403:. Further operations between the 23rd and the 25th achieved no success and none of the 14 submarines deployed survived. On the 27th the accidental release of a torpedo in the Voorneschen resulted in the sinking of 11 Bibers (although they were later recovered). The three undamaged Bibers later sailed again; none returned. An operation on the night 29/30 January resulted in damage to (much of it due to ice) or loss of most of the remaining Bibers. Losses combined with RAF bombing prevented attacks from being mounted in February 1945. The bombing had damaged the cranes used to move the Bibers into and out of the water. Reinforcements allowed operations to continue until April 1945 but no successes were achieved and the Biber flotillas continued to take a very high rate of losses. The last Biber mission was an attempt at mine laying and took place on the night of 26 April. Of the four Bibers that took part, one ran aground and three were attacked by
327:
73:
648:
288:
490:
276:
24:
571:
470:. The attack first involved releasing 240 mines into the river to clear defensive netting. The Bibers then attacked in two waves. The first was a group of 20 that fired their torpedoes at the bridge. The second was a group of 4 towing explosive charges. The attack was unsuccessful at least in part due to the level of allied artillery fire.
338:, a German naval unit which operated a mixture of midget submarines and explosive speedboats. The training of Biber operators was originally planned to take eight weeks, but the initial group of pilots was rushed through in just three weeks. Planning also called for flotillas of 30 boats and pilots with just under 200 shore support crew.
300:
The hull was built in three sections composed of 3 millimetres (0.12 in) thick steel with an aluminium alloy conning tower bolted to the top. The conning tower contained armoured glass windows to allow the pilot to see out. The hydroplanes and rudder were made of wood and trying to control them
309:
The submarine could be armed with either two TIIIc torpedoes with neutral buoyancy (achieved by limiting the number of batteries on board), mines, or a mixture of the two. The torpedoes or mines were accommodated in semi-circular recesses in the side of the hull. These reduced the overall width of
245:
Originally proposed by Kapitänleutnant
Bartels in 1942, but not acted on until the need for coastal defence in the event of an invasion became paramount. Construction of the first prototype began in February 1944, at the Flender shipyard in LĂĽbeck, and was completed in less than 6 weeks. The
228:. This resulted in basic technical flaws that, combined with the inadequate training of their operators, meant they never posed a real threat to Allied shipping, despite 324 submarines being delivered. One of the class's few successes was the sinking of the cargo ship
305:
made the craft hard to handle. Adding to the pilot's difficulties, the craft lacked compensating and trimming tanks, making staying at periscope depth a near impossibility. The Biber had two diving tanks, one in the bow section and one in the stern.
317:
the engine gave off. The engine had the advantage of being cheap and available in large numbers. Propulsion while submerged was provided by a 13 horsepower (9.7 kW) electric motor, supplied by three Type T13 T210 battery troughs.
539:
a bottle hidden under the seat and inside was a document in
English, which, romantic as it read, appeared to have some bearing upon the capture of the submarine, and possibly the explanation of why the pilot met his
434:
on loan to the USSR). As it happened neither the battleship nor a convoy were in the port at the time of the planned attack. The plan was for U-boats to carry the Bibers within range of the harbour.
361:
harbour. Twenty-two boats were launched but only fourteen were able to leave the harbour and of those fourteen only two managed to reach their operational area. They sank two transports, one a
1083:
587:, Gosport. It is in a working condition and believed to be the only fully operational World War 2 submarine in existence. The submarine was restored to working condition by apprentices from
607:
397:. The first attack took place on the night of the 22/23 of December. Eighteen Biber were involved of which only one returned. The only allied loss caused by the operation was
682:
About 130 Bibers were left in Norway at the time of the German surrender. Today, 5 of these are kept in original or restored condition at various museums: One at the
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690:
naval base, one at
Kvalvik coastal fortress outside Kristiansund, one at Tellevik coastal fortress outside Bergen and one at Søgne vicary outside Søgne.
313:
The Biber was powered on the surface by a 32 hp (24 kW) Otto Blitz petrol engine, which was used despite concerns about the risks posed by the
1158:
1113:
1091:
258:. It differed from the final design in a number of respects such as being nearly 2 m (6 ft 7 in) shorter. Following testing on the
390:
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423:. The hope was either to attack one of the convoys that stopped there to refuel and take on ammunition or to attack the Soviet battleship
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in 2003 under the guidance of Ian Clark. The restoration featured in the third series of
Channel 4's television programme,
349:-laced chocolate. The poor quality of the Biber's periscope meant that night attacks had to be carried out on the surface.
310:
the loaded craft, making land transport easier and also reduced drag in the water, but at the cost of weakening the hull.
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still raised it and subjected it to extensive trials. One oddity discovered during the initial search of the boat was:
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on 29 December 1944, its crewman had failed to properly close the engine exhaust system and died from resultant
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A Biber captured by the
British Army near Arras, France, after being abandoned by the retreating Germans (1944)
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on 5 January with Bibers mounted on their casings. Vibrations from the U-boats’ engines caused the Bibers
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or mines, they were intended to attack coastal shipping. They were among the smallest submarines in the
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511:, London. Currently displayed at IWM Duxford. It was one of three Bibers launched from the canal at
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545:
That is all that the report says about that finding; any further details appear to have been lost.
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Planning for two man versions (Biber II and Biber III) began but never got off the drawing board.
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454:
to leak allowing water to reach the machinery space and as a result the mission was abandoned.
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On 12 January 1945 Biber submarines were used in a night attack on the road bridge across the
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640:. The third Biber is privately owned and displayed outdoors at the entrance to Siegerpark in
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Operations generally lasted from one to two days with pilots either using a drug known as
8:
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The pilot of the Biber was later identified as
Joachim Langsdorff, who was the son of
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32 hp (24 kW) Otto petrol engine, 13 hp (9.7 kW) electric motor,
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There are 22 known surviving Biber midget submarines around the world, including:
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Weapons of
Desperation: German Frogmen and Midget Submarines of World War II
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601:, during which the craft was successfully test-dived in a flooded dry dock.
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took it in tow and, even when it sank close to Dover harbour entrance, the
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218:
78:
687:
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in late
December 1944. It was found sinking 49 miles (79 km) NE of
451:
399:
230:
489:
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644:, it has been painted red and white and serves as an advertising sign.
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463:
420:
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This example was discovered in 1990 during dredging operations in the
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23:
1314:
The U-Boat: The
Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines
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377:
In
December 1944 it was decided to deploy Bibers against traffic to
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Several survive in museums, including one in operational condition.
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467:
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213:. Armed with two externally mounted 53-centimetre (21 in)
202:
1388:– A Biber-class submarine (No. 105) was fully restored by the
357:
The first Biber operation was launched on 30 August 1944 from
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1118:(Refurbishment of the Biber's electric motor, with pictures.)
819:(1956 ed.). London: Kimber Pocket Editions. p. 123.
516:
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259:
225:
1120:. Drives & Controls magazine. March 2004. Archived from
697:
in Northern France, and at the Potts Park amusement park in
561:
The craft was given to the Imperial War Museum 3 April 1946.
334:
Biber operations were carried out under the auspices of the
570:
342:
224:
The Biber was hastily developed to help meet the threat of
415:
In January 1945 an attempt was made to mount an attack on
1432:
1143:
1114:"Rapid motor refurb helps put WWII sub back in the water"
632:
Three more Bibers can be seen in the Netherlands; one in
190:
Two G7e (TIIIc) torpedoes or two Torpedomine Typ B (TMB)
1084:"Submarine Sandwich Course for Portsmouth Apprentices"
1090:. Mercator Media Ltd. 1 December 2003. Archived from
372:
737:Bullen, John (1989). "The German Biber submarine".
992:"Submersible, Midget Submarine Biber (90), German"
628:, in the Netherlands. It has since been restored.
457:
410:
281:The instruments and controls of a Biber submarine
262:river on 29 May twenty four Bibers were ordered.
1553:
574:Submarine No. 105 with a torpedo mounted at the
1349:
1183:
1418:
1058:. Royal Navy Submarine Museum. Archived from
1052:"Our German Submarine has a Starring TV Role"
1335:. London, Melbourne: Arms and Armour Press.
301:while tracking the depth gauge, compass and
996:(Imperial War Museum entry about Biber 90.)
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1257:Midget Submarines of the Second World War
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293:The propeller and wooden control surfaces
254:), was heavily influenced by the British
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861:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 23–24.
805:
715:
481:
246:initial prototype, officially titled
1297:. Barnsley, UK: Chatham Publishing.
1273:
1254:
887:
769:
693:Other examples are displayed at the
365:. The Bibers were then withdrawn to
345:to stay awake on longer missions or
1278:. London: Arms & Armour Press.
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875:
839:
823:
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156:5.3 knots (9.8 km/h) submerged
153:6.5 knots (12.0 km/h) surfaced
13:
1567:World War II submarines of Germany
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659:Other Bibers are displayed at the
14:
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1372:
1333:The Last Year of the Kriegsmarine
651:A preserved Biber at Potts Park,
373:Operations in the Scheldt Estuary
352:
507:This craft was displayed at the
286:
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135:1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
127:1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
71:
22:
1379:Extended Biber informationsite.
1248:
1215:
1189:
1159:"German Biber Midget Submarine"
1150:
1136:
1106:
1014:
984:
943:
858:Axis Midget Submarines: 1939-45
493:Biber No. 90 on display at the
1229:(in Norwegian). Archived from
1050:Seeney, Brian (1 March 2004).
458:Attack on Nijmegen road bridge
411:Attempted attack on Vaenga Bay
240:
1:
704:
608:Fort aan den Hoek van Holland
166:100 nautical miles (surfaced)
93:General characteristics Biber
855:Mark Stille (20 June 2014).
321:
226:an Allied invasion of Europe
7:
1293:Paterson, Lawrence (2006).
1259:. London: Caxton Editions.
1203:(in Norwegian). 25 May 2009
1184:Williamson & White 2001
1026:Royal Navy Submarine Museum
940:Paterson 2006, pp. 147–151.
684:Royal Norwegian Navy Museum
585:Royal Navy Submarine Museum
576:Royal Navy Submarine Museum
523:poisoning. The minesweeper
10:
1583:
1312:Rossler, Eberhard (2001).
961:Tarrant 1994, pp. 222–223.
739:Imperial War Museum Review
407:, which sank two of them.
1517:
1485:
1446:
1223:"Hitlers hemmelige vĂĄpen"
884:Paterson 2006, pp. 64-65.
802:Paterson 2006, pp. 62-63.
385:. The force was based at
265:
92:
37:
21:
784:Tarrant 1994, pp. 34–36.
709:
16:Type of midget submarine
981:Kemp 1996, pp. 204-206.
922:Kemp 1996, pp. 201-204.
766:Kemp 1996, pp. 188-191.
695:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
675:and the Rheinmuseum in
583:This Biber held by the
119:8.9 m (29 ft)
1357:. Botley, UK: Osprey.
1355:German Seaman, 1939-45
1353:; White, John (2001).
1331:Tarrant, V.E. (1994).
815:Becker, C. D. (1953).
656:
579:
550:Captain Hans Langsdorf
542:
498:
389:with forward bases at
331:
28:Example on display at
949:Tarrant 1994, p. 214.
896:Paterson 2006, p. 66.
845:Paterson 2006, p. 61.
836:Paterson 2006, p. 60.
650:
589:Fleet Support Limited
573:
537:
492:
329:
250:(but better known as
1447:Completed submarines
1197:"Biber enmanns-ubĂĄt"
669:Technikmuseum Speyer
474:Further developments
30:Technikmuseum Speyer
1395:television program
1316:. London: Cassell.
1276:Underwater Warriors
1274:Kemp, Paul (1996).
1255:Kemp, Paul (1999).
1094:on October 13, 2008
1062:on 28 December 2008
1056:Museum News Archive
1002:on 31 December 2013
638:Overloon War Museum
509:Imperial War Museum
495:Imperial War Museum
1351:Williamson, Gordon
657:
580:
499:
482:Surviving examples
332:
1562:Midget submarines
1549:
1548:
1434:Midget submarines
1304:978-1-86176-279-5
1165:on 3 October 2011
868:978-1-4728-0122-7
677:Emmerich am Rhein
555:Admiral Graf Spee
194:
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1486:Manned torpedoes
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1161:. Archived from
1157:Fedor de Vries.
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1088:maritime journal
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998:. Archived from
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661:Deutsches Museum
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256:Welman submarine
211:Second World War
207:midget submarine
205:") was a German
102:Midget submarine
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618:Hook of Holland
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521:carbon monoxide
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38:Class overview
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1385:Salvage Squad
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1364:1-84176-327-6
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1342:1-85409-176-X
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1032:on 2017-02-09
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598:Salvage Squad
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566:Biber No. 105
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701:, Germany.
688:Haakonsvern
679:, Germany.
611: [
425:Arkhangelsk
400:Alan-A-Dale
241:Development
231:Alan-A-Dale
1556:Categories
1540:Schwertwal
1518:Prototypes
1098:26 January
1066:2009-01-26
1036:2009-01-13
1006:6 November
705:References
655:, Germany.
634:Vlissingen
532:Royal Navy
464:River Waal
421:Kola Inlet
417:Vaenga Bay
171:Test depth
140:Propulsion
111:5.7 tonnes
1533:Seeteufel
1393:Channel 4
1201:Brunsvika
1169:15 August
642:Amsterdam
525:HMS
387:Rotterdam
336:K-Verband
322:Operation
303:periscope
248:Bunteboot
215:torpedoes
85:Completed
67:Operators
32:, Germany
745:: 79–86.
468:Nijmegen
347:caffeine
187:Armament
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1526:Delphin
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1237:5 March
1207:5 March
1128:18 June
1022:"Biber"
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359:FĂ©camp
266:Design
203:beaver
132:Height
116:Length
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61:LĂĽbeck
1494:Neger
1476:Molch
1469:Biber
1462:Hecht
710:Notes
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591:on a
527:Ready
517:Dover
444:U-716
440:U-318
436:U-295
260:Trave
198:Biber
163:Range
148:Speed
47:Biber
1359:ISBN
1337:ISBN
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1239:2023
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1171:2011
1130:2010
1100:2009
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863:ISBN
540:end.
442:and
429:HMS
393:and
343:D-IX
252:Adam
179:Crew
124:Beam
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