen, Emily; Sha, Mandy; Roper, Farren (2024).
8041:
7849:, American Federation of Teachers, archived from
7843:The "Faculty Bias" Studies: Science or Propaganda
7415:Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics
7140:
5842:
5234:
4283:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press. p. 2.
2900:, the implication is that people with inordinate
2606:by the individual's need to maintain and enhance
1931:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12705:
9288:
9263:
9261:
9138:"Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional Materials"
7996:Journal of Research and Development in Education
7313:Either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes
7114:(9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405.
6304:
4507:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4294:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4279:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
3660:officer, questioned, and searched, because of a
2527:The halo effect and the horn effect are when an
2183:. However some cognitive biases are taken to be
11946:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
10160:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry
9347:
9113:The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation
8334:
8196:
7322:
6790:
6551:
5890:
5833:, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Education.
4612:
4308:
3426:Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of
1577:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
11428:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
9193:
9027:Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
8987:, Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2006
8659:
8572:
8417:
8375:
8205:
8089:
5806:"Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History"
5803:Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History,
5667:International Journal of Research in Marketing
5637:
5523:
5334:Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D (1977).
5047:The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
4366:Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1996).
2512:
1053:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
12441:
10476:
10450:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (category)
10125:
9417:
9258:
8892:Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime
8840:
8548:
7792:
7790:
6630:
5423:
5333:
5069:
4738:
3038:
2281:. One manifestation of this is known as the "
2056:
8760:
8672:
7195:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2
6755:. psychologyconcepts.com. 13 November 2011.
6162:. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
5693:"Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect"
5430:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5343:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5120:
4580:
4550:
4353:: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
4165:
4163:
3726:Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of
3686:, and its leading to discrimination against
3629:
3387:) based on gender or refers to violation of
11644:List of people killed for being transgender
10330:Sponsorship of continuing medical education
8423:
8360:. Cochrane Bias Methods Group. 2009-06-19.
7993:
7584:
7246:(2005). "Sexism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
7221:
7192:
6778:Dictionary of Cancer Terms â selection bias
6171:
5458:
5269:"A constant error in psychological ratings"
5190:
5161:
5155:
4858:
4203:
4201:
3875:. In machine learning one seeks to develop
3136:is supposed to collect of a representative
3065:Reporting bias and social desirability bias
2896:, or not. Lobbying is often spoken of with
2892:, or not; they may engage in lobbying as a
1269:List of people killed for being transgender
12448:
12434:
10483:
10469:
10132:
10118:
10080:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
9424:
9410:
9040:Shoemaker, Pamela J.; Vos, Tim P. (2009).
8669:. Wiley. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ.
8506:Journal of the Medical Library Association
8228:
7787:
7678:
6279:"In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History"
6252:
6073:
5750:Deren, MM (2013). "Words mean something".
5685:
5664:
5200:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3871:Inductive bias occurs within the field of
3099:inclination represents a major issue with
3090:Social desirability bias is a bias within
2063:
2049:
9361:
9273:
9160:
9101:
9073:
8800:"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man"
8698:
8642:
8618:
8525:
8441:
8311:
7833:
7744:
7613:Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination
7479:
7250:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
7183:the more accurate and more specific sense
7160:
7094:
6747:
6745:
6718:
6708:
6624:
6522:(August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011
6001:
5935:
5910:
5776:
5714:
5537:
5362:
5266:
5203:
5075:
4386:
4169:
4160:
4131:
3249:. It includes attitudes that benefit the
3049:The observer-expectancy effect is when a
2384:information in a way that confirms one's
10740:Social determinants of health in poverty
10139:
9341:
9267:
9202:"Texas school board whitewashes history"
9107:
9079:
8279:
8179:Influence: Science and Practice (5th ed)
8006:
7954:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
7541:
7504:
7484:. Oxford University Press. p. 197.
7265:
6637:. Oxford University Press. p. 275.
5591:
5209:
5126:
5115:The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
5015:"How to Ignore the Yes-Man in Your Head"
4796:. Waterstone.wordpress.com. 2007-05-24.
4481:from the original on September 24, 2017.
4198:
3542:
3523:of researchers towards their employers,
3500:that influence subjects, and altered or
3317:
3128:
3009:technique or of its results whereby the
2888:. Lobbyists may be among a legislator's
2850:
2656:
2354:", echoing back a person's beliefs like
2345:
2265:data. Apophenia is well documented as a
2189:absence of appropriate mental mechanisms
341:Social determinants of health in poverty
36:
12455:
9199:
9166:
9129:
8918:
8681:"Publication bias in clinical research"
8129:Science, Technology, & Human Values
8116:
8012:
7921:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
7908:
7718:
7610:
7399:key test of whether something is sexist
7376:
7293:
7266:Jary, David; Jary, Julia, eds. (2005).
7242:
7103:
6533:"Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk"
6502:
6415:"Self-regulation dictionary definition"
6268:Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
6152:
6041:Lo, Bernard; Field, Marilyn J. (2009).
6040:
5568:
5424:Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975).
5400:
5327:
4868:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
4703:
4568:from the original on September 29, 2015
4433:Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974).
14:
12706:
10368:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy
9289:DesJardins, M.; Gordon, D. F. (1995).
9167:Strauss, Valerie (12 September 2014).
8766:
8085:
8083:
7872:
7552:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 315.
7482:The Handbook of Culture and Psychology
7409:
7348:
7109:
7054:
6834:
6742:
5025:from the original on February 14, 2015
4973:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4920:
4849:
4751:from the original on 26 September 2015
4511:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
4298:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
3634:
2594:Self-serving bias is the tendency for
2229:sets the standard for the rest of the
12429:
10464:
10113:
9405:
9232:www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org
9181:from the original on 8 September 2015
9087:. New York: Oxford University Press.
9058:
8797:
8581:
8430:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
7914:
7351:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
6651:from the original on 16 December 2016
5749:
5505:from the original on 18 November 2006
5248:from the original on November 6, 2017
5042:
5012:
4969:Nisbett, R.E. & Ross, L. (1980).
4694:(1 June 2004). Retrieved 29 May 2007.
4594:from the original on October 23, 2017
3753:influence including overt and covert
3404:
2993:
2372:Confirmation bias is the tendency to
12410:
11450:Capital punishment for homosexuality
10745:Social determinants of mental health
9148:from the original on 21 October 2015
8968:, Stefano Mario Rivolta, 7 June 2011
8424:Ghosh, A. K.; Murali, N. S. (2003).
7330:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
6919:. Bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from
6853:
6847:
6759:from the original on August 31, 2015
6451:from the original on October 3, 2015
6425:from the original on October 5, 2015
6120:from the original on October 1, 2015
6067:
5960:
5954:
5899:British Journal of Social Psychology
5619:from the original on 3 December 2013
5592:Balanson, Naftali (8 October 2008).
5413:from the original on 16 August 2017.
5222:from the original on October 1, 2015
4231:
3902:Insider trading is the trading of a
3833:manner contrary to the standards of
3473:
3399:
2923:
2583:
2341:
2191:, or just from human limitations in
1075:Capital punishment for homosexuality
346:Social determinants of mental health
11570:Genital modification and mutilation
10305:Pharmaceutical sales representative
8471:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
8080:
8068:from the original on 1 January 2014
7839:
6373:from the original on 3 January 2009
5877:
5871:
5640:Journal of Communication Management
5495:"Apple shares surfs on big profits"
5403:"Hugo ChĂĄvez's reverse-halo effect"
5006:
4739:GrrlScientist (29 September 2010).
4558:"Anchoring bias in decision-making"
4524:Learning and Individual Differences
4219:from the original on 26 August 2018
3845:
3667:
3587:
2793:in the form of cash are considered
2319:of attribution biases, such as the
2295:
2159:
1195:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
10490:
10165:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge
9208:from the original on 28 March 2015
9135:
9068:Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting
7248:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
7069:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x
7007:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014
6787:. Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
6631:Porta, Miquel, ed. (5 June 2008).
6607:"HOW TO IDENTIFY STATISTICAL BIAS"
6602:
6397:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
5051:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp.
5013:Zweig, Jason (November 19, 2009).
4994:from the original on 29 March 2019
4613:Tversky, A.; Kahneman, D. (1974).
3891:
3746:groups that report on media bias.
3711:
2633:
2140:, "a slant, a slope, an oblique".
25:
12740:
9397:
9200:Czitrom, Daniel (22 March 2010).
8922:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
8779:from the original on May 15, 2007
8176:Cialdini, Robert B (2008-08-08).
8054:. Cengage Learning. p. 371.
7935:from the original on 27 June 2014
5610:
5581:from the original on 1 July 2010.
5216:Psychology 104: Social Psychology
4718:10.1038/scientificamerican1208-48
3860:
3840:
3813:
3779:
3693:
3118:
2861:Member of the European Parliament
2667:A conflict of interest is when a
12409:
12400:
12399:
12049:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
11886:Law for Protection of the Nation
11786:White genocide conspiracy theory
10445:
10444:
10435:
10434:
9309:
9305:from the original on 2009-01-16.
9249:
9220:
9033:
9018:
8990:
8971:
8957:
8912:
8877:
8816:
8791:
8723:
8542:
8350:
8346:from the original on 2015-09-23.
8328:
8231:"Dishonesty in Medical Research"
8222:
8218:from the original on 2017-10-09.
8169:
8110:
7987:
7945:
7866:
7712:
7585:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7566:
7222:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7075:
7048:
7013:
6738:from the original on 2016-01-08.
6403:from the original on 2015-10-02.
6351:from the original on 2015-09-17.
5569:Jeffray, Nathan (24 June 2010).
5448:from the original on 2016-07-01.
5401:Glennie, Jonathan (3 May 2011).
5390:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4959:from the original on 2008-05-16.
4866:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
4845:from the original on 2016-03-04.
4826:from the original on 2015-09-24.
4782:from the original on 2016-03-14.
4667:from the original on 2014-08-17.
4422:from the original on 2017-09-22.
4016:
3971:
3922:) by individuals with access to
3759:concentration of media ownership
3415:
3310:This section is an excerpt from
3024:
2942:Regulatory capture is a form of
2531:overall impression of a person,
1688:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1517:Law for Protection of the Nation
1411:White genocide conspiracy theory
71:
11891:MSM blood donation restrictions
11639:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
10440:Conflict of interest (category)
9000:, p. 53, Franklin Watts, 2005,
8901:from the original on 2015-03-25
8364:from the original on 2010-07-23
7777:from the original on 2019-12-21
7545:"Women: The Oppressed Majority"
7270:Collins Dictionary of Sociology
6927:
6905:
6880:
6828:
6806:
6771:
6681:
6663:
6613:from the original on 2018-02-14
6596:
6589: (S.D. Fla. 2004),
6578:
6566:from the original on 2013-10-05
6545:
6525:
6491:from the original on 2017-09-03
6463:
6445:"Regulatory Capture Definition"
6437:
6407:
6385:
6355:
6333:
6271:
6227:
6202:
6165:
6132:
6102:
6034:
5990:Journal of Risk and Uncertainty
5981:
5836:
5823:
5812:from the original on 2017-08-14
5797:
5770:
5743:
5732:from the original on 2017-08-23
5703:from the original on 2018-06-25
5658:
5631:
5604:
5585:
5562:
5517:
5487:
5452:
5394:
5302:
5291:from the original on 2019-07-13
5260:
5104:
5036:
4976:
4914:
4871:
4830:
4811:
4800:from the original on 2014-12-17
4786:
4762:
4732:
4697:
4671:
4515:
4500:
4494:The evolution of cognitive bias
4426:
4358:
4342:
4266:The evolution of cognitive bias
4245:from the original on 9 May 2016
3933:
3507:
1522:MSM blood donation restrictions
1264:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
11904:(as religious or racial quota)
8798:Gates, Henry L. (1995-10-16).
8436:(9): 1943, author reply 1943.
7508:American Journal of Psychiatry
7353:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
7143:New Oxford American Dictionary
6345:Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Com
6286:Booknotes interview transcript
6138:See generally T. Markus Funk,
5963:Journal of Consumer Psychology
5679:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.003
4880:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
4355:. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
4329:
4302:
4287:
4272:
4257:
4239:"Definition of Cognitive Bias"
4209:"Online Etymology Dictionary,
4125:
3798:
3610:of claims about support for a
2568:non-governmental organizations
2338:Examples of attribution bias:
1535:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
12724:Barriers to critical thinking
12318:Second-generation gender bias
12034:Constitutional colorblindness
10735:Social determinants of health
9065:"Issue Area: Sensationalism."
8596:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11264-5
8206:David Michaels (2008-07-15).
8096:(published January 3, 2024).
7725:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
7542:Schaefer, Richard T. (2011).
7446:; Weaver, Charles A. (1999).
7166:A Companion to Applied Ethics
7057:Journal of Applied Philosophy
6188:10.1080/00224545.1981.9924371
5571:"Interview: Gerald Steinberg"
5273:Journal of Applied Psychology
4642:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4459:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4119:
4106:Ideological bias on Knowledge
3956:, or an easier opponent in a
3391:based on gender, also called
3152:
2800:
2451:political or social movements
2325:fundamental attribution error
2078:is a disproportionate weight
1963:Second-generation gender bias
1673:Constitutional colorblindness
336:Social determinants of health
10414:Who Killed the Electric Car?
9325:dictionaries. Archived from
8978:"10 Most Censored Countries"
8746:10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3
8700:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y
8631:Health Technology Assessment
8027:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2
7915:Gross, Neil (9 April 2013),
7021:"Oxford English Dictionary,
6987:Evolution and Human Behavior
6634:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
6175:Journal of Social Psychology
5845:Review of General Psychology
5526:Journal of Consumer Research
5078:Review of General Psychology
4536:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.002
4323:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
2675:has intersecting interests (
2550:, and is a specific type of
2240:
2198:
2113:
2106:of a population, or from an
7:
12719:Communication of falsehoods
12229:Medical model of disability
12081:Hate speech laws by country
9946:DĂŠformation professionnelle
8637:(8): iii, iixâxi, iixâ193.
8015:Journal of Chronic Diseases
7840:Lee, John (November 2006),
7643:Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004).
7145:. Oxford University Press.
6972:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
5831:Exploring Social Psychology
4397:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650
4009:
3805:Gatekeeping (communication)
3740:the standards of journalism
3622:with respect to quality of
3230:
2962:
2846:
2620:interpersonal relationships
2513:Halo effect and horn effect
2501:validity, acceptability of
1874:Medical model of disability
1720:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12745:
12338:Social model of disability
10790:Discrimination against men
9940:Basking in reflected glory
9431:
8733:Controlled Clinical Trials
8518:10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.010
8229:Wilmshurst, Peter (2007).
7617:Cambridge University Press
6753:"Social Desirability Bias"
6369:. London. 1 October 2008.
5975:10.1207/153276603768344843
5355:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250
4942:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.75
4101:Systemic bias in Knowledge
3975:
3937:
3895:
3864:
3849:
3817:
3802:
3783:
3715:
3697:
3671:
3648:while black refers to the
3638:
3591:
3546:
3511:
3477:
3419:
3408:
3309:
3294:
3264:
3260:
3234:
3219:
3156:
3122:
3068:
3045:Observer-expectancy effect
3042:
3039:Observer-expectancy effect
3028:
2997:
2966:
2927:
2869:
2804:
2698:
2694:
2660:
2637:
2587:
2562:, affecting perception of
2516:
2426:
2420:
2365:
2321:ultimate attribution error
2299:
2254:
2244:
2202:
2163:
1983:Social model of disability
391:Discrimination against men
29:
27:Inclination for or against
12628:
12575:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
12463:
12395:
12134:
12011:
11804:
11691:Opposition to immigration
11415:
11045:
10882:
10642:
10592:Race / Ethnicity
10529:
10498:
10430:
10377:
10338:
10218:
10180:Judicial disqualification
10147:
10088:
10070:Cognitive bias mitigation
10062:
9927:
9802:
9439:
9372:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
9115:. Sage Publications Ltd.
8555:Faculty Scholarship (PUL)
8304:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
7737:10.1017/S0140525X13001192
7480:Matsumoto, David (2001).
5944:Journal of Sport Behavior
5652:10.1108/13632540610664698
5164:Journal of Press/Politics
5090:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
4892:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
4405:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2
4146:10.1017/S0031819100016582
3630:Biases in law enforcement
3304:
3290:
3215:
2839:is favoritism granted to
2433:Framing (social sciences)
2143:It seems to have entered
1316:Opposition to immigration
185:Race / Ethnicity
11686:Occupational segregation
11455:Compulsory sterilization
10300:Pharmaceutical marketing
9654:Illusion of transparency
9295:Machine Learning Journal
8935:10.1177/0886260511403752
8855:10.1177/0002716208330485
8340:"Supping with the Devil"
8238:The Medico-Legal Journal
8141:10.1177/0162243912456271
7719:Hibbing, John D (2014),
7326:, ed. (2007). "Sexism".
6471:"Regulatory Capture 101"
6088:10.1001/jama.299.24.2893
6051:National Academies Press
5857:10.1037/1089-2680.3.1.23
5176:10.1177/1940161213508207
4111:Gender bias on Knowledge
4096:Racial bias on Knowledge
4038:List of cognitive biases
3571:toll access publications
3466:as much or more than in
3355:. It has been linked to
3075:Social desirability bias
2950:, created to act in the
2930:Industry self-regulation
2170:List of cognitive biases
2154:
1311:Occupational segregation
1080:Compulsory sterilization
12214:Internalized oppression
12076:Fighting Discrimination
12066:Fat acceptance movement
12024:Anti-discrimination law
11664:Native American mascots
10347:Nemo iudex in causa sua
9044:. New York: Routledge.
8773:84 Minnesota Law Review
8391:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
8051:Experimental Psychology
7591:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
7574:University of New Haven
7228:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
6710:10.1186/1745-6215-11-37
6476:The Wall Street Journal
6316:New Catholic Dictionary
6145:March 16, 2014, at the
5921:10.1348/014466600164444
5615:. Ronald House Durham.
5473:10.1023/A:1023582629538
5310:"Horns and halo effect"
5141:10.1023/A:1015006907312
4679:Avoiding Decision Traps
3835:professional journalism
3829:topics in a trivial or
3285:physical attractiveness
3092:social science research
2886:administrative agencies
2211:psychological heuristic
2102:results from an unfair
1859:Internalized oppression
1715:Fighting Discrimination
1705:Fat acceptance movement
1663:Anti-discrimination law
1289:Native American mascots
12333:Social identity threat
12306:Reverse discrimination
12296:Racial color blindness
11776:Violence against women
11756:Sex-selective abortion
10231:Arm's length principle
8549:Gilman, Isaac (2009).
7812:10.2202/1540-8884.1075
7611:Macklem, Tony (2003).
7110:Newman, D. M. (2012).
6960:Psychological Bulletin
6114:Black's Law Dictionary
5267:Thorndike, EL (1920).
4930:Psychological Bulletin
4588:"Anchoring Definition"
4351:Predictably Irrational
3926:about the company. In
3924:non-public information
3498:demand characteristics
3326:
3253:at the expense of the
3145:
2946:that can occur when a
2867:
2791:campaign contributions
2771:campaign contributions
2644:Status quo bias is an
2363:
2193:information processing
1978:Social identity threat
1951:Reverse discrimination
1941:Racial color blindness
1401:Violence against women
1381:Sex-selective abortion
49:
12630:Theories of deduction
12301:Religious intolerance
12261:Political correctness
12091:Intersex human rights
12039:Cultural assimilation
11721:Religious persecution
11485:Disability hate crime
11260:Jewish / Antisemitism
10022:ArabâIsraeli conflict
9749:Social influence bias
9694:Out-group homogeneity
9070:. Accessed June 2011.
8250:10.1258/rsmmlj.75.1.3
7887:10.1353/lit.2006.0051
7521:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499
7429:Although we speak of
6854:Kadi, Joanna (1996).
6552:Hamilton, Alexander.
5880:Psychological Studies
5043:Plous, Scott (1993).
4921:Funder, D.C. (1987).
4337:Thinking and Deciding
3786:Agenda-setting theory
3543:Full text on net bias
3371:, and other forms of
3321:
3176:, political opinion,
3132:
2854:
2657:Conflicts of interest
2437:Framing involves the
2399:attitude polarization
2349:
1946:Religious intolerance
1906:Political correctness
1730:Intersex human rights
1678:Cultural assimilation
1346:Religious persecution
1110:Disability hate crime
877:Jewish / Antisemitism
40:
32:Bias (disambiguation)
11706:Political repression
10695:Anti-left handedness
10685:Anti-intellectualism
10141:Conflict of interest
9664:Mere-exposure effect
9594:Extrinsic incentives
9540:Selective perception
9350:Psychological Review
8775:. pp. 265â326.
7550:Sociology in Modules
7444:Loftus, Elizabeth F.
6923:on December 5, 2008.
6510:"Entangling the Web"
6322:on February 24, 2007
6292:on 26 September 2010
5829:Myers, D.G. (2015).
5699:. 12 November 2011.
5697:www.joshuakennon.com
5575:The Jewish Chronicle
5210:Long-Crowell, Erin.
5196:Goffman, E. (1974).
4375:Psychological Review
4311:Cognitive Psychology
3765:, and pressure from
3440:scientific community
3393:substantive equality
3389:equality of outcomes
3381:workplace inequality
3237:Class discrimination
2944:political corruption
2884:or individuals from
2821:social psychologists
2663:Conflict of interest
2407:illusory correlation
2221:. According to this
2118:The word appears to
1331:Political repression
296:Anti-left handedness
286:Anti-intellectualism
30:For other uses, see
12457:Philosophical logic
12209:Historical eugenics
11746:Segregation academy
11726:Religious terrorism
11515:Enemy of the people
11423:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
10927:Jehovah's Witnesses
10815:Perpetual foreigner
10290:Medical ghostwriter
9889:Social desirability
9784:von Restorff effect
9659:Mean world syndrome
9634:Hostile attribution
9174:The Washington Post
8767:Harris, D. (1999).
8298:(7400): 1167â1170.
8212:The Washington Post
7440:Wortman, Camille B.
7091:Oxford Dictionaries
6999:2005EHumB..26..186R
6892:The Free Dictionary
6239:The Free Dictionary
6214:The Free Dictionary
5501:. 13 January 2005.
5314:The Free Dictionary
5019:Wall Street Journal
4706:Scientific American
4634:1974Sci...185.1124T
4628:(4157): 1124â1131.
4451:1974Sci...185.1124T
4445:(4157): 1124â1131.
4348:Ariely, D. (2008).
3988:implicit stereotype
3978:implicit stereotype
3641:Driving while black
3635:Driving while black
3521:sense of obligation
3480:Experimenter's bias
3059:double-blind system
2902:socioeconomic power
2807:In-group favoritism
2439:social construction
2403:belief perseverance
2329:actor-observer bias
1854:Historical eugenics
1371:Segregation academy
1351:Religious terrorism
1140:Enemy of the people
1048:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
536:Jehovah's Witnesses
416:Perpetual foreigner
12521:Unity of opposites
12121:Social integration
12116:Self-determination
12106:Racial integration
12054:Diversity training
12044:Cultural pluralism
12019:Affirmative action
11919:Racial segregation
11829:Crime of apartheid
11731:Religious violence
11224:Indigenous people
10619:Sexual orientation
10190:Regulatory capture
9804:Statistical biases
9582:Curse of knowledge
9329:on August 31, 2015
9081:Stephens, Mitchell
9042:Gatekeeping Theory
8983:2015-10-16 at the
8443:10.1093/ndt/gfg247
8342:. OvercomingBias.
7875:College Literature
7087:2012-09-11 at the
6837:Psychologist Today
6822:2023-02-21 at the
6783:2014-07-05 at the
6675:2010-03-09 at the
6604:Rumsey, Deborah J.
6538:2011-07-20 at the
6520:The New York Times
6515:2011-05-11 at the
6312:"Article Nepotism"
6264:2016-01-25 at the
6110:"What is BRIBERY?"
6012:10.1007/bf00055564
5613:"Corporate Donors"
5598:The Jerusalem Post
5129:Political Behavior
5117:. New York: Knopf.
4684:2013-06-14 at the
4335:Baron, J. (2007).
3722:Media manipulation
3608:literature reviews
3444:anecdotal evidence
3405:Biases in academia
3327:
3146:
3085:empirical research
2994:Statistical biases
2934:Regulatory capture
2868:
2783:secret commissions
2628:consumer decisions
2473:, a collection of
2364:
1760:Social integration
1755:Self-determination
1745:Racial integration
1693:Diversity training
1683:Cultural pluralism
1658:Affirmative action
1550:Racial segregation
1460:Crime of apartheid
1356:Religious violence
841:Indigenous people
212:Sexual orientation
50:
12701:
12700:
12553:List of fallacies
12538:Explanatory power
12465:Critical thinking
12423:
12422:
12291:Racism by country
12219:Intersectionality
12204:Heteronormativity
12003:Voter suppression
11751:Sexual harassment
11550:Forced conversion
11470:Cultural genocide
11123:African Americans
10937:postâCold War era
10922:Eastern Orthodoxy
10680:Anti-drug addicts
10675:Anti-homelessness
10602:Scientific racism
10458:
10457:
10310:Pharmacovigilance
10107:
10106:
9744:Social comparison
9525:Choice-supportive
9122:978-0-7619-6250-2
9094:978-0-19-518991-9
9085:A History of News
9014:978-0-531-16722-9
8929:(17): 3407â3427.
8693:(8746): 867â872.
8403:10.4065/79.8.1001
8189:978-0-205-60999-4
8182:. Prentice Hall.
8061:978-0-495-59533-5
7928:978-0-674-07448-4
7660:978-1-135-94131-4
7626:978-0-521-82682-2
7559:978-0-07-802677-5
7491:978-0-19-513181-9
7461:978-0-0707-1931-6
7424:978-0-1953-7522-0
7391:978-0-631-21681-0
7378:Johnson, Allan G.
7360:978-1-9331-1644-0
7337:978-0-3133-3646-1
7308:978-0-230-62509-9
7281:978-0-00-718399-9
7257:978-0-19-103747-4
7244:Hornsby, Jennifer
7204:978-1-4522-6602-2
7175:978-1-4051-7190-8
7152:978-0-19-989153-5
7121:978-1-4129-8729-5
6873:978-0-89608-548-0
6644:978-0-19-157844-1
6160:Social psychology
6060:978-0-309-13188-9
5467:(9/10): 461â465.
4172:The APPEA Journal
4073:Personal equation
4024:Psychology portal
4004:Anthony Greenwald
3928:various countries
3879:that are able to
3852:Bias in education
3559:academic journals
3474:Experimenter bias
3400:Contextual biases
3365:sexual harassment
3257:, or vice versa.
3000:Bias (statistics)
2948:regulatory agency
2924:Regulatory issues
2866:in September 2013
2857:tobacco lobbyists
2590:Self-serving bias
2584:Self-serving bias
2552:confirmation bias
2455:political leaders
2368:Confirmation bias
2342:Confirmation bias
2333:self-serving bias
2283:gambler's fallacy
2217:encountered when
2073:
2072:
1936:Racism by country
1864:Intersectionality
1849:Heteronormativity
1634:Voter suppression
1376:Sexual harassment
1175:Forced conversion
1095:Cultural genocide
740:African Americans
546:postâCold War era
531:Eastern Orthodoxy
281:Anti-drug addicts
276:Anti-homelessness
195:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
12736:
12683:Platonic realism
12450:
12443:
12436:
12427:
12426:
12413:
12412:
12403:
12402:
12343:Social privilege
12328:Social exclusion
12256:Police brutality
12177:Multiculturalism
12147:Amatonormativity
11978:Social exclusion
11814:Age of candidacy
11614:Homeless dumping
11520:Ethnic cleansing
10485:
10478:
10471:
10462:
10461:
10448:
10447:
10438:
10437:
10421:Taken for a Ride
10315:Political ethics
10263:Follow the money
10134:
10127:
10120:
10111:
10110:
9904:Systematic error
9859:Omitted-variable
9774:Trait ascription
9614:Frog pond effect
9442:Cognitive biases
9426:
9419:
9412:
9403:
9402:
9392:
9391:
9365:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9265:
9256:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9234:. Archived from
9224:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9077:
9071:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9022:
9016:
8994:
8988:
8975:
8969:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8900:
8889:
8885:"Victim Blaming"
8881:
8875:
8874:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8830:. 9 August 2023.
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8702:
8676:
8670:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8644:10.3310/hta14080
8622:
8616:
8615:
8579:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8557:. Archived from
8546:
8540:
8539:
8529:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8485:. Archived from
8462:
8456:
8455:
8445:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8397:(8): 1001â1006.
8382:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8315:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8268:. Archived from
8235:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8203:
8194:
8193:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8157:
8151:. Archived from
8126:
8118:Krimsky, Sheldon
8114:
8108:
8107:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8010:
8004:
8003:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7966:10.1037/a0017538
7949:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7855:
7848:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7748:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7693:
7687:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7547:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7477:
7471:
7468:
7453:
7435:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7345:
7319:
7316:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7218:
7215:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7156:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7107:
7101:
7098:
7092:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7036:
7027:. Archived from
7017:
7011:
7010:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6955:
6949:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6861:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6832:
6826:
6810:
6804:
6794:
6788:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6749:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6722:
6712:
6694:
6685:
6679:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6565:
6558:
6549:
6543:
6529:
6523:
6508:Timothy B. Lee,
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6447:. Investopedia.
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6318:. Archived from
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6288:. Archived from
6275:
6269:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6169:
6163:
6156:
6150:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6082:(24): 2893â289.
6071:
6065:
6064:
6047:Washington, D.C.
6038:
6032:
6031:
6005:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5914:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5747:
5741:
5740:
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5442:10.1037/h0076472
5421:
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5398:
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5366:
5340:
5331:
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5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5285:10.1037/h0071663
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5244:. Investopedia.
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5159:
5153:
5152:
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5118:
5111:Tuchman, Barbara
5108:
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4590:. Investopedia.
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4196:
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4167:
4158:
4157:
4140:(204): 247â256.
4129:
4088:Source criticism
4083:Scholarly method
4043:Detection theory
4033:Algorithmic bias
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3996:social cognition
3873:machine learning
3846:Educational bias
3674:Racial profiling
3668:Racial profiling
3654:African American
3650:racial profiling
3594:Publication bias
3588:Publication bias
3533:publication bias
3486:science research
3411:Statistical bias
3283:on the basis of
3245:on the basis of
2983:crowd psychology
2823:, and linked to
2755:sweetheart deals
2719:rights in action
2685:improper actions
2602:processes to be
2443:social phenomena
2302:Attribution bias
2296:Attribution bias
2219:making decisions
2160:Cognitive biases
2147:via the game of
2100:Statistical bias
2096:systematic error
2065:
2058:
2051:
1988:Social privilege
1973:Social exclusion
1901:Police brutality
1822:Multiculturalism
1794:Amatonormativity
1609:Social exclusion
1445:Age of candidacy
1239:Homeless dumping
1145:Ethnic cleansing
75:
52:
51:
21:
12744:
12743:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12704:
12703:
12702:
12697:
12668:Logical atomism
12624:
12517:Socratic method
12468:
12459:
12454:
12424:
12419:
12391:
12266:Polyculturalism
12162:Civil liberties
12130:
12111:Reappropriation
12012:Countermeasures
12007:
11936:Racial steering
11902:Numerus clausus
11806:
11800:
11525:Ethnic conflict
11460:Corrective rape
11411:
11041:
10996:minority Muslim
10878:
10770:HIV/AIDS stigma
10638:
10587:Mental disorder
10525:
10494:
10489:
10459:
10454:
10426:
10373:
10334:
10241:Business ethics
10214:
10200:Self-regulation
10175:Insider trading
10143:
10138:
10108:
10103:
10084:
10058:
9923:
9798:
9779:Turkey illusion
9547:Compassion fade
9444:
9435:
9430:
9400:
9395:
9363:10.1.1.411.2919
9346:
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9151:
9149:
9136:Sadker, David.
9134:
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8996:Ann Heinrichs,
8995:
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8418:
8383:
8376:
8367:
8365:
8358:"Types of Bias"
8356:
8355:
8351:
8336:Anders Sandberg
8333:
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7338:
7324:Sears, James T.
7314:
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6934:Farrell, Warren
6932:
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6864:South End Press
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6609:. Dummies.com.
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6540:Wayback Machine
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5726:Right Attitudes
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4686:Wayback Machine
4677:Edward Teach, "
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4184:10.1071/aj15032
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4117:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4000:Mahzarin Banaji
3980:
3974:
3960:), or to rig a
3946:
3938:Main articles:
3936:
3900:
3898:Insider trading
3894:
3892:Insider trading
3869:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3822:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3795:will increase.
3788:
3782:
3724:
3716:Main articles:
3714:
3712:Biases in media
3702:
3696:
3684:law enforcement
3676:
3670:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3596:
3590:
3551:
3545:
3516:
3510:
3482:
3476:
3434:to shape their
3430:allowing their
3424:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3385:formal equality
3377:gender identity
3373:sexual violence
3339:based on one's
3315:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3269:
3263:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3169:
3157:Main articles:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3109:sexual behavior
3077:
3069:Main articles:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3002:
2996:
2971:
2965:
2956:interest groups
2952:public interest
2936:
2928:Main articles:
2926:
2874:
2864:Kartika Liotard
2855:Box offered by
2849:
2809:
2803:
2703:
2697:
2665:
2659:
2642:
2640:Status quo bias
2636:
2634:Status quo bias
2592:
2586:
2560:brand marketing
2525:
2517:Main articles:
2515:
2465:, framing is a
2435:
2427:Main articles:
2423:
2370:
2356:Charles Dickens
2344:
2304:
2298:
2279:roulette wheels
2267:rationalization
2259:
2253:
2245:Main articles:
2243:
2209:Anchoring is a
2207:
2201:
2172:
2164:Main articles:
2162:
2157:
2116:
2069:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
1911:Polyculturalism
1807:Civil liberties
1781:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1750:Reappropriation
1650:
1649:Countermeasures
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1567:Racial steering
1533:Numerus clausus
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1150:Ethnic conflict
1085:Corrective rape
1040:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
665:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
605:minority Muslim
493:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
371:HIV/AIDS stigma
243:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
180:Mental disorder
122:
114:
113:
112:
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110:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12742:
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12690:
12685:
12680:
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12670:
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12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12638:Constructivism
12634:
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12607:
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12505:
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12474:
12472:
12470:informal logic
12461:
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12407:
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12360:
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12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12311:Reverse racism
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12281:Prisoner abuse
12278:
12273:
12271:Power distance
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12237:
12236:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12189:Ethnic penalty
12186:
12185:
12184:
12182:Neurodiversity
12179:
12169:
12167:Dehumanization
12164:
12159:
12157:Cisnormativity
12154:
12149:
12144:
12138:
12136:
12135:Related topics
12132:
12131:
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12098:
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12031:
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12021:
12015:
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12009:
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12005:
12000:
11995:
11993:State religion
11990:
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11974:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11929:Nuremberg Laws
11926:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11871:Ghetto benches
11868:
11866:Gerrymandering
11863:
11858:
11853:
11851:Gender pay gap
11848:
11847:
11846:
11841:
11831:
11826:
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11805:Discriminatory
11802:
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11634:Lavender scare
11631:
11629:Kill Haole Day
11626:
11624:Indian rolling
11621:
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11562:
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11510:Eliminationism
11507:
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11477:
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11445:Cancel culture
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11416:Manifestations
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11302:Middle Eastern
11299:
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11037:Zoroastrianism
11034:
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10959:Untouchability
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10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10780:Leprosy stigma
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10502:
10500:
10496:
10495:
10492:Discrimination
10488:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10465:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10442:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10364:
10357:
10350:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10332:
10327:
10325:Revolving door
10322:
10320:Political bias
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10278:Medical ethics
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10144:
10137:
10136:
10129:
10122:
10114:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10066:
10064:
10063:Bias reduction
10060:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10039:Political bias
10036:
10031:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9967:Infrastructure
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9942:
9937:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9884:Self-selection
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9808:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9719:Pro-innovation
9716:
9711:
9706:
9704:Overton window
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9585:
9584:
9574:
9572:DunningâKruger
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9486:Correspondence
9483:
9481:Actorâobserver
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9447:
9445:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9428:
9421:
9414:
9406:
9399:
9398:External links
9396:
9394:
9393:
9340:
9308:
9281:
9275:10.1.1.19.5466
9257:
9248:
9219:
9192:
9159:
9128:
9121:
9109:Thompson, John
9100:
9093:
9072:
9057:
9051:978-0415981392
9050:
9032:
9017:
8989:
8970:
8956:
8911:
8876:
8833:
8815:
8804:The New Yorker
8790:
8759:
8740:(4): 343â353.
8722:
8671:
8658:
8617:
8590:(9341): 1256.
8571:
8541:
8512:(4): 351â355.
8492:
8489:on 2011-07-19.
8457:
8416:
8374:
8349:
8338:(2007-01-14).
8327:
8278:
8275:on 2013-05-21.
8244:(Pt 1): 3â12.
8221:
8195:
8188:
8168:
8135:(4): 566â587.
8109:
8103:979-8862902785
8102:
8079:
8060:
8040:
8021:(1â2): 51â63.
8005:
7986:
7960:(4): 219â231,
7944:
7927:
7907:
7865:
7832:
7786:
7731:(3): 297â350,
7711:
7688:
7677:
7659:
7632:
7625:
7603:
7577:
7565:
7558:
7534:
7515:(4): 499â503.
7497:
7490:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7460:
7436:
7432:
7423:
7411:Lorber, Judith
7407:
7390:
7374:
7359:
7346:
7336:
7320:
7307:
7295:Scruton, Roger
7291:
7280:
7263:
7256:
7240:
7220:
7203:
7190:
7174:
7158:
7151:
7130:
7120:
7102:
7093:
7074:
7047:
7012:
6993:(2): 186â201.
6977:
6950:
6926:
6904:
6879:
6872:
6858:Thinking Class
6846:
6827:
6805:
6789:
6770:
6741:
6680:
6662:
6643:
6623:
6595:
6577:
6544:
6524:
6501:
6479:. 2014-10-06.
6462:
6436:
6419:YourDictionary
6406:
6384:
6354:
6332:
6303:
6270:
6251:
6226:
6201:
6182:(2): 201â211.
6164:
6151:
6131:
6116:. 2011-11-04.
6101:
6066:
6059:
6033:
5980:
5969:(1): 125â137.
5953:
5934:
5905:(2): 229â239.
5889:
5870:
5835:
5822:
5796:
5769:
5742:
5728:. 2010-05-01.
5713:
5684:
5657:
5630:
5611:Jones, Nancy.
5603:
5584:
5561:
5548:10.1086/519499
5516:
5486:
5451:
5416:
5393:
5326:
5301:
5259:
5233:
5202:
5189:
5154:
5135:(3): 225â256.
5119:
5103:
5084:(2): 175â220.
5068:
5061:
5035:
5005:
4975:
4962:
4913:
4870:
4857:
4848:
4829:
4810:
4785:
4778:. 2011-08-19.
4761:
4731:
4696:
4670:
4605:
4579:
4549:
4514:
4499:
4484:
4425:
4381:(4): 650â669.
4364:For instance:
4357:
4341:
4328:
4317:(3): 430â454.
4301:
4286:
4271:
4256:
4230:
4197:
4159:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4011:
4008:
3976:Main article:
3973:
3970:
3935:
3932:
3904:public company
3896:Main article:
3893:
3890:
3867:Inductive bias
3865:Main article:
3862:
3861:Inductive bias
3859:
3850:Main article:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Other contexts
3839:
3820:Sensationalism
3818:Main article:
3815:
3814:Sensationalism
3812:
3803:Main article:
3800:
3797:
3784:Main article:
3781:
3780:Agenda setting
3778:
3774:printing press
3732:news producers
3713:
3710:
3700:Victim blaming
3698:Main article:
3695:
3694:Victim blaming
3692:
3672:Main article:
3669:
3666:
3639:Main article:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3592:Main article:
3589:
3586:
3547:Main article:
3544:
3541:
3537:reporting bias
3512:Main article:
3509:
3506:
3478:Main article:
3475:
3472:
3448:self-selection
3420:Main article:
3417:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3337:discrimination
3316:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3295:Main article:
3292:
3289:
3281:discrimination
3265:Main article:
3262:
3259:
3243:discrimination
3235:Main article:
3232:
3229:
3220:Main article:
3217:
3214:
3154:
3151:
3125:Selection bias
3123:Main article:
3120:
3119:Selection bias
3117:
3071:Reporting bias
3066:
3063:
3043:Main article:
3040:
3037:
3029:Main article:
3026:
3023:
3011:expected value
2998:Main article:
2995:
2992:
2967:Main article:
2964:
2961:
2925:
2922:
2890:constituencies
2878:administrators
2870:Main article:
2848:
2845:
2825:group conflict
2805:Main article:
2802:
2799:
2699:Main article:
2696:
2693:
2661:Main article:
2658:
2655:
2646:emotional bias
2638:Main article:
2635:
2632:
2588:Main article:
2585:
2582:
2514:
2511:
2489:, concepts of
2487:mate selection
2471:interpretation
2422:
2419:
2411:overconfidence
2366:Main article:
2343:
2340:
2300:Main article:
2297:
2294:
2257:Hindsight bias
2242:
2239:
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2177:social reality
2166:Cognitive bias
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2115:
2112:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1956:Reverse racism
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Prisoner abuse
1923:
1918:
1916:Power distance
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Ethnic penalty
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:Neurodiversity
1824:
1814:
1812:Dehumanization
1809:
1804:
1802:Cisnormativity
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:Related topics
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
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1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:State religion
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:Nuremberg Laws
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Ghetto benches
1499:
1497:Gerrymandering
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Gender pay gap
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
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1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Lavender scare
1256:
1254:Kill Haole Day
1251:
1249:Indian rolling
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Eliminationism
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Cancel culture
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:Manifestations
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Middle Eastern
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
885:
884:
874:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
753:
752:
747:
742:
732:
727:
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
669:
668:
667:
666:
660:
659:
656:
655:
649:
648:
646:Zoroastrianism
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
622:
621:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
572:
571:
570:
568:Untouchability
565:
555:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Leprosy stigma
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
198:
197:
192:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
65:Discrimination
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12741:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12635:
12633:
12631:
12627:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12471:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12451:
12446:
12444:
12439:
12437:
12432:
12431:
12428:
12416:
12408:
12406:
12398:
12397:
12394:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12377:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12365:Social stigma
12363:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12345:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12308:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12170:
12168:
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12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12055:
12052:
12051:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12010:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11988:State atheism
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11924:Jim Crow laws
11922:
11921:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11909:One-drop rule
11907:
11905:
11903:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11836:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11824:Blood quantum
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11803:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11771:Victimisation
11769:
11767:
11766:Trans bashing
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11736:Religious war
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11716:Racialization
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11587:Glass ceiling
11585:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11530:Ethnic hatred
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:Counter-jihad
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11239:
11238:United States
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11102:
11101:United States
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11044:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11022:Protestantism
11020:
11018:
11015:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11003:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10964:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10932:LDS or Mormon
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10857:Transmisogyny
10855:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10845:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10760:Gerontophobia
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10690:Anti-intersex
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10665:Anti-albinism
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10641:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10506:Institutional
10504:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10481:
10479:
10474:
10472:
10467:
10466:
10463:
10451:
10443:
10441:
10433:
10432:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10418:
10416:
10415:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10365:
10363:
10362:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10205:State capture
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10135:
10130:
10128:
10123:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10112:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10061:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10017:United States
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9992:False balance
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9864:Participation
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9833:
9832:Psychological
9830:
9829:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9599:Fading affect
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9427:
9422:
9420:
9415:
9413:
9408:
9407:
9404:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9344:
9333:September 23,
9328:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9312:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9276:
9271:
9264:
9262:
9252:
9238:on 2018-06-28
9237:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9207:
9203:
9196:
9180:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9163:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9096:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9069:
9066:
9061:
9053:
9047:
9043:
9036:
9028:
9021:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9006:0-531-16722-4
9003:
8999:
8993:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8974:
8967:
8966:
8960:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8915:
8897:
8893:
8886:
8880:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8763:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8662:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8576:
8561:on 2011-02-21
8560:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8537:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8461:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8381:
8379:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8282:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8200:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8158:on 2012-10-17
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8086:
8084:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8053:
8052:
8044:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7911:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7869:
7856:on 2013-12-17
7852:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7791:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7699:
7692:
7686:
7681:
7674:
7662:
7656:
7653:. p. 6.
7652:
7648:
7647:
7639:
7637:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7561:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7501:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7393:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7188:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7097:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7043:
7031:on 2015-08-29
7030:
7026:
7024:
7016:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6897:September 30,
6893:
6889:
6883:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6813:William James
6809:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6666:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6627:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6575:, World Bank.
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6528:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6505:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6255:
6244:September 24,
6240:
6236:
6230:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6124:September 30,
6119:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5785:(6): 369â73.
5784:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5673:(3): 203â17.
5672:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5646:(2): 123â37.
5645:
5641:
5634:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5532:(3): 301â14.
5531:
5527:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5436:(3): 410â14.
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5364:2027.42/92158
5360:
5356:
5352:
5349:(4): 250â56.
5348:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5319:September 30,
5315:
5311:
5305:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5252:September 30,
5247:
5243:
5242:"Halo Effect"
5237:
5226:September 30,
5221:
5218:. study.com.
5217:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5062:9780070504776
5058:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5039:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4598:September 29,
4593:
4589:
4583:
4572:September 29,
4567:
4563:
4562:Science Daily
4559:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4260:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Proof (truth)
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4014:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:implicit bias
3979:
3972:Implicit bias
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3948:In organized
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:stock options
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3886:Occam's Razor
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3575:impact factor
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:Academic bias
3416:Academic bias
3412:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3167:Cultural bias
3164:
3160:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:personalities
3102:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3031:Forecast bias
3025:Forecast bias
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:, frequently
2879:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:, especially
2818:
2817:psychologists
2814:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2795:criminal acts
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:stock options
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:return favors
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Devil's horns
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:social theory
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2429:Cultural bias
2425:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:, favor, and
2379:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:irrationality
2178:
2171:
2167:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Old Provençal
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:closed-minded
2085:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Social stigma
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:State atheism
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Jim Crow laws
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:One-drop rule
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Blood quantum
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Victimisation
1394:
1392:
1391:Trans bashing
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Religious war
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Racialization
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Glass ceiling
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Ethnic hatred
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Counter-jihad
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
855:United States
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
719:
718:United States
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
658:
657:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Protestantism
629:
627:
624:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
541:LDS or Mormon
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
487:
486:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:Transmisogyny
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Gerontophobia
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Anti-intersex
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:Anti-albinism
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
239:
238:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
118:
117:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
91:Institutional
89:
88:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
12663:Intuitionism
12648:Fictionalism
12497:
12199:Gender-blind
12151:
12086:Human rights
11914:Racial quota
11901:
11881:Jewish quota
11861:Gerontocracy
11856:Gender roles
11834:Disabilities
11819:Blood purity
11791:Wife selling
11781:White flight
11761:Slut-shaming
11741:Scapegoating
11659:Murder music
11322:Palestinians
11265:Anti-Zionism
11133:South Africa
11118:Black people
11096:South Africa
10912:Christianity
10902:Bahåʟà Faith
10825:Sectarianism
10765:Heterosexism
10730:Ephebiphobia
10700:Anti-Masonry
10567:Hair texture
10419:
10412:
10407:Side Effects
10405:
10398:
10391:
10384:
10366:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10295:Moral hazard
10268:Legal ethics
10255:
10235:
10195:Self-dealing
10170:Funding bias
10155:Chinese wall
9977:In education
9944:
9928:Other biases
9914:Verification
9899:Survivorship
9849:Non-response
9822:Healthy user
9764:Substitution
9739:Self-serving
9535:Confirmation
9503:Availability
9451:Acquiescence
9432:
9353:
9349:
9343:
9331:. Retrieved
9327:the original
9318:match-fixing
9317:
9311:
9298:
9294:
9284:
9251:
9240:. Retrieved
9236:the original
9231:
9222:
9210:. Retrieved
9195:
9183:. Retrieved
9172:
9162:
9150:. Retrieved
9141:
9131:
9112:
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9084:
9075:
9060:
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9020:
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8992:
8973:
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8959:
8926:
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8914:
8903:. Retrieved
8891:
8879:
8846:
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8827:
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8807:. Retrieved
8803:
8793:
8781:. Retrieved
8772:
8762:
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8731:
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8583:
8563:. Retrieved
8559:the original
8554:
8544:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8487:the original
8477:(2): 39â44.
8474:
8470:
8460:
8433:
8429:
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8390:
8366:. Retrieved
8352:
8330:
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8291:
8281:
8270:the original
8241:
8237:
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8171:
8160:. Retrieved
8153:the original
8132:
8128:
8112:
8092:
8070:. Retrieved
8050:
8043:
8018:
8014:
8008:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7937:, retrieved
7917:
7910:
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7868:
7858:, retrieved
7851:the original
7842:
7835:
7803:
7799:
7779:, retrieved
7728:
7724:
7714:
7702:. Retrieved
7691:
7680:
7671:
7664:. Retrieved
7645:
7615:. New York:
7612:
7606:
7594:. Retrieved
7590:
7580:
7568:
7549:
7537:
7512:
7506:
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7231:. Retrieved
7227:
7209:
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7179:
7165:
7162:Cudd, Ann E.
7142:
7133:
7125:
7111:
7105:
7096:
7077:
7063:(1): 31â40.
7060:
7056:
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7029:the original
7022:
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6963:
6959:
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6921:the original
6916:
6907:
6895:. Retrieved
6891:
6882:
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6849:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6808:
6792:
6773:
6763:September 1,
6761:. Retrieved
6700:
6696:
6683:
6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6633:
6626:
6615:. Retrieved
6598:
6585:
6580:
6568:. Retrieved
6547:
6527:
6519:
6504:
6493:. Retrieved
6474:
6465:
6453:. Retrieved
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6418:
6409:
6396:
6387:
6375:. Retrieved
6366:
6357:
6344:
6335:
6324:. Retrieved
6320:the original
6315:
6306:
6296:10 September
6294:. Retrieved
6290:the original
6282:
6273:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6238:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6213:
6204:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6159:
6154:
6134:
6122:. Retrieved
6113:
6104:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6042:
6036:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5947:
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5937:
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5898:
5892:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5830:
5825:
5814:. Retrieved
5799:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5758:(4): 245â6.
5755:
5751:
5745:
5734:. Retrieved
5725:
5716:
5705:. Retrieved
5696:
5687:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5606:
5597:
5587:
5574:
5564:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5498:
5489:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5407:The Guardian
5406:
5396:
5346:
5342:
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5313:
5304:
5293:. Retrieved
5279:(1): 25â29.
5276:
5272:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5215:
5205:
5197:
5192:
5170:(1): 42â65.
5167:
5163:
5157:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5046:
5038:
5027:. Retrieved
5018:
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4987:
4978:
4970:
4965:
4936:(1): 75â90.
4933:
4929:
4916:
4886:(1): 49â74.
4883:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4860:
4851:
4832:
4813:
4802:. Retrieved
4788:
4773:
4764:
4753:. Retrieved
4744:
4734:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4673:
4625:
4621:
4608:
4596:. Retrieved
4582:
4570:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4493:
4487:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4378:
4374:
4360:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4295:
4289:
4280:
4274:
4265:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4210:
4175:
4171:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4058:Impartiality
3992:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3947:
3940:Match fixing
3934:Match fixing
3901:
3880:
3870:
3855:
3823:
3808:
3789:
3771:
3748:
3725:
3703:
3677:
3644:
3597:
3579:
3552:
3517:
3514:Funding bias
3508:Funding bias
3483:
3425:
3357:gender roles
3300:
3270:
3247:social class
3241:Classism is
3240:
3225:
3178:social class
3170:
3147:
3089:
3081:epidemiology
3078:
3051:researcher's
3048:
3034:
3003:
2988:paid reviews
2972:
2941:
2937:
2875:
2810:
2775:sponsorships
2704:
2666:
2643:
2593:
2579:
2572:
2548:saint's halo
2545:
2533:organization
2526:
2483:
2436:
2424:
2371:
2358:' character
2337:
2308:attributions
2305:
2287:
2260:
2231:negotiations
2208:
2173:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2117:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
1844:Gender-blind
1725:Human rights
1545:Racial quota
1532:
1512:Jewish quota
1492:Gerontocracy
1487:Gender roles
1465:Disabilities
1450:Blood purity
1416:Wife selling
1406:White flight
1386:Slut-shaming
1366:Scapegoating
1284:Murder music
939:Palestinians
882:Anti-Zionism
750:South Africa
735:Black people
713:South Africa
521:Christianity
511:Bahåʟà Faith
426:Sectarianism
366:Heterosexism
331:Ephebiphobia
301:Anti-Masonry
160:Hair texture
12643:Dialetheism
12533:Explanation
12503:Credibility
12101:Nonviolence
12096:LGBT rights
12061:Empowerment
12029:Anti-racism
11951:Segregation
11896:No kid zone
11696:Persecution
11609:Hate speech
11560:Gay bashing
11535:Ethnic joke
11490:Dog whistle
11435:Blood libel
11113:Azerbaijani
11017:Neopaganism
11010:Persecution
10971:Persecution
10954:Persecution
10917:Catholicism
10897:Exclusivism
10847:Transphobia
10830:Supremacism
10785:Lesbophobia
10705:Aporophobia
10670:Anti-autism
10521:Taste-based
10516:Statistical
10044:Publication
9997:Vietnam War
9844:Length time
9827:Information
9769:Time-saving
9629:Horn effect
9619:Halo effect
9567:Distinction
9476:Attribution
9471:Attentional
9356:(1): 4â27.
9212:3 September
9185:3 September
9152:3 September
8824:"Profiling"
8072:7 September
7881:(4): 1â42,
6966:: 109â128.
6843:(10): 53â6.
6284:Adam Bellow
6259:"Nepotism."
5996:(1): 7â59.
5886:(1): 85â89.
5623:26 November
4530:: 131â140.
4249:1 September
4092:Knowledge:
4063:Metascience
3966:spot-fixing
3944:Spot-fixing
3799:Gatekeeping
3767:advertisers
3734:within the
3728:journalists
3706:victimology
3662:racial bias
3620:null result
3604:significant
3563:open access
3529:malpractice
3494:unconscious
3361:stereotypes
3323:Suffragette
3273:stereotypes
3271:Lookism is
3255:lower class
3251:upper class
3210:nationality
3101:self-report
3007:statistical
2918:common good
2709:(including
2673:association
2608:self-esteem
2523:Horn effect
2519:Halo effect
2479:stereotypes
2394:emotionally
2313:personality
2215:information
2092:prejudicial
2080:in favor of
1740:Nonviolence
1735:LGBT rights
1700:Empowerment
1668:Anti-racism
1582:Segregation
1527:No kid zone
1321:Persecution
1234:Hate speech
1185:Gay bashing
1160:Ethnic joke
1115:Dog whistle
1060:Blood libel
730:Azerbaijani
626:Neopaganism
619:Persecution
580:Persecution
563:Persecution
526:Catholicism
506:Exclusivism
448:Transphobia
431:Supremacism
386:Lesbophobia
306:Aporophobia
271:Anti-autism
106:Taste-based
101:Statistical
12729:Prejudices
12708:Categories
12688:Pragmatism
12678:Nominalism
12585:Propaganda
12560:Hypothesis
12513:Antithesis
12375:Stereotype
12370:Speciesism
12251:Oppression
12246:Oikophobia
12142:Allophilia
12126:Toleration
11983:Sodomy law
11876:Internment
11796:Witch-hunt
11674:Blackhawks
11604:Hate group
11592:Hate crime
11565:Gendercide
11555:Freak show
11545:Excellence
11505:Employment
11475:Defamation
11402:Vietnamese
11397:Venezuelan
11282:Lithuanian
10944:Falun Gong
10874:Xenophobia
10869:Vegaphobia
10852:Non-binary
10810:Pedophobia
10775:Homophobia
10597:Skin color
10557:Disability
10530:Attributes
10511:Structural
10400:Inside Job
10393:Big Pharma
10386:Bad Pharma
10251:Corruption
10007:South Asia
9982:Liking gap
9794:In animals
9759:Status quo
9674:Negativity
9577:Egocentric
9552:Congruence
9530:Commitment
9520:Blind spot
9508:Mean world
9498:Automation
9242:2017-09-08
9142:sadker.org
8905:2018-08-31
8809:2017-03-14
8584:The Lancet
8565:2015-09-02
8368:2010-08-04
8162:2015-09-23
8002:(1): 9â19.
7939:2014-01-24
7860:2014-01-24
7781:2019-09-02
7746:1911/77132
7450:Psychology
7219:Also see:
6946:0814472109
6940:. AMACOM,
6802:0877799008
6617:2018-08-24
6570:2013-05-24
6495:2017-09-08
6455:October 2,
6429:October 2,
6393:"lobbyist"
6363:"lobbying"
6341:"lobbying"
6326:2007-07-12
6235:"Nepotism"
6219:October 1,
6210:"Cronyism"
5816:2017-08-14
5736:2017-09-08
5707:2017-09-08
5509:18 January
5295:2019-12-20
5029:2010-06-13
4804:2011-06-29
4755:2011-06-29
4747:. London.
4178:(1): 435.
4134:Philosophy
4120:References
3954:draft pick
3912:securities
3877:algorithms
3827:newsworthy
3755:censorship
3751:government
3736:mass media
3718:Media bias
3688:minorities
3612:hypothesis
3549:FUTON bias
3525:misconduct
3409:See also:
3186:disability
3153:Prejudices
3142:population
3055:controlled
2906:corrupting
2801:Favoritism
2787:promotions
2689:corruption
2650:status quo
2622:, playing
2600:perceptual
2556:appearance
2529:observer's
2495:linguistic
2447:mass media
2390:hypotheses
2374:search for
2360:Uriah Heep
2290:hierophany
2275:card games
2255:See also:
2251:Pareidolia
2233:, so that
2128:Old French
2108:estimation
2020:Stereotype
2015:Speciesism
1896:Oppression
1891:Oikophobia
1789:Allophilia
1765:Toleration
1614:Sodomy law
1507:Internment
1421:Witch-hunt
1299:Blackhawks
1229:Hate group
1217:Hate crime
1190:Gendercide
1180:Freak show
1170:Excellence
1130:Employment
1100:Defamation
1019:Vietnamese
1014:Venezuelan
899:Lithuanian
553:Falun Gong
475:Xenophobia
470:Vegaphobia
453:Non-binary
411:Pedophobia
376:Homophobia
190:Skin color
150:Disability
121:Attributes
96:Structural
46:pareidolia
12658:Formalism
12620:Vagueness
12600:Relevance
12595:Reasoning
12508:Dialectic
12483:Ambiguity
12348:Christian
12276:Prejudice
12224:Masculism
12172:Diversity
11966:religious
11941:Redlining
11540:Ethnocide
11500:Education
11387:Ukrainian
11317:Pakistani
11307:Mongolian
11228:Australia
11210:Hungarian
11165:Colombian
11145:Bulgarian
11027:Rastafari
10976:Ahmadiyya
10884:Religious
10862:Trans men
10820:Pregnancy
10755:Gayphobia
10750:Fatphobia
10655:Acephobia
10650:Arophobia
10634:Viewpoint
10226:AllTrials
10075:Debiasing
10054:White hat
10049:Reporting
9962:Inductive
9879:Selection
9839:Lead time
9812:Estimator
9789:Zero-risk
9754:Spotlight
9734:Restraint
9724:Proximity
9709:Precision
9669:Narrative
9624:Hindsight
9609:Frequency
9589:Emotional
9562:Declinism
9493:Authority
9466:Anchoring
9456:Ambiguity
9358:CiteSeerX
9270:CiteSeerX
8871:146368789
8849:: 52â63.
7974:1938-8934
7903:143909432
7895:1542-4286
7820:1540-8884
7800:The Forum
7755:1939-1323
7666:April 20,
7651:Routledge
7137:Sources:
6913:"Lookism"
6888:"Lookism"
6485:0099-9660
6196:0022-4545
6020:0895-5646
5998:CiteSeerX
5950:(3): 242.
5907:CiteSeerX
5865:144756539
5851:: 23â43.
5534:CiteSeerX
5481:141143275
5461:Sex Roles
5373:1939-1315
5184:220652512
4712:(6): 48.
4658:143452957
4544:1041-6080
4475:143452957
4383:CiteSeerX
4241:. Chegg.
4192:1326-4966
4154:170331649
4006:in 1995.
3914:(such as
3910:or other
3452:sexuality
3333:prejudice
3277:prejudice
3202:ethnicity
3194:sexuality
3163:Prejudice
3019:estimated
3015:parameter
2882:lawmakers
2859:to Dutch
2841:relatives
2829:prejudice
2767:donations
2759:kickbacks
2751:discounts
2731:emolument
2727:privilege
2677:financial
2626:, and in
2616:workplace
2604:distorted
2596:cognitive
2564:companies
2475:anecdotes
2449:sources,
2415:decisions
2378:interpret
2271:lotteries
2247:Apophenia
2241:Apophenia
2223:heuristic
2205:Anchoring
2199:Anchoring
2114:Etymology
1993:Christian
1921:Prejudice
1869:Masculism
1817:Diversity
1597:religious
1572:Redlining
1165:Ethnocide
1125:Education
1004:Ukrainian
934:Pakistani
924:Mongolian
845:Australia
827:Hungarian
782:Colombian
762:Bulgarian
636:Rastafari
585:Ahmadiyya
491:Religious
463:Trans men
421:Pregnancy
356:Gayphobia
351:Fatphobia
256:Acephobia
251:Arophobia
227:Viewpoint
12673:Logicism
12653:Finitism
12605:Rhetoric
12590:Prudence
12528:Evidence
12488:Argument
12478:Analysis
12405:Category
12387:The talk
12323:Snobbery
12241:Net bias
12071:Feminism
11998:Ugly law
11839:Catholic
11807:policies
11654:Mortgage
11649:Lynching
11580:examples
11575:Genocide
11495:Economic
11480:Democide
11440:Bullying
11352:Scottish
11347:Romanian
11312:Nigerian
11255:Japanese
11190:Georgian
11175:Filipino
11108:Assyrian
11081:Armenian
11071:American
11066:Albanian
11048:National
11032:Yazidism
10949:Hinduism
10907:Buddhism
10805:Nepotism
10800:Misogyny
10795:Misandry
10720:Clannism
10715:Biphobia
10660:Adultism
10577:Language
10361:R v Neil
10273:Lobbying
10257:Cui bono
10246:Cochrane
10185:Nepotism
9972:Inherent
9935:Academic
9909:Systemic
9894:Spectrum
9874:Sampling
9854:Observer
9817:Forecast
9729:Response
9689:Optimism
9684:Omission
9679:Normalcy
9649:In-group
9644:Implicit
9557:Cultural
9461:Affinity
9303:Archived
9301:: 1â17.
9206:Archived
9179:Archived
9146:Archived
9083:(2007).
8981:Archived
8951:25378556
8943:21602202
8896:Archived
8863:40375886
8777:Archived
8717:36570135
8653:20181324
8604:12401287
8536:18974812
8483:16517987
8452:12937253
8411:15301326
8362:Archived
8344:Archived
8322:12775614
8266:26915448
8258:17506338
8216:Archived
8149:42598982
8120:(2012).
8066:Archived
7982:11334709
7933:archived
7828:14322810
7775:archived
7771:54466287
7763:24970428
7704:June 20,
7587:"Sexism"
7413:(2010).
7404:females.
7380:(2000).
7297:(2007).
7286:Defines
7224:"Sexism"
7085:Archived
6936:(2005).
6862:. U.S.:
6820:Archived
6781:Archived
6757:Archived
6733:Archived
6729:20388211
6673:Archived
6655:27 March
6649:Archived
6611:Archived
6561:Archived
6536:Archived
6513:Archived
6489:Archived
6449:Archived
6423:Archived
6401:Archived
6399:. 2006.
6377:24 March
6371:Archived
6367:BBC News
6349:Archived
6262:Archived
6143:Archived
6118:Archived
6096:18577735
5929:10907097
5810:Archived
5791:27509646
5779:Conn Med
5764:23691741
5752:Conn Med
5730:Archived
5701:Archived
5617:Archived
5579:Archived
5503:Archived
5499:BBC News
5446:Archived
5411:Archived
5385:Archived
5381:17867385
5289:Archived
5246:Archived
5220:Archived
5149:10584001
5113:(1984).
5023:Archived
4998:29 March
4992:Archived
4954:Archived
4843:Archived
4824:Archived
4798:Archived
4780:Archived
4749:Archived
4745:Guardian
4726:19143444
4682:Archived
4662:Archived
4650:17835457
4592:Archived
4566:Archived
4479:Archived
4467:17835457
4417:Archived
4243:Archived
4217:Archived
4048:Evidence
4010:See also
3962:handicap
3793:salience
3763:audience
3744:watchdog
3600:research
3582:abstract
3567:internet
3557:to cite
3555:scholars
3468:religion
3438:and the
3436:research
3428:scholars
3231:Classism
3206:language
3190:religion
3134:Sampling
3113:drug use
3057:using a
2963:Shilling
2898:contempt
2894:business
2872:Lobbying
2847:Lobbying
2837:Nepotism
2833:Cronyism
2813:in-group
2743:skimming
2723:property
2681:personal
2612:behavior
2570:(NGOs).
2503:evidence
2227:used car
2185:adaptive
2104:sampling
2032:The talk
1968:Snobbery
1886:Net bias
1710:Feminism
1629:Ugly law
1470:Catholic
1436:Policies
1279:Mortgage
1274:Lynching
1205:examples
1200:Genocide
1120:Economic
1105:Democide
1065:Bullying
969:Scottish
964:Romanian
929:Nigerian
872:Japanese
807:Georgian
792:Filipino
725:Assyrian
698:Armenian
688:American
683:Albanian
663:national
641:Yazidism
558:Hinduism
516:Buddhism
406:Nepotism
401:Misogyny
396:Misandry
321:Clannism
316:Biphobia
261:Adultism
170:Language
57:a series
55:Part of
12693:Realism
12580:Premise
12570:Opinion
12565:Inquiry
12548:Fallacy
12415:Commons
12194:Figleaf
11619:Housing
11382:Turkish
11327:Pashtun
11297:Mexican
11277:Kurdish
11250:Italian
11200:Haitian
11185:Finnish
11160:Chinese
11155:Chechen
11150:Catalan
11140:Bengali
11061:African
11046:Ethnic/
11005:Judaism
10991:Sunnism
10981:Shi'ism
10892:Atheism
10725:Elitism
10624:Species
10562:Genetic
10552:Dialect
10219:Related
10094:General
10092:Lists:
10027:Ukraine
9952:Funding
9714:Present
9699:Outcome
9604:Framing
9388:8194189
9380:7878162
9204:. CNN.
8754:3442991
8709:1672966
8612:5084231
8527:2568849
7529:6703126
6995:Bibcode
6720:2867979
6028:5641133
5556:3881018
5098:8508954
4988:Grabien
4950:3562704
4908:2845204
4775:YouTube
4630:Bibcode
4622:Science
4447:Bibcode
4439:Science
4413:8888650
4068:Opinion
4053:Falsity
3958:playoff
3831:tabloid
3646:Driving
3616:Studies
3432:beliefs
3267:Lookism
3261:Lookism
3159:Bigotry
2763:funding
2701:Bribery
2695:Bribery
2614:in the
2541:product
2499:logical
2491:justice
2459:reality
2421:Framing
2386:beliefs
2352:yes man
2145:English
2084:against
1839:Figleaf
1244:Housing
999:Turkish
944:Pashtun
914:Mexican
894:Kurdish
867:Italian
817:Haitian
802:Finnish
777:Chinese
772:Chechen
767:Catalan
757:Bengali
678:African
661:Ethnic/
614:Judaism
600:Sunnism
590:Shi'ism
501:Atheism
326:Elitism
217:Species
155:Genetic
145:Dialect
12615:Theory
12493:Belief
12380:threat
12234:autism
11971:sexual
11961:racial
11844:Jewish
11701:Pogrom
11679:Chiefs
11669:Braves
11392:Uyghur
11367:Somali
11362:Slavic
11342:Romani
11337:Quebec
11332:Polish
11272:Korean
11233:Canada
11220:Indian
11205:Hazara
11180:Fulani
11091:France
11056:Afghan
10986:Sufism
10710:Audism
10643:Social
10572:Height
10148:Issues
10099:Memory
10012:Sweden
10002:Norway
9869:Recall
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3279:, and
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3216:Ageism
3174:gender
3165:, and
3138:sample
3111:, and
3096:survey
3094:where
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2979:vendor
2975:client
2669:person
2624:sports
2507:taboos
2505:, and
2467:schema
2382:recall
2331:, and
2263:random
2235:prices
2135:French
2120:derive
2025:threat
1879:autism
1602:sexual
1592:racial
1475:Jewish
1326:Pogrom
1304:Chiefs
1294:Braves
1009:Uyghur
984:Somali
979:Slavic
959:Romani
954:Quebec
949:Polish
889:Korean
850:Canada
837:Indian
822:Hazara
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708:France
673:Afghan
595:Sufism
311:Audism
242:Social
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12358:white
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11407:Welsh
11372:Tatar
11292:MÄori
11287:Malay
11245:Irish
11195:Greek
11170:Croat
11128:China
11086:Asian
10966:Islam
10835:White
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8899:(PDF)
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8608:S2CID
8273:(PDF)
8262:S2CID
8234:(PDF)
8156:(PDF)
8145:S2CID
8125:(PDF)
7978:S2CID
7899:S2CID
7854:(PDF)
7847:(PDF)
7824:S2CID
7806:(2),
7767:S2CID
7700:. CNN
6736:(PDF)
6693:(PDF)
6564:(PDF)
6557:(PDF)
6024:S2CID
5861:S2CID
5552:S2CID
5477:S2CID
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5377:S2CID
5339:(PDF)
5180:S2CID
5145:S2CID
5094:S2CID
4957:(PDF)
4926:(PDF)
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4654:S2CID
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4471:S2CID
4420:(PDF)
4371:(PDF)
4150:S2CID
3986:, or
3916:bonds
3908:stock
3881:learn
3561:with
3535:, or
3490:study
3460:class
3353:girls
3349:women
3140:of a
2977:of a
2969:Shill
2785:, or
2739:perks
2735:gifts
2715:goods
2707:money
2618:, in
2539:, or
2537:brand
2317:sorts
2277:, or
2155:Types
2149:bowls
2138:biais
2131:biais
2126:into
2122:from
2003:white
1336:Purge
1024:Welsh
989:Tatar
909:MÄori
904:Malay
862:Irish
812:Greek
787:Croat
745:China
703:Asian
575:Islam
436:White
175:Looks
140:Class
135:Caste
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12714:Bias
12543:Fact
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12353:male
12152:Bias
11597:LGBT
11377:Thai
11357:Serb
11215:Igbo
11076:Arab
10840:Male
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10609:Rank
10236:Bias
9376:PMID
9335:2015
9214:2015
9187:2015
9154:2015
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9010:ISBN
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8785:2007
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7891:ISSN
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7759:PMID
7751:ISSN
7706:2020
7668:2018
7655:ISBN
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6657:2013
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6457:2015
6431:2015
6379:2010
6298:2013
6246:2015
6221:2015
6192:ISSN
6126:2015
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6076:JAMA
6055:ISBN
6016:ISSN
5925:PMID
5787:PMID
5760:PMID
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5511:2012
5369:ISSN
5321:2015
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5228:2015
5057:ISBN
5000:2019
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4646:PMID
4600:2015
4574:2015
4540:ISSN
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4409:PMID
4251:2015
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2827:and
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10537:Age
10339:Law
10034:Net
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9354:102
8931:doi
8851:doi
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