Biblical Hebrew - Knowledge

904: 473: 452: 3684:, a separate descendant of the Phoenician script, became widespread throughout the region, gradually displacing Paleo-Hebrew. The oldest documents that have been found in the Aramaic Script are fragments of the scrolls of Exodus, Samuel, and Jeremiah found among the Dead Sea scrolls, dating from the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BCE. It seems that the earlier biblical books were originally written in the Paleo-Hebrew script, while the later books were written directly in the later Assyrian script. Some Qumran texts written in the Assyrian script write the 3171: 2849: 2805: 3499: 3327: 2725: 3249: 3207: 3121: 3049: 3005: 2929: 2761: 3371: 2893: 3421: 9852:: by analogy to the Preterite, a simple future tense verb which takes the וְ prefix as a conjunction, appears at the beginning of a clause when it is connected in a narrative sequence with previous clauses, where the conjunction can be translated as 'and then', 'then', 'but', 'however', sometimes is not translated at all, and can even have a parenthetical function as if suggesting the clause is like a side note to the main focus of the narrative 2969: 11688::8): "The extrabiblical linguistic material from the Iron Age is primarily epigraphic, that is, texts written on hard materials (pottery, stones, walls, etc.). The epigraphic texts from Israelite territory are written in Hebrew in a form of the language which may be called Inscriptional Hebrew; this "dialect" is not strikingly different from the Hebrew preserved in the Masoretic text. Unfortunately, it is meagerly attested." 9158:('into the tent'). There does not seem to be evidence for stress in the Secunda varying from that of the Tiberian tradition. Despite sharing the loss of final vowels with Tiberian Hebrew, Samaritan Hebrew has generally not preserved Proto-Semitic stress, and has predominantly penultimate stress, with occasional ultimate stress. There is evidence that Qumran Hebrew had a similar stress pattern to Samaritan Hebrew. 9752:: simple past tense which takes the וַ prefix as a conjunction, appears at the beginning of a clause when it is connected in a narrative sequence with previous clauses, where the conjunction can be translated as 'and then', 'then', 'but', 'however', sometimes is not translated at all, and can even have a parenthetical function as if suggesting the clause is like a side note to the main focus of the narrative 416: 3291: 3085: 6998:

one after the loss of case endings. Both Hebrew and Arabic had a special form of nunation/mimation that co-occurred with the dual and masculine sound plural endings whenever the noun was not in the construct state. The endings were evidently felt as an inherent part of the ending and, as a result, are still used. Examples are Arabic strong masculine plural

76: 1122:

Israel caused the rapid deterioration of papyrus and parchment documents, in contrast to the dry environment of Egypt, and the survival of the Hebrew Bible may be attributed to scribal determination in preserving the text through copying. No manuscript of the Hebrew Bible dates to before 400 BCE, although two silver rolls (the

7186:). Furthermore, stress at this point appears to have shifted so that it was consistently on the penultimate (next to last) syllable, and was still non-phonemic. The predominant final stress of Biblical Hebrew was a result of loss of final unstressed vowels and a shift away from remaining open syllables (see below). 3669:(which might be considered a dialect of Hebrew). The ancient Hebrew script was in continuous use until the early 6th century BCE, the end of the First Temple period. In the Second Temple Period the Paleo-Hebrew script gradually fell into disuse, and was completely abandoned among the Jews after the failed 6997:

forms in Arabic are declined like singulars, and often take singular agreement as well. Dual and "strong plural" forms use endings with a long vowel or diphthong, declined in only two cases: nominative and objective (combination accusative/genitive), with the objective form often becoming the default

4171:

pronunciation is also used by some to read biblical texts. The modern reading traditions do not stem solely from the Tiberian system; for instance, the Sephardic tradition's distinction between qamatz gadol and qatan is likely pre-Tiberian. However, the only orthographic system used to mark vowels is

2235:

and modern vocalization are later additions reflecting a later stage of the language. These additions were added after 600 CE; Hebrew had already ceased being used as a spoken language around 200 CE. Biblical Hebrew as reflected in the consonantal text of the Bible and in extra-biblical inscriptions

11304:

The modal forms may be taken to form a single volitional class, as cohortative is used in first person, imperative (or prefixing) in second person positive, jussive (or prefixing) in second person negative, and jussive in third person. They also overlap semantically, for example a jussive form like

9729:

added to certain imperfect forms. While often future tense, it also has uses in the past and present under certain contexts. Biblical Hebrew tense is not necessarily reflected in the verb forms per se, but rather is determined primarily by context. The Participles also reflect ongoing or continuous

9724:

The Imperfect portrays the verb as an incomplete action along with the process by which it came about, either as an event that has not begun, an event that has begun but is still in the process, or a habitual or cyclic action that is on an ongoing repetition. The Imperfect can also express modal or

9720:

Biblical Hebrew has two main conjugation types, the suffix conjugation, also called the Perfect, and the prefix conjugation, also called Imperfect. The Perfect verb form expressed the idea of the verb as a completed action, viewing it from start to finish as a whole, and not focusing on the process

4061:

Presumably, the vowels of Biblical Hebrew were not indicated in the original text, but various sources attest to them at various stages of development. Greek and Latin transcriptions of words from the biblical text provide early evidence of the nature of Biblical Hebrew vowels. In particular, there

1121:

materials from the area of Israelite territory are written in a form of Hebrew called Inscriptional Hebrew, although this is meagerly attested. According to Waltke & O'Connor, Inscriptional Hebrew "is not strikingly different from the Hebrew preserved in the Masoretic text." The damp climate of

4138:

At an early stage, in documents written in the paleo-Hebrew script, words were divided by short vertical lines and later by dots, as reflected by the Mesha Stone, the Siloam inscription, the Ophel inscription, and paleo-Hebrew script documents from Qumran. Word division was not used in Phoenician

9454:

Biblical Hebrew has two genders, masculine and feminine, which are reflected in nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. Hebrew distinguishes between singular and plural numbers, and plural forms may also be used for collectives and honorifics. Hebrew has a morphological dual form for nouns that

7394:

and the stressed moved one syllable later in the word (usually to the last syllable of the word). Presumably, stress was originally penultimate and loss of final short vowels made many words have final stress. However, in this case, words whose final syllable had a long vowel or ended with a

3660:

alphabet's main differences from the Phoenician script were "a curving to the left of the downstrokes in the "long-legged" letter-signs... the consistent use of a Waw with a concave top, x-shaped Taw." The oldest inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew script are dated to around the middle of the 9th

4077:(3rd century CE, likely a copy of a preexisting text from before 100 BCE). In the 7th and 8th centuries CE various systems of vocalic notation were developed to indicate vowels in the biblical text. The most prominent, best preserved, and the only system still in use, is the 8036:

The later Jewish traditions (Tiberian, Babylonian, Palestinian) show similar vowel developments. By the Tiberian time, all short vowels in stressed syllables and open pretonic lengthened, making vowel length allophonic. Vowels in open or stressed syllables had allophonic length (e.g.

9706:, a construction in which the possessed noun occurs in a phonologically reduced, "construct" form and is followed by the possessor noun in its normal, "absolute" form. Pronominal direct objects are either suffixed to the verb or alternatively expressed on the object-marking pronoun 3707:

The Phoenician script had dropped five characters by the 12th century BCE, reflecting the language's twenty-two consonantal phonemes. The 22 letters of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet numbered less than the consonant phonemes of ancient Biblical Hebrew; in particular, the letters

3914:

The Hebrew Bible was presumably originally written in a more defective orthography than found in any of the texts known today. Of the extant textual witnesses of the Hebrew Bible, the Masoretic text is generally the most conservative in its use of matres lectionis, with the

1113:

and Biblical Hebrew forms are sometimes used in Modern Hebrew literature, much as archaic and biblical constructions are used in Modern English literature. Since Modern Hebrew contains many biblical elements, Biblical Hebrew is fairly intelligible to Modern Hebrew speakers.

7232:

The dropping of final short vowels in verb forms tended to erase mood distinctions, but also some gender distinctions; however, unexpected vowel lengthening occurred in many situations to preserve the distinctions. For example, in the suffix conjugation, first-singular

11176:

It is not clear that a reduced vowel should be considered as comprising a whole syllable. Note for example that the rule whereby a word's stress shifts to a preceding open syllable to avoid being adjacent to another stressed syllable skips over ultrashort vowels, e.g.

2369:

Biblical Hebrew from after the Babylonian exile in 587 BCE is known as 'Late Biblical Hebrew'. Late Biblical Hebrew shows Aramaic influence in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, and this trend is also evident in the later-developed Tiberian vocalization system.

7041:, any vestigial forms that may remain have been extended with the strong plural endings. The dual and strong plural endings were likely much like the Arabic forms given above at one point, with only the objective-case forms ultimately surviving. For example, dual 13715:

A new catechetical Hebrew and English grammar: containing all the rules essential to a correct and critical knowledge of the language in a simple and comprehensive form. Also, the first twenty-four psalms, literally translated, the Ten Commandments, etc.

9190:, a sequence of consonants with a general associated meaning. Roots are usually triconsonantal, with biconsonantal roots less common (depending on how some words are analyzed) and rare cases of quadri- and quinquiconsonantal roots. Roots are modified by 2090:. Moabite might be considered a Hebrew dialect, though it possessed distinctive Aramaic features. Although Ugaritic shows a large degree of affinity to Hebrew in poetic structure, vocabulary, and some grammar, it lacks some Canaanite features (like the 9473:'days'). A widespread misconception is that the Hebrew plural denotes three or more objects. In truth, it denotes two or more objects. However adjectives, pronouns, and verbs do not have dual forms, and most nominal dual forms can function as plurals ( 665:. These scripts lack letters to represent all of the sounds of Biblical Hebrew, although these sounds are reflected in Greek and Latin transcriptions/translations of the time. They initially indicated only consonants, but certain letters, known by the 9603:

Biblical Hebrew has two sets of personal pronouns: the free-standing independent pronouns have a nominative function, while the pronominal suffixes are genitive or accusative. Only the first person suffix has different possessive and objective forms

9130:

Proto-Hebrew generally had penultimate stress. The ultimate stress of later traditions of Hebrew usually resulted from the loss of final vowels in many words, preserving the location of proto-Semitic stress. Tiberian Hebrew has phonemic stress, e.g.

2334:) is known as 'Biblical Hebrew proper' or 'Standard Biblical Hebrew'. This is dated to the period from the 8th to the 6th century BCE. In contrast to Archaic Hebrew, Standard Biblical Hebrew is more consistent in using the definite article 11305:'May my soul ...' is semantically equivalent to a cohortative like 'May I ...'. However, the three moods stem from different classes in proto-West-Semitic. As preserved in Classical Arabic, there were originally three prefix tenses, indicative 2377:

from ca. 200 BCE to 70 CE, is a continuation of Late Biblical Hebrew. Qumran Hebrew may be considered an intermediate stage between Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew, though Qumran Hebrew shows its own idiosyncratic dialectal features.

3919:

and its forebearers being more full and the Qumran tradition showing the most liberal use of vowel letters. The Masoretic text mostly uses vowel letters for long vowels, showing the tendency to mark all long vowels except for word-internal

1138:. The most well-preserved system that was developed, and the only one still in religious use, is the Tiberian vocalization, but both Babylonian and Palestinian vocalizations are also attested. The Palestinian system was preserved mainly in 7139:"your law", etc. (This is equivalent to the Arabic letter Tāʼ Marbūṭah ة, a modified final form of the letter He ه which indicates this same phoneme shifting, and only its pronunciation varies between construct and absolute state.) 4097:

reading tradition is independent of these systems and was occasionally notated with a separate vocalization system. These systems often record vowels at different stages of historical development; for example, the name of the Judge

8404:

Various more specific conditioned shifts of vowel quality have also occurred. Diphthongs were frequently monophthongized, but the scope and results of this shift varied among dialects. In particular, the Samaria ostraca show

9879:: the completeness of the verb form here expresses an imminent action in the context of promises, threats and the language of contracts and covenants in general, e.g. "I will give you this land", "will I have this pleasure?" 4143:

in his introduction to the Torah. Word division using spaces was commonly used from the beginning of the 7th century BCE for documents in the Aramaic script. In addition to marking vowels, the Tiberian system also uses

4704:

around 1000 BC. It is likely that Canaanite was already dialectally split by that time, and the northern Early Phoenician dialect that the Greeks were in contact with could have preserved the affricate pronunciation until

8461:'outer') beginning in the second half of the second millennium BCE. This was carried through completely in Samaritan Hebrew but met more resistance in other traditions such as the Babylonian and Qumran traditions. 6099:

The vowel system of Hebrew has changed considerably over time. The following vowels are those reconstructed for the earliest stage of Hebrew, those attested by the Secunda, those of the various vocalization traditions

5047:'he said'. However the testimony of Jerome indicates that this was a regionalism and not universal. Confusion of gutturals was also attested in later Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic (see Eruvin 53b). In Samaritan Hebrew, 7950:

This sound change shifted many more originally penultimate-stressed words to have final stress. The above changes can be seen to divide words into a number of main classes based on stress and syllable properties:

3692:, A number of regional "book-hand" styles were put into use for the purpose of Torah manuscripts and occasionally other literary works, distinct from the calligraphic styles used mainly for private purposes. The 9820:: an Imperfect verb in the present, one which implies that an action has been going on for some time and is still ongoing in the present, especially used of questions in the present, e.g. "what are you seeking?" 9721:

by which the verb came to be completed, stating it as a simple fact. This is often used in the past tense; however, there are some contexts in which a Perfect verb translates into the present and future tenses.

733:

reading tradition. The vowel system of Biblical Hebrew changed over time and is reflected differently in the ancient Greek and Latin transcriptions, medieval vocalization systems, and modern reading traditions.

3809:

texts show how First Temple period Hebrew would have been written. Phoenician inscriptions from the 10th century BCE do not indicate matres lectiones in the middle or the end of a word, for example

3543: 1048:. Hebrew remained in use in Judah, but the returning exiles brought back Aramaic influence, and Aramaic was used for communicating with other ethnic groups during the Persian period. Alexander the Great 3463: 3580: 474: 8503:'truth'). This is absent in the transcriptions of the Secunda, but there is evidence that the law's onset predates the Secunda. In the Samaritan tradition Philippi's law is applied consistently, e.g. 453: 1134:

marks were added to the older consonantal layer of the Bible between 600 CE and the beginning of the 10th century. The scholars who preserved the pronunciation of the Bibles were known as the

5014:

c. 200 BCE. It is known to have occurred in Hebrew by the 2nd century CE. After a certain point this alternation became contrastive in word-medial and final position (though bearing low

9182:('particle'); other grammarians have included more categories. In particular, adjectives and nouns show more affinity to each other than in most European languages. Biblical Hebrew has a typical 5018:), but in word-initial position they remained allophonic. This is evidenced both by the Tiberian vocalization's consistent use of word-initial spirants after a vowel in sandhi, as well as Rabbi 9109:

reduction occurs in the open syllables two syllables away from the stress and sometimes also in pretonic and stressed open syllables; exact conditions depend on the vowel and reading tradition.

1093:

evolved into Mishnaic Hebrew, which ceased being spoken and developed into a literary language around 200 CE. Hebrew continued to be used as a literary and liturgical language in the form of

11329:

the cohortative. For most roots in Biblical Hebrew, the jussive form is identical to the indicative form. (Differentiation is typical of forms with "long" and "short" forms, e.g. indicative

9549:= Χεσλ (Psalms 49:14). This may reflect dialectal variation or phonetic versus phonemic transcriptions. Both the Palestinian and Babylonian traditions have an anaptyctic vowel in segolates, 4778:

This is observed by noting the preservation of the double phonemes of each letter in one Sephardic reading tradition, and by noting that these phonemes are distinguished consistently in the

2040:

it underwent a number of consonantal mergers parallel with those in other Canaanite languages. There is no evidence that these mergers occurred after the adaptation of the Hebrew alphabet.

9802:: present tense with verbs that depict a state of being rather than an action, including verbs of perception, emotion or mental process, e.g. "I love", "I hate", "I understand", "I know" 6901:: If the penultimate (second last) syllable is light (has a short vowel followed by a single consonant), stress goes on the antepenult (third to last); otherwise, it goes on the penult. 2243:. This stage is also known as Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew, and is the oldest stratum of Biblical Hebrew. The oldest known artifacts of Archaic Biblical Hebrew are various sections of the 10116:

However, for example, when Old Aramaic borrowed the Canaanite alphabet it still had interdentals, but marked them with what they merged with in Canaanite. For instance 'ox' was written

3634:(the old form which predates both the Paleo-Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets). The tablet is written from left to right, suggesting that Hebrew writing was still in the formative stage. 9915:: reflects a non-immediate command, invitation, permission or wishful request, e.g. "let there be light", "you may eat from the tree", "let's go", "O that someone would get me a drink" 9743:: in narrative, reflects a simple completed action, perception, emotion or mental process, and can also be past tense from the perspective of a prior verb which is used in future tense 2611:

may reflect this: given that Amos was addressing the population of the Northern Kingdom, the vocalization *קֵיץ would be more forceful. Other possible Northern features include use of

14497: 10319:

in the 3rd century CE. There is evidence that the text of the Secunda was written before 100 BCE, despite the later date of the Hexapla. For example, by the time of Origen

2664:(d. 420) attested to the existence of contemporaneous Hebrew speakers who still distinguished pharyngeals. Samaritan Hebrew also shows a general attrition of these phonemes, though 14754: 9897:: reflects a future event which has not yet come into completion, or one that has not yet begun, or future tense from the perspective of a prior verb which is used in past tense 11081:

It is evident that this epenthesis must have been a late phenomenon, since a short vowel preceding a guttural is preserved even though it becomes in an open syllable, see

8289:, though this is less strong in post-tonic vowels. Pretonic gemination is also found in Samaritan Hebrew, but not always in the same locations as in Tiberian Hebrew, e.g. 14548: 14443: 2063:

commonly preceding pronominal suffixes. Case endings are found in Northwest Semitic languages in the second millennium BCE, but disappear almost totally afterwards.

5006:

spirantization) developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic. This probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes

3688:

and some other divine names in Paleo-Hebrew, and this practice is also found in several Jewish-Greek biblical translations. While spoken Hebrew continued to evolve into

7194:

Final unstressed short vowels dropped out in most words, making it possible for long vowels to occur in closed syllables. This appears to have proceeded in two steps:

2558:, shows phonological, lexical, and grammatical differences from southern dialects. The northern dialect spoken around Samaria shows a more frequent simplification of 7312:, which records both pronunciations, although quite often in disagreement with the written form as passed down to us). Ultimately, writing stabilized on the shorter 4712:

at least, unlike the more southern Canaanite dialects (like Hebrew) that the Egyptians were in contact with, so that there is no contradiction within this argument.

14472: 8354:. The reduced vowels of the other traditions appear as full vowels, though there may be evidence that Samaritan Hebrew once had similar vowel reduction. Samaritan 889:), and generally also includes later vocalization traditions for the Hebrew Bible's consonantal text, most commonly the early medieval Tiberian vocalization. 10428:

could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would be recognized as an alternating allophone (as apparently is the case in Nestorian Syriac). See

7413:

that remains as a rule in the language, automatically affected any new short vowels in open syllables as they appear (but ultra-short vowels are unaffected).

13743:

The singular means but one thing, the plural two or more things, the dual things which are two by nature or art, as eyes, ears, hands, feet, &c. &c.

17581: 877:

may include all pre-medieval dialects of Hebrew, including Mishnaic Hebrew, or it may be limited to Hebrew contemporaneous with the Hebrew Bible. The term

9761:: reflecting not just a past action but also suggesting the process with which it was being done, e.g.: "I brought the horse to a halt", "I began to hear" 10270::86). There are also a number of exceptions to the rule of marking other long vowels, e.g. when the following syllable contains a vowel letters (like in 9104:

lengthening occurs in some open one syllable away from the stress and some stressed syllables; exact conditions depend on the vowel and reading tradition

8259:

Samaritan Hebrew also does not reflect etymological vowel length; however the elision of guttural consonants has created new phonemic vowel length, e.g.

7209:

the two steps, with the result that short vowels at the beginning of a -VCV ending lengthened in nouns but not verbs. This is most noticeable with short

10169:

Such contraction is also found in Ugaritic, the El-Amarna letters, and in Phoenician, while the anaptyctic vowel is found in Old Aramaic and Deir Alla.

9725:

conditional verbs, as well as commands in the Jussive and Cohortative moods. It is conjectured that the imperfect can express modal quality through the

4081:

system, created by scholars known as Masoretes around 850 CE. There are also various extant manuscripts making use of less common vocalization systems (

2239:

The oldest form of Biblical Hebrew, Archaic Hebrew, is found in poetic sections of the Bible and inscriptions dating to around 1000 BCE, the early

13713: 8015:

in the second syllable before the stress, and occasionally reduced rather than lengthened in pretonic position, especially when initial (e.g. σεμω =

11040: 9661:), and two major conjugations (prefixing, suffixing). The meaning of the prefixing and suffixing conjugations are also affected by the conjugation 14196: 15579: 9829:: an Imperfect verb in the present, reflecting a cyclic action in the present, e.g. "it is being said in the city", "a son makes his father glad" 4739:

each represented two possible phonemes, uvular and pharyngeal, with the distinction unmarked in Hebrew orthography. However the uvular phonemes

4151:

While the Babylonian and Palestinian reading traditions are extinct, various other systems of pronunciation have evolved over time, notably the

14238: 8540:('seven'), and differences in Greek and Latin transcriptions demonstrate that it began quite late. Attenuation generally did not occur before 8169:

like the Secunda, though in Palestinian Hebrew it developed the pronunciation . However the Tiberian tradition possesses three reduced vowels

17586: 8589:. This is absent in the Secunda and in Samaritan Hebrew but present in the transcriptions of Jerome. In the Tiberian tradition an ultrashort 11107:('you take in pledge'). This suggests that begadkefat spirantization was no longer automatic by the time that this epenthesis occurred, see 6927:

The morphology of Proto-Central-Semitic shows significant changes compared with Proto-Semitic, especially in its verbs, and is much like in

14503: 11624: 10139:

Recent archaeological research suggests that Aramaic may have started to incluence Biblical Hebrew already during the pre-exilic era. See

8092:) and the first otherwise. In the Tiberian tradition pretonic vowels are reduced more commonly than in the Secunda. It does not occur for 7159:; the conditions of this shift are disputed. This shift had occurred by the 14th century BCE, as demonstrated by its presence in the 15613: 13986:

The Paragogic nun in Rhetorical Perspective, in Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives

9641:. This includes various distinctions of reflexivity, passivity, and causativity. Verbs of all binyanim have three non-finite forms (one 9531:

of the Tiberian tradition in segolates appears in the Septuagint (3rd century BCE) but not the Hexapla (2nd century CE), e.g.

16777: 10420:, or else and would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However Blau argues that it is possible that lenited 11147:. In Tiberian Hebrew some words have penultimate stress in pause (before a break in reading), but ultimate stress in context, such as 14820: 14775: 3645:

when found in Israel) around the 12th century BCE, which developed into Early Phoenician and Early Paleo-Hebrew as found in the

3519: 931:

The archeological record for the prehistory of Biblical Hebrew is far more complete than the record of Biblical Hebrew itself. Early

3791:

when used in this function. It is thought that this was a product of phonetic development: for instance, *bayt ('house') shifted to

16181: 15534: 11163:

lengthened in pause, while in context it was not lengthened, and then lost the stress and was reduced due to this sound shift. See

7390:

with a short vowel (i.e. syllables consisting of a short vowel followed by a consonant and another vowel) had the vowel reduced to

6885:, and in traditional reconstructions possessed 29 consonants; 6 monophthong vowels, consisting of three qualities and two lengths, 17: 9928:

as appears in the Masoretic text with medieval Tiberian niqqud and cantillation and the Greek transcription of the Secunda of the

16138: 16113: 13315::45, 47–48) (while Ben-Hayyim notates four degrees of vowel length, he concedes that only his "fourth degree" has phonemic value) 10103:

However it is noteworthy that Akkadian shares many of these sound shifts but is less closely related to Hebrew than Aramaic. See

9779:: an active or passive Participle being used in its imperfect verbal sense in the past, e.g. "and the Spirit of God was hovering" 4873:). As a result, three etymologically distinct phonemes can be distinguished through a combination of spelling and pronunciation: 14336: 16952: 16171: 16156: 14560: 14455: 10323:

were pronounced , a merger which had already begun around 100 BCE, while in the Secunda they are used to represent Hebrew

9888:: the completeness of the verb form here expresses an imminent action in the context of prophecy, e.g. "you will go into exile" 8058:). The Babylonian and Palestinian vocalizations systems also do not mark vowel length. In the Tiberian and Babylonian systems, 13898: 702:. Earlier Biblical Hebrew possessed three consonants not distinguished in writing and later merged with other consonants. The 17566: 16927: 16166: 14714: 14695: 14676: 14657: 14638: 14619: 14537: 14482: 14432: 14413: 14390: 14365: 14325: 14263: 14209: 14176: 14153: 14134: 14108: 14089: 14070: 14034: 13994: 12710: 11607: 11391: 11137:

Additionally, short stressed vowels in open syllables were reduced and lost stress, leading to ultimate stress in forms like

10960: 2051:, a similar independent pronoun system to the other Northwest Semitic languages (with third person pronouns never containing 9577:

Jeremiah 22:28). The Qumran tradition sometimes shows some type of back epenthetic vowel when the first vowel is back, e.g.

614:

was transmitted in manuscript form and underwent redaction in the Second Temple period, but its earliest portions (parts of

9149:('in us'); stress is most commonly ultimate, less commonly penultimate, and antipenultimate stress exists marginally, e.g. 8317:. While Proto-Hebrew long vowels usually retain their vowel quality in the later traditions of Hebrew, in Samaritan Hebrew 4450: 4139:

inscriptions; however, there is no direct evidence for biblical texts being written without word division, as suggested by

4148:

marks, which serve to mark word stress, semantic structure, and the musical motifs used in formal recitation of the text.

16942: 16937: 16201: 16196: 14488: 9906:: reflects a potential, theoretical or modal verb, such as in conditional clauses, e.g. "If you go...", "she should stay" 7409:

Loss of final short vowels in verbs, pre-stress lengthening in open syllables. Pre-stress lengthening/lowering becomes a

4975:, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and this became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions 4845:, is also not directly indicated by Hebrew orthography but is clearly attested by later developments: It is written with 4605: 4590: 3191: 2949: 2240: 971: 433: 395: 98: 10581:

Parallels to Aramaic syllable structure suggest pretonic lengthening may have occurred in the Second Temple period. See

683:

were developed to mark the vowels in Hebrew manuscripts; of these, only the Tiberian vocalization is still widely used.

14858: 8632:

The following chart summarizes the most regular reflexes of the Proto-Semitic vowels in the various stages of Hebrew:

563:

The Hebrew language is attested in inscriptions from about the 10th century BCE, when it was almost identical to

17488: 14195:

Doron, Edit (2005), "VSO and Left-conjunct Agreement: Biblical Hebrew vs. Modern Hebrew", in Kiss, Katalin É. (ed.),

7359:

First, short vowels lengthened in an open syllable in pretonic position (i.e. directly before the stressed syllable).

6873:

The following sections present the vowel changes that Biblical Hebrew underwent, in approximate chronological order.

9494:

followed by gemination of the initial consonant of the noun. In Tiberian Hebrew the vowel of the article may become

16128: 7096:

in case endings. When the ending was final because of loss or non-presence of the case ending, it is replaced with

4457: 3563: 9793:: a general truth in the present tense which is not referring to a specific event, e.g. "the sun sets in the west" 3622:, dates to the 10th century BCE. The 15 cm x 16.5 cm (5.9 in x 6.5 in) trapezoid pottery 1072:

in 132–135 led to ampurge and expulsion of the Jewish population of Judea, the establishment of a new province of

17342: 17002: 16133: 16123: 15606: 14496:

Rendsburg, Gary A. (1999), "Notes on Israelian Hebrew (I)", in Avishur, Yitzhak Avishur; Deutsch, Robert (eds.),

13984: 10412:

According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of

10037: 6611: 6606: 6471: 6373: 6368: 6287: 6195: 385: 9479:'six wings' from Isaiah 6:2). Finite verbs are marked for subject person, number, and gender. Nouns also have a 8181:

under a non-guttural letter was pronounced as an ultrashort copy of the following vowel before a guttural, e.g.

7977:

Proto-Hebrew words with an open short penult and longer ending: Become final-stressed due to stress shift (e.g.

5022:'s attestation to the use of this alternation in Tiberian Aramaic at the beginning of the 10th century CE. 16770: 16396: 15490: 15485: 14853: 9413:. Construct state nouns lost case vowels at an early period (similar to Akkadian), as shown by the reflexes of 7966:

Proto-Hebrew words with a closed penult and short-vowel ending: Become penultimate due to segholate rule (e.g.

6492: 4596: 4478: 3025: 2231:

is composed of multiple linguistic layers. The consonantal skeleton of the text is the most ancient, while the

1098: 84: 10635:

are preserved as short in syllables closed by two consonants and in the third syllable before the stress. See

6893:. The stress system of Proto-Semitic is unknown but it is commonly described as being much like the system of 2078:

and Aramaic on each extreme. Hebrew is classed with Phoenician in the Canaanite subgroup, which also includes

17527: 16118: 16028: 14813: 14786: 14727:, Ghil'ad (2006). "Complement Clause Types in Israeli". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). 9194:

to form words. Verbal patterns are more productive and consistent, while noun patterns are less predictable.

8277:('wide'). Samaritan Hebrew vowels are allophonically lengthened (to a lesser degree) in open syllables, e.g. 9870:: takes the וְ prefix as a conjunction to continue the Jussive and Cohortative Moods in a narrative sequence 9838:: an active or passive Participle being used in its imperfect verbal sense in the present, e.g. "I am going" 351: 339: 17576: 17571: 17357: 16947: 16932: 16191: 16176: 15495: 14745: 10912: 10525:

has phonemic value in final stressed position but in other positions it may reflect loss of the opposition

7947:

Many, perhaps most, Hebrew words with a schwa directly before a final stress are due to this stress shift.

6619: 6478: 6385: 6380: 6294: 6203: 4443: 4429: 3700:

book-hand styles were later adapted to printed fonts after the invention of the printing press. The modern

3405: 3311: 11288: 11278: 11274: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11221: 11192: 11183: 11160: 11144: 11104: 11036: 11032: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10941: 10937: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10869: 10857: 10849: 10836: 10827: 10823: 10815: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10675: 10671: 10632: 10603: 10595: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10442: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10324: 10263: 10253: 10153: 10123: 9597: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9537: 9528: 9517: 9508: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9430: 9414: 9404: 9394: 9385: 9376: 9361: 9353: 9349: 9330: 9322: 9314: 9265: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9203: 9155: 9146: 9137: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8888: 8883: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8790: 8785: 8782: 8777: 8774: 8769: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8688: 8626: 8617: 8608: 8599: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8559: 8550: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8393: 8385: 8376: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8296: 8269: 8260: 8253: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8188: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8144: 8140: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8038: 8025: 8021: 8012: 8008: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7956: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7851: 7823: 7786: 7775: 7771: 7745: 7729: 7715: 7705: 7694: 7689: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7636: 7622: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7352: 7226: 7218: 7210: 7183: 7179: 7156: 7152: 7136: 7127: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6890: 6886: 6856: 6852: 6843: 6835: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6792: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6750: 6746: 6717: 6709: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6524: 6085: 6075: 6065: 6057: 6038: 6026: 6021: 6009: 6003: 5991: 5981: 5972: 5954: 5948: 5940: 5923: 5911: 5905: 5888: 5876: 5871: 5859: 5853: 5841: 5831: 5822: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5773: 5761: 5755: 5738: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5665: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5624: 5612: 5606: 5589: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5427: 5421: 5413: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5326: 5314: 5309: 5301: 5284: 5272: 5266: 5249: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5207: 5195: 5189: 5172: 5160: 5155: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5026: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4952: 4948: 4924: 4920: 4906: 4902: 4888: 4874: 4860: 4856: 4842: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4689: 4685: 4673:

The phonetic nature of some Biblical Hebrew consonants is disputed. The so-called "emphatics" were likely

4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4107: 3921: 3749: 2955: 2665: 2657: 2594: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2486: 2461: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 1987: 1979: 1936: 1927: 1919: 1870: 1862: 1813: 1804: 1796: 1747: 1738: 1730: 1678: 1669: 1661: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1583: 1540: 1531: 1523: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1448: 1420: 1411: 1403: 1369: 1361: 1352: 1344: 1293: 1284: 1276: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1201: 17521: 17042: 16699: 16186: 15895: 15565: 15010: 14275:"A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic" 10730::54–56). There is also possible evidence from the cantillation marks' behavior and Babylonian pataḥ, see 9684: 7399:

position, where the penultimate stress is preserved, and vowel lengthening rather than reduction occurs.

6580: 6575: 6499: 6450: 6347: 6261: 6256: 6168: 6163: 4544: 4485: 4070: 3347: 2913: 2677: 2026: 1155: 975: 932: 784: 738: 603: 176: 108: 15269: 10182:

At times the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, and Philistines would also use the Paleo-Hebrew script. See

7366:

In the process of lengthening, the high vowels were lowered. In the Secunda, the lengthened reflexes of

943:(1200–540 BCE), although in its earliest stages Biblical Hebrew was not highly differentiated from 17007: 16912: 16049: 16042: 15599: 14215: 10252:

being used as a vowel letter are theorized to stem from conservative spelling of words which contained

6639: 6634: 6513: 6404: 6399: 6313: 6308: 6222: 6217: 4612: 4471: 4436: 4311: 4304: 3911:

are used to refer to alternative spellings of a word with less or more matres lectionis, respectively.

3608: 3600: 3397: 3105: 3033: 1065: 572: 15754: 9967:

31 הָאֵל֮ תָּמִ֪ים דַּ֫רְכֹּ֥ו אִמְרַֽת־יְהוָ֥ה צְרוּפָ֑ה מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא לְכֹ֤ל ׀ הַחֹסִ֬ים בֹּֽו׃

4135:. All of these systems together are used to reconstruct the original vocalization of Biblical Hebrew. 17591: 16906: 16901: 16763: 16615: 16002: 15978: 15965: 15701: 15681: 15646: 6909: 4678: 4515: 4501: 4464: 4164: 3606: 3598: 3561: 3525: 3517: 3481: 3445: 3403: 3395: 3353: 3345: 3309: 3273: 3231: 3189: 3155: 3153: 3145: 3103: 3067: 3031: 3023: 2987: 2947: 2911: 2875: 2867: 2831: 2823: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2743: 2698: 654: 171: 14291: 2150:

to the following coronal consonant in pre-tonic position, shared by Hebrew, Phoenician and Aramaic.

17220: 17188: 16407: 16105: 15529: 15207: 14976: 14806: 14234: 10152:

As a consequence this would leave open the possibility that other proto-Semitic phonemes (such as *

8666: 8256:). Samaritan and Qumran Hebrew have full vowels in place of the reduced vowels of Tiberian Hebrew. 6592: 6587: 6457: 6354: 6273: 6268: 6180: 6175: 6109: 4329: 4156: 4152: 4086: 3642: 3631: 2447: 858:, Ḫabiru, and Ḫapiru found in sources from Egypt and the Near East, and a derivation from the root 796: 16980: 17334: 17235: 17083: 16888: 16449: 16386: 15996: 15651: 15572: 15551: 15514: 15402: 15202: 14984: 14951: 14867: 10090:, while dated manuscripts with vocalization are found in the beginning of the tenth century. See 8671: 6651: 6646: 6105: 4535: 4508: 4361: 4354: 4322: 4082: 3656:). This script developed into the Paleo-Hebrew script in the 10th or 9th centuries BCE. The 3355: 3147: 2877: 2869: 2781: 1049: 898: 762: 237: 15424: 15301: 14936: 10707:

occurred after this lengthening, but before the loss of phonemicity of length (since words like

9702:

normally follow the noun they modify. In Biblical Hebrew, possession is normally expressed with

9455:

naturally occur in pairs and for units of measurement and time which contrasts with the plural (

3801:

but retained its spelling. While no examples of early Hebrew orthography have been found, older

15827: 15664: 15641: 15636: 15212: 14863: 14286: 9861:: takes the וְ prefix as a conjunction to continue the Subjunctive Mood in a narrative sequence 9186:

morphology, characterized by the use of roots. Most words in Biblical Hebrew are formed from a

8659: 8536:('seven'), but exceptions are frequent. It is less common in the Babylonian vocalization, e.g. 5134: 4526: 4206: 2833: 2037: 691: 166: 16087: 15279: 3542: 2299:'gold' which are common in Canaanite and Ugaritic. Grammatical differences include the use of 864:"to pass", alluding to crossing over the Jordan River. Jews also began referring to Hebrew as 847:"Hebrew language". The origin of this term is obscure; suggested origins include the biblical 17531: 17517: 17064: 17017: 16997: 16990: 16975: 16970: 16962: 16794: 16743: 16346: 16071: 15740: 15726: 15437: 15197: 15051: 14749: 14724: 14401: 9699: 9397:('night'), and in the "connective vowels" of some prepositions (originally adverbials), e.g. 9364:

of unclear meaning, was found in early Canaanite, as shown by early Egyptian transcriptions (

8676: 6101: 4636: 4584: 4271: 4264: 4078: 3704:, also known as the Assyrian or Square script, appears a descendant of the Aramaic alphabet. 3638: 3527: 3462: 3275: 3233: 2989: 2688: 2213:(appearing in the first millennium BCE), and third person plural feminine verbal marker 642: 587: 277: 156: 138: 11381: 11124:

are treated as if the stress fell immediately on the first syllable following the word. See

4830:), but this becomes more sporadic in later books and is generally absent in translations of 3579: 17478: 17429: 17261: 16670: 16412: 15805: 15317: 15046: 14165:"Aramaic Influence and Inner Diachronic Development in Hebrew Inscriptions of the Iron Age" 14016: 10365:

In the Babylonian and Palestinian systems only the most important vowels were written. See

9770:: reflecting a habitual or cyclic action over time, e.g. "this is what Job would always do" 7955:

Proto-Hebrew words with an open penult and short-vowel ending: Become final-stressed (e.g.

5010:

disappeared in the 7th century BCE, and most likely occurred after the loss of Hebrew

4932: 4372: 4223: 3916: 3170: 2848: 2825: 1123: 1090: 990: 967: 722: 658: 568: 14512: 6963:) in others. The original meaning of this marker is uncertain. In Classical Arabic, final 2804: 2102:), and its similarities are more likely a result of either contact or preserved archaism. 939:. The Northwest Semitic languages, including Hebrew, differentiated noticeably during the 773:(a matter of debate). The tense or aspect of verbs was also influenced by the conjunction 8: 17468: 17022: 17012: 16684: 16353: 16296: 16224: 16210: 16081: 15876: 15837: 15444: 15350: 15154: 11398:

Interestingly, the term 'Hebrew' (ibrit) is not used of the language in the biblical text

6980: 4416: 4145: 3802: 3364: 2724: 2232: 2075: 2030: 1159: 1131: 1010: 998: 564: 499: 181: 119: 14781: 14499:

Michael: Historical, Epigraphical and Biblical Studies in Honor of Prof. Michael Heltzer

8147:'red' sg.); this pretonic gemination is also found in some forms with other vowels like 3498: 3326: 2326:

Later pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew (such as is found in prose sections of the Pentateuch,

2189:"expel". Morphological Canaanite features in Hebrew include the masculine plural marker 17403: 17395: 17323: 17255: 17130: 17092: 17058: 16985: 15518: 15459: 15454: 15332: 14304: 14123: 14040: 9976:

32 כִּ֤י מִ֣י אֱ֭לֹוהַּ מִבַּלְעֲדֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וּמִ֥י צ֝֗וּר זוּלָתִ֥י אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃

9703: 9672: 9480: 8520: 6913: 4554: 4387: 4242: 4124: 3879: 3674: 3120: 3048: 3004: 2760: 1053: 986: 955: 886: 881:

refers to pre-Mishnaic dialects (sometimes excluding Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew). The term

824: 788: 766: 750: 746: 695: 687: 582:

The language of the Hebrew Bible reflects various stages of the Hebrew language in its

287: 80: 17295: 16527: 16417: 10542:

In fact, its scope of application is different in Samaritan and Tiberian Hebrew (e.g.

10352:), with various subgroups differing as to their affinity with the Tiberian tradition. 10126:. The same phenomenon also occurred when the Arabs adopted the Nabatean alphabet. See 7343:, with the same split into shorter and longer forms and the same ultimate resolution. 7178:

As a result of the Canaanite shift, the Proto-Hebrew vowel system is reconstructed as

4677:, but possibly velarized. The pharyngealization of emphatic consonants is viewed as a 3248: 3206: 2928: 2438:. As an alternative explanation, it has been suggested that the proto-Semitic phoneme 994: 374: 367: 17498: 17484: 17450: 17309: 16656: 16481: 16360: 16233: 16058: 16016: 15881: 15674: 15622: 15510: 15407: 15340: 15305: 15254: 14710: 14691: 14672: 14653: 14634: 14615: 14595: 14533: 14478: 14428: 14409: 14386: 14382: 14361: 14340: 14321: 14259: 14205: 14172: 14149: 14130: 14104: 14085: 14066: 14044: 14030: 13990: 13727: 12706: 11603: 11387: 10956: 10308: 9687:, though one scholar has argued that this is due to the prevalence of clauses with a 9668: 9254:

is used to denote the action of the verb; it is derived from more common for initial-

9183: 9079: 8651: 8462: 7305: 6921: 6882: 6664: 6541: 6416: 4564: 4396: 4250: 4228: 4201: 4074: 3863: 3673:. The Samaritans retained the ancient Hebrew alphabet, which evolved into the modern 3670: 3483: 3447: 3069: 2892: 2079: 1151: 1127: 1069: 1057: 1034: 1002: 959: 908: 770: 726: 699: 519: 503: 161: 113: 14308: 10382:. However, there are some vocalized Samaritan manuscripts from the Middle Ages. See 10195:

Though some of these translations wrote the tetragrammaton in the square script See

7988:

Proto-Hebrew words with a closed penult and longer ending: Remain penultimate (e.g.

3370: 2113:, perhaps when stressed. Hebrew also shares with the Canaanite languages the shifts 1052:

in 332 BCE, beginning the period of Hellenistic (Greek) domination. During the

391: 17458: 17415: 17410: 17399: 17378: 17367: 17316: 17140: 17105: 17068: 16919: 16896: 16849: 16786: 16736: 16691: 16677: 16510: 16469: 16432: 16337: 16323: 16289: 16259: 16240: 16035: 16009: 15984: 15960: 15934: 15927: 15867: 15850: 15822: 15798: 15690: 15558: 14963: 14926: 14893: 14296: 14022: 10723: 10396: 9650: 9280:('finger'). In the latter case this prefix was added for phonetic reasons, and the 9049: 7395:

consonant were unaffected and still had penultimate stress at this point except in

7280:

for feminine, and in fact both variants of both forms are found in the Bible (with

6968: 6928: 6898: 5147: 4835: 4235: 4218: 4196: 4160: 4094: 3806: 3681: 3666: 2581: 2555: 2374: 2083: 1083: 1073: 1020: 979: 792: 783:

construction. Unlike modern Hebrew, the default word order for biblical Hebrew was

758: 730: 650: 641:. From around the 12th century BCE until the 6th century BCE, writers employed the 631: 607: 602:

variation, including differences between Biblical Hebrew as spoken in the northern

324: 245: 214: 103: 8243:) may still occur, especially after stops (or their spirantized counterparts) and 4046:). Pre-Samaritan and Samaritan texts show full spellings in many categories (e.g. 567:

and other Canaanite languages, and spoken Hebrew persisted through and beyond the

17474: 17464: 17454: 17241: 17159: 17120: 16874: 16869: 16854: 16828: 16823: 16803: 16704: 16610: 16584: 16515: 16427: 16367: 16275: 16268: 16246: 16093: 15989: 15855: 15845: 15505: 15469: 15375: 15311: 15289: 15066: 14968: 14958: 14931: 14905: 14900: 14848: 14843: 14829: 14755:

Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew Lexicon – with an appendix containing Biblical Aramaic

14376: 11597: 11121: 10861: 10505: 10501: 9688: 9654: 9638: 9326: 9318: 9166:

Medieval grammarians of Arabic and Hebrew classified words as belonging to three

7148: 6976: 6944: 6894: 6534: 6528: 6465: 6362: 6281: 6188: 5124: 5063:, or by vanishing completely (often creating a long vowel), except that original 5015: 4628: 4213: 3798: 3701: 3689: 3619: 2693: 2660:

merged over time in some dialects. This was found in Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew, but

2418:('ear of corn') The Ephraimites' identity was given away by their pronunciation: 2347: 2256: 2091: 1954: 1891: 1834: 1768: 1702: 1633: 1558: 1495: 1315: 1248: 1094: 1077: 1061: 1029: 1024: 800: 780: 754: 670: 662: 557: 495: 423: 282: 250: 227: 219: 148: 134: 15941: 14502:, Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center Publications, pp. 255–258, archived from 8050:('he will have mercy') < previously short < by Tiberian degemination of 6967:

on nouns indicates indefiniteness and disappears when the noun is preceded by a

4093:

because their vocalization marks are placed above the letters. In addition, the

2067:

is absent in singular nouns, but is often retained in the plural, as in Hebrew.

1027:

said that God sent the exiled Jews to Babylon because " language is akin to the

17547: 17278: 17268: 17229: 17164: 16864: 16859: 16664: 16620: 16590: 16573: 16567: 16474: 16422: 16303: 16143: 15971: 15322: 15041: 15031: 14946: 14941: 11475: 10379: 9338: 9167: 7410: 7160: 6889:, in which the long vowels occurred only in open syllables; and two diphthongs 6486: 4995: 4674: 4291: 3835: 3685: 3646: 3637:

The Israelite tribes who settled in the land of Israel used a late form of the

2260: 2252: 1006: 948: 903: 638: 619: 611: 511: 272: 262: 14771: 14300: 14082:

Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches

11441: 11281:. This is evidenced by Ugaritic orthography, almost purely consonantal, where 9949:

29 כִּֽי־אַ֭תָּה תָּאִ֣יר נֵרִ֑י יְהוָ֥ה אֱ֝לֹהַ֗י יַגִּ֥יהַּ חָשְׁכִּֽי׃

9313:

In proto-Semitic nouns were marked for case: in the singular the markers were

9052:

vowels may be lengthened in the presence of etymological guttural consonants.

7296:). The situation appears to have been quite fluid for several centuries, with 3290: 2968: 2287:'great'. Some have cognates in other Northwest Semitic languages, for example 974:

at the beginning of the first millennium BCE, which later split into the

791:

of their subject. Pronominal suffixes could be appended to verbs (to indicate

17560: 17509: 17425: 17372: 17362: 17352: 17248: 17178: 17151: 17053: 17048: 16833: 16600: 16595: 16519: 16281: 15861: 15174: 14910: 14669:

Palestinian Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections

14549:"Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border" 14026: 13723: 9726: 9334: 7387: 7038: 6994: 6905: 5114: 4928: 4168: 3736:

still marked two. The old Babylonian vocalization system wrote a superscript

3536: 2482: 2248: 1451: 1406: 1102: 627: 623: 576: 332: 231: 15775: 14791: 14471:

Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew Phonology", in Kaye, Alan (ed.),

13731: 10211:, the Hebrew term for full spelling, has become de rigueur in Modern Hebrew. 7416:

Stress movement from light syllable to following heavy syllable when not in

885:

may or may not include extra-biblical texts, such as inscriptions (e.g. the

17302: 16543: 15449: 15365: 15297: 15139: 15099: 15079: 15026: 14760: 12113: 11238:(because Proto-Semitic did not allow long vowels in closed syllables) > 9658: 9625: 9527:

nouns, nouns stemming from roots with two final consonants. The anaptyctic

9487: 8593:

is sometimes added to clusters where the first element is a guttural, e.g.

8165:

The Babylonian and Palestinian systems have only one reduced vowel phoneme

8086:(Palestinian) – generally becoming the second vowel before geminates (e.g. 5081:

consonants are phonemically contrastive in Biblical Hebrew. In the Secunda

4831: 4338: 3693: 3657: 3242: 3200: 2922: 2754: 2745: 2403: 2228: 1799: 1586: 1526: 989:

and some members of the upper class escaped to Judah. In 586 BCE, the

935:

materials are attested from 2350 BCE to 1200 BCE, the end of the

742: 615: 583: 575:. It eventually developed into Mishnaic Hebrew, which was spoken until the 527: 515: 3084: 2323:, and various differences in verbal and pronominal morphology and syntax. 729:

underwent weakening in some regional dialects, as reflected in the modern

491: 319: 312: 17494: 17288: 17170: 16100: 15920: 15524: 15370: 15094: 15036: 14118: 9698:

forms that use SVO either more often or at least to a comparable degree.

6569: 6557: 6444: 6432: 6341: 6329: 6250: 6238: 6157: 6145: 5019: 4063: 3662: 2886: 2598: 2510: 2399: 2263:

5). Biblical poetry uses a number of distinct lexical items, for example

2133:, widespread reduction of diphthongs, and full assimilation of non-final 591: 553: 429: 14610:

Steiner, Richard C. (1997). "Ancient Hebrew". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.).

10340:

The Palestinian system has two main subtypes and shows great variation.

9375:, but there is no indication of its presence after 1800 BCE. Final 7402:

The previous three changes occurred in a complex, interlocking fashion:

4058:

in Genesis 49:3) but only rarely show full spelling of the Qumran type.

3718:

could each mark two different phonemes. After a sound shift the letters

2446:

in most dialects of Hebrew, may have been retained in the Hebrew of the

17421: 15782: 15733: 15414: 11095: 10975:

The only known case where Philippi's Law does not apply is in the word

9695: 9646: 9642: 9070: 8590: 8134:

is most commonly preserved by geminating the following consonant, e.g.

7999:

Proto-Hebrew words with an open long penult and longer ending: ???

6628: 6562: 6507: 6437: 6393: 6334: 6302: 6243: 6211: 6150: 5928: 5893: 5778: 5743: 5701: 5629: 5594: 5366: 5331: 5289: 5254: 5212: 5177: 5003: 4779: 4258: 4140: 4066: 3925: 3760: 2387: 2327: 1109:. Currently, Classical Hebrew is generally taught in public schools in 936: 646: 507: 9730:

actions, but are also subject to the context determining their tense.

9292:

often occurs in quadriliteral animal names, perhaps as a prefix, e.g.

7112:

again in the construct state and when these words take suffixes, e.g.

3878:; however at this stage they were not yet used word-medially, compare 2386:

Dialect variation in Biblical Hebrew is attested to by the well-known

1664: 1204: 17347: 17196: 17145: 17125: 15747: 15389: 15360: 10953:

Eblaitica: essays on the Ebla archives and Eblaite language, Volume 1

10344::7) The Babylonian vocalization occurred in two main types (simple / 10208: 9274:('deceptive'), and also occurs in nouns with initial sibilants, e.g. 6988: 6600: 4955:

in Late Biblical Hebrew, as indicated by interchange of orthographic

4421: 4297: 3697: 3420: 2363: 1135: 1118: 710: 707: 680: 595: 360: 303: 15591: 15559:

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

14169:

Advances in Biblical Hebrew Linguistics: Data, Methods, and Analyses

14164: 11159:('she watched'), because the penultimate vowel in the original form 10500:

In this respect the Palestinian tradition corresponds to the modern

9683:

The default word order in Biblical Hebrew is commonly thought to be

7346: 6971:

or otherwise becomes definite in meaning. In other languages, final

2087: 1165:

Development of the various fricatives in Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic

1117:

The primary source of Biblical Hebrew material is the Hebrew Bible.

855: 17201: 16755: 16330: 15789: 15761: 15464: 15056: 14872: 14274: 11094:

This is less common when the consonant following the guttural is a

9925: 9524: 9357: 6917: 6912:. The phonemic system was inherited essentially unchanged, but the 5078: 3862:. Matres lectionis were later added word-finally, for instance the 3753: 3627: 2710: 2391: 2071: 2064: 2043:

As a Northwest Semitic language, Hebrew shows the shift of initial

1126:) from the seventh or sixth century BCE show a version of the 944: 940: 852: 817:"the language of Canaan". The Hebrew Bible also calls the language 403: 17038: 16464: 14798: 14358:

Studies in Hebrew historical linguistics based on Origen's Secunda

13983:

W. Randall Carr (2006). Steven Ellis Fassberg, Avi Hurvitz (ed.).

11056:, literally 'stolen pataḥ' and perhaps a mistranslation of Hebrew 10311:

is a transliteration of the Hebrew biblical text contained in the

10013:αηλ θαμμιν (*-μ) δερχω εμαραθ YHWH σερουφα μαγεν ου λαχολ αωσιμ βω 9958:

30 כִּֽי־בְ֭ךָ אָרֻ֣ץ גְּד֑וּד וּ֝בֵֽאלֹהַ֗י אֲדַלֶּג־שֽׁוּר׃

9099:

in closed syllables). /o/ contrasts only stressed final syllables.

8568:('gift'). Attenuation is rarely present in Samaritan Hebrew, e.g. 7304:

forms found in competition both in writing and in speech (cf. the

4180:

The phonology as reconstructed for Biblical Hebrew is as follows:

2070:

The Northwest Semitic languages formed a dialect continuum in the

17273: 17206: 17135: 17101: 16506: 15904: 15768: 13958: 10661:

In fact, first all stressed vowels were lengthened in pause, see

10312: 9929: 7108:

consonant therefore is silent in the absolute state, but becomes

6983:

had mimation, of uncertain meaning, in an occurrence of the word

5129: 5105:, as evidenced by changes in the quality of the preceding vowel. 2580:'wine'), while the southern or Judean dialect instead adds in an 2331: 1045: 1041: 718: 714: 703: 599: 399: 5025:

The Dead Sea scrolls show evidence of confusion of the phonemes

2566:

as attested by the Samaria ostraca (8th century BCE), e.g.

2146:

from *bant. There is also evidence of a rule of assimilation of

753:(singular, plural, and uncommonly, dual). Verbs were marked for 16710: 15710: 15355: 15264: 15259: 15244: 15239: 15189: 15144: 15129: 11499: 10316: 10080: 7325: 7309: 7264:

for masculine and feminine forms. The expected result would be

4807: 4493: 4347: 4099: 3284: 3164: 2842: 2661: 2602: 2536: 2498: 2395: 2244: 1347: 1139: 1110: 1106: 1015: 963: 918: 745:

into patterns to form words. Biblical Hebrew distinguished two

415: 9783:

The verbal forms can be Present Tense in these circumstances:

9286:

prefix is called either "prothetic" or "prosthetic". Prefixed

6931:. Nouns in the singular were usually declined in three cases: 3730:

could only mark one phoneme, but (except in Samaritan Hebrew)

2554:

Hebrew, as spoken in the northern Kingdom of Israel, known as

1009:, and permitted the Judahite exiles to return and rebuild the 17110: 15500: 15345: 15249: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15159: 15104: 15089: 15084: 15074: 13899:

Basic Word Order in the Biblical Hebrew Verbal Clause, Part 3

10648:

The Secunda also has a few cases of pretonic gemination. See

10021: 10011: 10001: 9991: 9842:

The verbal forms can be Future Tense in these circumstances:

9191: 7454: 7417: 7396: 7381: 7022:(dual). (The strong feminine endings in Classical Arabic are 4825: 4801: 4783: 3623: 3414: 2962: 2798: 2718: 2430:. The apparent conclusion is that the Ephraimite dialect had 2059:'we', first person singular pronominal suffix -i or -ya, and 1922: 1733: 1279: 676: 666: 549: 11805: 8562:('opening '), and often was blocked before a geminate, e.g. 15274: 15219: 15169: 15164: 15149: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 14454:(6 (Nov/Dec)). Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from 14125:

The renaissance of modern Hebrew and modern standard Arabic

10840: 10023:χι μι ελω μεββελαδη YHWH ουμι σουρ ζουλαθι ελωννου (*-ηνου) 9733:

The verbal forms can be Past Tense in these circumstances:

8358:

results from the neutralization of the distinction between

6916:

may have changed their realization in Central Semitic from

6908:

and Proto-Central-Semitic, the language at the root of the

4732: 4720: 4034:

may be used for an a-quality vowel in final position (e.g.

3492: 3456: 3320: 3114: 3078: 3042: 2998: 1982: 1865: 848: 75: 10726:(12th century) and by medieval Arabic transcriptions, see 10560::83–86). Even in Tiberian Hebrew doublets are found, e.g. 10521:

certainly have phonemic status in the Tiberian tradition,

7420:, with newly unstressed light syllable reducing the schwa. 7362:

Later, short vowels lengthened in stressed open syllables.

6904:

Various changes, mostly in morphology, took place between

6821:

stems from a contracted diphthong. In other environments,

2105:

Hebrew underwent the Canaanite shift, where Proto-Semitic

1101:

as a vernacular began in the 19th century, culminating in

402:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

15179: 15134: 14360:. Orientalia Gandensia. Vol. 9. Uitgeverij Peeters. 14198:

Universal Grammar in the Reconstruction of Dead Languages

10755:) thus reflect the qamatz gadol-qamatz qatan distinction. 9040:

All Proto-Hebrew short vowels were deleted word-finally.

3573: 811:

The earliest written sources refer to Biblical Hebrew as

10610:. This length distinction is also found in the LXX. See 10478:

generally does not cause compensatory lengthening, e.g.

6947:), nouns also took a final nasal after the case ending: 3756:

to distinguish between the two varieties of the letter.

657:

gradually displaced the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet after the

11120:

For the purposes of vowel quality shifts, words in the

10282:) or when a vowel letter already marks a consonant (so 10156:) may have been preserved regionally at one point. See 9388:, originally meaning 'at night' but in prose replacing 8421:('wine'), and Samaritan Hebrew shows instead the shift 7205:

Vowel lengthening in stressed, open syllables occurred

7198:

Final short mood, etc. markers dropped in verbal forms.

7014:(objective); corresponding construct-state endings are 2587:, added halfway through the first millennium BCE ( 1064:

their governor. A revolt against the Romans led to the

787:, and verbs were inflected for the number, gender, and 14279:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

14084:. München: Max Hueber Verlag München. pp. 50–75. 11599:

History of the Jewish People: From Yavneh to Pumbedisa

11317:, which existed for every person. In Biblical Hebrew, 11261:('to the earth'), occurring also in exclamations like 9451:

show that this was not yet a feature of Proto-Hebrew.

9337:, as evidenced in Akkadian, Ugaritic, and Arabic. The 8197:, but was always pronounced as under gutturals, e.g. 8024:'his name'). Thus the vowel system of the Secunda was 8003: 7906:

Loss of phonemic vowel length; attested Tiberian form

6771:

The Tiberian tradition has the reduced vowel phonemes

4062:

is evidence from the rendering of proper nouns in the

737:

Biblical Hebrew had a typical Semitic morphology with

14258:. Jerusalem, Israel: Ariel United Israel Institutes. 14235:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered" 13126: 13124: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11282: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11225: 11215: 11209: 11187: 11178: 11154: 11148: 11138: 11099: 11063: 11057: 11026: 10976: 10945: 10844: 10831: 10810: 10801: 10792: 10783: 10774: 10765: 10708: 10679: 10666: 10543: 10479: 10446: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10257: 10237: 10231: 10223: 10117: 9662: 9629: 9572: 9558: 9541: 9532: 9512: 9503: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9446: 9424: 9418: 9398: 9389: 9380: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9259: 9237: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9150: 9141: 9132: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8569: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8528: 8519:

in unstressed closed syllables: this is known as the

8495: 8478: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8388: 8379: 8370: 8326: 8304: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8263: 8248: 8218: 8212: 8192: 8182: 8154: 8148: 8135: 8118: 8101: 8087: 8042: 8016: 6838: 6830: 6809: 6800: 6112:), and those of the Samaritan tradition, with vowels 6078: 6050: 6043: 6032: 5984: 5957: 5933: 5917: 5898: 5882: 5834: 5807: 5783: 5767: 5748: 5732: 5706: 5671: 5658: 5634: 5618: 5599: 5583: 5557: 5533: 5505: 5494: 5470: 5454: 5430: 5406: 5395: 5371: 5355: 5336: 5320: 5294: 5278: 5259: 5243: 5217: 5201: 5182: 5166: 5039: 5030: 4968: 4958: 4912: 4894: 4880: 4866: 4848: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4730: 4718: 4111: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3888: 3882: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3618:

The earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, found at

3585: 3548: 3504: 3468: 3432: 3426: 3382: 3376: 3332: 3296: 3260: 3254: 3218: 3212: 3176: 3132: 3126: 3090: 3054: 3010: 2974: 2934: 2898: 2854: 2810: 2766: 2730: 2648: 2642: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2588: 2567: 2470:'s proto-Semitic ancestor has been reconstructed as * 2465: 2451: 2407: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2138: 1060:. Later, the Romans ended their independence, making 922: 912: 865: 859: 842: 836: 818: 812: 774: 13058: 11923: 11921: 10996:

has been extended by analogy to similar forms, e.g.

9341:

show that this was probably still present in Hebrew

8486:'daughter'), or sometimes in the Tiberian tradition 7328:

vowel written under the final letter of such words.

6943:(genitive). In some circumstances (but never in the 6729:

possibly pronounced , as the orthography alternates

4983:

have merged completely; however in Samaritan Hebrew

4069:(3rd–2nd centuries BCE) and the Greek alphabet 1040:

Aramaic became the common language in the north, in

240: 222: 14596:"History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language" 14427:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 14167:. In Moshavi, Adina Mosak; Notarius, Tania (eds.). 14079: 14018:

A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax by Bill T. Arnold

13171: 7241:already by Proto-Hebrew on the basis of possessive 6881:Proto-Semitic is the ancestral language of all the 133:attested from the 10th century BCE; developed into 14647: 14122: 14080:Bergstrasser, Gotthelf; Daniels, Peter T. (1995). 13959:"Bible Search and Study Tools – Blue Letter Bible" 13910: 13873: 13858: 13841: 13802: 13790: 13778: 13766: 13699: 13684: 13672: 13609: 13585: 13562: 13550: 13533: 13121: 12602: 11885: 11700: 11685: 11541: 11526: 11354: 10950:has a patah vowel in pause as well as in context. 10713:with allophonically long do not show this shift). 7201:Final short case markers dropped in nominal forms. 7189: 14444:"Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?" 14065:. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press. 11918: 11505: 10665::58–59). This can be seen by forms like Tiberian 10230:being used medially as a true vowel letter, e.g. 10079:This is known because the final redaction of the 9637:in Hebrew; the binyanim mainly serve to indicate 7434:Possible derivation of some nominal/verbal forms 7347:Short vowel lengthening (esp. pretonic), lowering 6799:only contrast in open post-tonic syllables, e.g. 17558: 14406:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook 14190:. Milan: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano. 11410: 11408: 11406: 11386:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 7. 11273:, may have originally terminated in consonantal 2456:'s Proto-Semitic ancestor had initial consonant 717:, and these sounds eventually became marginally 15580:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament 13982: 12703:The Semitic Languages An International Handbook 12544: 11208:It has been suggested that the construct forms 10315:, a recension of the Old Testament compiled by 8523:. It is common in the Tiberian tradition, e.g. 7374:; when kept short they generally have reflexes 7088:Feminine nouns at this point ended in a suffix 3759:The original Hebrew alphabet consisted only of 3630:) has five lines of text written in ink in the 2137:to the following consonant if word final, i.e. 1076:, and the rebuilding of Jerusalem as the roman 954:Hebrew developed during the latter half of the 14761:Free resources to study Biblical Hebrew online 14527: 14272: 13381: 13366: 13297: 13231: 13207: 12871: 12788: 12526: 12347: 12187: 12070: 12058: 12046: 12034: 12022: 12010: 11998: 11967: 11939: 11846: 11811: 11641: 11583: 11463: 11242:(loss of mimation and final short vowel), see 10865: 10830:frequently and rarely contrasts with it, e.g. 10722:This is attested to by the testimony of Rabbi 10353: 10170: 10083:, which does not mention these additions, was 9811:: a Present Perfect verb, e.g. "I have walked" 9502:in certain phonetic environments, for example 9483:form which is used in genitive constructions. 8511:('heart'). In some traditions the short vowel 7406:Shift of stress to be universally penultimate. 7316:for both genders, while speech chose feminine 5085:are never geminate. In the Tiberian tradition 3787:, also were used to indicate vowels, known as 526:"Hebrew" was not used for the language in the 16771: 15607: 14814: 14787:Learn to write the Biblical Hebrew characters 11403: 11277:which was later elided, following the suffix 10504:, and the Babylonian tradition to the modern 10445:usually shows compensatory lengthening, e.g. 7423:Tonic lengthening/lowering in open syllables. 7256:Similarly, in the second-singular, inherited 7049:with an extended mimation ending (cf. Arabic 6975:may be present whenever a noun is not in the 6779:, while Palestinian and Babylonian have one, 6131:Tiberian, Babylonian, and Palestinian Hebrew 5927:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5892:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5777:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5742:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5700:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5628:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5593:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5365:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5330:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5288:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5253:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5211:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 5176:(syllable-initially, after closed syllables, 4073:of the Hebrew biblical text contained in the 2629:and infinitives of certain verbs of the form 14782:Basic Biblical Hebrew Grammar (introductory) 14729:Complementation: a cross-linguistic typology 14273:Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). 14098: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12933: 10245: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9932:along with its reconstructed pronunciation. 9707: 9611: 9605: 9590: 9580: 9440: 9434: 9408: 8396: 8198: 7142: 7131: 7122: 7113: 6783:(pronounced as in later Palestinian Hebrew) 6012: 5994: 5862: 5844: 4935:languages as well as early borrowings (e.g. 4815: 4810: 4791: 4786: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3961: 3941: 3931: 3894: 3873: 3867: 3857: 3711: 3661:century BCE, the most famous being the 2636: 2539:) but not others (e.g. Ephraimite), where *s 2419: 2214: 2008: 1996: 1963: 1945: 1903: 1879: 1846: 1822: 1780: 1756: 1714: 1687: 1645: 1618: 1567: 1549: 1507: 1483: 1436: 1429: 1387: 1378: 1328: 1302: 1260: 1236: 634:to the late 8th to early 7th centuries BCE. 540: 531: 466: 445: 64: 58: 52: 46: 17582:Languages attested from the 10th century BC 14185: 14146:Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew 14117: 12761: 12749: 11858: 10619: 10400: 7339:('your' fem. sing.), and personal pronouns 7331:The exact same process affected possessive 2464:), contradicting this theory; for example, 2153:Typical Canaanite words in Hebrew include: 927:"for the freedom of Jerusalem" on the back. 661:, and it became the source for the current 16778: 16764: 15614: 15600: 14821: 14807: 14746:Resources for the Study of Biblical Hebrew 14723: 14374: 14060: 14014: 13922: 13620: 13618: 13518: 13446: 13417: 13351: 13347: 13345: 13324: 13312: 13266: 13264: 12992: 12977: 12895: 12654: 12652: 12590: 12561: 12550: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12202: 11321:developed into the prefixing class, while 11013: 10557: 9091:are nearly in complementary distribution ( 7382:Reduction of short open stressed syllables 7245:(likewise first singular personal pronoun 4757:merged with their pharyngeal counterparts 3680:By the end of the First Temple period the 3419: 982:in the south after a disputed succession. 598:. There is also some evidence of regional 74: 14776:Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary 14650:An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax 14593: 14495: 14470: 14290: 13869: 13867: 13695: 13693: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13488: 13308: 13306: 13276: 13249: 13237: 13213: 13159: 12930: 12829: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12725: 12688: 12578: 12271: 12226: 12198: 12196: 12140: 12101: 11986: 11842: 11840: 11799: 11759: 11757: 11625:"Aramaic: the Yiddish of the Middle East" 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11550: 10378:Almost all vocalized manuscripts use the 10157: 10003:χι βαχ αρους γεδουδ ουβελωαι εδαλλεγ σουρ 9624:Verbal consonantal roots are placed into 7355:tended to lengthen in various positions. 6991:) as given in an Egyptian transcription. 2477:.); or that the Proto-Semitic sibilant *s 679:. In the Middle Ages, various systems of 14513:"Israel Language Policy and Linguistics" 14355: 13939: 13813: 13811: 13506: 13482: 13470: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13405: 13377: 13375: 13362: 13360: 13336: 13293: 13291: 13142: 13103: 13099: 13097: 13088: 13076: 13064: 12988: 12986: 12973: 12971: 12912: 12908: 12906: 12904: 12847: 12800: 12772: 12770: 12401: 12399: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12079: 11896: 11894: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11537: 11535: 11186:('with those who go down into the pit') 11125: 10727: 10662: 10649: 10636: 10615: 10496: 10494: 10328: 9934: 7324:. This is the reason for the unexpected 7034:nunation in the indefinite state only.) 7030:objective, marked with a singular-style 6876: 6661: 6523: 6511: 6414: 6397: 6306: 6215: 2350:verb forms, and in using particles like 902: 14685: 14666: 14648:Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, M. (1990). 14609: 14587:A Historical Grammar of Biblical Hebrew 14584: 14575: 14402:"Proto-Semitic Phonology and Phonetics" 14375:Jobes, Karen H.; Silva, Moises (2001). 14315: 14232: 14015:Arnold, Bill T.; Choi, John H. (2003). 13945: 13829: 13615: 13556: 13529: 13527: 13342: 13261: 13177: 13155: 13153: 13151: 13136: 13115: 13040: 12962: 12958: 12956: 12883: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12705:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1.3.1.3. 12700: 12684: 12682: 12669: 12667: 12649: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12429: 12405: 12390: 12378: 12359: 12315: 12309: 12283: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12151: 12149: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11881: 11879: 11781: 11715: 11711: 11709: 11696: 11694: 11681: 11679: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11564: 11522: 11520: 11414: 11255:The unstressed suffix -ה in words like 11230:because the later stem from forms like 10569: 10183: 9202:The most common nominal prefix used is 9197: 8469:in closed stressed syllables shifts to 5089:cannot be geminate; historically first 5051:have generally all merged, either into 4662:during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew. 3948:is generally used for both long and ( 1019:, Hebrew of this period was similar to 434:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 396:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 273:Proto-Canaanite / Proto-Sinaitic Script 14: 17559: 14704: 14546: 14441: 14408:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–151. 14334: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13864: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13690: 13603: 13568: 13539: 13387: 13330: 13303: 13282: 13243: 12818: 12643: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12440: 12438: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12295: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12193: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11754: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11647: 11595: 11547: 11511: 11430: 11379: 11267:and used ornamentally in poetry, e.g. 10860:is clearly phonemic but bears minimal 9993:χι αθθα θαειρ νηρι YHWH ελωαι αγι οσχι 6749:in the Palestinian tradition and with 4923:as is based on comparative evidence ( 4669:during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew 4131:in closed unstressed syllables became 870:"the Holy Tongue" in Mishnaic Hebrew. 686:Biblical Hebrew possessed a series of 637:Biblical Hebrew has several different 16759: 15621: 15595: 14802: 14652:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 14631:Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible 14510: 14422: 14399: 14256:Grammar for Gemara and Targum Onkelos 14253: 14194: 14162: 14148:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 14103:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 14101:Introduction to the Semitic Languages 13934: 13885: 13808: 13796: 13423: 13372: 13357: 13318: 13288: 13094: 13052: 12998: 12983: 12968: 12901: 12767: 12522: 12520: 12478: 12476: 12396: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12166: 12164: 12128: 12076: 11891: 11817: 11787: 11775: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11602:. Mesorah Publications. p. 115. 11532: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11373: 10743:The Palestinian reflexes of Tiberian 10491: 10441:The vowel before originally geminate 10140: 9868:, Waw Consecutive Jussive/Cohortative 9523:The traditions differ on the form of 9264:('thanksgiving'; < ydy). Prefixed 9206:, used for substantives of location ( 8640: 8366:in closed post-tonic syllables, e.g. 8031: 7680:Stress shift / de-stressed reduction 7104:in both Hebrew and Arabic. The final 5654: 5490: 5391: 4193: 1926: 1803: 1142:, which contain biblical quotations. 1056:, Judea became independent under the 991:Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Judah 803:for use in possessive constructions. 17587:Languages extinct in the 1st century 16785: 14772:The Handy-Dandy Hebrew Grammar Chart 14707:Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah 14204:, Berlin: Mouton, pp. 239–264, 14143: 13817: 13784: 13754: 13660: 13648: 13636: 13624: 13597: 13524: 13494: 13476: 13458: 13452: 13434: 13411: 13393: 13270: 13255: 13219: 13195: 13183: 13148: 13130: 13028: 13016: 13004: 12953: 12947: 12924: 12859: 12834: 12812: 12776: 12737: 12679: 12673: 12664: 12658: 12631: 12567: 12482: 12444: 12417: 12305: 12303: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12252: 12214: 12176: 12170: 12155: 12146: 12118:Semitic Etymological Database Online 12089: 12052: 11956: 11950: 11927: 11912: 11900: 11876: 11870: 11763: 11748: 11706: 11691: 11676: 11670: 11653: 11622: 11570: 11517: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11358: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11292: 11283: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11243: 11226: 11216: 11210: 11196: 11188: 11179: 11164: 11155: 11149: 11139: 11108: 11100: 11082: 11069: 11064: 11058: 11027: 10977: 10946: 10887: 10853: 10845: 10832: 10819: 10811: 10802: 10793: 10784: 10775: 10766: 10731: 10709: 10680: 10667: 10611: 10582: 10544: 10530: 10485: 10480: 10447: 10429: 10366: 10341: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10267: 10258: 10238: 10232: 10224: 10127: 10118: 10104: 10091: 9667:, and their meaning with respect to 9663: 9630: 9573: 9559: 9542: 9533: 9513: 9504: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9447: 9425: 9419: 9399: 9390: 9381: 9348:In the development of Hebrew, final 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9260: 9238: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9151: 9142: 9133: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8595: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8546: 8529: 8496: 8479: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8389: 8380: 8371: 8327: 8305: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8264: 8249: 8219: 8213: 8193: 8183: 8155: 8149: 8136: 8119: 8102: 8088: 8043: 8017: 7426:Loss of final short vowels in nouns. 7147:Hebrew shows certain aspects of the 7037:If Hebrew had at some point had the 6839: 6831: 6810: 6801: 6079: 6070:(word-initially, except in ࠅ- "and") 6051: 6044: 6033: 5985: 5958: 5934: 5918: 5899: 5883: 5835: 5808: 5784: 5768: 5749: 5733: 5707: 5672: 5659: 5635: 5619: 5600: 5584: 5558: 5534: 5506: 5495: 5471: 5455: 5431: 5407: 5396: 5372: 5356: 5337: 5321: 5295: 5279: 5260: 5244: 5218: 5202: 5183: 5167: 5040: 5031: 4969: 4959: 4913: 4895: 4881: 4867: 4849: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4112: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3956: 3950: 3889: 3883: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3586: 3549: 3505: 3469: 3433: 3427: 3383: 3377: 3333: 3297: 3261: 3255: 3219: 3213: 3177: 3133: 3127: 3091: 3055: 3011: 2975: 2935: 2899: 2855: 2811: 2767: 2731: 2649: 2643: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2589: 2568: 2485:and traditionally reconstructed as * 2466: 2452: 2408: 2390:incident of Judges 12:6, where 2358: 2352: 2346:, distinguishing between simple and 2342: 2336: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2227:Biblical Hebrew as preserved in the 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2139: 2036:As Biblical Hebrew evolved from the 1955: 1892: 1835: 1769: 1703: 1634: 1559: 1496: 1316: 1249: 987:Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel 923: 913: 866: 860: 843: 837: 819: 813: 775: 14828: 14628: 14003: 13847: 13835: 13711: 12619: 12608: 12538: 12511: 12500: 12494: 12467: 12450: 12435: 12384: 12336: 12330: 12231: 11973: 11906: 11727: 11659: 10383: 10246: 10196: 9715: 9708: 9612: 9606: 9591: 9581: 9553:in the Palestinian tradition (e.g. 9441: 9435: 9409: 9119:more common before long consonants. 8397: 8325:in closed stressed syllables, e.g. 8199: 8004:Pre-stress reduction of short vowel 7132: 7123: 7114: 7077:. (Expected plural construct state 6013: 5995: 5863: 5845: 4811: 4787: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3962: 3942: 3932: 3895: 3874: 3868: 3858: 3712: 2637: 2501:and traditionally reconstructed as 2420: 2215: 2009: 1997: 1964: 1946: 1904: 1880: 1847: 1823: 1781: 1757: 1715: 1688: 1646: 1619: 1568: 1550: 1508: 1484: 1437: 1430: 1388: 1379: 1329: 1303: 1261: 1237: 675:, became increasingly used to mark 541: 532: 467: 446: 99:Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) 65: 59: 53: 47: 27:Archaic form of the Hebrew language 24: 16742:Languages between parentheses are 14633:. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. 14129:. University of California Press. 13901:. 2011-05-16. Accessed 2012-06-16. 12517: 12473: 12365: 12161: 11733: 11419: 10699:. The shift in Tiberian Hebrew of 9429:in construct) and the reflexes of 8070:. In unaccented closed syllables, 7237:appears to have been remade into * 3960:), and final is often written as 1105:becoming the official language of 970:says the Israelites established a 610:. The consonantal text called the 25: 17603: 14736: 13726:: Thos. N. Stanford. p. 14. 12300: 12258: 11446: 10955:. Eisenbrauns. 1987. p. 20. 10484:('he will have compassion'). See 8465:is the process by which original 6663: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6618: 6610: 6605: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6540: 6533: 6527: 6512: 6498: 6491: 6477: 6470: 6456: 6449: 6415: 6403: 6398: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6353: 6346: 6312: 6307: 6293: 6286: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6221: 6216: 6202: 6194: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 5109:Hebrew consonant correspondences 4919:). The specific pronunciation of 4635: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4563: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4395: 4371: 4360: 4353: 4337: 4328: 4321: 4310: 4303: 4270: 4263: 2450:(however, there is evidence that 1145: 14768:Grammar, vocabulary and writing 14530:A History of the Hebrew Language 14241:from the original on 7 June 2011 14171:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–112. 13976: 13951: 13928: 13916: 13904: 13891: 13879: 13823: 13772: 13760: 13748: 13705: 13678: 13666: 13654: 13642: 13630: 13591: 13512: 13500: 13464: 13440: 13399: 13225: 13201: 13189: 13172:Bergstrasser & Daniels (1995 13165: 13109: 13082: 13070: 13046: 13034: 13022: 13010: 12918: 12889: 12877: 12865: 12853: 12806: 12794: 12782: 12755: 12743: 12731: 12719: 12694: 11298: 11249: 11202: 11170: 11131: 11114: 11088: 11075: 11062:('pataḥ of the stolen '), as if 11046: 11019: 10969: 10930: 10893: 10758: 10737: 10716: 10655: 10642: 10625: 10588: 10575: 10536: 10511: 10435: 10406: 10389: 10242:'fish'. Most cases, however, of 9329:(used also for adverbials), and 9114:mainly in most closed syllables. 6868: 6825:appears in closed syllables and 6116:in some traditions color-coded. 3752:, while the Masoretes added the 3578: 3541: 3497: 3461: 3369: 3325: 3289: 3247: 3205: 3169: 3119: 3083: 3047: 3003: 2967: 2927: 2891: 2847: 2803: 2759: 2723: 2668:are occasionally preserved as . 2641:. The Samaria ostraca also show 2317:as relative particles, negative 2195:, first person singular pronoun 1066:destruction of the Second Temple 414: 14792:The Alphabet of Biblical Hebrew 14614:. Routledge. pp. 145–173. 14580:. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard. 14477:, Eisenbrauns, pp. 65–83, 14423:LaSor, William Sanford (1978). 14054: 12637: 12625: 12596: 12584: 12555: 12532: 12488: 12423: 12411: 12353: 12289: 12277: 12220: 12208: 12134: 12122: 12107: 12095: 12064: 12040: 12028: 12016: 12004: 11992: 11944: 11933: 11864: 11852: 11793: 11769: 11721: 11635: 11616: 11589: 10372: 10359: 10334: 10301: 10214: 10202: 10189: 10176: 10163: 10146: 10133: 10122:but pronounced with an initial 10110: 10097: 10073: 9924:The following is a sample from 9064:in closed post-tonic syllables. 8130:). In Tiberian Hebrew pretonic 7190:Loss of final unstressed vowels 7173: 6897:or the modern pronunciation of 4715:Originally, the Hebrew letters 4102:is recorded in Greek as Σαμψών 4040:) and in medial position (e.g. 4000:is found finally in forms like 2373:Qumran Hebrew, attested in the 2055:), some archaic forms, such as 835:and in Mishnaic Hebrew we find 827:, Greek writings use the names 806: 436: instead of Hebrew letters. 16746:of the language on their left. 15397: 14532:. Cambridge University Press. 14528:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993). 14474:Phonologies of Asia and Africa 14320:. Cambridge University Press. 11493: 11480: 11469: 11435: 11195:('pierced with a sword'). See 10907:, see above. The Semitic form 9919: 9352:were dropped first, and later 9224:'judgement'). The vowel after 8177:has questionable phonemicity. 7742:Final short vowel loss (noun) 7616:Final short vowel loss (verb) 7006:(objective), and dual endings 6955:) occurred in some languages, 6859:in closed post-tonic syllables 4931:phoneme and still attested in 4775:respectively c. 200 BCE. 3748:to indicate it took the value 2671: 1099:revival of the Hebrew language 1068:in 70 CE, and the second 911:. The Paleo-Hebrew text reads 85:Istanbul Archaeological Museum 13: 1: 17528:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 14578:A Grammar of Masoretic Hebrew 14404:. In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). 14063:A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew 12114:"*šu(n)bul-at- – ear of corn" 11367: 10084: 9859:, Waw Consecutive Subjunctive 9678: 9365: 9342: 8203:. When reduced, etymological 7441:'killing/killer (masc. sg.)' 7164: 7061:without mimation. Similarly, 7053:above), while dual construct 4706: 4692:), but Egyptian starts using 4183: 3650: 2608:כְּלוּב קַ֫יִץ... בָּא הַקֵּץ 749:(masculine, feminine), three 17567:Language of the Hebrew Bible 15432: 14378:Invitation to the Septuagint 14318:The Grammar of Modern Hebrew 14188:From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew 11940:Garnier & Jacques (2012) 10919:, eventually yielding Latin 10809:('ascend!') (Num 21:17) and 10466:tends to remain short; with 9791:, Proverbial/General Present 9403:('with us'); nouns preserve 9268:is used in adjectives, e.g. 8577:. In the Tiberian tradition 7981:('they killed') < PHeb. 6766:in the Palestinian tradition 6644: 6632: 6616: 6604: 6585: 6573: 6550: 6497: 6490: 6476: 6469: 6455: 6448: 6425: 6378: 6366: 6352: 6345: 6322: 6292: 6285: 6266: 6254: 6201: 6192: 6173: 6161: 6138: 4175: 3654: 10th century BCE 7: 14585:Sperber, Alexander (1966). 14576:Sperber, Alexander (1959). 14553:Biblical Archaeology Review 14448:Biblical Archaeology Review 14425:Handbook of Biblical Hebrew 13911:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13874:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13859:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13842:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13803:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13791:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13779:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13767:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13700:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13685:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13673:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13610:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13586:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13563:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13551:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 13534:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 12603:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11886:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11701:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11686:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11542:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11527:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 11380:Barton, John, ed. (2004) . 11355:Waltke & O'Connor (1990 10399:, but this is unlikely See 9750:, Waw Consecutive Preterite 9232:, but appears sometimes as 7712:Tonic lengthening/lowering 7018:(strong masculine plural), 6753:in the Babylonian tradition 6042:(word-initially, except in 4816: 4792: 4189:Biblical Hebrew consonants 4172:the Tiberian vocalization. 3928:are usually represented by 3924:. In the Qumran tradition, 2678:Biblical Hebrew orthography 2381: 1156:Northwest Semitic languages 958:between the Jordan and the 823:"Judaean, Judahite" In the 739:nonconcatenative morphology 645:. This was retained by the 530:, which was referred to as 316: – Ancient Hebrew 109:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) 10: 17608: 16913:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 14864:Transliteration to English 14742:Biblical Hebrew Resources 14186:Dolgopolsky, Aron (1999). 14061:Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev (2000). 10022: 10012: 10002: 9992: 9218:'key'), and abstractions ( 9212:'assembly'), instruments ( 9161: 8682: 8620:('he will make glorious') 8223:'he said'), and generally 7959:('he killed') < PHeb. 6675: 4826: 4802: 4731: 4719: 3834:, similarly to the Hebrew 2675: 2236:may be subdivided by era. 2074:(1200–540 BCE), with 2027:Northwest Semitic language 1149: 1001:was destroyed. Later, the 956:second millennium BCE 896: 892: 653:to this day. However, the 573:siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) 17541: 17508: 17443: 17388: 17358:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 17333: 17219: 17187: 17100: 17091: 17082: 17031: 16961: 16887: 16842: 16811: 16802: 16793: 16728: 16655: 16556: 16497: 16490: 16457: 16448: 16441: 16394: 16385: 16315: 16223: 16070: 15951: 15912: 15903: 15894: 15836: 15815: 15718: 15709: 15700: 15662: 15629: 15543: 15478: 15423: 15388: 15331: 15288: 15188: 15065: 15019: 15003: 14996: 14919: 14881: 14836: 14688:The Book of Hebrew Script 14594:Steinberg, David (2010). 14559:(2): 51–6. Archived from 14356:Janssens, Gerard (1982). 14301:10.1017/s0041977x11001261 14099:Bergsträsser, G. (1983). 11325:remained the jussive and 11068:were being inserted. See 10884:⟨‌ֲ ⟩ 10877:⟨‌ְ ⟩ 10818:(' pestle'; Prov 27:22). 9974: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9125: 9026: 9012: 9000: 8986: 8974: 8964: 8952: 8942: 8930: 8916: 8904: 8887: 8870: 8865: 8845: 8828: 8806: 8773: 8758: 8746: 8729: 8707: 8702: 8687: 8658: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8227:under non-gutturals, but 7992:('I killed') < PHeb. 7335:('your' masc. sing.) and 7260:competed with lengthened 7143:Potential Canaanite shift 6922:pharyngealized consonants 6910:Central Semitic languages 6094: 5980: 5963: 5953: 5830: 5813: 5803: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5093:degeminated, followed by 4863:(normally indicated with 4634: 4627: 4601: 4583: 4562: 4415: 4394: 4359: 4309: 4290: 4269: 4257: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4091:superlinear vocalizations 3966:in analogy to words like 3838:, which has for instance 3592: 3555: 3511: 3475: 3439: 3389: 3339: 3303: 3267: 3225: 3183: 3139: 3097: 3061: 3017: 2981: 2941: 2905: 2861: 2817: 2773: 2737: 2493:while another sibilant *s 1995: 1990: 1939: 1930: 1873: 1816: 1807: 1750: 1741: 1681: 1672: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1590: 1543: 1534: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1355: 1351: 1296: 1287: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1208: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 972:unified kingdom in Canaan 947:and the Canaanite of the 799:), and nouns had special 765:which may have indicated 655:Imperial Aramaic alphabet 649:, who use the descendent 510:in the area known as the 382: 358: 346: 330: 301: 296: 259: 205: 145: 129: 91: 73: 45: 44: 39: 34: 16739:or historical languages. 15552:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 14671:. Cambridge University. 14667:Yahalom, Joseph (1997). 14547:Shanks, Hershel (2010). 14233:Feldman, Rachel (2010). 14027:10.1017/cbo9780511610899 13712:Roy, William L. (1856). 12701:Hetzron, Robert (2011). 12551:Jobes & Silva (2001) 11224:lacking in the absolute 11043:rather than attenuation. 10474:also remains short, and 10220:There are rare-cases of 10067: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9945: 9850:, Waw Consecutive Future 9619: 8096:, but is occasional for 6829:in open syllables, e.g. 4987:has instead merged with 4859:) but later merged with 4782:of the Pentateuch (e.g. 4123:shows the effect of the 4106:with the first vowel as 3632:Proto-Canaanite alphabet 2617:'who, that', forms like 2509:; later on, a push-type 2340:, the accusative marker 2201:, interrogative pronoun 1791:'watermelon-like plant' 933:Northwest Semitic (ENWS) 795:) or nouns (to indicate 539:"language of Canaan" or 18:Biblical Hebrew language 17489:Portuguese-based Creole 14705:Yeivin, Israel (1980). 14316:Glinert, Lewis (2004). 14254:Frank, Yitzhak (2003). 10608:⟨α/ε ε ο⟩ 10288:'nations' rather than * 10262:('head') from original 10033:Pronunciation (Secunda) 9694:compared to other less 9675:is a matter of debate. 9563:Deuteronomy 26:15) and 7460:'you (masc. sg.) kill' 4700:to represent Canaanite 3938:whether short or long. 3639:Proto-Sinaitic Alphabet 2653:'year', as in Aramaic. 2535:in many dialects (e.g. 2489:, had been originally * 2222: 1005:made Judah a province, 907:Coin issued during the 899:Ancient Hebrew writings 713:under the influence of 590:which was added in the 141:in the first century CE 14774:, Prof. Shawn Madden, 14589:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 14442:Rainey, Anson (2008). 14400:Kogan, Leonid (2011). 14335:Hanson, K. C. (2011). 10506:Yemenite pronunciation 10502:Sephardi pronunciation 9700:Attributive adjectives 9649:), three modal forms ( 8646:Hebrew language stage 8636:Hebrew vowel reflexes 8211:under gutturals (e.g. 8066:become the back vowel 7646:Pre-tonic lengthening 7468:Proto-Central-Semitic 7463:'you (fem. sg.) kill' 5067:sometimes have reflex 3899:). The relative terms 2656:The guttural phonemes 2623:'to know' rather than 2038:Proto-Semitic language 1050:conquered the province 995:Judahite upper classes 928: 552:", but it was used in 514:, roughly west of the 422:This article contains 384:This article contains 17532:village sign language 17518:Israeli Sign Language 16029:Christian Palestinian 15741:Ancient North Arabian 14750:University of Alberta 14686:Yardeni, Ada (1997). 14629:Tov, Emanuel (1992). 14612:The Semitic Languages 14163:Bloch, Yigal (2017). 14144:Blau, Joshua (2010). 11849::36–38, 43–44, 47–50) 11596:Holder, Meir (1986). 11025:Verbal forms such as 10872:is written both with 10600:⟨α η ω⟩ 10321:⟨η, αι⟩ 10276:'voices' rather than 9913:, Jussive/Cohortative 9445:) However forms like 9346: 1350 BCE. 8642:Hebrew vowel reflexes 8113:), and is common for 7805:Short vowel lowering 7081:was replaced by dual 6877:Proto-Central-Semitic 6817:('his hands'), where 4927:is the corresponding 4079:Tiberian vocalization 2505:, had been initially 2025:Biblical Hebrew is a 985:In 722 BCE, the 978:in the north and the 906: 643:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 571:, which ended in the 371: Ancient Hebrew 278:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 17368:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani 17008:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 16129:Koy Sanjaq Christian 15806:Pre-classical Arabic 15573:Strong's Concordance 14859:Ancient inscriptions 14748:, Prof. E. Ben Zvi, 14690:. Jerusalem: Carta. 13382:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 13367:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 13298:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 13232:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 13208:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12872:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12789:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12527:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12348:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12188:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12071:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12059:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12047:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12035:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12023:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 12011:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11999:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11968:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11847:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11642:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11584:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 11464:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 10988:('nest'). The shift 10866:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 10354:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 10171:Sáenz-Badillos (1993 9626:derived verbal stems 9567:in Babylonian (e.g. 9486:Nouns are marked as 9369: 1800 BCE 9356:was elided as well. 9236:, or in the case of 9198:Nouns and adjectives 8187:, and as preceding 7225:('word' acc.') > 7168: 1365 BCE 5976:(syllable-initially) 5826:(syllable-initially) 4933:Modern South Arabian 4696:in place of earlier 3917:Samaritan Pentateuch 2635:'to do' rather than 2402:trying to cross the 1124:Ketef Hinnom scrolls 1091:Second Temple period 968:Deuteronomic history 694:is disputed, likely 659:Babylonian captivity 606:and in the southern 584:consonantal skeleton 569:Second Temple period 498:, a language in the 17577:Classical languages 17572:Canaanite languages 15972:Ashurian and Hatran 15566:Brown–Driver–Briggs 14563:on 29 February 2012 14337:"The Gezer Almanac" 13963:blueletterbible.com 11812:Sáenz-Badillos 1993 11357::564–565, 566) and 11039:may be examples of 10913:Proto-Indo-European 9818:, Present Condition 9360:, a nominal suffix 9140:('they built') vs. 9095:in open syllables, 8637: 8602:('he will listen') 8515:tended to shift to 8433:tended to shift to 7833:Law of attenuation 7576:Penultimate stress 7435: 7182:(and possibly rare 6914:emphatic consonants 6680:possible allophones 5110: 4951:began merging with 4190: 2497:, transcribed with 2481:, transcribed with 2442:, which shifted to 2406:by making them say 2207:, definite article 2183:"old (person)" and 2109:tended to shift to 1166: 1160:Canaanite languages 1013:. According to the 1011:Temple in Jerusalem 962:, an area known as 921:" on the front and 785:verb–subject–object 779:, in the so-called 688:emphatic consonants 612:Masoretic Text (𝕸) 588:vocalization system 447:עִבְרִית מִקְרָאִית 120:liturgical language 17396:Jewish Koine Greek 17256:Judaeo-Piedmontese 17003:Judaeo-Palestinian 16843:Reading traditions 16043:Jewish Palestinian 15415:Law of attenuation 14920:Reading traditions 14709:. Scholars Press. 14511:Rosén, H. (1969). 13897:Robert Holmstedt. 13079::54, 118–120, 132) 12862::105–106, 115–119) 11383:The Biblical World 11313:, and subjunctive 11193:/măˈtʼoʕăneˈħɔrɛv/ 11180:עִם־יוֹ֫רְדֵי בוֹר 10911:was borrowed into 10454:'the father' < 9886:, Prophetic Future 9704:status constructus 9571:'item' = Tiberian 9557:'land' = Tiberian 9511:('the wise man'), 9371:) of Jerusalem as 9071:law of attenuation 9056:results from both 8684:Proto-Hebrew vowel 8635: 8521:law of attenuation 8338:may become either 8126:'open place' < 8032:Later developments 7433: 7217:('he wrote') > 6851:results from both 5108: 4188: 4125:law of attenuation 3880:Siloam inscription 3763:, but the letters 3675:Samaritan alphabet 2031:Canaanite subgroup 1164: 1054:Hellenistic period 929: 887:Siloam inscription 825:Hellenistic period 727:glottal consonants 468:לְשׁוֹן הַמִּקְרָא 288:Samaritan alphabet 81:Siloam Inscription 60:(לָשׁוֹן) עִבְרִית 17554: 17553: 17548:extinct languages 17485:Judaeo-Papiamento 17439: 17438: 17379:Judaeo-Golpaygani 17310:Judaeo-Portuguese 17215: 17214: 17078: 17077: 16883: 16882: 16753: 16752: 16724: 16723: 16720: 16719: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16381: 16380: 16377: 16376: 16219: 16218: 16182:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 15979:Jewish Babylonian 15890: 15889: 15623:Semitic languages 15589: 15588: 15445:Verbal morphology 15384: 15383: 14897: 14716:978-0-89130-373-2 14697:978-965-220-369-4 14678:978-0-521-58399-2 14659:978-0-931464-31-7 14640:978-0-8006-3429-2 14621:978-0-415-05767-7 14539:978-0-521-55634-7 14484:978-1-57506-019-4 14434:978-0-8028-0444-0 14415:978-3-11-025158-6 14392:978-1-84227-061-5 14383:Paternoster Press 14367:978-2-8017-0189-8 14327:978-0-521-61188-6 14265:978-1-58330-606-2 14211:978-3-11-018550-8 14178:978-1-57506-481-9 14155:978-1-57506-129-0 14136:978-0-520-09548-9 14110:978-0-931464-10-2 14091:978-0-931464-10-2 14072:978-1-57506-047-7 14036:978-0-511-61089-9 13996:978-1-57506-116-0 13055:, Part 2, §14.11) 12762:Dolgopolsky (1999 12750:Dolgopolsky (1999 12712:978-3-11-018613-0 11859:Dolgopolsky (1999 11623:Rozovsky, Lorne. 11609:978-0-89906-499-4 11393:978-0-415-35091-4 11189:מְטֹ֫עֲנֵי חָ֫רֶב 11052:This is known as 10962:978-0-931464-34-8 10620:Dolgopolsky (1999 10568:('zealous'). See 10517:While the vowels 10401:Dolgopolsky (1999 10065: 10064: 9809:, Present Perfect 9800:, Stative Present 9639:grammatical voice 9246:(contracted from 9038: 9037: 8897: 8880: 8853: 8821: 8799: 8766: 8739: 8717: 8695: 8611:('his work') but 8143:('red' pl.) (cf. 8082:(Babylonian), or 7945: 7944: 7351:The short vowels 7306:Secunda (Hexapla) 7292:marking the long 7284:marking the long 7155:often shifted to 7045:is probably from 6883:Semitic languages 6866: 6865: 6735:⟨ε⟩ 6731:⟨α⟩ 6672: 6671: 6548: 6547: 6423: 6422: 6320: 6319: 6229: 6228: 6134:Samaritan Hebrew 6104:and varieties of 6092: 6091: 6071: 6062: 6049: 6031: 5977: 5969: 5932: 5916: 5897: 5881: 5827: 5819: 5782: 5766: 5747: 5731: 5705: 5670: 5633: 5617: 5598: 5582: 5370: 5354: 5335: 5319: 5293: 5277: 5258: 5242: 5216: 5200: 5181: 5165: 5150: 5143: 4688:were affricated ( 4655: 4654: 4557: 4496: 4424: 4390: 4350: 4300: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4110:, while Tiberian 3864:Mesha inscription 3671:Bar Kochba revolt 3616: 3615: 2023: 2022: 1152:Semitic languages 1128:Priestly Blessing 1089:Hebrew after the 1070:Bar Kokhba revolt 1058:Hasmonean dynasty 1033:" in the Talmud ( 1003:Achaemenid Empire 976:kingdom of Israel 960:Mediterranean Sea 909:Bar Kokhba revolt 604:Kingdom of Israel 520:Mediterranean Sea 504:Semitic languages 430:rendering support 410: 409: 392:rendering support 388:phonetic symbols. 177:Northwest Semitic 139:Jewish–Roman wars 114:Hasmonean dynasty 66:לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ 16:(Redirected from 17599: 17592:Sacred languages 17465:Judaeo-Malayalam 17317:Judaeo-Aragonese 17296:Judaeo-Provençal 17242:Judaeo-Livornese 17098: 17097: 17089: 17088: 16809: 16808: 16800: 16799: 16787:Jewish languages 16780: 16773: 16766: 16757: 16756: 16495: 16494: 16455: 16454: 16446: 16445: 16392: 16391: 16260:northern dialect 15935:Biblical Aramaic 15928:Imperial Aramaic 15910: 15909: 15901: 15900: 15799:Nabataean Arabic 15716: 15715: 15707: 15706: 15682:Canaano-Akkadian 15616: 15609: 15602: 15593: 15592: 15535:Unicode and HTML 15001: 15000: 14989: 14981: 14973: 14954: 14894:northern dialect 14891: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14800: 14799: 14732: 14720: 14701: 14682: 14663: 14644: 14625: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14590: 14581: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14543: 14524: 14507: 14492: 14487:, archived from 14467: 14465: 14463: 14438: 14419: 14396: 14371: 14352: 14350: 14348: 14339:. Archived from 14331: 14312: 14294: 14269: 14250: 14248: 14246: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14220: 14214:, archived from 14203: 14191: 14182: 14159: 14140: 14128: 14114: 14095: 14076: 14049: 14048: 14012: 14001: 14000: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13955: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13932: 13926: 13923:Zuckermann (2006 13920: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13862: 13856: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13815: 13806: 13800: 13794: 13788: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13738: 13722:(2nd ed.). 13721: 13709: 13703: 13697: 13688: 13682: 13676: 13670: 13664: 13658: 13652: 13646: 13640: 13634: 13628: 13622: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13589: 13583: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13537: 13531: 13522: 13519:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13516: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13492: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13447:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13444: 13438: 13432: 13421: 13418:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13415: 13409: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13370: 13364: 13355: 13352:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13349: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13325:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13322: 13316: 13313:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 13310: 13301: 13295: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13146: 13140: 13134: 13128: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12993:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12990: 12981: 12978:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12975: 12966: 12960: 12951: 12945: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12899: 12896:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12874::88–89, 97, 110) 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12845: 12832: 12830:Steinberg (2010) 12827: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12677: 12671: 12662: 12656: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12623: 12617: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12591:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12588: 12582: 12576: 12565: 12562:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12559: 12553: 12548: 12542: 12536: 12530: 12524: 12515: 12509: 12498: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12471: 12465: 12448: 12442: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12394: 12388: 12382: 12376: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12334: 12328: 12313: 12307: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12256: 12250: 12229: 12227:Rendsburg (1997) 12224: 12218: 12212: 12206: 12203:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 12200: 12191: 12185: 12174: 12168: 12159: 12153: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12120: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11971: 11965: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11889: 11883: 11874: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11752: 11746: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11704: 11698: 11689: 11683: 11674: 11668: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11568: 11562: 11545: 11539: 11530: 11524: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11478: 11476:2 Kings 18:26–28 11473: 11467: 11461: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11428: 11417: 11412: 11401: 11400: 11377: 11362: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11333: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11184:/ʕim-ˈjorădevor/ 11182: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11092: 11086: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11014:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 11012:'reputation'!). 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10940:does not become 10939: 10934: 10928: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10859: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10826:alternates with 10825: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10640: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10598:were written as 10597: 10592: 10586: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10558:Ben-Ḥayyim (2000 10555: 10551: 10548:'here' Tiberian 10547: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10509: 10498: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10410: 10404: 10393: 10387: 10376: 10370: 10363: 10357: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10274: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10193: 10187: 10180: 10174: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10077: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9935: 9877:, Promise Future 9836:in Present Tense 9827:, Cyclic Present 9716:Tense and aspect 9711: 9710: 9666: 9665: 9633: 9632: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9490:with the prefix 9478: 9477: 9476:שֵׁשׁ כְּנָפַיִם 9472: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9423:in absolute but 9422: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9379:is preserved in 9378: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9050:Samaritan Hebrew 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8851: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8784: 8779: 8776: 8771: 8764: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8690: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8544:, e.g. Tiberian 8543: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8321:may have reflex 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8217:'you said' cf. 8216: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8160:/ɔˈsir/⁓/asˈsir/ 8158: 8157: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8011:were reduced to 8010: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7958: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7853: 7825: 7788: 7777: 7773: 7747: 7731: 7717: 7707: 7696: 7691: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7638: 7624: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7553: 7548:Canaanite shift 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7436: 7432: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7354: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7185: 7181: 7169: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 6974: 6969:definite article 6966: 6962: 6954: 6942: 6939:(accusative) or 6938: 6934: 6929:Classical Arabic 6899:Classical Arabic 6892: 6888: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6681: 6667: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6622: 6614: 6609: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6502: 6495: 6481: 6474: 6460: 6453: 6427: 6426: 6419: 6407: 6402: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6357: 6350: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6297: 6290: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6206: 6198: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6140: 6139: 6125:Biblical Hebrew 6119: 6118: 6115: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5146: 5141: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4711: 4708: 4691: 4687: 4684:Some argue that 4639: 4615: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4567: 4555: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4422: 4399: 4386: 4375: 4364: 4357: 4346: 4341: 4332: 4325: 4314: 4307: 4296: 4274: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4191: 4187: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3923: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3795: 3789:matres lectionis 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3667:Moabite language 3655: 3652: 3612: 3604: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3531: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3451: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3409: 3401: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3359: 3351: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3315: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3279: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3237: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3195: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3159: 3151: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3073: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3037: 3029: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3007: 2993: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2917: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2881: 2873: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2837: 2829: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2793: 2785: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2749: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2682: 2681: 2667: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2582:epenthetic vowel 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2556:Israelian Hebrew 2550: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2508: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2410: 2375:Dead Sea Scrolls 2361: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2247:, including the 2241:Monarchic Period 2218: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2004: 1992: 1989: 1981: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1921: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1887: 1875: 1872: 1864: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1831: 1830: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1798: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1764: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1699: 1698: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1663: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1630: 1629: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1525: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1492: 1491: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1346: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1312: 1311: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1278: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1245: 1244: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1167: 1163: 1084:Aelia Capitolina 1074:Syria Palaestina 1021:Imperial Aramaic 999:Solomon's Temple 997:were exiled and 980:kingdom of Judah 926: 925: 916: 915: 875:Classical Hebrew 869: 868: 863: 862: 846: 845: 840: 839: 822: 821: 816: 815: 801:construct states 778: 777: 731:Samaritan Hebrew 672:matres lectionis 651:Samaritan script 608:Kingdom of Judah 544: 543: 535: 534: 518:and east of the 488:Classical Hebrew 485: 484: 483: 481: 470: 469: 464: 463: 462: 460: 449: 448: 418: 378: Samaritan 377: 370: 354: 342: 325:Samaritan Hebrew 322: 315: 306: 265: 242: 224: 151: 104:Kingdom of Judah 78: 69: 68: 67: 62: 61: 56: 55: 50: 49: 40:Classical Hebrew 32: 31: 21: 17607: 17606: 17602: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17597: 17596: 17557: 17556: 17555: 17550: 17537: 17504: 17475:Judaeo-Georgian 17435: 17384: 17329: 17211: 17183: 17165:Judaeo-Alsatian 17074: 17027: 17018:Judaeo-Tunisian 16998:Judaeo-Moroccan 16991:Judaeo-Baghdadi 16976:Judaeo-Egyptian 16971:Judaeo-Algerian 16957: 16948:Lishanid Noshan 16879: 16838: 16789: 16784: 16754: 16749: 16716: 16643: 16552: 16499: 16486: 16437: 16398: 16373: 16311: 16215: 16157:Urmia Christian 16073: 16066: 15953: 15947: 15886: 15846:Egyptian Arabic 15832: 15828:Modern Standard 15811: 15696: 15658: 15625: 15620: 15590: 15585: 15544:Reference works 15539: 15474: 15470:Vav-consecutive 15419: 15398:Biblical Hebrew 15380: 15327: 15312:Mater lectionis 15284: 15184: 15061: 15015: 14992: 14987: 14979: 14971: 14950: 14915: 14877: 14832: 14830:Hebrew language 14827: 14739: 14717: 14698: 14679: 14660: 14641: 14622: 14600: 14598: 14566: 14564: 14540: 14506:on 20 July 2011 14491:on 20 July 2011 14485: 14461: 14459: 14435: 14416: 14393: 14368: 14346: 14344: 14328: 14292:10.1.1.395.1033 14266: 14244: 14242: 14224: 14222: 14221:on 10 June 2011 14218: 14212: 14201: 14179: 14156: 14137: 14111: 14092: 14073: 14057: 14052: 14037: 14013: 14004: 13997: 13989:. Eisenbrauns. 13981: 13977: 13967: 13965: 13957: 13956: 13952: 13944: 13940: 13933: 13929: 13921: 13917: 13909: 13905: 13896: 13892: 13884: 13880: 13872: 13865: 13857: 13848: 13840: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13816: 13809: 13801: 13797: 13789: 13785: 13777: 13773: 13765: 13761: 13753: 13749: 13736: 13734: 13719: 13710: 13706: 13698: 13691: 13683: 13679: 13671: 13667: 13659: 13655: 13647: 13643: 13635: 13631: 13623: 13616: 13608: 13604: 13596: 13592: 13584: 13569: 13561: 13557: 13549: 13540: 13532: 13525: 13517: 13513: 13505: 13501: 13493: 13489: 13481: 13477: 13469: 13465: 13457: 13453: 13445: 13441: 13433: 13424: 13416: 13412: 13404: 13400: 13392: 13388: 13380: 13373: 13365: 13358: 13350: 13343: 13335: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13311: 13304: 13296: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13269: 13262: 13254: 13250: 13242: 13238: 13230: 13226: 13218: 13214: 13206: 13202: 13194: 13190: 13182: 13178: 13170: 13166: 13160:Rendsburg (1997 13158: 13149: 13141: 13137: 13129: 13122: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13095: 13087: 13083: 13075: 13071: 13063: 13059: 13051: 13047: 13039: 13035: 13027: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12991: 12984: 12976: 12969: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12911: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12846: 12835: 12828: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12787: 12783: 12775: 12768: 12760: 12756: 12748: 12744: 12736: 12732: 12726:Rendsburg (1997 12724: 12720: 12713: 12699: 12695: 12689:Rendsburg (1997 12687: 12680: 12672: 12665: 12657: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12630: 12626: 12618: 12609: 12601: 12597: 12589: 12585: 12579:Rendsburg (1997 12577: 12568: 12560: 12556: 12549: 12545: 12537: 12533: 12525: 12518: 12510: 12501: 12493: 12489: 12481: 12474: 12466: 12451: 12443: 12436: 12428: 12424: 12416: 12412: 12404: 12397: 12393::42, 45, 47–50) 12389: 12385: 12377: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12346: 12337: 12329: 12316: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12290: 12282: 12278: 12272:Rendsburg (1997 12270: 12259: 12251: 12232: 12225: 12221: 12213: 12209: 12201: 12194: 12186: 12177: 12169: 12162: 12154: 12147: 12141:Rendsburg (1999 12139: 12135: 12127: 12123: 12112: 12108: 12102:Rendsburg (1997 12100: 12096: 12088: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12045: 12041: 12033: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11987:Rendsburg (1997 11985: 11974: 11966: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11938: 11934: 11926: 11919: 11911: 11907: 11899: 11892: 11884: 11877: 11869: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11845: 11818: 11810: 11806: 11800:Rendsburg (1997 11798: 11794: 11786: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11762: 11755: 11747: 11734: 11726: 11722: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11692: 11684: 11677: 11669: 11660: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11621: 11617: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11582: 11571: 11563: 11548: 11540: 11533: 11525: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11494: 11485: 11481: 11474: 11470: 11462: 11447: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11420: 11413: 11404: 11394: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11303: 11299: 11254: 11250: 11207: 11203: 11175: 11171: 11136: 11132: 11122:construct state 11119: 11115: 11093: 11089: 11080: 11076: 11051: 11047: 11024: 11020: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10951: 10944:in pause, thus 10935: 10931: 10898: 10894: 10883: 10876: 10862:functional load 10763: 10759: 10742: 10738: 10721: 10717: 10660: 10656: 10647: 10643: 10631:In the Secunda 10630: 10626: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10580: 10576: 10541: 10537: 10516: 10512: 10499: 10492: 10440: 10436: 10411: 10407: 10394: 10390: 10377: 10373: 10364: 10360: 10339: 10335: 10320: 10306: 10302: 10243: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10194: 10190: 10181: 10177: 10168: 10164: 10158:Rendsburg (1997 10151: 10147: 10138: 10134: 10115: 10111: 10102: 10098: 10087: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10041: 10019: 10009: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9944: 9941:Tiberian Hebrew 9922: 9718: 9681: 9622: 9588: 9578: 9540:= Γαθερ versus 9368: 9345: 9200: 9168:parts of speech 9164: 9128: 9123: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9083: 9074: 9065: 8629:'its breadth'. 8553:('key') versus 8062:and lengthened 8034: 8006: 7453:'they killed' ( 7384: 7349: 7272:for masculine, 7192: 7176: 7167: 7149:Canaanite shift 7145: 6977:construct state 6945:construct state 6895:Classical Latin 6879: 6871: 6850: 6791: 6770: 6757: 6744: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6539: 6128:Secunda Hebrew 6113: 6097: 6064: 6037: 5971: 5922: 5887: 5821: 5772: 5737: 5623: 5588: 5360: 5325: 5283: 5248: 5206: 5171: 5016:functional load 4966: 4956: 4910: 4892: 4878: 4864: 4855:(also used for 4846: 4728: 4716: 4709: 4679:Central Semitic 4208: 4186: 4178: 4025: 3991: 3939: 3929: 3799:construct state 3709: 3702:Hebrew alphabet 3690:Mishnaic Hebrew 3653: 3643:Proto-Canaanite 3620:Khirbet Qeiyafa 2708: 2706: 2704: 2680: 2674: 2546: 2542: 2527: 2516: 2496: 2480: 2460:(whence Hebrew 2394:'s forces from 2384: 2348:waw-consecutive 2257:Song of Deborah 2225: 2092:Canaanite shift 2018: 2011: 2002: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1913: 1906: 1897: 1885: 1856: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1762: 1724: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1655: 1648: 1639: 1624: 1577: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1517: 1510: 1501: 1489: 1397: 1390: 1381: 1368: 1338: 1331: 1322: 1309: 1270: 1263: 1254: 1242: 1162: 1148: 1095:Medieval Hebrew 1062:Herod the Great 1030:Leshon Hakodesh 1025:Hanina bar Hama 901: 895: 883:Biblical Hebrew 879:Biblical Hebrew 809: 781:waw-consecutive 704:stop consonants 663:Hebrew alphabet 639:writing systems 586:, as well as a 558:Mishnaic Hebrew 533:שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן 496:Hebrew language 486:), also called 478:Leshon ha-Miqra 475: 472: 471: 454: 451: 450: 442:Biblical Hebrew 439: 438: 437: 428:Without proper 419: 390:Without proper 373: 372: 366: 350: 338: 335: 318: 317: 311: 310: 302: 292: 283:Hebrew alphabet 266: 261: 255: 228:Medieval Hebrew 220:Mishnaic Hebrew 208: 201: 187:Biblical Hebrew 172:Central Semitic 152: 149:Language family 147: 135:Mishnaic Hebrew 125: 87: 48:שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן 35:Biblical Hebrew 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17605: 17595: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17552: 17551: 17542: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17525: 17514: 17512: 17510:Sign languages 17506: 17505: 17503: 17502: 17492: 17482: 17472: 17462: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17440: 17437: 17436: 17434: 17433: 17426:Judaeo-Marathi 17419: 17407: 17392: 17390: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17382: 17375: 17373:Judaeo-Kashani 17370: 17365: 17363:Judaeo-Shirazi 17360: 17355: 17353:Judaeo-Persian 17350: 17345: 17339: 17337: 17335:Judaeo-Iranian 17331: 17330: 17328: 17327: 17320: 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17285: 17284: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17269:Judaeo-Spanish 17266: 17265: 17264: 17259: 17252: 17249:Judaeo-Mantuan 17245: 17236:Judaeo-Italian 17233: 17230:Judaeo-Catalan 17225: 17223: 17221:Judaeo-Romance 17217: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17193: 17191: 17189:Jewish English 17185: 17184: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17175: 17174: 17167: 17157: 17156: 17155: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17117: 17115: 17095: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17072: 17062: 17046: 17035: 17033: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16967: 16965: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16893: 16891: 16889:Judaeo-Aramaic 16885: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16846: 16844: 16840: 16839: 16837: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16815: 16813: 16806: 16797: 16791: 16790: 16783: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16760: 16751: 16750: 16748: 16747: 16740: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16714: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16696: 16695: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16661: 16659: 16653: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16629: 16626: 16623: 16613: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16593: 16588: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16571: 16560: 16558: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16533: 16513: 16503: 16501: 16492: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16461: 16459: 16452: 16443: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16389: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16364: 16357: 16350: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16334: 16319: 16317: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16293: 16286: 16285: 16284: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16244: 16237: 16229: 16227: 16221: 16220: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16208: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16153: 16152: 16149: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16103: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16091: 16078: 16076: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16046: 16039: 16032: 16020: 16013: 15999: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15975: 15963: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15942:Middle Aramaic 15938: 15931: 15924: 15916: 15914: 15907: 15898: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15870: 15853: 15848: 15842: 15840: 15838:Dialect groups 15834: 15833: 15831: 15830: 15825: 15819: 15817: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15737: 15730: 15722: 15720: 15713: 15704: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15694: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15670: 15668: 15660: 15659: 15657: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15649: 15639: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15626: 15619: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15596: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15555: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15519:modern Israeli 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15482: 15480: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15429: 15427: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15410: 15408:Philippi's law 15405: 15400: 15394: 15392: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15337: 15335: 15329: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15323:Plene scriptum 15320: 15315: 15308: 15294: 15292: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15194: 15192: 15186: 15185: 15183: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15071: 15069: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15007: 15005: 14998: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14982: 14974: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14833: 14826: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14758: 14752: 14738: 14737:External links 14735: 14734: 14733: 14721: 14715: 14702: 14696: 14683: 14677: 14664: 14658: 14645: 14639: 14626: 14620: 14607: 14591: 14582: 14573: 14544: 14538: 14525: 14508: 14493: 14483: 14468: 14458:on 31 May 2012 14439: 14433: 14420: 14414: 14397: 14391: 14372: 14366: 14353: 14343:on 8 June 2011 14332: 14326: 14313: 14285:(1): 135–145. 14270: 14264: 14251: 14230: 14210: 14192: 14183: 14177: 14160: 14154: 14141: 14135: 14115: 14109: 14096: 14090: 14077: 14071: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14035: 14002: 13995: 13975: 13950: 13938: 13927: 13915: 13903: 13890: 13878: 13863: 13846: 13834: 13822: 13807: 13795: 13783: 13771: 13759: 13747: 13720:(Google eBook) 13704: 13689: 13677: 13665: 13653: 13651::119–120, 268) 13641: 13639::122, 268–269) 13629: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13567: 13555: 13538: 13523: 13511: 13507:Janssens (1982 13499: 13487: 13483:Janssens (1982 13475: 13471:Janssens (1982 13463: 13451: 13439: 13422: 13410: 13406:Janssens (1982 13398: 13386: 13371: 13356: 13341: 13337:Janssens (1982 13329: 13317: 13302: 13287: 13275: 13260: 13248: 13236: 13224: 13212: 13200: 13188: 13176: 13164: 13147: 13143:Janssens (1982 13135: 13120: 13108: 13104:Janssens (1982 13093: 13089:Janssens (1982 13081: 13077:Janssens (1982 13069: 13065:Janssens (1982 13057: 13045: 13033: 13021: 13009: 12997: 12982: 12967: 12952: 12929: 12917: 12913:Janssens (1982 12900: 12888: 12876: 12864: 12852: 12848:Janssens (1982 12833: 12817: 12805: 12801:Janssens (1982 12793: 12781: 12766: 12754: 12742: 12730: 12718: 12711: 12693: 12678: 12663: 12648: 12636: 12624: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12566: 12554: 12543: 12531: 12516: 12499: 12497::96, 108, 222) 12487: 12472: 12449: 12434: 12422: 12410: 12395: 12383: 12364: 12352: 12335: 12314: 12299: 12288: 12276: 12257: 12230: 12219: 12207: 12192: 12175: 12160: 12145: 12133: 12121: 12106: 12094: 12075: 12063: 12051: 12039: 12027: 12015: 12003: 11991: 11972: 11955: 11943: 11932: 11917: 11905: 11890: 11875: 11863: 11851: 11816: 11804: 11792: 11780: 11768: 11753: 11732: 11720: 11705: 11690: 11675: 11658: 11646: 11634: 11615: 11608: 11588: 11569: 11546: 11531: 11516: 11504: 11500:Mishnah Gittin 11492: 11479: 11468: 11445: 11434: 11418: 11415:Feldman (2010) 11402: 11392: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11297: 11248: 11201: 11169: 11167::146–148, 154) 11130: 11126:Janssens (1982 11113: 11087: 11074: 11054:pataḥ furtivum 11045: 11018: 10968: 10961: 10929: 10892: 10800:('ornament'), 10757: 10736: 10728:Janssens (1982 10715: 10663:Janssens (1982 10654: 10650:Janssens (1982 10641: 10637:Janssens (1982 10624: 10616:Janssens (1982 10602:, while short 10587: 10574: 10552:vs. Samaritan 10535: 10510: 10490: 10434: 10405: 10388: 10380:Masoretic Text 10371: 10358: 10348:and complex / 10333: 10329:Janssens (1982 10300: 10236:for the usual 10213: 10201: 10188: 10175: 10162: 10145: 10132: 10109: 10096: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10030: 10028: 9983: 9981: 9938: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9907: 9898: 9889: 9880: 9871: 9862: 9853: 9840: 9839: 9830: 9821: 9812: 9803: 9794: 9781: 9780: 9771: 9762: 9753: 9744: 9717: 9714: 9680: 9677: 9621: 9618: 9407:in forms like 9339:Amarna letters 9310:('scorpion'). 9250:). The prefix 9199: 9196: 9178:('verb'), and 9163: 9160: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9086: 9084: 9080:Philippi's law 9077: 9075: 9068: 9066: 9048: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8780: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8581:take offglide 8527:> Tiberian 8463:Philippi's law 8455:'outside' and 8384:('the house') 8268:('great') vs. 8194:תְדֵמְּיוּ֫נִי 8162:('prisoner'). 8033: 8030: 8026:/aeeːiːooːuːə/ 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7986: 7975: 7970:('king') < 7964: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7502:*taqṭuˈliː(na) 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7451: 7450:'they killed' 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7414: 7411:surface filter 7407: 7388:open syllables 7383: 7380: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7348: 7345: 7341:*ʔanta, *ʔanti 7320:but masculine 7203: 7202: 7199: 7191: 7188: 7180:*/aaːoːiiːuuː/ 7175: 7172: 7161:Amarna letters 7144: 7141: 7130:"law of", and 7121:"law" becomes 7010:(nominative), 7002:(nominative), 6935:(nominative), 6878: 6875: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6848: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6768: 6755: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6615: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6377: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6073: 6055: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6000: 5999: 5989: 5979: 5962: 5952: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5909: 5903: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5829: 5812: 5802: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5759: 5753: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5694: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5663: 5653: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5610: 5604: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5528: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5401: 5390: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5347: 5341: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5270: 5264: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5193: 5187: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5101:, and finally 5038:for Masoretic 5002:to (known as 4996:spirantization 4675:pharyngealized 4671: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4052:vs. Masoretic 3836:Gezer Calendar 3686:tetragrammaton 3682:Aramaic script 3647:Gezer calendar 3614: 3613: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3393: 3387: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2821: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2544: 2540: 2525: 2514: 2494: 2478: 2383: 2380: 2224: 2221: 2177:"old (thing)" 2094:and the shift 2021: 2020: 2015: 2006: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1712: 1700: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1631: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1326: 1313: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170:Proto-Semitic 1147: 1146:Classification 1144: 1007:Yehud Medinata 949:Amarna letters 894: 891: 808: 805: 761:, and had two 700:pharyngealized 690:whose precise 537:śəp̄aṯ kənaʿan 512:Land of Israel 506:spoken by the 502:branch of the 457:Ivrit Miqra'it 432:, you may see 420: 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 394:, you may see 380: 379: 364: 356: 355: 348: 344: 343: 336: 331: 328: 327: 307: 299: 298: 297:Language codes 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 267: 263:Writing system 260: 257: 256: 254: 253: 248: 243: 235: 225: 217: 211: 209: 207:Standard forms 206: 203: 202: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 155: 153: 146: 143: 142: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 79: 71: 70: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17604: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17549: 17545: 17540: 17533: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17519: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17511: 17507: 17500: 17496: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17417: 17413: 17412: 17408: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17394: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17381: 17380: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17326: 17325: 17321: 17319: 17318: 17314: 17312: 17311: 17307: 17305: 17304: 17303:Judaeo-Gascon 17300: 17298: 17297: 17293: 17291: 17290: 17286: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17257: 17253: 17251: 17250: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17239: 17238: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17218: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17186: 17180: 17179:Scots-Yiddish 17177: 17173: 17172: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17154: 17153: 17152:Klezmer-loshn 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17123: 17122: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17084:Indo-European 17081: 17070: 17066: 17065:Judaeo-Berber 17063: 17060: 17056: 17055: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17040: 17037: 17036: 17034: 17030: 17024: 17023:Judaeo-Yemeni 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17013:Judaeo-Syrian 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16964: 16963:Judaeo-Arabic 16960: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16922: 16921: 16917: 16916: 16915: 16914: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16894: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16781: 16776: 16774: 16769: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16745: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16727: 16713: 16712: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16686: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16675: 16673: 16672: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16658: 16654: 16633: 16630: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16555: 16545: 16542: 16537: 16534: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16502: 16496: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450:Ethio-Semitic 16447: 16444: 16440: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16370: 16369: 16365: 16363: 16362: 16358: 16356: 16355: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16344: 16340: 16339: 16335: 16333: 16332: 16328: 16327: 16326: 16325: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16314: 16306: 16305: 16301: 16300: 16299: 16298: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16254: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16212: 16209: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16158: 16155: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16069: 16061: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16051: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16040: 16038: 16037: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16018: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16007: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16000: 15998: 15997:Judeo-Aramaic 15995: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15980: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15950: 15944: 15943: 15939: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15925: 15923: 15922: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15863: 15862:Siculo-Arabic 15859: 15858: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15835: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15808: 15807: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15791: 15787: 15785: 15784: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15759: 15757: 15756: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15742: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15731: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15661: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15617: 15612: 15610: 15605: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15594: 15582: 15581: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15570: 15568: 15567: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15477: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15450:Semitic roots 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15426: 15422: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15403:Modern Hebrew 15401: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15391: 15387: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15330: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15318:Abbreviations 15316: 15314: 15313: 15309: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15291: 15287: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15255:Kubutz/shuruk 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15064: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15018: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15002: 14999: 14995: 14986: 14983: 14978: 14975: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14918: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14895: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14835: 14831: 14824: 14819: 14817: 14812: 14810: 14805: 14804: 14801: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14763:, eHebrew.net 14762: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14708: 14703: 14699: 14693: 14689: 14684: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14632: 14627: 14623: 14617: 14613: 14608: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14583: 14579: 14574: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14545: 14541: 14535: 14531: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14500: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14475: 14469: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14436: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14417: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14398: 14394: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14373: 14369: 14363: 14359: 14354: 14342: 14338: 14333: 14329: 14323: 14319: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14271: 14267: 14261: 14257: 14252: 14240: 14236: 14231: 14217: 14213: 14207: 14200: 14199: 14193: 14189: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14161: 14157: 14151: 14147: 14142: 14138: 14132: 14127: 14126: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14106: 14102: 14097: 14093: 14087: 14083: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14059: 14058: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14011: 14009: 14007: 13998: 13992: 13988: 13987: 13979: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13947: 13946:Glinert (2004 13942: 13936: 13931: 13924: 13919: 13912: 13907: 13900: 13894: 13887: 13882: 13875: 13870: 13868: 13860: 13855: 13853: 13851: 13843: 13838: 13831: 13830:Sperber (1966 13826: 13819: 13814: 13812: 13804: 13799: 13792: 13787: 13780: 13775: 13768: 13763: 13756: 13751: 13744: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13718: 13717: 13708: 13701: 13696: 13694: 13686: 13681: 13674: 13669: 13662: 13657: 13650: 13645: 13638: 13633: 13626: 13621: 13619: 13611: 13606: 13599: 13594: 13587: 13582: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13564: 13559: 13552: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13535: 13530: 13528: 13520: 13515: 13508: 13503: 13496: 13491: 13484: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13460: 13455: 13448: 13443: 13436: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13419: 13414: 13407: 13402: 13395: 13390: 13383: 13378: 13376: 13368: 13363: 13361: 13353: 13348: 13346: 13339::54, 123–127) 13338: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13314: 13309: 13307: 13299: 13294: 13292: 13284: 13279: 13272: 13267: 13265: 13257: 13252: 13245: 13240: 13233: 13228: 13221: 13216: 13209: 13204: 13197: 13192: 13185: 13180: 13173: 13168: 13161: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13144: 13139: 13132: 13127: 13125: 13117: 13116:Steiner (1997 13112: 13105: 13100: 13098: 13090: 13085: 13078: 13073: 13066: 13061: 13054: 13049: 13042: 13041:Steiner (1997 13037: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12994: 12989: 12987: 12979: 12974: 12972: 12964: 12963:Yahalom (1997 12959: 12957: 12949: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12926: 12921: 12914: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12897: 12892: 12885: 12884:Sperber (1959 12880: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12856: 12849: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12814: 12809: 12802: 12797: 12790: 12785: 12778: 12773: 12771: 12763: 12758: 12751: 12746: 12739: 12734: 12727: 12722: 12714: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12685: 12683: 12675: 12670: 12668: 12660: 12655: 12653: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12628: 12621: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12604: 12599: 12592: 12587: 12580: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12563: 12558: 12552: 12547: 12540: 12535: 12528: 12523: 12521: 12513: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12496: 12491: 12484: 12479: 12477: 12469: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12446: 12441: 12439: 12431: 12430:Sperber (1959 12426: 12419: 12414: 12407: 12406:Yardeni (1997 12402: 12400: 12392: 12391:Yardeni (1997 12387: 12380: 12379:Yardeni (1997 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12361: 12360:Yardeni (1997 12356: 12349: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12332: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12311: 12310:Yardeni (1997 12306: 12304: 12297: 12296:Hanson (2011) 12292: 12285: 12284:Yardeni (1997 12280: 12273: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12254: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12228: 12223: 12216: 12211: 12204: 12199: 12197: 12190::83, 137–138) 12189: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12172: 12167: 12165: 12157: 12152: 12150: 12142: 12137: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12115: 12110: 12103: 12098: 12091: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12055: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12031: 12024: 12019: 12012: 12007: 12000: 11995: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11969: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11936: 11929: 11924: 11922: 11914: 11909: 11902: 11897: 11895: 11887: 11882: 11880: 11872: 11867: 11860: 11855: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11814:, p. 29. 11813: 11808: 11801: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11777: 11772: 11765: 11760: 11758: 11750: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11729: 11724: 11717: 11716:Yardeni (1997 11712: 11710: 11702: 11697: 11695: 11687: 11682: 11680: 11672: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11655: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11566: 11565:Steiner (1997 11561: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11543: 11538: 11536: 11528: 11523: 11521: 11513: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11443: 11438: 11432: 11431:Shanks (2010) 11427: 11425: 11423: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11360: 11356: 11341:; indicative 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287:appears with 11252: 11245: 11205: 11198: 11173: 11166: 11134: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11110: 11098:letter, e.g. 11097: 11091: 11084: 11078: 11071: 11055: 11049: 11042: 11022: 11015: 11004:('name'; but 10972: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10933: 10926: 10922: 10914: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10852:('Edomite'). 10842: 10821: 10791:('sickness') 10761: 10740: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10645: 10638: 10628: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10606:were written 10591: 10584: 10578: 10571: 10570:Steiner (1997 10559: 10539: 10532: 10514: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10495: 10487: 10438: 10431: 10409: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10368: 10362: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10330: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10297: 10269: 10217: 10210: 10205: 10198: 10192: 10185: 10184:Yardeni (1997 10179: 10172: 10166: 10159: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10113: 10106: 10100: 10093: 10088: 600 CE 10082: 10076: 10072: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10017: 10007: 9997: 9986: 9982: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904:, Subjunctive 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9778: 9777:in Past Tense 9776: 9772: 9769: 9768:, Cyclic Past 9767: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9741:, Simple Past 9740: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9727:paragogic nun 9722: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9691: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9627: 9617: 9601: 9587:for Tiberian 9526: 9521: 9520:('the man'). 9489: 9484: 9482: 9452: 9374: 9359: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9320: 9311: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9085: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9031: 9021: 9011: 9005: 8995: 8985: 8979: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8925: 8915: 8909: 8899: 8894: 8893: 8882: 8877: 8876: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8833: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8811: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8789: 8781: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8735: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8630: 8592: 8522: 8464: 8417:for Southern 8402: 8257: 8200:שָחֲחו, חֲיִי 8163: 8109:'nails' < 8056:*/juraħˈħimu/ 8029: 7998: 7987: 7976: 7965: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7861: 7855: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447:'she killed' 7446: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7389: 7379: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7187: 7171: 7162: 7150: 7140: 7137:/toːraːtəxaː/ 7086: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039:broken plural 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6995:Broken plural 6992: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6981:Old Canaanite 6978: 6970: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6906:Proto-Semitic 6902: 6900: 6896: 6884: 6874: 6869:Sound changes 6849: 6808:('his hand') 6790: 6789: 6788: 6775:and marginal 6769: 6756: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6666: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6122:Proto-Hebrew 6121: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6084: 6074: 6056: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5990: 5966: 5947: 5946: 5939: 5930: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5840: 5816: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5780: 5760: 5754: 5745: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5703: 5695: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5664: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5501: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5466: 5460: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5402: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5368: 5348: 5342: 5333: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5214: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5115:Proto-Semitic 5112: 5106: 5080: 5076: 5037: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4929:Proto-Semitic 4839: 4837: 4833: 4822: 4820: 4809: 4798: 4796: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4734: 4722: 4713: 4710: 800 BC 4703: 4699: 4695: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4169:Modern Hebrew 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4126: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071:transcription 4068: 4065: 4059: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3881: 3865: 3850:and possibly 3837: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2647:for standard 2604: 2600: 2583: 2557: 2552: 2538: 2512: 2500: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2459: 2449: 2434:for standard 2429: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2349: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:Song of Moses 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2151: 2103: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2016: 2007: 2000: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1419: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1398:'moon/month' 1395: 1386: 1360: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1327: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:Modern Hebrew 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 920: 910: 905: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 857: 854: 850: 841:'Hebrew' and 834: 830: 826: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Semitic roots 740: 735: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 577:fifth century 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 538: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 482: 479: 461: 458: 443: 435: 431: 427: 425: 417: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 387: 381: 376: 369: 365: 363: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 333:Linguist List 329: 326: 323: – 321: 314: 308: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 264: 258: 252: 249: 247: 244: 239: 236: 233: 232:Modern Hebrew 229: 226: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 210: 204: 188: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 154: 150: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 121: 118:Global (as a 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 72: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 17543: 17495:Judaeo-Malay 17409: 17377: 17322: 17315: 17308: 17301: 17294: 17289:Judaeo-Latin 17287: 17262:Judaeo-Roman 17254: 17247: 17240: 17228: 17169: 17150: 17109: 17052: 17043:Ethiosemitic 16986:Judaeo-Iraqi 16981:Judaeo-Fessi 16943:Lishán Didán 16938:Lishana Deni 16918: 16911: 16818: 16732: 16709: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16583: 16566: 16524:East Gurage 16366: 16359: 16352: 16345: 16336: 16329: 16322: 16302: 16295: 16288: 16274: 16267: 16258: 16252: 16251: 16239: 16232: 16197:Urmia Jewish 16106:Northeastern 16086: 16057: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16001: 15977: 15970: 15940: 15933: 15926: 15919: 15877:Mesopotamian 15860: 15804: 15797: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15727:Proto-Arabic 15725: 15689: 15680: 15673: 15663: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15557: 15550: 15366:Inverted nun 15351:Cantillation 15310: 15280:Sin/Shin dot 15052:Paleo-Hebrew 14888: 14868:from English 14757:(Wikisource) 14728: 14706: 14687: 14668: 14649: 14630: 14611: 14599:. Retrieved 14586: 14577: 14565:. Retrieved 14561:the original 14556: 14552: 14529: 14520: 14516: 14504:the original 14498: 14489:the original 14473: 14460:. Retrieved 14456:the original 14451: 14447: 14424: 14405: 14377: 14357: 14345:. Retrieved 14341:the original 14317: 14282: 14278: 14255: 14243:. Retrieved 14223:, retrieved 14216:the original 14197: 14187: 14168: 14145: 14124: 14100: 14081: 14062: 14055:Bibliography 14017: 13985: 13978: 13966:. Retrieved 13962: 13953: 13941: 13935:Rosén (1969) 13930: 13918: 13906: 13893: 13881: 13837: 13825: 13798: 13786: 13774: 13762: 13750: 13742: 13735:. Retrieved 13714: 13707: 13680: 13668: 13656: 13644: 13632: 13605: 13593: 13558: 13514: 13502: 13490: 13478: 13466: 13454: 13442: 13413: 13401: 13389: 13332: 13320: 13283:Yeivin (1980 13278: 13251: 13244:Yeivin (1980 13239: 13227: 13215: 13203: 13191: 13179: 13167: 13138: 13111: 13084: 13072: 13060: 13048: 13036: 13024: 13012: 13000: 12920: 12891: 12879: 12867: 12855: 12808: 12796: 12784: 12757: 12745: 12733: 12721: 12702: 12696: 12644:Yeivin (1980 12639: 12627: 12598: 12586: 12557: 12546: 12534: 12490: 12425: 12413: 12386: 12355: 12312::13, 15, 17) 12291: 12279: 12222: 12210: 12136: 12124: 12117: 12109: 12097: 12066: 12054: 12042: 12030: 12018: 12006: 11994: 11946: 11935: 11908: 11866: 11854: 11807: 11795: 11783: 11771: 11723: 11649: 11637: 11628: 11618: 11598: 11591: 11507: 11495: 11490:I, 1:2, etc. 11487: 11482: 11471: 11442:Isaiah 19:18 11437: 11397: 11382: 11375: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11295::91–92, 268) 11270:יְשׁוּעָתָהּ 11251: 11204: 11172: 11145:*/qaˈtʼaluː/ 11133: 11116: 11090: 11077: 11053: 11048: 11031:= Samaritan 11021: 10971: 10952: 10932: 10924: 10923:and English 10920: 10895: 10880: 10873: 10760: 10739: 10724:Joseph Qimḥi 10718: 10657: 10644: 10627: 10590: 10577: 10566:/kʼanːɔ(ʔ?)/ 10562:/kʼanːo(ʔ?)/ 10538: 10513: 10437: 10408: 10391: 10374: 10361: 10349: 10345: 10336: 10303: 10216: 10204: 10191: 10178: 10165: 10148: 10135: 10112: 10099: 10075: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10032: 10031: 10018: 10008: 9998: 9988: 9984: 9940: 9939: 9923: 9910: 9909: 9901: 9900: 9892: 9891: 9883: 9882: 9874: 9873: 9865: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9823: 9815: 9814: 9806: 9805: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9774: 9773: 9765: 9764: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9746: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9723: 9719: 9689: 9682: 9634: 9623: 9602: 9522: 9485: 9453: 9372: 9312: 9258:verbs, e.g. 9228:is normally 9201: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9156:/hɔˈʔohɛ̆lɔ/ 9129: 9042: 9039: 8683: 8641: 8631: 8403: 8258: 8235:(and rarely 8164: 8111:*/masmiriːm/ 8078:(Tiberian), 8035: 8007: 7949: 7946: 7444:'he killed' 7429: 7401: 7385: 7365: 7350: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7222: 7214: 7206: 7204: 7193: 7177: 7174:Proto-Hebrew 7146: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7026:nominative, 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6984: 6956: 6948: 6926: 6903: 6887:*/aaːiiːuuː/ 6880: 6872: 6758:merges with 6745:merges with 6098: 5964: 5814: 5077: 5035: 5024: 4993: 4944: 4943:< Hebrew 4940: 4936: 4909:but written 4905:(pronounced 4841:The phoneme 4840: 4818: 4794: 4777: 4714: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681:innovation. 4672: 4666: 4659: 4585:Approximants 4539: 4530: 4179: 4167:traditions. 4150: 4146:cantillation 4137: 4103: 4090: 4089:), known as 4060: 3984:, sometimes 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3875:בלילה, בניתי 3788: 3758: 3706: 3679: 3658:Paleo-Hebrew 3636: 3617: 2707:(Pre-Exilic) 2689:Paleo-Hebrew 2655: 2553: 2547:merged into 2524:and pushed s 2472: 2471: 2457: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2412: 2404:Jordan River 2385: 2372: 2368: 2362:rather than 2325: 2255:15) and the 2238: 2233:cantillation 2229:Hebrew Bible 2226: 2152: 2104: 2069: 2042: 2035: 2024: 1998: 1894: 1882: 1839: 1827: 1770: 1758: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1635: 1625: 1620: 1497: 1485: 1318: 1305: 1250: 1238: 1132:cantillation 1130:. Vowel and 1116: 1088: 1078: 1039: 1028: 1014: 984: 953: 930: 924:לחרות ירושלם 882: 878: 874: 872: 832: 828: 810: 807:Nomenclature 763:conjugations 741:, arranging 736: 692:articulation 685: 671: 636: 632:can be dated 581: 562: 545: 536: 528:Hebrew Bible 523: 516:Jordan River 494:form of the 487: 477: 456: 441: 440: 421: 383: 359: 186: 167:West Semitic 157:Afro-Asiatic 122:for Judaism) 29: 17522:German Sign 17422:Judaeo-Urdu 17171:Lachoudisch 16795:Afroasiatic 16671:Hadramautic 16657:Old Arabian 16596:West Gurage 16520:East Gurage 16399:ern Arabian 16101:Neo-Mandaic 16023:Palestinian 15921:Old Aramaic 15371:Shekel sign 15333:Punctuation 15298:with Niqqud 15208:Palestinian 14997:Orthography 14977:Palestinian 14119:Joshua Blau 13886:Doron (2005 13053:LaSor (1978 12980::44, 48–49) 12898::43–44, 48) 12740::56, 75–76) 12420::74–75, 77) 12408::65, 84–91) 12381::18, 24–25) 12129:Kogan (2011 11788:Kogan (2011 11776:Frank (2003 11512:Rainey 2008 11488:Antiquities 11041:Barth's law 10881:hataf patah 10639::54, 58–59) 10614::110–111), 10395:Or perhaps 10350:kompliziert 10141:Bloch (2017 9920:Sample text 9651:cohortative 9647:infinitives 9631:בִּנְיָנִים 9628:, known as 9467:'two days' 9304:('mouse'), 8667:Palestinian 8429:. Original 8107:/masməˈrim/ 7994:/qaˈṭaltiː/ 7894:*qɔːˈṭɔːluː 7730:*qaːˈṭaːluː 7508:Pre-Hebrew 6110:Palestinian 5020:Saadia Gaon 4994:Allophonic 4939:< Greek 4690:/ts,dz,tsˤ/ 4665:Consonants 4658:Consonants 4087:Palestinian 4064:Koine Greek 3926:back vowels 3893:(for later 3663:Mesha Stele 2672:Orthography 2511:chain shift 2475:u(n)bul-at- 2448:Transjordan 2400:Ephraimites 2330:, and some 1330:مَوَازَيْن 1035:Pesahim 87b 592:Middle Ages 554:Koine Greek 522:. The term 424:Hebrew text 398:instead of 17561:Categories 17479:Kartvelian 17430:Indo-Aryan 17348:Judaeo-Tat 16700:Rijal Alma 16685:Qatabanian 16354:Himyaritic 16297:Phoenician 16110:Christian 15913:Historical 15882:Peninsular 15783:Taymanitic 15734:Old Arabic 15719:Historical 15521:literature 15341:Diacritics 15203:Babylonian 14985:Babylonian 14725:Zuckermann 13818:Blau (2010 13755:Blau (2010 13661:Blau (2010 13649:Blau (2010 13637:Blau (2010 13625:Blau (2010 13598:Blau (2010 13495:Blau (2010 13459:Blau (2010 13435:Blau (2010 13394:Blau (2010 13271:Blau (2010 13256:Blau (2010 13220:Blau (2010 13198::124, 136) 13196:Blau (2010 13186::129, 136) 13184:Blau (2010 13131:Blau (2010 13029:Blau (2010 13017:Blau (2010 13005:Blau (2010 12948:Blau (2010 12925:Blau (2010 12860:Blau (2010 12813:Blau (2010 12777:Blau (2010 12738:Blau (2010 12674:Blau (2010 12659:Blau (2010 12632:Blau (2010 12483:Blau (2010 12445:Blau (2010 12418:Blau (2010 12253:Blau (2010 12215:Blau (2010 12171:Blau (2010 12158::8, 96–97) 12156:Blau (2010 12092::8, 40–41) 12090:Blau (2010 11951:Blau (2010 11928:Blau (2010 11913:Blau (2010 11901:Blau (2010 11871:Blau (2010 11764:Blau (2010 11749:Blau (2010 11671:Blau (2010 11654:Blau (2010 11644::166, 171) 11629:chabad.org 11486:Josephus, 11368:References 11359:Blau (2010 11347:, jussive 11335:, jussive 11309:, jussive 11293:Blau (2010 11244:Blau (2010 11220:have long 11197:Blau (2010 11165:Blau (2010 11161:*/ʃaˈmaru/ 11109:Blau (2010 11096:begadkefat 11083:Blau (2010 11070:Blau (2010 10917:*/wojn-om/ 10888:Blau (2010 10874:mobile šwa 10856::117–118) 10854:Blau (2010 10843:') versus 10822::117–118) 10820:Blau (2010 10816:/baʕɛ̆ˈli/ 10773:('ships') 10732:Blau (2010 10618::54), and 10612:Blau (2010 10583:Blau (2010 10531:Blau (2010 10486:Blau (2010 10462:preceding 10430:Blau (2010 10367:Blau (2010 10342:Blau (2010 10296:Blau (2010 10268:Blau (2010 10128:Blau (2010 10105:Blau (2010 10092:Blau (2010 9834:Participle 9775:Participle 9679:Word order 9655:imperative 9643:participle 9600:('tent'). 9509:/hɛħɔˈxɔm/ 9373:Urušalimim 9327:accusative 9319:nominative 9215:מַפְתֵּֽחַ 9192:affixation 9174:('noun'), 9152:הָאֹ֫הֱלָה 9087:Samaritan 8879:lengthened 8798:lengthened 8716:lengthened 8672:Babylonian 8591:echo vowel 8375:('house') 8315:/ʃelamːəm/ 8297:/ɡămalːim/ 8141:/ăðumˈmim/ 8054:< PSem 8048:/jəraˈħem/ 7990:/qɔˈṭalti/ 7983:/qaˈṭaluː/ 7889:*qɔːṭəˈluː 7884:*qɔːṭəˈlɔː 7857:*tiqṭəˈliː 7787:*qaːṭəˈlaː 7716:*qoːˈṭeːlu 7706:*taqṭəˈliː 7695:*qaːṭəˈluː 7690:*qaːṭəˈlat 7668:*qaːˈṭaluː 7663:*qaːˈṭaluː 7658:*qaːˈṭalat 7610:*taqˈṭuliː 7542:*ˈtaqṭuliː 7430:Examples: 6985:urušalemim 6106:Babylonian 6061:(normally) 6030:(normally) 5968:(normally) 5915:(normally) 5880:(normally) 5818:(normally) 5765:(normally) 5730:(normally) 5669:(normally) 5616:(normally) 5581:(normally) 5353:(normally) 5318:(normally) 5276:(normally) 5241:(normally) 5199:(normally) 5164:(normally) 5148:Samaritanּ 5055:, a glide 5004:begadkefat 4780:Septuagint 4417:Fricatives 4224:Pharyngeal 4184:Consonants 4141:Nahmanides 4083:Babylonian 4067:Septuagint 4018:(Tiberian 4006:(Tiberian 3872:for later 3869:בללה, בנתי 3822:for later 3803:Phoenician 3761:consonants 3742:above the 3641:(known as 2513:changed *s 2467:שִׁבֹּ֤לֶת 2453:שִׁבֹּ֤לֶת 2409:שִׁבֹּ֤לֶת 2388:shibboleth 2269:for prose 2076:Phoenician 1725:'laughed' 1150:See also: 1119:Epigraphic 937:Bronze Age 897:See also: 844:לשון עברית 797:possession 723:pharyngeal 711:allophones 706:developed 681:diacritics 647:Samaritans 565:Phoenician 508:Israelites 500:Canaanitic 238:Babylonian 137:after the 17546:indicate 17469:Dravidian 17324:Zarphatic 17197:Yeshivish 17146:Udmurtish 17141:Ukrainish 17126:Galitzish 16850:Ashkenazi 16744:varieties 16735:indicate 16616:Sebat Bet 16580:Tt-group 16395:Eastern ( 16347:Deir Alla 16225:Canaanite 16192:Trans-Zab 16177:Inter-Zab 16059:Palmyrene 16050:Samaritan 16017:Nabataean 15896:Northwest 15851:Levantine 15823:Classical 15748:Dadanitic 15390:Phonology 15361:Gershayim 15213:Samaritan 14988:(extinct) 14980:(extinct) 14972:(extinct) 14964:Samaritan 14937:Romaniote 14927:Ashkenazi 14837:Overviews 14287:CiteSeerX 14045:169824867 13876::455–456) 13820::274–275) 13702::117–118) 13627::267–268) 13497::143–144) 13473::43, 133) 13396::133–136) 13384::138–139) 13285::282–283) 13258::105–106) 13246::281–282) 13222::117–118) 13133::82, 110) 12950::118–119) 12791::137–138) 12661::110–111) 12646::157–158) 12622::208–209) 12620:Tov (1992 12539:Tov (1992 12514::108–109) 12512:Tov (1992 12495:Tov (1992 12470::221–223) 12468:Tov (1992 12333::218–220) 12331:Tov (1992 11930::136–137) 11728:Tov (1992 11586::112–113) 11502:9:8, etc. 11232:*/ʔabuːm/ 11199::143–144) 11101:תֵּחְבֹּל 11059:פתח גנובה 11037:*/jafqud/ 10986:*/qinn-u/ 10850:/ʔăðoˈmi/ 10837:/ʔɛ̆ˈðom/ 10678:, pausal 10585::128–129) 10533::111–112) 10470:original 10456:/*haʔːab/ 10384:Tov (1992 10209:Ktiv male 10197:Tov (1992 9911:Imperfect 9902:Imperfect 9893:Imperfect 9825:Imperfect 9816:Imperfect 9766:Imperfect 9757:Imperfect 9748:Imperfect 9692:verb form 9690:wayyiqtol 9481:construct 9415:*/ɬadaju/ 9400:עִמָּ֫נוּ 9298:('bat'), 9221:מִשְׁפָּט 9170:: Arabic 9069:with the 8660:Samaritan 8614:יַאְדִּיר 8609:/pɔʕɔ̆lo/ 8600:/jaʔăzin/ 8560:/mifˈtaħ/ 8551:/mafˈteħ/ 8547:מַפְתֵּחַ 8525:*/ʃabʕat/ 8505:*/libː-u/ 8492:/*ʔamint/ 8311:/ʃălɔmim/ 8301:/ɡɒmɒləm/ 8209:/ăɛ̆⁓ăɔ̆/ 8184:וּבָקְעָה 8173:of which 8128:*/ruħaːb/ 7979:/qɔṭəˈlu/ 7961:/qaˈṭala/ 7874:*qoːˈṭeːl 7863:Tiberian 7770:Feminine 7746:*qoːˈṭeːl 7605:*taqˈṭulu 7600:*qaˈṭaluː 7595:*qaˈṭaluː 7590:*qaˈṭalat 7580:*qoːˈṭilu 7552:*ˈqoːṭilu 7537:*ˈtaqṭulu 7532:*ˈqaṭaluː 7527:*ˈqaṭaluː 7522:*ˈqaṭalat 7512:*ˈqaːṭilu 7497:*ˈtaqṭulu 7492:*ˈqaṭaluː 7487:*ˈqaṭaluː 7482:*ˈqaṭalat 7472:*ˈqaːṭilu 7386:Stressed 7133:תֹורָתְךָ 7100:and then 6989:Jerusalem 6918:ejectives 6466:Close-mid 6363:Close-mid 6282:Close-mid 6189:Close-mid 5929:geminated 5894:geminated 5779:geminated 5744:geminated 5702:geminated 5630:geminated 5595:geminated 5367:geminated 5332:geminated 5290:geminated 5255:geminated 5213:geminated 5178:geminated 5119:Language 4423:voiceless 4298:voiceless 4176:Phonology 4165:Samaritan 4161:Ashkenazi 4095:Samaritan 3901:defective 3698:Ashkenazi 2699:Samaritan 2599:word play 2537:Gileadite 2421:סִבֹּ֤לֶת 2364:asyndeton 2293:'do' and 2171:"window" 2029:from the 1824:חֲמִשָּׁה 1654:'shadow' 1553:שְׁתָּיִם 1182:Examples 1136:Masoretes 873:The term 867:לשון הקדש 853:ethnonyms 833:Hebraïsti 708:fricative 600:dialectal 596:Masoretes 542:יְהוּדִית 361:Glottolog 304:ISO 639-3 246:Ashkenazi 215:Samaritan 182:Canaanite 54:יְהוּדִית 17451:Krymchak 17404:Hellenic 17202:Yinglish 17106:dialects 17093:Germanic 17059:Cushitic 16953:Betanure 16920:Galilean 16907:Talmudic 16897:Biblical 16875:Tiberian 16870:Yemenite 16855:Sephardi 16829:Medieval 16824:Mishnaic 16819:Biblical 16692:Awsanian 16563:N-group 16482:Tigrinya 16361:Samalian 16338:Galilean 16331:Ugaritic 16276:Medieval 16269:Mishnaic 16253:Biblical 16234:Ammonite 16187:Sanandaj 16172:Betanure 16151:Chaldean 16148:Assyrian 16134:Qaraqosh 16124:Hértevin 16036:Galilean 16010:Lebanese 15856:Maghrebi 15816:Literary 15790:Thamudic 15776:Safaitic 15762:Hasaitic 15755:Dumaitic 15675:Akkadian 15630:Branches 15530:Surnames 15506:Keyboard 15479:Academic 15465:Segolate 15460:Suffixes 15455:Prefixes 15433:Biblical 15376:Numerals 15290:Spelling 15198:Tiberian 15067:Alphabet 15057:Solitreo 15047:Crowning 15011:Biblical 14969:Tiberian 14959:Yemenite 14932:Sephardi 14906:Medieval 14901:Mishnaic 14889:Biblical 14873:Gematria 14849:Alphabet 14844:Language 14523:: 48–63. 14309:16649580 14239:Archived 14225:23 March 14121:(1981). 13732:11717769 13724:New York 13091::56–57). 12886::77, 81) 12634::7, 143) 11790::54–150) 11236:*/ʔabum/ 11150:שָמָ֫רָה 11105:/taħbol/ 11033:/jifqɒd/ 11016::76, 79) 11006:*/ʃim-u/ 10998:*/ʃim-u/ 10909:*/wajn-/ 10812:בַּעֱלִי 10789:/ħɔ̆ˈli/ 10633:/*a*i*u/ 10596:/aːeːoː/ 10519:/aeiɔou/ 10452:/hɔˈʔɔv/ 10291:גּוֹיִים 10250:⟩ 10244:⟨ 10228:⟩ 10222:⟨ 10130::74–75). 9926:Psalm 18 9895:, Future 9635:binyanim 9598:/ˈʔohɛl/ 9595:⟩ 9589:⟨ 9585:⟩ 9579:⟨ 9569:/ħepasʼ/ 9555:/ʔeresʼ/ 9547:/ˈkesɛl/ 9538:/ˈɡɛθɛr/ 9525:segolate 9518:/hɔˈʔiʃ/ 9488:definite 9464:יוֹמַיִם 9448:יָדֵ֫נוּ 9410:יָדֵ֫נוּ 9395:/ˈlajil/ 9386:/ˈlajlɔ/ 9382:לַ֫יְלָה 9358:Mimation 9350:*/-u,-i/ 9335:genitive 9301:עַכְבָּר 9295:עֲטַלֵּף 9277:אֶצְבַּע 8677:Tiberian 8623:רָחְבּוֹ 8618:/jaʔdir/ 8605:פָּעֳלוֹ 8596:יַאֲזִין 8575:/maqdaʃ/ 8556:מִפְתַּח 8534:/ʃivˈʕɔ/ 8449:'word'; 8254:/dɔ̆ˈmi/ 8084:/e⁓io⁓u/ 8076:/ɛ⁓iɔ⁓u/ 7972:*/malku/ 7968:/ˈmɛlɛx/ 7957:/qɔˈṭal/ 7940:tiqṭəˈli 7879:*qɔːˈṭal 7852:*tiqˈṭol 7824:*taqˈṭol 7653:*qaːˈṭal 7637:*taqˈṭul 7585:*qaˈṭala 7517:*ˈqaṭala 7477:*ˈqaṭala 7372:/aːeːoː/ 7262:*-tā -tī 7258:*-ta -ti 7227:/dɔˈvɔr/ 7219:/kɔˈθav/ 7151:whereby 7128:/toːrat/ 7119:/toːraː/ 7057:is from 6957:mimation 6949:nunation 6659:Reduced 6521:Reduced 6487:Open-mid 6412:Reduced 6102:Tiberian 5079:Geminate 5045:/ʔɔˈmar/ 5000:/bɡdkpt/ 4973:⟩ 4967:⟨ 4963:⟩ 4957:⟨ 4941:balsamon 4917:⟩ 4911:⟨ 4899:⟩ 4893:⟨ 4891:written 4885:⟩ 4879:⟨ 4877:written 4871:⟩ 4865:⟨ 4853:⟩ 4847:⟨ 4836:Nehemiah 4737:⟩ 4729:⟨ 4725:⟩ 4717:⟨ 4686:/s,z,sˤ/ 4556:emphatic 4388:emphatic 4244:Alveolar 4209:alveolar 4157:Sephardi 4153:Yemenite 4127:whereby 4117:/ʃimʃon/ 4113:שִמְשוֹן 4032:⟩ 4026:⟨ 4024:) while 3998:⟩ 3992:⟨ 3946:⟩ 3940:⟨ 3936:⟩ 3930:⟨ 3754:shin dot 3716:⟩ 3710:⟨ 3628:ostracon 3595:‎ 3558:‎ 3514:‎ 3478:‎ 3442:‎ 3392:‎ 3342:‎ 3306:‎ 3270:‎ 3228:‎ 3186:‎ 3142:‎ 3100:‎ 3064:‎ 3020:‎ 2984:‎ 2944:‎ 2908:‎ 2864:‎ 2820:‎ 2776:‎ 2740:‎ 2703:Phonetic 2595:/ˈjajin/ 2392:Jephthah 2382:Dialects 2165:"table" 2080:Ammonite 2072:Iron Age 2065:Mimation 2019:'seven' 2017:'slave' 1993:‎ 1972:'raven' 1942:‎ 1933:‎ 1914:'dream' 1876:‎ 1857:'shout' 1836:חַמְשָׁה 1819:‎ 1810:‎ 1789:'shout' 1753:‎ 1744:‎ 1684:‎ 1675:‎ 1615:‎ 1606:‎ 1597:‎ 1576:'three' 1551:שָׁלוֹשׁ 1546:‎ 1537:‎ 1518:'peace' 1480:‎ 1471:‎ 1462:‎ 1426:‎ 1417:‎ 1396:'knife' 1389:سِكِّين 1375:‎ 1358:‎ 1337:'scale' 1299:‎ 1290:‎ 1233:‎ 1224:‎ 1215:‎ 1196:meaning 1190:Aramaic 1176:Aramaic 1140:piyyutim 945:Ugaritic 941:Iron Age 829:Hebraios 814:שפת כנען 719:phonemic 696:ejective 490:, is an 404:Help:IPA 375:sama1313 368:anci1244 251:Sephardi 230:(Became 17544:Italics 17499:Malayic 17411:Knaanic 17400:Yevanic 17343:Bukhori 17279:Tetuani 17274:Haketia 17207:Heblish 17160:Western 17136:Poylish 17131:Litvish 17121:Eastern 17102:Yiddish 16933:Hulaulá 16928:Barzani 16865:Italian 16860:Mizrahi 16737:extinct 16733:Italics 16678:Minaean 16605:Endegen 16532:Inneqor 16511:Argobba 16507:Amharic 16470:Dahalik 16442:Western 16433:Soqotri 16413:Ḥarsusi 16408:Baṭḥari 16324:Amorite 16290:Moabite 16241:Edomite 16211:Western 16167:Barzani 16163:Jewish 16082:Central 16074:Aramaic 16003:Western 15985:Mandaic 15966:Eastern 15961:Armazic 15952:Dialect 15905:Aramaic 15868:Maltese 15769:Hismaic 15702:Central 15691:Eblaite 15647:Central 15515:ancient 15491:Academy 15486:Revival 15425:Grammar 15302:missing 15042:Cursive 15032:Braille 15020:Scripts 14947:Mizrahi 14942:Italian 14854:History 14601:15 June 14567:15 June 14347:15 June 14245:15 June 13968:17 July 13737:11 June 13588::90–92) 13536::66–67) 13273::84–85) 13145::54–56) 13067::56–57) 12815::82–83) 12779::78–81) 12728::73–74) 12581::68–69) 12541::96–97) 12350::16–18) 12274::70–73) 12217::6, 69) 12205::38–39) 12037::57–60) 11953::7, 11) 11861::57–59) 11766::25–40) 11718::17–25) 11656::11–12) 11327:yaqtula 11319:yaqtulu 11315:yaqtula 11307:yaqtulu 11156:שָמְרָה 10846:אֲדֹמִי 10807:/ʕăˈli/ 10798:/ħăˈli/ 10782:('I'), 10771:/ɔ̆ˈni/ 10693:*/kaːf/ 10689:*/kɔːf/ 10556:), see 10488::81–83) 10481:יְרַחֵם 10458:; with 10403::72–3). 10397:Hurrian 10356::97–99) 10346:einfach 10313:Hexapla 10309:Secunda 10294:). See 10285:גּוֹיִם 10279:קוֹלוֹת 10273:קֹלֹוֹת 10264:*/raʔʃ/ 10256:, e.g. 9985:Secunda 9930:Hexapla 9884:Perfect 9875:Perfect 9866:Perfect 9857:Perfect 9848:Perfect 9807:Perfect 9798:Perfect 9789:Perfect 9739:Perfect 9659:jussive 9514:הָאִישׁ 9505:הֶחָכָם 9431:*/jadu/ 9333:in the 9325:in the 9317:in the 9307:עַקְרָב 9271:אַכְזָב 9261:תּוֹדָה 9239:מוֹשָׁב 9209:מוֹשָׁב 9184:Semitic 9162:Grammar 9147:/ˈbɔnu/ 9143:בָּ֫נוּ 9138:/bɔˈnu/ 9134:בָּנוּ֫ 8896:reduced 8820:reduced 8738:reduced 8656:Jewish 8652:Secunda 8627:/ʀɔħbo/ 8585:before 8538:/ʃabʕɔ/ 8530:שִבְעָה 8501:/ɛ̆mɛt/ 8475:/*bint/ 8446:אִמְרָה 8419:/jajin/ 8415:*/wajn/ 8411:*/jajn/ 8394:/aɡɡər/ 8377:/abbət/ 8207:become 8191:, e.g. 8171:/ăɔ̆ɛ̆/ 8150:אַסִּיר 8145:/ăˈðom/ 8137:אדֻמּים 8124:/rəˈħoβ 8103:מסמְרים 8074:become 8044:יְרַחֵם 8022:/ʃəˈmo/ 7935:tiqˈṭol 7930:qɔˈṭɔlu 7925:qɔṭəˈlu 7920:qɔṭəˈlɔ 7623:*qaˈṭal 7249:became 7223:*dabara 7215:*kataba 7213:: e.g. 7207:between 7020:-ā, -ay 6959:(final 6951:(final 6891:*/ajaw/ 6844:/durot/ 5525:*/t͡sʼ/ 5130:Aramaic 5087:/ħʕhʔr/ 5071:before 5029:, e.g. 4806:versus 4251:Lateral 4229:Glottal 4202:Coronal 4104:Sampsōn 4075:Secunda 3978:, e.g. 3887:versus 3807:Moabite 3713:ח, ע, ש 3694:Mizrahi 3665:in the 2597:). The 2578:*/jajn/ 2428:ibboleṯ 2416:ibboleṯ 2398:caught 2332:Ketuvim 2328:Nevi'im 2275:'see', 2159:"roof" 2088:Moabite 2084:Edomite 2057:/naħnu/ 1974:'west' 1965:غُرَاب 1958:מַעֲרָב 1949:מַעֲרָב 1912:'salt' 1855:'five' 1848:خَمْسة 1782:صَرَخَ 1723:'land' 1656:'noon' 1628:הֳרָיִם 1571:اِثْنان 1562:תְּרֵין 1516:'year' 1490:שָׁלוֹם 1380:סַכִּין 1367:‎ 1339:'time' 1271:'male' 1269:'gold' 1193:Arabic 1187:Hebrew 1179:Arabic 1173:Hebrew 1079:colonia 1046:Samaria 1042:Galilee 893:History 769:and/or 751:numbers 747:genders 715:Aramaic 594:by the 560:texts. 546:Yəhûḏîṯ 492:archaic 400:Unicode 309:Either: 162:Semitic 17459:Turkic 17455:Karaim 17444:Others 17416:Slavic 17389:Others 17111:argots 17069:Berber 17032:Others 16902:Targum 16834:Modern 16804:Hebrew 16711:Sabaic 16705:Razihi 16611:Mesqan 16585:Mesmes 16538:Wolane 16535:Ulbare 16528:Siltʼe 16516:Harari 16500:versal 16498:Trans- 16428:Shehri 16418:Hobyot 16368:Sutean 16316:Others 16282:Modern 16247:Hebrew 16139:Senaya 16119:Bohtan 16114:Barwar 16094:Turoyo 16088:Mlaḥsô 15990:Syriac 15954:groups 15711:Arabic 15511:Hebrew 15438:Modern 15356:Geresh 15265:Mappiq 15260:Dagesh 15245:Kamatz 15190:Niqqud 15145:Samech 15037:Ashuri 14952:Syrian 14911:Modern 14713: 14694: 14675: 14656: 14637: 14618: 14536: 14481: 14462:5 June 14431: 14412: 14389: 14364: 14324: 14307: 14289: 14262: 14208: 14175: 14152: 14133: 14107: 14088: 14069: 14043: 14033: 13993: 13730: 12709: 11606: 11390: 11361::206). 11353:) See 11332:יכרִית 11323:yaqtul 11311:yaqtul 11291:, see 11240:*/ʔab/ 10959: 10868::110) 10833:אֱדוֹם 10780:/ăˈni/ 10697:*/kaf/ 10676:*/kaf/ 10652::119). 10529:. See 10327:. See 10325:/eːaj/ 10317:Origen 10266:. See 10081:Talmud 9759:, Past 9696:marked 9673:aspect 9645:, two 9543:כֵּסֶל 9534:גֶּתֶר 9470:יָמִים 9461:'day' 9426:שְׂדֵה 9420:שָֹדֶה 9391:לַ֫יִל 9126:Stress 9043:Notes: 8579:/eiou/ 8490:(e.g. 8473:(e.g. 8437:(e.g. 8407:/jeːn/ 8346:, and 8270:/rɒːb/ 8250:דֳּמִי 8247:(e.g. 8214:אֲמרתם 8205:*/aiu/ 8156:אָסִיר 8120:רְחוֹב 8117:(e.g. 8100:(e.g. 8089:לִבִּי 8080:/a⁓iu/ 8009:*/aiu/ 7915:qɔˈṭal 7910:qoˈṭel 7397:pausal 7353:*/aiu/ 7326:qamatz 7310:Origen 7302:-tā/tī 7124:תֹורַת 7115:תֹורָה 7090:/-at-/ 7047:*-aymi 7016:-ū, -ī 6815:/jedo/ 6806:/jedu/ 6114:absent 6095:Vowels 6048:"and") 6027:*/w~ʋ/ 5973:*/ʔ~ʕ/ 5965:silent 5941:*/d͡ʒ/ 5823:*/ʔ~ʕ/ 5815:silent 5691:*/d͡z/ 5142:Jewish 5135:Arabic 5125:Hebrew 5049:/ʔħhʕ/ 5027:/ħʕhʔ/ 4937:balsam 4901:, and 4808:Rachel 4667:gained 4495:voiced 4348:voiced 4259:Nasals 4237:Dental 4219:Uvular 4197:Labial 4163:, and 4100:Samson 3951:אבילים 3847:שעורים 3285:Samekh 3165:Lamedh 2843:Daleth 2662:Jerome 2658:/ħʕhʔ/ 2638:עֲשוֹת 2603:Amos 8 2574:/jeːn/ 2543:and *s 2396:Gilead 2311:, and 2296:חָרוּץ 2261:Judges 2253:Exodus 2245:Tanakh 2086:, and 2003:שֶׁבַע 1956:עוֹרָב 1947:עוֹרֵב 1937:*/ɣ~ʁ/ 1886:חָלוֹם 1850:صَرَخَ 1814:*/x~χ/ 1775:צַבָּר 1763:צַבָּר 1718:ضَحِكَ 1716:أَرْض 1578:'two' 1569:ثَلاث 1560:תְּלָת 1502:שְׁלָם 1443:'ten' 1431:עָשָׂר 1262:ذَهَب 1255:דְּכָר 1158:, and 1111:Israel 1107:Israel 1097:. The 1016:Gemara 993:. The 966:. The 964:Canaan 919:Simeon 856:ʿApiru 851:, the 820:יהודית 793:object 789:person 767:aspect 721:. The 677:vowels 620:Isaiah 550:Judean 524:ʿiḇrîṯ 347: 92:Region 17054:Qwara 17049:Kayla 17039:Geʽez 16665:Faifi 16634:Gyeto 16628:Gumer 16621:Chaha 16591:Muher 16574:Soddo 16568:Gafat 16557:Outer 16491:South 16475:Tigre 16465:Geʽez 16458:North 16423:Mehri 16387:South 16304:Punic 16202:Zakho 16144:Suret 15652:South 15525:Names 15501:Ulpan 15496:Study 15346:Meteg 15270:Maqaf 15250:Holam 15240:Pataḥ 15235:Segol 15230:Tzere 15225:Hiriq 15160:Tsadi 15130:Lamed 15105:Zayin 15090:Dalet 15085:Gimel 15027:Rashi 14517:Ariel 14305:S2CID 14219:(PDF) 14202:(PDF) 14041:S2CID 13913::258) 13861::302) 13844::291) 13832::445) 13805::238) 13793::237) 13781::138) 13769::346) 13757::164) 13687::118) 13663::268) 13600::266) 13437::132) 13369::156) 13300::160) 13234::110) 13118::149) 13106::120) 13043::147) 13031::267) 13019::151) 13007::111) 12927::112) 12915::173) 12529::136) 12143::255) 12073::132) 11730::118) 11567::145) 11544::8–9) 11529::6–7) 11466::1–2) 11350:יֵרֶא 11338:יכרֵת 11279:*/-a/ 11275:*/-h/ 11246::267) 11234:> 11227:אב אח 11143:< 11085::85). 11035:< 11010:/ʃem/ 11008:> 11002:/ʃam/ 11000:> 10992:> 10984:< 10982:/qen/ 10936:This 10921:vīnum 10903:> 10890::117) 10803:עֲלִי 10794:חֲלִי 10785:חֳלִי 10776:אֲנִי 10767:אֳנִי 10734::82). 10705:*/ɔː/ 10703:> 10701:*/aː/ 10695:< 10691:< 10687:< 10685:/kɔf/ 10674:< 10672:/kaf/ 10604:/aeo/ 10594:Long 10572::147) 10527:/aːi/ 10448:הָאָב 10432::56). 10418:/ħ,ʕ/ 10414:/χ,ʁ/ 10369::118) 10259:רֹאשׁ 10233:דָּאג 10199::220) 10143::105) 10068:Notes 9669:tense 9620:Verbs 9592:אֹהֶל 9582:אוהול 9574:חֵפֶץ 9560:אֶרֶץ 9492:/ha-/ 9405:*/-i/ 9377:*/-a/ 9362:*/-m/ 9354:*/-a/ 9331:*/-i/ 9323:*/-a/ 9315:*/-u/ 9248:*/aw/ 9078:with 8872:a,ɒ,i 8852:usual 8840:e,i,a 8791:e,i,a 8765:usual 8694:usual 8587:/hħʕ/ 8542:/i⁓e/ 8509:/lab/ 8507:> 8497:אֱמֶת 8494:> 8484:/bat/ 8477:> 8458:חיצון 8440:אֹמֶר 8425:> 8423:*/aj/ 8413:< 8409:< 8386:/ɡer/ 8368:/bit/ 8350:> 8348:*/oː/ 8336:*/aː/ 8332:/den/ 8319:*/iː/ 8306:שלמים 8292:גמלים 8280:המצרי 8261:/rɒb/ 8245:/sʼʃ/ 8239:> 8231:> 8072:*/iu/ 8060:*/aː/ 7867:> 7774:> 7772:/-at/ 7455:pausa 7418:pausa 7376:/aeo/ 7368:/aiu/ 7251:*ʔanī 7247:*ʔana 7184:*/eː/ 7153:*/aː/ 7102:/-aː/ 7098:/-ah/ 7094:/-t-/ 7075:*-āti 7073:< 7067:*-īma 7065:< 7051:-ayni 7043:-ayim 7012:-ayni 6840:דורות 6836:/dor/ 6773:/ăɔ̆/ 6570:Close 6558:Front 6445:Close 6433:Front 6342:Close 6330:Front 6251:Close 6239:Front 6158:Close 6146:Front 5565:*/dˤ/ 5549:*/ɬʼ/ 5541:*/sˤ/ 5531:*/sˤ/ 5521:*/sʼ/ 5513:*/ðˤ/ 5503:*/tˤ/ 5492:*/sˤ/ 5486:*/θʼ/ 5083:/wjz/ 5041:אָמַר 5012:/χ,ʁ/ 5008:/θ,ð/ 4945:baśam 4827:Ῥαχήλ 4803:Ἰσαάκ 4784:Isaac 4629:Trill 4292:Stops 4214:Velar 4207:Post- 4119:with 4043:יאתום 4037:עליהא 3909:plene 3794:בֵּית 3624:sherd 3611:] 3607:[ 3603:] 3599:[ 3566:] 3562:[ 3530:] 3526:[ 3522:] 3518:[ 3486:] 3482:[ 3450:] 3446:[ 3415:Tsade 3408:] 3404:[ 3400:] 3396:[ 3358:] 3354:[ 3350:] 3346:[ 3314:] 3310:[ 3278:] 3274:[ 3236:] 3232:[ 3194:] 3190:[ 3158:] 3154:[ 3150:] 3146:[ 3108:] 3104:[ 3072:] 3068:[ 3036:] 3032:[ 3028:] 3024:[ 2992:] 2988:[ 2963:Zayin 2952:] 2948:[ 2916:] 2912:[ 2880:] 2876:[ 2872:] 2868:[ 2836:] 2832:[ 2828:] 2824:[ 2799:Gimel 2792:] 2788:[ 2784:] 2780:[ 2748:] 2744:[ 2719:Aleph 2705:value 2694:Block 2685:Name 2632:עֲשוֹ 2626:דַעַת 2620:דֵעָה 2605::1–2 2576:< 2562:into 2499:sameḵ 2144:/bat/ 2129:> 2127:*/ɬʼ/ 2123:*/θʼ/ 2117:> 2098:> 2012:سَبْع 2010:عَبْد 1967:غَرْب 1907:حُلْم 1905:مِلْح 1898:חֲלָם 1784:صَبْر 1748:*/sˤ/ 1739:*/sˤ/ 1731:*/sʼ/ 1704:אֶרַע 1679:*/dˤ/ 1662:*/ɬʼ/ 1649:ظُهْر 1647:ظِلّ 1640:טֹהֶר 1610:*/ðˤ/ 1601:*/tˤ/ 1592:*/sˤ/ 1584:*/θʼ/ 1511:سَلام 1509:سَنة 1438:عَشْر 1391:شَهْر 1382:סַהַר 1332:زَمَن 1323:זְמָן 1321:נָיִן 1310:זְמָן 1308:נָיִם 1264:ذَكَر 1243:זָכָר 914:שמעון 838:עברית 771:tense 755:voice 669:term 667:Latin 628:Micah 624:Hosea 16812:Eras 16631:Gura 16625:Ezha 16601:Inor 16397:Mod- 16072:Neo- 15665:East 15642:West 15637:East 15306:full 15275:Rafe 15220:Shva 15175:Shin 15170:Resh 15150:Ayin 15075:Alef 15004:Eras 14882:Eras 14711:ISBN 14692:ISBN 14673:ISBN 14654:ISBN 14635:ISBN 14616:ISBN 14603:2011 14569:2011 14534:ISBN 14479:ISBN 14464:2011 14429:ISBN 14410:ISBN 14387:ISBN 14362:ISBN 14349:2011 14322:ISBN 14260:ISBN 14247:2011 14227:2010 14206:ISBN 14173:ISBN 14150:ISBN 14131:ISBN 14105:ISBN 14086:ISBN 14067:ISBN 14031:ISBN 13991:ISBN 13970:2017 13948::52) 13925::74) 13739:2013 13728:OCLC 13675::95) 13612::17) 13565::84) 13553::83) 13521::68) 13509::53) 13485::52) 13461::83) 13449::81) 13420::79) 13408::66) 13354::83) 13327::62) 13210::97) 13174::53) 13162::77) 12995::49) 12965::16) 12850::54) 12803::43) 12764::73) 12752::72) 12707:ISBN 12691::73) 12676::68) 12605::25) 12447::77) 12432::81) 12362::23) 12286::15) 12255::69) 12131::69) 12104::70) 12061::55) 12049::71) 12025::61) 12013::60) 12001::56) 11989::66) 11970::52) 11915::21) 11903::18) 11873::76) 11802::65) 11778::12) 11703::16) 11673::10) 11604:ISBN 11388:ISBN 11344:יראה 11284:ארצה 11264:חללה 11258:ארצה 11222:/iː/ 11153:and 11140:קטלו 11128::52) 11111::79) 11072::83) 11028:יפקד 10990:*/i/ 10957:ISBN 10925:wine 10905:/j-/ 10901:/w-/ 10899:For 10879:and 10858:/ɔ̆/ 10841:Edom 10824:/ɛ̆/ 10764:See 10751:and 10710:ירחם 10681:כָּף 10668:כַּף 10622::14) 10554:/fa/ 10550:/po/ 10472:/*a/ 10464:/*i/ 10443:/rʔ/ 10424:and 10416:and 10386::40) 10331::14) 10307:The 10239:דָּג 10186::25) 10173::44) 10160::72) 10107::19) 10059:32. 10054:31. 10049:30. 10044:29. 10020:32. 10010:31. 10000:30. 9990:29. 9671:and 9610:and 9458:יוֹם 9439:and 9188:root 9180:ḥarf 9176:fiʻl 9089:/ou/ 9060:and 9033:uː,o 9007:iː,i 8911:ă,ɔ̆ 8835:ă,ɛ̆ 8571:מקדש 8565:מתנה 8513:/*a/ 8480:בַּת 8467:*/i/ 8443:and 8431:*/u/ 8427:/iː/ 8381:הבית 8362:and 8241:/ɛ̆/ 8237:*/i/ 8233:/ɔ̆/ 8229:*/u/ 8220:אָמר 8175:/ɛ̆/ 8132:/*u/ 8115:/*u/ 8098:/*i/ 8094:/*a/ 8064:*/a/ 7869:/ɔː/ 7865:/aː/ 7776:/aː/ 7370:are 7337:*-ki 7333:*-ka 7300:and 7288:and 7221:but 7157:/oː/ 7059:*-ay 7028:-āti 7024:-ātu 7008:-āni 7004:-īna 7000:-ūna 6973:/-n/ 6965:/-n/ 6961:/-m/ 6953:/-n/ 6941:/-i/ 6937:/-a/ 6933:/-u/ 6855:and 6811:ידיו 6795:and 6777:/ɛ̆/ 6733:and 6718:/aː/ 6702:/eː/ 6629:Open 6563:Back 6508:Open 6438:Back 6394:Open 6335:Back 6303:Open 6244:Back 6212:Open 6151:Back 6108:and 6086:*/w/ 6076:*/w/ 6068:< 6066:*/j/ 6058:*/b/ 6039:*/j/ 6022:*/w/ 6010:*/ʕ/ 6004:*/ʕ/ 5992:*/ʁ/ 5982:*/ʕ/ 5955:*/ʕ/ 5949:*/ʁ/ 5924:*/g/ 5912:*/ɣ/ 5906:*/g/ 5889:*/g/ 5877:*/ɣ/ 5872:*/g/ 5860:*/ħ/ 5854:*/ħ/ 5842:*/χ/ 5832:*/ħ/ 5805:*/ħ/ 5799:*/χ/ 5791:*/k/ 5774:*/k/ 5762:*/x/ 5756:*/k/ 5739:*/k/ 5727:*/x/ 5722:*/k/ 5714:*/z/ 5697:*/z/ 5687:*/z/ 5679:*/ð/ 5666:*/ð/ 5656:*/z/ 5650:*/ð/ 5642:*/d/ 5625:*/d/ 5613:*/ð/ 5607:*/d/ 5590:*/d/ 5578:*/ð/ 5573:*/d/ 5555:*/ʕ/ 5499:, ࠑ 5478:*/ʃ/ 5468:*/s/ 5462:*/ʃ/ 5452:*/s/ 5446:*/ɬ/ 5438:*/s/ 5428:*/ʃ/ 5422:*/ʃ/ 5414:*/θ/ 5404:*/θ/ 5400:, ࠔ 5393:*/ʃ/ 5387:*/θ/ 5379:*/t/ 5362:*/t/ 5350:*/θ/ 5344:*/t/ 5327:*/t/ 5315:*/θ/ 5310:*/t/ 5302:*/b/ 5285:*/b/ 5273:*/β/ 5267:*/b/ 5250:*/b/ 5238:*/β/ 5233:*/b/ 5225:*/f/ 5208:*/p/ 5196:*/ɸ/ 5190:*/f/ 5173:*/p/ 5161:*/ɸ/ 5156:*/p/ 5091:/rʔ/ 5073:/aɒ/ 5065:/ʕħ/ 4979:and 4965:and 4834:and 4832:Ezra 4788:יצחק 4766:and 4748:and 4727:and 4660:lost 4085:and 4049:כוחי 4021:קורא 4015:קורה 4009:חוטא 4003:חוטה 3975:הביא 3922:/aː/ 3905:full 3903:and 3866:has 3859:ירחו 3856:for 3844:for 3841:שערמ 3828:and 3825:לפני 3816:and 3805:and 3696:and 3568:or 3537:Shin 3493:Resh 3457:Qoph 3321:Ayin 3115:Kaph 3079:Yodh 3043:Teth 2999:Heth 2755:Beth 2666:/ʕħ/ 2564:/eː/ 2560:/aj/ 2518:/ts/ 2507:/ts/ 2440:*/θ/ 2356:and 2284:גדול 2281:for 2278:כביר 2223:Eras 2198:אנכי 2168:חלון 2162:שלחן 2131:/sʼ/ 2125:and 2115:*/ð/ 2111:/oː/ 2107:/aː/ 2096:*/ð/ 2045:*/w/ 1988:*/ʕ/ 1980:*/ʕ/ 1928:*/ʕ/ 1920:*/ʁ/ 1893:מֶלַ 1881:מֶלַ 1871:*/ħ/ 1863:*/ħ/ 1838:צְרַ 1805:*/ħ/ 1797:*/χ/ 1689:אֶרֶ 1670:*/ʕ/ 1541:*/θ/ 1532:*/t/ 1524:*/θ/ 1475:*/s/ 1466:*/ʃ/ 1457:*/ʃ/ 1449:*/ʃ/ 1421:*/ʃ/ 1412:*/s/ 1404:*/ɬ/ 1370:*/ʃ/ 1362:*/s/ 1353:*/s/ 1345:*/s/ 1294:*/z/ 1285:*/z/ 1277:*/z/ 1228:*/ð/ 1219:*/d/ 1210:*/z/ 1202:*/ð/ 1044:and 849:Eber 759:mood 757:and 725:and 626:and 616:Amos 556:and 16544:Zay 15180:Tav 15165:Kuf 15155:Pei 15140:Nun 15135:Mem 15125:Kaf 15120:Yud 15115:Tet 15110:Ḥet 15100:Vav 15095:Hei 15080:Bet 14297:doi 14023:doi 13888::3) 13716:etc 12593::6) 12564::5) 12485::6) 12173::8) 12116:in 11888::8) 11751::7) 11289:/h/ 11217:אחי 11211:אבי 10994:/a/ 10942:/ɔ/ 10938:/a/ 10915:as 10870:/ă/ 10828:/ă/ 10753:/o/ 10749:/a/ 10745:/ɔ/ 10523:/ɛ/ 10476:/ħ/ 10468:/h/ 10460:/ʕ/ 10426:/χ/ 10422:/k/ 10298::6) 10254:/ʔ/ 10154:/ð/ 10124:/θ/ 10094::7) 10038:IPA 9685:VSO 9616:). 9613:-ני 9565:/a/ 9551:/e/ 9529:/ɛ/ 9500:/ɔ/ 9498:or 9496:/ɛ/ 9442:יַד 9436:יָד 9266:/ʔ/ 9256:/w/ 9252:/t/ 9244:/o/ 9242:as 9234:/i/ 9230:/a/ 9226:/m/ 9204:/m/ 9172:ism 9097:/u/ 9093:/o/ 9062:/e/ 9058:/i/ 9054:/ə/ 9018:*ow 9014:*aw 8992:*ej 8988:*aj 8981:o,u 8966:*uː 8959:e,i 8944:*iː 8922:*oː 8918:*aː 8867:ɔ,u 8862:o,u 8783:ɛ,i 8775:e,i 8709:a,ɒ 8704:a,i 8583:/a/ 8517:/i/ 8488:/ɛ/ 8471:/a/ 8452:חוץ 8435:/i/ 8398:הגר 8372:בית 8364:/e/ 8360:/i/ 8356:/ə/ 8352:/u/ 8344:/ɒ/ 8342:or 8340:/a/ 8328:דין 8323:/e/ 8313:SH 8309:TH 8299:SH 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