Bicameralism - Knowledge

1431:). The main difference among the two chambers is the way the two chambers are composed: the deputies, in fact, are elected on a nationwide basis, whilst the members of the Senate are elected on a regional basis: this may lead to different majorities among the two chambers because, for example, a party may be the first nationally but second or third in some regions. Considering that in the Italian Republic the Government needs to win confidence votes in both the chambers, it may happen that a Government has a strong majority (usually) in the Chamber of Deputies and a weak one (or no majority at all) in the Senate. This has led sometimes to legislative deadlocks, and has caused instability in the Italian Government. 461: 1326: 431: 974: 6976: 3870: 6610: 723: 7068: 6754: 1337: 6169: 1587: 43: 6890: 826: 2277: 3914: 3076: 6427: 3958: 2436: 446: 2534: 7107: 4471: 5671: 3254: 2387: 7216: 3826: 4046: 6794: 5768: 5187: 6124: 5009: 3121: 6034: 7179: 5724: 5477: 1162: 11677: 11689: 6661: 5384: 3298: 6214: 6295: 5868: 5583: 4647: 4829: 4319: 2196: 3386: 2122: 5954: 5428: 5143: 3650: 2759: 2579: 5627: 4090: 3782: 3694: 2942: 11717: 7144: 6574: 6511: 6079: 4917: 4785: 4515: 4364: 4231: 3606: 3562: 3430: 3342: 2898: 6351: 5824: 5296: 4965: 4873: 4741: 3210: 3032: 2334: 1145:, which consists of one representative for each government of member countries, who are competent for a relevant field of legislation. Though the European Union has a highly unusual character in terms of legislature, one could say that the closest point of equivalency lies within bicameral legislatures. The European Union is considered neither a country nor a state, but it enjoys the power to address national Governments in many areas. 6925: 4603: 3474: 5340: 3518: 2806: 11751: 4275: 4187: 5912: 5099: 4697: 4002: 3738: 2851: 2624: 5053: 7021: 6701: 6836: 5240: 2489: 4134: 2987: 4422: 5522: 4559: 2684: 11734: 1020:

budget, and (largely) the laws enacted. The Senate primarily acts as a chamber of revision: it rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons but does regularly amend them; such amendments respect each bill's purpose, so they are usually acceptable to the Commons. The Senate's power to investigate issues of concern to Canada can raise their profile (sometimes sharply) on voters' political agendas.

680:. Historically there were two distinct types: "ordinary" and "free". The British Parliament last held an ordinary conference in 1860—its elaborate procedure yielding to the simpler sending of messages. A free conference resolves a dispute through "managers" meeting less formally in private. The last free conference at Westminster was in 1836 on an amendment to the 925:, which must be willing to pass all its legislation. Although only the lower house, the House of Representatives, can hold a no-confidence vote against the government, in practice the support of the Senate is also necessary in order to govern. The Senate maintains the ability similar to that held by the British House of Lords, prior to the enactment of the 6533:(Assembly of the Realm) had a bicameral structure, both houses having the same rights in legislature. In 1848 the popular representation was introduced for the Lower Table (replacing the representation of the Estates), while with Act VII of 1885 the Upper Table was slightly transformed, but its historical and partly aristocratic nature was preserved. 8432: 6632:, 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The second and third constitutions (first republic, 1952–60) regulated the National Assembly was bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, but only the House of Commons was established and the House of Commons could not pass a bill to establish the Senate. During the short-lived 6557:(Upper House). This new house was partly an elected body: the mid-level local governments (counties) and some corporative, cultural and scientific associations (such as, e.g., the universities or the chamber of commerce) got the right to co-opt deputies from their own members. From 1945 on, the Hungarian Parliament is a unicameral legislative body. 6593:

deliberated as a single body, which makes some scholars classify it as only a bicameral system. However, the third chamber did have its own speaker distinct from the speakers for the other two chambers. The Icelandic Parliament followed the legislatures of Denmark and Sweden and became unicameral once more in 1991.

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During the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Chamber of Deputies and the upper house was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838–1842 period, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in

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are required to vote separately since 1998 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the government. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to government motions or bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the

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election, at which the House of Representatives has the dominant numbers.As a result of proportional representation, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party in the lower house rarely has a majority in the Senate, and so generally needs to negotiate with other

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During the 1930s, the Legislature of the State of Nebraska was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that once comprised that state's Senate. One of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that by adopting a unicameral system, the perceived evils of

1744:, is a bicameral legislative body. The House of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the constituent peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples. 1240:

Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Appointment Commission (the independent body that vets non-partisan peers, typically from academia, business or culture) or by Dissolution Honours, which take place at the end of every Parliamentary term when leaving MPs may be offered a seat

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A conference committee is appointed when the two chambers cannot agree on the same wording of a proposal, and consists of a small number of legislators from each chamber. This tends to place much power in the hands of only a small number of legislators. Whatever legislation, if any, the conference

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From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the State Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until 1 June 1985 when it was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the State Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its

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He noted further that "The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch." Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution

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have created many other parliaments. The origins of British bicameralism can be traced to 1341, when the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter.

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Technically, Bundestag and Bundesrat form two distinct unicameral legislative constitutional bodies not framed by a comprehensive institution. German jurisprudence doesn't recognise the Bundesrat as a parliamentary chamber, because it consists of members of the state governments. Although it must

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The relationship between the two chambers varies: in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber (the directly elected lower house with proportional representation) is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential

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The growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multi-functional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that first chambers are not. An example of

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The Government (i.e. executive) is responsible to and must maintain the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Although the two chambers formally have many of the same powers, this accountability clearly makes the Commons dominant—determining which party is in power, approving its proposed

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saw this though, and noted that "this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence". The Senate was created to be a stabilising force, not elected by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more deliberate—a sort of republican

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When the Australian states were founded as British colonies in the 19th century, they each had a bicameral Parliament. The lower house was traditionally elected based on the one-vote-one-value principle, with universal male suffrage, later expanded to women, whereas the upper house was either

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Once the Icelandic Parliament was restored by royal decree in 1844, it originally operated unicamerally from 1845 to 1874 when it became principally bicameral with an additional third chamber, known as Unified Parliament. However, the third chamber consisted of the union of the other two and

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have often adopted it as an awkward compromise between existing power held equally by each state or territory and a more democratic proportional legislature. For states considering a different constitutional arrangement that may shift power to new groupings, bicameralism could be demanded by

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This variant of bicameralism has also been further explored by Tarunabh Khaitan, who coined the phrase "Moderated Parliamentarism" to describe a parliamentary system with several distinctive features: mixed bicameralism, moderated (but distinct) electoral systems for each chamber, weighted

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A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly by some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to have a second chamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not

601:. There are two streams of thought: critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents argue the merits of the " 1792:, and their members are elected by universal adult suffrage from single-member constituencies in state elections, which are normally held every five years called Vidhana Sabha. In the six states with bicameral legislatures, the upper house is called the 933:: however, this is generally considered a last resort and is a highly controversial decision to take, given the conflict between the traditional concept of confidence as derived from the lower house and the ability of the Senate to block supply (see 2082:

on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was 50.95%, with 77.78% of "Yes" votes for a unicameral Parliament. This referendum had a consultative role, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another referendum to ratify the new proposed changes.

996:, comprises Members of Parliament (MPs) from single-member "ridings" based mainly on population (updated every 10 years using Census data). The Commons is democratically elected every four years (constitutionally up to five years). In contrast, in 1887:, a resolution was passed on 14 May 1986 and the state's Legislative Council was dissolved on 1 November 1986. Again on 12 April 2010, a resolution was passed to reestablish the council, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Similarly, the states of 2107:

is expected to represent the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living abroad. Two thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the same time as the general election. The remaining one third is appointed by the president elect.

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In the United States, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Nepal for example, each state or province is given the same number of seats in one of the houses of the legislature, despite variance between the populations of the states or provinces.

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party, who said that the government would use the upper house to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won around to its benefits in 2005, after many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-called

1217:. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, there is a by-election to fill the vacancy. The power of the House of Lords to block legislation is curtailed by the 8348: 365:, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. As of 2022, roughly 40% of the world's national legislatures are bicameral, while unicameralism represents 60% nationally and much more at the subnational level. 1484:

was abolished, members returned through the Election Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double majority requirement does not apply to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the

1292:. As of 16 February 2021, 803 people sit in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary Peers, 26 Lords Spiritual and 685 Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases only on the death, retirement or resignation of a peer. 1237:. These include any bill that would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the House of Lords less than one month before the end of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords. 1982:, bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant now. The last region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was 1244:

Further reform of the Lords has been proposed; however, no proposed reforms have been able to achieve public consensus or government support. Members of the House of Lords all have an aristocratic title, or are from the

1951:, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states. 1088:

have between three and six votes; thus, while the less populated states have a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a system based proportionately on population, as the

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Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states (except Queensland, which is unicameral) began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The first was the

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Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1951, following the abolition of the Legislative Council, leaving the House of Representatives as the sole parliamentary chamber.

952:, the Australian Senate is vested with significant power, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the government in the House of Representatives. This block can however be overridden in a 7580: 6312:

Each house has 82 members. The constitution of Somaliland does not clarify how members of the elders house are elected. But the members of the house of representative are elected once every five years.

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were deemed especially important. State legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess significant property to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In 1913, the

546:, the Founding Fathers invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate had an equal number of delegates per state, and the House had representatives by relative populations. 7431: 688:

there have been two formal conferences, in 1930 and 1931, but many informal conferences. As of 2007 the "Conference of Managers" remains the usual procedure for dispute resolution in the

8373: 10584: 8192: 8007: 7929: 6721:, which marked the return to democracy, followed the trend of previous constitutions by retaining a bicameral legislature. However it was dissolved altogether by President 7648: 7737:

Crump, Rick (Spring 2007). "Why the conference procedure remains the preferred method for resolving disputes between the two houses of the South Australian Parliament".

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There is also bicameralism in countries that are not federations, but have upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in South Africa, the

8517: 3896: 7827: 10469: 9729: 6377: 1053: 536: 684:; the previous one had been in 1740—with not much more success than ordinary conferences, the free type yielded to the greater transparency of messages. In the 7572: 7349: 2454: 945:, especially since the Australian Senate is a powerful upper house like the U.S. Senate; this notion is expressed in the nickname "the Washminster mutation". 11160: 4386: 1399:

have bicameral systems. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house.

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urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect against the '

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and all Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), and Sangguiniang Bayan (Municipal Council) are unicameral.

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adopted a bicameral system with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper house. This led to a boycott of parliamentary elections that year by the

7705: 9225: 8734: 3881: 2471: 2405: 1013: 1519: 386:—the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of 9653: 8989: 7255: 6196: 6180: 2303: 11175: 10424: 11450: 8566: 2447: 1859:

One-twelfth are elected from special constituencies by persons who are college graduates of three years' standing residing in those constituencies.

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respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal system, being appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each

663: 2042:', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would use the single chamber parliaments to restrict the rights of 1345:

Some bicameral legislatures have chambers that meet in different buildings, at different parts of the city. Here, France's upper house called the

11340: 10063: 9856: 9749: 9744: 9176: 6783: 5706: 3280: 1181:, is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which have been at least partly successful. The 7427: 11549: 10732: 10686: 9593: 9323: 7962: 3940: 3891: 3847: 1947:, as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his book on political issues, 1800:) or Vidhana Parishat, one-third of whose members are elected every two years. Members of the Legislative Council are elected in various ways: 8224: 11255: 10945: 9408: 8510: 3984: 2071: 8365: 7458: 11554: 11470: 11445: 11360: 11285: 10830: 9378: 8689: 7259: 7205: 6553:

Between 1927 and 1944 the Hungarian Parliament became bicameral again, as Act XXII of 1926 reistanted the upper chamber, now simply called

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was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding.

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over a bill on graffiti; after a year the Council refused, describing the mechanism as archaic and inappropriate. The two houses of the

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Referendum turnout 50.95%. 77.78 said YES for a unicameral Parliament, 88.84% voted for the decrease in the number of Parliamentarians

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always be heard in the legislative process, it only has to give consent to bills in certain defined areas. All of the federal states (

2096: 11480: 10737: 10679: 10078: 9823: 9403: 9398: 9120: 1177:. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic system that once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the 422:. Some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house able to overrule the other only under certain circumstances. 11638: 9818: 9583: 8503: 6895: 5609: 1222: 921:

and some indigenous features. Australia is exceptional in this sense because the government faces a fully elected upper house, the

8433:"Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability" 11490: 11140: 10358: 9668: 9658: 9638: 9418: 9280: 9004: 8739: 7602:

Jones, Clyve (2014). "Accommodation in the Painted Chamber for Conferences between the Lords and the Commons from 1600 to 1834".

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and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops). It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and certain other Bishops, are appointed to the

942: 11215: 10855: 10338: 9724: 9598: 9523: 9388: 9300: 9076: 8069:". In: Igor Vivero Ávila (ed.), Democracia y reformas políticas en México y América Latina (pp. 219–246). Mexico: M. A. Porrúa. 6146: 3808: 3156: 2092: 1698: 1690: 1226: 1210: 395: 10519: 11180: 11095: 10935: 9704: 9676: 9603: 7496: 7200: 6323: 5850: 5552: 2702: 1789: 1045: 934: 519: 333: 17: 8079: 7824:"Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate" 1241:

to keep their institutional memory. It is traditional to offer a peerage to every outgoing Speaker of the House of Commons.

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Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the

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A fixed number of 208 members of the Senate are elected by citizens, a variable number (currently 57) are appointed by the

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to resolve discrepancies between House and Senate versions of a bill, similar to "Conferences" in Westminster parliaments.

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currently hegemonic groups who would otherwise prevent any structural shift (e.g. military dictatorships, aristocracies).

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All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed by the Federation.

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superseded the Supreme Soviet. The Soviet of the Republics briefly succeeded the Soviet of Nationalities in late 1991.

6806: 4946: 4899: 4346: 3969: 3588: 3583: 3573: 3500: 3451: 2924: 2710: 2418: 1826: 1518:. These were called the Lagting and the Odelsting, and were abolished after the general election of 2009. According to 9438: 1665:

appointed on the advice of the government or elected, with a strong bias towards country voters and landowners. After

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who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house, and (unlike Britain) a smaller upper house.

484: 439: 399: 237: 11723: 6952: 864:. As of 31 August 2017, the lower house has 151 members, each elected from single-member constituencies, known as 11776: 11625: 11405: 11130: 10990: 10915: 10660: 10609: 10539: 10474: 10343: 10273: 10133: 9980: 9970: 9940: 9800: 9538: 9463: 9107: 8754: 6960: 6685: 6454: 6191: 5604: 5544: 5169: 4855: 4497: 4341: 4057: 3103: 3087: 2246: 1547: 1472: 681: 465: 309: 7514: 7282:

at the start of 1993, the Federal Assembly was disbanded. The Czech Republic established their upper house, the

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1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926.

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multipartisanship, asynchronous electoral schedules, and deadlock resolution through conference committees.

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which may be formed by committees of each house agreeing to join, or by joint resolution of each house. The

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sat in the House as the highest court in the land; they subsequently became justices of the newly created

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to jurisdiction. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members.

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system (replaced with STV in 1982), followed by the Single Transferable Vote being introduced for the

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In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements.

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Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from

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committee finalizes is presented in an unamendable "take-it-or-leave-it" manner by both chambers.

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Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblypersons of the Regional Councils are elected directly.

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also favoured a bicameral legislature. The idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser.

454: 391: 68: 11320: 7963:"Bicameralism in Italy. 150 Years of Poor Design, Disappointing Performances, Aborted Reforms" 7671: 1621: 1475:

returned from the democratically elected geographical constituencies and partially democratic

887:. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House to gain and hold power. 11280: 11075: 11015: 10920: 10910: 10770: 10348: 10328: 10303: 10253: 10003: 9468: 9028: 8979: 8889: 8854: 8844: 8829: 8804: 8774: 8709: 8664: 8601: 8309: 7399: 6236: 6090: 6056: 5931: 5405: 5307: 5205: 4976: 4928: 4884: 4752: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4439:

Both houses possess the same powers. The executive is responsible to both houses. All of the

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of the state from amongst persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as

1713: 1656:

changed to a bicameral legislature in 1884, but changed back to a unicameral system in 1903.

1609: 1049: 938: 880: 869: 677: 476: 450: 435: 354: 7766: 7372: 6636:(1960–61), the National Assembly became practically bicameral, but it was overturned by the 581:

political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the

11375: 11270: 11265: 10534: 10504: 10449: 10298: 10213: 10168: 10158: 10148: 9985: 9578: 8904: 8894: 8884: 8874: 8814: 8729: 8699: 8576: 7091: 6730: 6645: 5889: 5439: 5351: 5154: 4850: 4673: 4629: 4624: 4614: 4492: 3793: 3529: 3151: 3139: 2545: 2234: 2104: 1921: 1493: 1486: 1309: 1274: 1221:. Peers can introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both 1079: 1029: 978: 705: 598: 501: 319: 267: 194: 189: 174: 8463:

Noncontemporaneous Lawmaking: Can the 110th Senate Enact a Bill Passed by the 109th House?

2006: 8: 11584: 11385: 11330: 11310: 11100: 11055: 10930: 10925: 10850: 10619: 10614: 10318: 10188: 9920: 9628: 8974: 8964: 8824: 8769: 8591: 8581: 8556: 7156: 7005: 6826: 6499: 6495: 6439: 6401: 6045: 5676: 4708: 4369: 4198: 4013: 3259: 2862: 2695: 2655: 2601: 2362: 2345: 1617: 1605: 1586: 1575: 1392: 1214: 1138: 926: 902:(regardless of population) and 2 from each of the 2 autonomous internal territories (the 625: 602: 539:

passed, which mandated choosing Senators by popular vote rather than State legislatures.

469: 383: 379: 375: 369: 204: 179: 111: 9834: 9154: 8366:"Innovations of the Draft Constitution of Cote d'Ivoire: Towards hyper-presidentialism?" 1641: 1563: 11390: 11085: 11045: 10905: 10399: 10308: 10278: 10228: 10108: 10073: 10023: 9955: 8849: 8794: 7086:

Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral system.

7033: 6937: 5975: 5648: 5258: 5164: 5064: 4433: 4286: 4111: 3963: 3803: 3671: 3407: 2964: 2817: 2035: 1863: 1613: 1481: 1439:

In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's

1412: 1336: 1262: 1037: 957: 949: 918: 907: 629: 279: 184: 10604: 6862: 2506:

All of the 26 state legislatures and the Federal District legislature are unicameral.

10559: 10489: 10454: 10333: 10293: 10243: 10183: 10178: 10058: 10053: 9965: 9950: 9890: 9453: 8764: 8114: 7619: 7551: 7541: 7492: 7407: 7378: 6766: 6101: 5845: 5548: 5317: 4806: 4762: 4403: 4145: 4051: 3715: 3627: 2919: 2640: 2353: 2311: 1983: 1964: 1637: 1633: 1523: 1448: 1350: 1250: 1041: 922: 861: 838: 488: 407: 287: 10138: 5547:. Congress of Deputies can override a negative vote of the Senate on a bill with an 4394: 2010: 1459:

is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (who, in turn, are directly elected).

1444: 11523: 10671: 10579: 10434: 10414: 10238: 10123: 10048: 9925: 9915: 9900: 9885: 8914: 7805: 7611: 6722: 5793: 5535: 3495: 2828: 2556: 2511: 2254: 1975: 1867: 1862:

One-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in

1833: 1815: 1764:

Only 6 of the 36 states or Union Territories of India have bicameral legislatures,

1745: 1625: 1571: 1497: 1346: 1270: 1266: 1190: 997: 986: 899: 825: 735: 621: 586: 582: 543: 8495: 7851:"Balancing Accountability and Effectiveness: A Case for Moderated Parliamentarism" 445: 11693: 11620: 11400: 10650: 10529: 10268: 10248: 10223: 10198: 10173: 10163: 10118: 10113: 10068: 10033: 9790: 9102: 8864: 8352: 8066: 7915: 7521: 5361: 5275: 5120: 4718: 4164: 3759: 3053: 2714: 2665: 1674: 1434: 1202: 1174: 708:

have also used conferences, but not since 1947 (although they retain the option).

673: 647: 415: 199: 137: 1463:

Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands)

1451:. In Ireland, it consists of members of the lower house, local councillors, the 589:. Bicameral legislatures as a result have been trending down for some time with 483:, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the 11275: 10795: 10499: 10494: 10479: 10464: 10288: 10128: 10098: 9754: 9513: 8485:

Defending the (Not So) Indefensible: A Reply to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl

8329: 7221: 7128: 7052: 6874: 6039: 5801: 5773: 5560: 4448: 4296: 4208: 4023: 3831: 2413: 2043: 1896: 1809: 1788:, while the rest all have unicameral legislatures. The lower houses are called 1765: 1629: 1416: 1388: 1358: 1254: 1246: 1170: 1134: 1119: 1097: 898:. There are a total of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the 6 672:

Conferences of the Houses of the English (later British) Parliament met in the

561: 493: 411: 9046: 8059: 7809: 7672:"Managers for the Free Conference, on the Bill to prevent Commerce with Spain" 11770: 11615: 11425: 10757: 10703: 10645: 10640: 9995: 9785: 9780: 9648: 9310: 9097: 9092: 8809: 8656: 7623: 7321: 7316: 7184: 6393: 6376:

was created, with two houses, an upper and a lower house. However, after the

6151: 4570: 3126: 2099:

was held on 30 October 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral

1940: 1900: 1785: 1708:

Nowadays, the upper house both federally and in most states is elected using

1534:

In some countries with federal systems, individual states (like those of the

1440: 1368: 1137:

maintains a somewhat close to bicameral legislative system consisting of the

872:. This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major groups, the 806: 641: 590: 528: 523: 512: 362: 132: 120: 9141: 7615: 7555: 6951:, although it did not exist between 1980 and 1982 either as a result of the 6855:

was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1971, but retained the name Riksdag.

5796:

have devolved unicameral legislatures, each with a varying range of powers.

2823:

All the 31 State Congresses and the Congress of Mexico City are unicameral.

1141:, which is elected in elections on the basis of universal suffrage, and the 11465: 11380: 10484: 10419: 9935: 9250: 8000:"Italian constitutional reforms: Towards a stable and efficient government" 6799: 6485: 6462: 6446: 5729: 5482: 2787: 2781: 1971: 1829:

from amongst persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.

1305: 1278: 1198: 1126:

territorially based upper house, and there has been some pressure from the

247: 1804:

One-third are elected by the members of local bodies in the state such as

1064:

as the second chamber of a bicameral system formally. Rather, it sees the

10706: 10444: 9930: 9869: 9865: 9189: 9185: 8949: 8530: 7767:"Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives" 7535: 6878: 6868: 6666: 6637: 6615: 6415: 6405: 6219: 6129: 5879: 5389: 5192: 5014: 4476: 3303: 3081: 3058: 2734: 1904: 1853: 1849: 1777: 1384: 1380: 1161: 1033: 868:(commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats") using full-preference 857: 849: 802: 480: 350: 299: 155: 145: 104: 11688: 7428:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World" 7400:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000" 4665: 2245:) are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the 2074:

on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the current bicameral

1943:

proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a single chamber with

941:

was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and the

913:

In many respects, Australia is a unique hybrid with influences from the

638:

of bills or amendment to bills requiring agreement from the other house.

11681: 10714: 9877: 9275: 9197: 8789: 8538: 7306: 7073: 6300: 5873: 5588: 5551:

affirmative vote. Moreover, each Spanish autonomous region has its own

5209: 4834: 4652: 4377: 3014: 2002: 1884: 1875: 1837: 1649: 1555: 1535: 810: 573: 291: 263: 165: 11757: 11365: 9483: 6640:. The National Assembly has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963. 4678: 613:

Formal communication between houses is by various methods, including:

10900: 10865: 9245: 8060:

Bicameralismo subnacional: el caso argentino en perspectiva comparada

7706:"Do free conferences have a place in the present-day NSW Parliament?" 6981: 6411: 6363: 4324: 2740: 2713:(Vidhan Sabha) respectively. The remaining twenty-two states and the 2705:

also have bicameral legislatures, consisting of the upper house, the

2661: 2282: 2201: 1936: 1781: 1773: 1514:

with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the

1468: 1452: 1186: 1070: 746: 742: 227: 11676: 597:

governments. The second tends to be the case in unitary states with

11125: 8483: 8469: 8461: 7678:. British History Online. 22–24 April 1740. Volume 25, pp.518–526. 7459:"The Constitutional Background – House of Representatives archives" 6759: 6466: 5959: 5785: 5632: 5433: 5148: 4095: 3787: 3699: 3655: 3391: 2947: 2764: 2584: 2551:

All of the provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral.

2121: 2054: 1932: 1717: 1669:, these became the state Parliaments. In Queensland, the appointed 1551: 1529: 1515: 794: 778: 593:, proportional legislatures seen as more democratic and effective. 275: 8279: 7908:

How do you become a Member of the House of Lords?" – UK Parliament

1998: 890:

The upper house, the Senate, is also popularly elected, under the

11230: 10975: 10965: 8984: 8355:, Official results from the Romanian Central Electoral Commission 7643: 7149: 6852: 6846: 6586: 6579: 6516: 6356: 6135: 6084: 5829: 5301: 4970: 4935:

All the 14 State and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral.

4922: 4878: 4790: 4746: 4520: 4236: 3611: 3567: 3435: 3347: 3215: 3037: 2903: 2646: 2629: 2392: 2339: 2079: 2050: 2030:

A 2005 report on democratic reform in the Arab world by the U.S.

1960: 1871: 1841: 1559: 1455:, and graduates of selected universities, while the Netherlands' 1396: 790: 770: 754: 750: 712: 531:

saw as the "fickleness and passion" that could absorb the House.

487:

has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its

30:

This article is about a form of legislature. For other uses, see

2141: Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body 1415:

consists of two chambers that have the same role and power: the

1074:

as independent constitutional bodies. Only the directly elected

1028:

In German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the

11030: 11010: 7489:

The Senate : From White Supremacy to Governmental Gridlock

7047:

abolished it and replaced it with a single chamber Parliament.

6930: 6841: 6489: 6432: 5693: 5449:

recognized the Slovenian Parliament as incompletely bicameral.

5345: 5245: 4608: 4159:

are unicameral. The regional councillors are elected directly.

4150: 4139: 3523: 3479: 2992: 2811: 2539: 2494: 1716:

in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of

1601: 1507: 1376: 798: 782: 766: 762: 511:

have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial

232: 149: 8029: 1748:, the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the 1435:

Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands)

1300:

Another example of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese

11699: 7930:"The Italian Parliament: Symmetric Bicameralism Under Review" 6257: 5917: 5789: 5527: 5104: 4702: 4564: 4427: 4280: 4192: 4007: 3743: 2856: 2718: 2689: 1994: 1888: 1769: 1550:) may also have bicameral legislatures. A few such states as 1522:, there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the 1408: 1372: 786: 774: 564:, "The English Constitution", in Norman St John-Stevas, ed., 7639:"Free Conference—Municipal Corporations' Act Amendment (, )" 7540:. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 496:

from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the

9548: 7759: 7112: 7026: 6706: 6231:

Unincorporated territory of the united states/Commonwealth

5058: 1845: 549: 8218:"Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina" 1681:

was reformed in the 1970s to provide for direct election.

624:

or the passing of bills, usually done in writing, via the

9864: 9184: 7573:"Chapter 21: Relations with the House of Representatives" 1052:. This was also the case in the United States before the 2776:

All the 13 State Legislative Assemblies are unicameral.

1963:

had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the

917:, as well as from the traditions and conventions of the 7796:

Thompson, Elaine (1980). "The 'Washminster' mutation".

1197:) to 92, down from around 700. Of these 92, one is the 1156: 6996:, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral 6733:, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral 6529:

Between 1608 and 1918 the Hungarian Parliament called

2455:

Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

2009:) had bicameral legislatures that were abolished when 1185:

limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to

1000:, Senators are appointed to serve until age 75 by the 11665: 8159:

Electoral Reform expected to alter balance of power,

5555:, with wide-ranging legislative powers on their own. 1677:

there were similar attempts at abolition, before the

1570:

in Argentina have later adopted unicameral systems. (

1148: 10701: 7897:

European Union Politics, John McCormick, 3rd Edition

7858:

Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law

3138:

All of the state legislatures are bicameral, except

2213:

Of the twenty-three provincial legislatures, eight (

1825:

One-third are elected by the members of the state's

1720:, where proportional representation is used for the 961:

parties and independents to get legislation passed.

910:). This makes the total number 76, i.e. 6×12 + 2×2. 475:

The British Parliament is often referred to as the "

425: 8525: 6541:Lower Table (after 1848: House of Representatives) 5494:All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral. 1096:currently has about 27 times the population of the 8181: 4336:All of the provinces have unicameral parliaments. 1209:, a hereditary office held by turns, currently by 1130:to reform it into a strictly territorial chamber. 8191:. New South Wales Parliamentary Library Service. 7256:Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation 6476:and was disestablished by the restoration of the 2959:All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral. 2868:All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral. 1419:(Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the 11768: 7342:"IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments" 3093:All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments. 1752:, but there is also a Council of Peoples who is 1530:Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities 1295: 937:). Many political scientists have held that the 418:of France) and may be regarded as an example of 7258:, the Federal Assembly replaced the unicameral 5210:Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 2298:'s are also bicameral. The legislatures of the 608: 8466:, 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 331 (2007). 8182:Griffith, Gareth; Srinivasan, Sharath (2001). 8135:"Role and History of the Legislative Assembly" 7699: 7697: 7404:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction 7377:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. 7371:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). 7370: 6051:Unincorporated territory of the United States 1907:have also dissolved the upper houses of their 1229:can override the Lords' delay by invoking the 713:Examples of bicameralism at the national level 10687: 9850: 9170: 9146: 8511: 8111:Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan 7888:, BVerfGE 37, 363, Aktenzeichen 2 BvF 2, 3/73 6860: 5533: 1056:was adopted. Because of this coupling to the 568:, London, The Economist, vol. 5, pp. 273–274. 327: 9067:Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) 8172:Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003 8080:"Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision" 8058:Malamud, Andrés and Martín Costanzo (2010) " 7927: 7430:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. 7262:in 1969. Its two constituent republics, the 2135: Nations with a unicameral legislature 1078:is considered the parliament. In the German 8113:. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214–215. 7694: 6449:as an upper chamber was established by the 4374: 2709:(Vidhan Parishad) and the lower house, the 1978:were unicameral. After the adoption of the 1060:, German legal doctrine does not treat the 10694: 10680: 9857: 9843: 9177: 9163: 8518: 8504: 7711:. Australasian Study of Parliament Group. 7647:. 11 August 1836. HC Deb vol 35 cc1125–7. 7579:(14th ed.). Parliament of Australia. 6258:State parliaments with limited recognition 2129: Nations with a bicameral legislature 2034:co-sponsored by former Secretary of State 1600:still have bicameral legislatures, with a 650:of both houses at the same time and place. 334: 320: 7750: 7595: 7537:The invention of the United States Senate 7397: 1864:educational institutions within the state 1731: 1225:. If not passed within two sessions, the 1201:, a hereditary office always held by the 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 7997: 7795: 7567: 7565: 6538:Upper Table (after 1885: House of Lords) 2120: 2025: 1585: 1160: 972: 824: 809:, link their bicameral systems to their 721: 550:Rationale for bicameralism and criticism 459: 444: 429: 50:This article includes a list of general 8108: 7848: 7703: 7039:Original bicameral system suspended by 2103:instead of the current unicameral. The 1652:systems in 1990 and 2001 respectively. 492:This Upper Chamber became known as the 14: 11769: 8430: 1724:and single member electorates for the 1699:Western Australian Legislative Council 1169:The best known example is the British 10675: 9838: 9158: 9145: 9077:Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) 8499: 8198:from the original on 27 November 2020 8040:from the original on 17 December 2018 8010:from the original on 21 December 2019 7928:Fasone, Cristina; Romaniello, Maria. 7736: 7718:from the original on 20 February 2018 7682:from the original on 20 February 2018 7601: 7562: 7533: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7434:from the original on 16 December 2013 2459:National Assembly of Republika Srpska 1402: 935:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 700:requested a free conference with the 566:The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot 520:Founding Fathers of the United States 410:) can overrule the other house (e.g. 361:. Bicameralism is distinguished from 11706: 8290:from the original on 8 December 2019 8090:from the original on 7 November 2020 7998:Clementi, Francesco (23 June 2016). 2294:All of the state parliaments except 1738:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1687:South Australian Legislative Council 1591:Provincial legislatures in Argentina 1249:. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the 1157:House of Lords of the United Kingdom 36: 8084:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7830:from the original on 3 January 2017 7777:from the original on 31 August 2017 4668:(local assemblies) are unicameral. 4387:2013 proposal to abolish the Seanad 3144:Council of the District of Columbia 1695:New South Wales Legislative Council 1290:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 943:United States systems of government 24: 11595:South African Republic (1857–1902) 8424: 8141:from the original on 23 April 2011 8127: 7960: 7704:Blayden, Lynsey (September 2017). 7651:from the original on 12 March 2017 7577:Odgers' Australian Senate Practice 7527: 7524:, Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie 7477: 7446: 6807:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 6186:Commonwealth of the united states 3574:Plurinational Legislative Assembly 1353:(top), while the lower house, the 1149:Aristocratic and post-aristocratic 992:Canada's elected lower house, the 357:, chambers, or houses, known as a 353:that is divided into two separate 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 11798: 11580:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 8455: 8376:from the original on 8 April 2019 8260:from the original on 8 April 2017 8230:from the original on 5 March 2021 8137:. Parliament of New South Wales. 7739:Australasian Parliamentary Review 7374:Reforming parliamentary democracy 2607:House of Peoples' Representatives 2147: Nations with no legislature 1315: 1111:) has its members chosen by each 950:Westminster parliamentary systems 426:History of bicameral legislatures 11749: 11732: 11715: 11687: 11675: 11514:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11161:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10079:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9824:National unicameral legislatures 9394:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9121:National unicameral legislatures 8735:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8474:Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking] 8250:"About National Assembly – NSRS" 7583:from the original on 18 May 2019 7491:. University of Virginia Press. 7402:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). 7214: 7177: 7142: 7105: 7066: 7019: 6974: 6923: 6888: 6834: 6792: 6752: 6699: 6659: 6608: 6572: 6509: 6425: 6349: 6293: 6212: 6167: 6122: 6077: 6032: 5952: 5910: 5866: 5822: 5766: 5722: 5669: 5625: 5581: 5520: 5475: 5447:Constitutional Court of Slovenia 5426: 5382: 5338: 5294: 5238: 5185: 5141: 5097: 5051: 5007: 4963: 4915: 4871: 4827: 4783: 4739: 4695: 4645: 4601: 4557: 4513: 4469: 4420: 4362: 4317: 4273: 4229: 4185: 4132: 4088: 4044: 4000: 3956: 3912: 3868: 3824: 3780: 3736: 3692: 3648: 3604: 3560: 3516: 3472: 3428: 3384: 3340: 3296: 3252: 3208: 3119: 3074: 3030: 2985: 2940: 2896: 2849: 2804: 2757: 2682: 2622: 2577: 2532: 2487: 2434: 2385: 2332: 2275: 2194: 1914: 1689:in 1973, which initially used a 1673:was abolished in 1922, while in 1335: 1324: 440:Parliament of the United Kingdom 41: 11639:National bicameral legislatures 11626:List of legislatures by country 10661:List of legislatures by country 9819:National bicameral legislatures 9801:List of legislatures by country 9108:List of legislatures by country 8470:Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking 8388: 8358: 8339: 8315: 8302: 8272: 8242: 8210: 8185:State Upper Houses in Australia 8175: 8166: 8153: 8102: 8072: 8052: 8022: 7991: 7954: 7921: 7900: 7891: 7876: 7842: 7816: 7789: 7730: 7663: 7644:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7630: 7352:from the original on 3 May 2019 7270:, had unicameral legislatures ( 6339: 4347:People's Representative Council 4342:Regional Representative Council 2247:Autonomous City of Buenos Aires 1924:" process would be eliminated. 1832:One-sixth are nominated by the 939:Australian system of government 682:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 527:nobility—and a counter to what 11550:Confederate States (1861–1862) 10733:Federated States of Micronesia 10656:List of abolished upper houses 9796:List of abolished lower houses 9034:Confederate States (1862–1865) 7505: 7420: 7391: 7364: 7334: 7312:List of abolished upper houses 6998:National Assembly of Venezuela 6628:Under the first constitution ( 5996: 5553:unicameral regional parliament 4331:People's Consultative Assembly 2729:have unicameral legislatures. 2591:Federal Parliamentary Assembly 2086: 1659: 1492:Another similar situation are 1308:and replaced with the present 13: 1: 11570:Orange Free State (1854–1902) 8490:Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 8478:Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 8308:Article 171, Clause 3 of the 7327: 6814:Congress of People's Deputies 5981:National Assembly of Zimbabwe 5500:National Council of Provinces 2457:is also bicameral, while the 2357:have unicameral parliaments. 1954: 1756:the other legislative house. 1740:, one of the two entities of 1703:Victorian Legislative Council 1578:all abolished upper houses). 1480:Legislative Council from the 1296:Japan's former House of Peers 1219:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 1173:, which includes a number of 1143:Council of the European Union 1105:National Council of Provinces 694:Parliament of New South Wales 690:Parliament of South Australia 479:" (in fact a misquotation of 32:Bicameralism (disambiguation) 27:Legislature with two chambers 7280:Czechoslovakia was dissolved 6949:Turkish constitution of 1982 6945:Turkish constitution of 1961 6943:It was established with the 4389:was defeated at referendum. 2408:parliaments are unicameral. 2158: 2032:Council on Foreign Relations 1959:The German federal state of 1581: 1471:, members of the unicameral 1215:elected by all sitting peers 948:Unlike upper houses in most 904:Australian Capital Territory 848:consists of two Houses: the 820: 609:Communication between houses 500:, collectively known as the 7: 7300: 7268:Slovak (Socialist) Republic 7170:Chamber of Representatives 6457:, and was abolished by the 6141:British Overseas Territory 6096:British Overseas Territory 5610:Assembly of Representatives 4949:(House of Representatives) 2882:(House of Representatives) 2790:(House of Representatives) 2111: 1945:proportional representation 1712:while the lower house uses 1710:proportional representation 1286:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 896:proportional representation 728:National Congress of Brazil 620:Formal notices, such as of 10: 11803: 11560:Irish Republic (1919–1922) 11555:Czechoslovakia (1948–1969) 9039:Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) 7918:. Retrieved on 2013-07-12. 7849:Khaitan, Tarunabh (2021). 7264:Czech (Socialist) Republic 6953:1980 coup d'état in Turkey 6459:Greek Constitution of 1864 6451:Greek Constitution of 1844 6440:Parliament of the Hellenes 6388:was abolished, making the 5851:Chamber of Representatives 3809:Chamber of Representatives 3369:Council of Representatives 3237:People's National Assembly 3172: 2711:State Legislative Assembly 2419:Chamber of Representatives 2116: 2065: 1816:block development councils 1512:semi-bicameral legislature 1281:and given a life peerage. 1165:The House of Lords chamber 1014:Independent Advisory Board 915:United States Constitution 717: 29: 11634: 11603: 11537: 11489: 11451:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11309: 10756: 10713: 10628: 10375: 10357: 10317: 9994: 9876: 9809: 9768: 9685: 9667: 9627: 9309: 9196: 9152: 9147:Links to related articles 9116: 9085: 9072:FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) 9021: 9003: 8963: 8655: 8537: 8431:Aroney, Nicholas (2008). 7810:10.1080/00323268008401755 7520:28 September 2012 at the 7406:. Brill. pp. 92–94. 7253: 7246: 7233: 7226: 7211: 7194: 7189: 7174: 7161: 7154: 7139: 7122: 7117: 7102: 7085: 7078: 7063: 7045:2013 Constitution of Fiji 7038: 7031: 7016: 6991: 6986: 6971: 6942: 6935: 6920: 6907: 6900: 6885: 6861: 6850: 6845: 6832: 6811: 6804: 6789: 6771: 6764: 6749: 6729:. Later, under the newer 6716: 6711: 6696: 6678: 6671: 6656: 6627: 6620: 6605: 6591: 6584: 6569: 6565:House of Representatives 6552: 6545: 6528: 6521: 6506: 6472:, which establishing the 6444: 6437: 6422: 6368: 6361: 6346: 6311: 6304: 6291: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6230: 6223: 6210: 6185: 6178: 6165: 6140: 6133: 6120: 6095: 6088: 6075: 6050: 6043: 6030: 6009: 6006: 6003: 5970: 5963: 5950: 5926: 5921: 5908: 5884: 5877: 5864: 5840: 5833: 5820: 5784: 5777: 5764: 5740: 5733: 5720: 5687: 5680: 5667: 5643: 5636: 5623: 5599: 5592: 5579: 5542: 5534: 5531: 5518: 5493: 5486: 5473: 5444: 5437: 5424: 5400: 5393: 5380: 5356: 5349: 5336: 5312: 5305: 5292: 5256: 5249: 5236: 5203: 5196: 5183: 5159: 5152: 5139: 5115: 5108: 5095: 5069: 5062: 5049: 5025: 5018: 5005: 4981: 4974: 4961: 4934: 4926: 4913: 4889: 4882: 4869: 4845: 4838: 4825: 4801: 4794: 4781: 4757: 4750: 4737: 4713: 4706: 4693: 4663: 4656: 4643: 4619: 4612: 4599: 4575: 4568: 4555: 4531: 4524: 4511: 4487: 4480: 4467: 4438: 4431: 4418: 4384: 4373: 4360: 4335: 4328: 4315: 4291: 4284: 4271: 4247: 4240: 4227: 4203: 4196: 4183: 4154: 4143: 4130: 4106: 4099: 4086: 4062: 4055: 4042: 4018: 4011: 3998: 3974: 3967: 3954: 3930: 3923: 3910: 3886: 3879: 3866: 3842: 3835: 3822: 3798: 3791: 3778: 3754: 3747: 3734: 3710: 3703: 3690: 3666: 3659: 3646: 3622: 3615: 3602: 3578: 3571: 3558: 3534: 3527: 3514: 3490: 3483: 3470: 3446: 3439: 3426: 3402: 3395: 3382: 3358: 3351: 3338: 3314: 3307: 3294: 3270: 3263: 3250: 3226: 3219: 3206: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3137: 3130: 3117: 3092: 3085: 3072: 3048: 3041: 3028: 3003: 2996: 2983: 2958: 2951: 2938: 2914: 2907: 2894: 2867: 2860: 2847: 2822: 2815: 2802: 2775: 2768: 2755: 2707:State Legislative Council 2700: 2693: 2680: 2636: 2633: 2620: 2595: 2588: 2575: 2550: 2543: 2530: 2505: 2498: 2485: 2452: 2445: 2432: 2403: 2396: 2383: 2350: 2343: 2330: 2293: 2286: 2273: 2212: 2205: 2192: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2020: 1980:1993 Russian Constitution 1477:functional constituencies 1023: 968: 11471:Turks and Caicos Islands 10831:Central African Republic 10344:Northern Mariana Islands 9654:Northern Mariana Islands 9379:Central African Republic 9057:Soviet Union (1938–1991) 8990:Northern Mariana Islands 7885:Bundesverfassungsgericht 7206:House of Representatives 7058:House of Representatives 6851:Until 1970, the Swedish 6735:Congress of the Republic 6691:House of Representatives 6474:Second Hellenic Republic 6465:was reestabished by the 6324:House of Representatives 6242:House of Representatives 6197:House of Representatives 6181:Commonwealth Legislature 6175:Northern Mariana Islands 6062:House of Representatives 5937:House of Representatives 5707:House of Representatives 5690:Tobago House of Assembly 5654:House of Representatives 5223:House of Representatives 5083:(Consultative Assembly) 4943:(House of Nationalities) 4900:House of Representatives 4812:House of Representatives 4630:House of Representatives 4586:House of Representatives 4542:House of Representatives 4258:House of Representatives 4029:House of Representatives 3501:House of Representatives 3457:House of Representatives 3281:House of Representatives 3157:House of Representatives 2925:House of Representatives 2644:) today have unicameral 2472:House of Representatives 2317:House of Representatives 2013:came to power after the 1759: 1259:Archbishop of Canterbury 892:single transferable vote 854:House of Representatives 835:House of Representatives 741:Some countries, such as 210:International parliament 11286:Holy See (Vatican City) 8472:Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, 8396:"Constitution of Nepal" 8065:13 January 2021 at the 7914:12 January 2021 at the 7616:10.1111/1750-0206.12100 7276:Slovak National Council 6947:and abolished with the 6908:Between 1974 and 1992. 6822:Soviet of Nationalities 4931:(Assembly of the Union) 2040:Tyranny of the majority 1736:The Legislature of the 1213:, and the other 90 are 1183:House of Lords Act 1999 846:Parliament of Australia 831:Parliament of Australia 686:Parliament of Australia 585:or the election of the 310:Legislatures by country 219:Parliamentary procedure 71:more precise citations. 11777:Bicameral legislatures 11341:British Virgin Islands 9906:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9226:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8567:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8254:narodnaskupstinars.net 7676:House of Lords Journal 7534:Wirls, Daniel (2004). 7272:Czech National Council 7234:Between 1920 and 1939 7195:Between 1966 and 1975 7162:Between 1990 and 2001 7123:Between 1950 and 1979 6961:Senate of the Republic 4449:Senate of the Republic 4406:(Assembly of Ireland) 4375: 2743:(House of the People) 2448:Parliamentary Assembly 2442:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2406:community and regional 2155: 1790:Legislative Assemblies 1742:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1732:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1593: 1504:procedure is invoked. 1407:On the other hand, in 1207:Lord Great Chamberlain 1166: 1128:Autonomous Communities 1107:(and before 1997, the 989: 977:The federal bicameral 841: 829:The federal bicameral 759:Bosnia and Herzegovina 738: 660:United States Congress 571: 472: 457: 455:United States Congress 442: 420:imperfect bicameralism 11787:Administrative theory 11649:National upper houses 11644:National lower houses 11176:São Tomé and Príncipe 10738:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10084:Republic of the Congo 9814:National upper houses 9399:Republic of the Congo 9131:National upper houses 9126:National lower houses 9029:Venezuela (1811-1999) 8740:Republic of the Congo 8310:Constitution of India 8109:Dunstan, Don (1981). 7604:Parliamentary History 6548:Assembly of the Realm 6524:Assembly of the Realm 6287:Seats of Lower house 6026:Seats of Lower house 5206:Bangsamoro Parliament 4681:(Assembly of People) 4151:Fifth French Republic 3232:Council of the Nation 3202:Seats of Lower house 2188:Seats of Lower house 2124: 2026:Arab political reform 1974:, regional and local 1850:co-operative movement 1714:Instant-runoff voting 1589: 1494:cross-community votes 1193:on the advice of the 1164: 1054:Seventeenth Amendment 976: 870:instant-runoff voting 828: 813:political structure. 725: 678:Palace of Westminster 664:conference committees 599:parliamentary systems 553: 477:Mother of Parliaments 463: 451:United States Capitol 448: 436:Palace of Westminster 433: 359:bicameral legislature 18:Bicameral legislature 10743:United Arab Emirates 8351:21 July 2011 at the 7286:, in December 1992. 7242:Chamber of Deputies 6913:Chamber of Republics 6745:Chamber of Deputies 6470:Constitution of 1927 6284:Seats of Upper house 6226:Legislative Assembly 6023:Seats of Upper house 5566:Congress of Deputies 4895:House of Councillors 4581:House of Councillors 3364:Consultative Council 3199:Seats of Upper house 2185:Seats of Upper house 1922:conference committee 1827:Legislative Assembly 1310:House of Councillors 1275:Bishop of Winchester 1223:Houses of Parliament 998:Canada's upper house 979:Parliament of Canada 706:Parliament of Canada 698:Legislative Assembly 502:Houses of Parliament 388:perfect bicameralism 268:Member of Parliament 195:Member of parliament 190:Parliamentary leader 175:Parliamentary system 11782:Forms of government 11545:Artsakh (1991–2023) 11476:U.S. Virgin Islands 10284:Trinidad and Tobago 10009:Antigua and Barbuda 9750:Portugal (Republic) 9594:Trinidad and Tobago 9324:Antigua and Barbuda 9047:Estonia (1938–1940) 8930:Trinidad and Tobago 8670:Antigua and Barbuda 8437:Adelaide Law Review 8408:on 23 December 2015 8256:. 28 January 2015. 8163:, 11 June 1987, p.5 7979:on 23 December 2019 7942:on 28 December 2019 7185:Republic of Vietnam 7167:Chamber of Counties 7011:Chamber of Deputies 6827:Soviet of the Union 6784:Chamber of Deputies 6686:Legislative Council 6500:Chamber of Deputies 6396:of the parliament. 6147:Legislative Council 5895:Legislative Chamber 5677:Trinidad and Tobago 5367:Chamber of Deputies 5323:Chamber of Deputies 5259:voivodeship sejmiks 5170:Chamber of Deputies 4454:Chamber of Deputies 4302:Chamber of Deputies 3985:Chamber of Deputies 3853:Chamber of Deputies 3765:Chamber of Deputies 3589:Chamber of Deputies 3260:Antigua and Barbuda 3059:House of The People 2876:(National Assembly) 2834:Chamber of Deputies 2737:(Council of States) 2703:twenty-eight states 2602:House of Federation 2517:Chamber of Deputies 2371:(National Council) 2260:Chamber of Deputies 1931:During his term as 1794:Legislative Council 1654:Santiago del Estero 1606:Chamber of Deputies 1502:petition of concern 1473:Legislative Council 1425:Chamber of Deputies 1393:Republic of Ireland 1189:, appointed by the 1139:European Parliament 981:, which contains a 927:Parliament Act 1911 866:electoral divisions 833:, which contains a 732:Chamber of Deputies 702:Legislative Council 603:checks and balances 470:Parliament of India 384:concurrent majority 380:primary legislation 180:Parliamentary group 11590:Sikkim (1953–1975) 10505:Kingdom of Ireland 10450:Dominican Republic 10094:Dominican Republic 9745:Portugal (Kingdom) 9715:Kingdom of Ireland 9409:Dominican Republic 9052:Serbia (1901–1903) 8750:Dominican Republic 8284:vijecenarodars.net 7773:. 31 August 2017. 7669:Blayden 2017 p.6; 7636:Blayden 2017 p.6; 7487:Wirls, D. (2021). 7398:Julian Go (2007). 7294:Chamber of People 7291:Chamber of Nations 5545:autonomous regions 5126:House of Delegates 5077:(Council of State) 4929:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw 4397:(Senate of Ireland 3964:Dominican Republic 3010:Federation Council 2854: 2399:Federal Parliament 2156: 2036:Madeleine Albright 2015:Revolution of 1930 1909:state legislatures 1594: 1576:Canadian provinces 1482:Election Committee 1449:electoral colleges 1403:Italian Parliament 1304:, abolished after 1263:Archbishop of York 1167: 1050:Pakistani province 990: 958:double dissolution 919:Westminster system 908:Northern Territory 842: 739: 485:British Parliament 473: 458: 443: 280:Member of Congress 11663: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11481:Wallis and Futuna 11313:other territories 10669: 10668: 10321:other territories 10159:Japan (post-1947) 10104:Equatorial Guinea 9832: 9831: 9631:other territories 9419:Equatorial Guinea 9139: 9138: 9062:Texas (1836–1845) 8967:other territories 8755:Equatorial Guinea 8086:. 24 April 2019. 7882:According to the 7498:978-0-8139-4689-4 7298: 7297: 7260:National Assembly 7229:National Assembly 7191:National Assembly 7134:National Assembly 7097:National Assembly 6994:1999 constitution 6966:National Assembly 6731:1993 constitution 6719:1979 Constitution 6623:National Assembly 6478:Kingdom of Greece 6455:Kingdom of Greece 6337: 6336: 6255: 6254: 6107:House of Assembly 5994: 5993: 5692:in the island of 5639:National Assembly 5605:National Assembly 5549:absolute majority 5505:National Assembly 5460:National Assembly 5411:House of Assembly 5252:National Assembly 5111:National Congress 4992:National Assembly 4856:National Assembly 4768:National Assembly 4724:National Assembly 4498:National Assembly 4441:regional councils 4214:National Assembly 4170:National Assembly 4157:Regional Councils 4117:House of Assembly 4073:National Assembly 4052:Equatorial Guinea 3941:National Assembly 3897:National Assembly 3750:National Congress 3721:National Assembly 3677:National Assembly 3633:National Assembly 3545:National Assembly 3486:National Assembly 3442:National Assembly 3413:House of Assembly 3354:National Assembly 3325:House of Assembly 3170: 3169: 3099:Council of States 2970:National Assembly 2910:National Assembly 2723:Jammu and Kashmir 2715:union territories 2658:(Federal Council) 2501:National Congress 2365:(Federal Council) 2208:National Congress 1984:Sverdlovsk Oblast 1949:Do I Stand Alone? 1893:Jammu and Kashmir 1868:secondary schools 1820:district councils 1750:National Assembly 1636:(since 1987) and 1596:Only 8 out of 24 1524:Batavian Republic 1355:National Assembly 1351:Luxembourg Palace 1251:Church of England 900:Australian states 466:New Sansad Bhavan 404:National Assembly 382:often requires a 344: 343: 288:Municipal council 97: 96: 89: 16:(Redirected from 11794: 11762: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11745: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11728: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11708: 11692: 11691: 11680: 11679: 11671: 11436:Saint Barthélemy 11431:Pitcairn Islands 11371:French Polynesia 11361:Falkland Islands 11141:Papua New Guinea 11061:Marshall Islands 10696: 10689: 10682: 10673: 10672: 10550:Northern Ireland 10515:Japan (pre-1947) 10510:Irish Free State 9859: 9852: 9845: 9836: 9835: 9735:Northern Ireland 9720:Irish Free State 9179: 9172: 9165: 9156: 9155: 9143: 9142: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8401:. Archived from 8400: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8362: 8356: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8328:. Archived from 8327: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8190: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8076: 8070: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7972:. Archived from 7967: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7935:. Archived from 7934: 7925: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7889: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7855: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7531: 7525: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7461:. Archived from 7455: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7338: 7249:Federal Assembly 7224: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7152: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7022: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6916:Federal Chamber 6903:Federal Assembly 6898: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6866: 6865: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6779:Chamber of Peers 6762: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6723:Alberto Fujimori 6709: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6651:House of Commons 6618: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6519: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6435: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6359: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6262: 6261: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6001: 6000: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5836:General Assembly 5828: 5826: 5825: 5807:House of Commons 5794:Northern Ireland 5772: 5770: 5769: 5746:People's Council 5736:National Council 5728: 5726: 5725: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5595:Supreme Assembly 5587: 5585: 5584: 5539: 5538: 5536:Cortes Generales 5526: 5524: 5523: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5455:National Council 5432: 5430: 5429: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5261:are unicameral. 5244: 5242: 5241: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4987:National Council 4969: 4967: 4966: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4443:are unicameral. 4426: 4424: 4423: 4382: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3540:National Council 3522: 3520: 3519: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3177: 3176: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3104:National Council 3088:Federal Assembly 3080: 3078: 3077: 3036: 3034: 3033: 2999:Federal Assembly 2991: 2989: 2988: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2880:Pratinidhi Sabha 2855: 2853: 2852: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2562:House of Commons 2538: 2536: 2535: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2467:House of Peoples 2440: 2438: 2437: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2306:are unicameral. 2281: 2279: 2278: 2249:are unicameral. 2200: 2198: 2197: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 1991:Brazilian states 1935:of the State of 1746:Republika Srpska 1701:in 1987 and the 1572:Brazilian states 1562:in Germany, and 1498:Northern Ireland 1427:(considered the 1339: 1328: 1271:Bishop of Durham 1267:Bishop of London 1227:House of Commons 1211:Baron Carrington 1179:House of Commons 1175:hereditary peers 1115:'s legislature. 1058:executive branch 1002:Governor General 994:House of Commons 983:House of Commons 931:governor-general 654:Joint committees 617:Sending messages 587:Senate of France 583:Senate of Canada 569: 544:Great Compromise 498:House of Commons 396:House of Commons 336: 329: 322: 302:(States-General) 101: 100: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11738: 11733: 11731: 11727:from Wiktionary 11721: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11707:sister projects 11704:at Knowledge's 11698: 11686: 11674: 11666: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11630: 11621:Multicameralism 11599: 11533: 11509:Northern Cyprus 11485: 11312: 11305: 11216:Solomon Islands 11121:North Macedonia 10752: 10709: 10700: 10670: 10665: 10651:Multicameralism 10624: 10371: 10353: 10320: 10313: 9990: 9872: 9863: 9833: 9828: 9805: 9791:Multicameralism 9764: 9681: 9663: 9630: 9623: 9305: 9192: 9183: 9148: 9140: 9135: 9112: 9103:Multicameralism 9081: 9017: 8999: 8966: 8959: 8651: 8533: 8524: 8458: 8445: 8443: 8427: 8425:Further reading 8422: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8370:ConstitutionNet 8364: 8363: 8359: 8353:Wayback Machine 8344: 8340: 8335:on 5 July 2008. 8332: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8067:Wayback Machine 8057: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8004:ConstitutionNet 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7965: 7961:Fusaro, Carlo. 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7916:Wayback Machine 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7853: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7752:10.1.1.611.7131 7735: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7522:Wayback Machine 7511: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7485: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7465:on 30 July 2015 7457: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7303: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7020: 7018: 7017: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6863:Första kammaren 6835: 6833: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6634:second republic 6609: 6607: 6606: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6378:1953 referendum 6369:Under the 1849 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6319:House of Elders 6294: 6292: 6260: 6213: 6211: 6168: 6166: 6123: 6121: 6078: 6076: 6033: 6031: 5999: 5953: 5951: 5911: 5909: 5867: 5865: 5823: 5821: 5767: 5765: 5723: 5721: 5696:is unicameral. 5670: 5668: 5626: 5624: 5582: 5580: 5521: 5519: 5476: 5474: 5427: 5425: 5383: 5381: 5339: 5337: 5295: 5293: 5239: 5237: 5186: 5184: 5142: 5140: 5098: 5096: 5081:Majlis al-Shura 5075:Majlis al-Dawla 5052: 5050: 5008: 5006: 4964: 4962: 4941:Amyotha Hluttaw 4916: 4914: 4872: 4870: 4828: 4826: 4784: 4782: 4740: 4738: 4696: 4694: 4646: 4644: 4602: 4600: 4558: 4556: 4514: 4512: 4470: 4468: 4421: 4419: 4363: 4361: 4318: 4316: 4274: 4272: 4230: 4228: 4186: 4184: 4133: 4131: 4089: 4087: 4045: 4043: 4001: 3999: 3957: 3955: 3913: 3911: 3869: 3867: 3825: 3823: 3781: 3779: 3737: 3735: 3693: 3691: 3649: 3647: 3605: 3603: 3561: 3559: 3517: 3515: 3473: 3471: 3429: 3427: 3385: 3383: 3341: 3339: 3297: 3295: 3253: 3251: 3209: 3207: 3175: 3146:is unicameral. 3120: 3118: 3075: 3073: 3031: 3029: 2986: 2984: 2941: 2939: 2897: 2895: 2850: 2848: 2805: 2803: 2758: 2756: 2683: 2681: 2623: 2621: 2578: 2576: 2533: 2531: 2488: 2486: 2461:is unicameral. 2435: 2433: 2386: 2384: 2333: 2331: 2276: 2274: 2195: 2193: 2161: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2089: 2068: 2060:morality police 2028: 2023: 1957: 1917: 1866:not lower than 1811:gram panchayats 1798:Vidhan Parishad 1762: 1734: 1675:New South Wales 1662: 1584: 1532: 1465: 1437: 1405: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1357:, meets at the 1342: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1318: 1298: 1284:Until 2009, 12 1255:Lords Spiritual 1203:Duke of Norfolk 1159: 1151: 1122:functions as a 1026: 971: 823: 720: 715: 674:Painted Chamber 648:plenary session 611: 570: 560: 552: 542:As part of the 428: 340: 160: 138:Multicameralism 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11800: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11764: 11763: 11746: 11729: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11684: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11565:Norfolk Island 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11495: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11346:Cayman Islands 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10762: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10699: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10676: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10620:Weimar Germany 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10575:Russian Empire 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10440:Czechoslovakia 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10395:British Guiana 10392: 10387: 10381: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10329:American Samoa 10325: 10323: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10289:United Kingdom 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10089:Czech Republic 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10000: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9882: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9839: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9639:American Samoa 9635: 9633: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9599:United Kingdom 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9404:Czech Republic 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9182: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9009: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8975:American Samoa 8971: 8969: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8940:United Kingdom 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8745:Czech Republic 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8523: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8481: 8467: 8457: 8456:External links 8454: 8453: 8452: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8387: 8357: 8338: 8314: 8301: 8286:(in Serbian). 8271: 8241: 8209: 8174: 8165: 8161:The Australian 8152: 8126: 8119: 8101: 8071: 8051: 8021: 7990: 7953: 7920: 7899: 7890: 7875: 7841: 7815: 7788: 7758: 7745:(2): 120–136. 7729: 7693: 7662: 7629: 7610:(2): 342–357. 7594: 7561: 7546: 7526: 7504: 7497: 7476: 7445: 7419: 7413:978-9004151741 7412: 7390: 7383: 7363: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7252: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7225: 7222:Czechoslovakia 7209: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7188: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7153: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7077: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7037: 7030: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6990: 6985: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6941: 6934: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6899: 6883: 6882: 6875:Andra kammaren 6872: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6715: 6710: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6630:first republic 6626: 6619: 6603: 6602: 6601:Lower Chamber 6599: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6482: 6481: 6443: 6436: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6398: 6397: 6367: 6360: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268:Bicameral body 6266: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6222: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6177: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6132: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6087: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6042: 6040:American Samoa 6028: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6007:Bicameral body 6005: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5962: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5832: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5802:House of Lords 5798: 5797: 5783: 5776: 5774:United Kingdom 5762: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5732: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5679: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5541: 5530: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5485: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5392: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5202: 5195: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5151: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5107: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5061: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5021:States General 5017: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4973: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4947:Pyithu Hluttaw 4944: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4925: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4881: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4837: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4793: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4611: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4567: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4479: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4395:Seanad Éireann 4391: 4390: 4383: 4372: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4327: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4239: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4195: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4142: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4098: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4054: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3966: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3922: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3834: 3832:Czech Republic 3820: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3790: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3746: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3702: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3658: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3526: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3482: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3394: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3218: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183:Bicameral body 3181: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3129: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3084: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2995: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2950: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2874:Rastriya Sabha 2870: 2869: 2866: 2859: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2699: 2692: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2635: 2632: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2587: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2542: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2497: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2444: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2342: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2292: 2285: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2211: 2204: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169:Bicameral body 2167: 2160: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2088: 2085: 2067: 2064: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2011:Getúlio Vargas 1956: 1953: 1916: 1913: 1897:Madhya Pradesh 1880: 1879: 1860: 1857: 1854:social service 1830: 1823: 1806:municipalities 1766:Andhra Pradesh 1761: 1758: 1733: 1730: 1661: 1658: 1583: 1580: 1558:in Australia, 1531: 1528: 1510:had a kind of 1464: 1461: 1447:are chosen by 1445:Seanad Éireann 1443:and Ireland's 1436: 1433: 1404: 1401: 1389:Czech Republic 1369:unitary states 1359:Palais Bourbon 1344: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316:Unitary states 1314: 1302:House of Peers 1297: 1294: 1235:Parliament Act 1231:Parliament Act 1195:Prime Minister 1171:House of Lords 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1135:European Union 1118:In Spain, the 1098:least populous 1091:most populous 1084:, the various 1025: 1022: 1010:Prime Minister 970: 967: 852:is called the 844:The bicameral 822: 819: 736:Federal Senate 730:, seat of the 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 670: 667: 656: 651: 644: 639: 636: 633: 632:of each house. 618: 610: 607: 574:Federal states 562:Walter Bagehot 558: 551: 548: 537:17th Amendment 494:House of Lords 468:, seat of the 453:, seat of the 438:, seat of the 427: 424: 414:of the UK and 412:House of Lords 342: 341: 339: 338: 331: 324: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 304: 303: 296: 295: 284: 283: 272: 271: 258: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 235: 230: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 169: 168: 162: 161: 159: 158: 153: 142: 141: 140: 135: 129: 128: 123: 115: 114: 108: 107: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11799: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11761:from Wikidata 11760: 11759: 11747: 11743: 11742: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11703: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11672: 11669: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11616:Tricameralism 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11519:South Ossetia 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11491:Non-UN states 11488: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11421:New Caledonia 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11366:Faroe Islands 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11321:Åland Islands 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11311:Dependent and 11308: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11026:Liechtenstein 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10946:Guinea-Bissau 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10697: 10692: 10690: 10685: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10674: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10646:Tricameralism 10644: 10642: 10641:Unicameralism 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10359:Non-UN states 10356: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10319:Dependent and 10316: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9986:United States 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9853: 9848: 9846: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786:Tricameralism 9784: 9782: 9781:Unicameralism 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9669:Non-UN states 9666: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9629:Dependent and 9626: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9301:United States 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9144: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098:Tricameralism 9096: 9094: 9093:Unicameralism 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9005:Non-UN states 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8965:Dependent and 8962: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8647:United States 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8404: 8397: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8342: 8331: 8324: 8323:"2005 report" 8318: 8311: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8226: 8219: 8213: 8194: 8187: 8186: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8122: 8120:0-333-33815-4 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7894: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7698: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7547:0-8018-7438-6 7543: 7539: 7538: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515:Liberation.fr 7508: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7481: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7384:9780773525085 7380: 7376: 7375: 7367: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7322:Unicameralism 7320: 7318: 7317:Tricameralism 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7223: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7151: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6843: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6761: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6727:1992 autocoup 6724: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6617: 6604: 6600: 6598:Upper Chamber 6597: 6596: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6345: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6263: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6176: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6152:House of Keys 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6002: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Shura Council 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5529: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5445:In 2008, the 5442: 5441: 5435: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5303: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4610: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571:National Diet 4566: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4009: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3178: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3127:United States 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3083: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3011: 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2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2153: No data 2123: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Jesse Ventura 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1915:United States 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Uttar Pradesh 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1697:in 1978, the 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554:in the U.S., 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:United States 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:Morten Søberg 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1327: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205:, one is the 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 984: 980: 975: 966: 962: 959: 955: 954:joint sitting 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860:is named the 859: 855: 851: 847: 840: 836: 832: 827: 818: 814: 812: 808: 807:United States 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 737: 733: 729: 724: 707: 703: 699: 696:in 2011, the 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668: 665: 661: 657: 655: 652: 649: 645: 643: 642:Joint session 640: 637: 634: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 615: 614: 606: 604: 600: 594: 592: 588: 584: 578: 575: 567: 563: 557: 547: 545: 540: 538: 532: 530: 529:James Madison 525: 524:Benjamin Rush 521: 516: 514: 513:head of state 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471: 467: 462: 456: 452: 447: 441: 437: 432: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 366: 364: 363:unicameralism 360: 356: 352: 349:is a type of 348: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 317: 315: 314: 311: 308: 307: 301: 298: 297: 293: 289: 286: 285: 281: 277: 274: 273: 269: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 255: 254: 249: 246: 243: 242:no-confidence 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 167: 164: 163: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 134: 133:Tricameralism 131: 130: 127: 124: 122: 121:Unicameralism 119: 118: 117: 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 91: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 11756: 11744:from Commons 11739: 11722: 11702:Bicameralism 11701: 11611:Bicameralism 11610: 11529:Transnistria 11456:Sint Maarten 11446:Saint Martin 11441:Saint Helena 11351:Cook Islands 11201:Sierra Leone 11181:Saudi Arabia 10821:Burkina Faso 10707:legislatures 10636:Bicameralism 10635: 10600:Soviet Union 10590:South Africa 10455:East Germany 10405:Burkina Faso 10264:South Africa 9870:legislatures 9868:of national 9866:Upper houses 9776:Bicameralism 9775: 9574:South Africa 9190:legislatures 9188:of national 9186:Lower houses 8935:Turkmenistan 8910:South Africa 8531:legislatures 8527: 8489: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8462: 8444:. Retrieved 8440: 8436: 8410:. Retrieved 8403:the original 8390: 8378:. Retrieved 8369: 8360: 8341: 8330:the original 8317: 8312: (1950) 8304: 8292:. Retrieved 8283: 8274: 8264:28 September 8262:. Retrieved 8253: 8244: 8234:28 September 8232:. Retrieved 8212: 8200:. Retrieved 8184: 8177: 8168: 8160: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8129: 8110: 8104: 8092:. Retrieved 8074: 8054: 8042:. Retrieved 8033: 8024: 8014:10 September 8012:. Retrieved 8003: 7993: 7983:17 September 7981:. Retrieved 7974:the original 7970:Carlo Fusaro 7969: 7956: 7946:10 September 7944:. Retrieved 7937:the original 7923: 7902: 7893: 7883: 7878: 7866:. Retrieved 7861: 7857: 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7818: 7804:(2): 32–40. 7801: 7797: 7791: 7779:. Retrieved 7770: 7761: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7720:. Retrieved 7684:. Retrieved 7675: 7665: 7653:. Retrieved 7642: 7632: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7585:. Retrieved 7576: 7536: 7529: 7507: 7488: 7467:. Retrieved 7463:the original 7436:. Retrieved 7422: 7403: 7393: 7373: 7366: 7354:. Retrieved 7345: 7336: 7247: 7227: 7190: 7155: 7118: 7079: 7032: 6987: 6936: 6901: 6805: 6800:Soviet Union 6765: 6712: 6672: 6621: 6616:Korea, South 6585: 6554: 6546: 6531:Országgyűlés 6530: 6522: 6438: 6394:sole chamber 6389: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6371:constitution 6362: 6305: 6279:Lower house 6224: 6179: 6134: 6089: 6044: 6018:Lower house 5964: 5922: 5878: 5834: 5778: 5734: 5730:Turkmenistan 5681: 5637: 5593: 5532: 5487: 5483:South Africa 5438: 5394: 5350: 5306: 5276: 5250: 5197: 5153: 5109: 5063: 5036:Tweede Kamer 5031:Eerste Kamer 5019: 4975: 4927: 4883: 4839: 4795: 4751: 4707: 4657: 4613: 4569: 4525: 4481: 4432: 4404:Dáil Éireann 4398: 4376: 4329: 4285: 4241: 4197: 4144: 4100: 4056: 4012: 3968: 3924: 3880: 3836: 3792: 3748: 3704: 3660: 3616: 3572: 3528: 3484: 3440: 3396: 3352: 3308: 3264: 3220: 3194:Lower house 3131: 3086: 3079: 3042: 2997: 2952: 2908: 2861: 2816: 2788:Dewan Rakyat 2782:Dewan Negara 2769: 2694: 2645: 2639: 2589: 2544: 2499: 2446: 2397: 2354:Bundesländer 2352: 2344: 2287: 2215:Buenos Aires 2206: 2180:Lower house 2097:constitution 2090: 2078:was held in 2069: 2048: 2029: 1988: 1972:Soviet Union 1969: 1958: 1948: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1881: 1876:universities 1870:, including 1810: 1797: 1763: 1753: 1735: 1707: 1683: 1663: 1610:Buenos Aires 1595: 1533: 1506: 1501: 1491: 1466: 1438: 1428: 1420: 1406: 1366: 1349:meet in the 1306:World War II 1299: 1283: 1279:Crossbenches 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1199:Earl Marshal 1168: 1152: 1132: 1123: 1117: 1102: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1046:Indian state 1027: 1018: 1016:as of 2016. 991: 963: 947: 912: 889: 843: 815: 740: 635:Transmission 612: 595: 579: 572: 565: 554: 541: 533: 517: 509:Commonwealth 506: 474: 419: 387: 374: 370:jurisdiction 367: 358: 347:Bicameralism 346: 345: 248:Mass meeting 126:Bicameralism 125: 98: 83: 74: 55: 11724:Definitions 11106:New Zealand 10991:South Korea 10986:North Korea 10891:El Salvador 10766:Afghanistan 10595:South Korea 10540:New Zealand 10470:El Salvador 10400:British Raj 10385:Afghanistan 10349:Puerto Rico 10339:Isle of Man 10254:Saint Lucia 10234:Philippines 10214:Netherlands 10149:Ivory Coast 9981:Switzerland 9971:South Sudan 9725:South Korea 9659:Puerto Rico 9649:Isle of Man 9564:Saint Lucia 9544:Philippines 9524:Netherlands 9464:Ivory Coast 9296:Switzerland 9286:South Sudan 9042:(1969–1992) 8995:Puerto Rico 8985:Isle of Man 8900:Saint Lucia 8880:Philippines 8860:Netherlands 8800:Ivory Coast 8642:Switzerland 8632:South Sudan 8492:363 (2007). 8480:349 (2007). 8446:21 February 8412:18 February 8280:"Home page" 8202:6 September 8145:9 September 8094:7 September 8044:17 December 7868:3 September 7834:23 February 7722:19 February 7686:19 February 7655:19 February 7587:19 February 7512:(in French) 7438:16 December 6879:Lower house 6869:Upper house 6667:New Zealand 6638:May 16 coup 6562:Upper House 6416:Lower house 6406:Upper house 6276:Upper house 6220:Puerto Rico 6130:Isle of Man 6015:Upper house 5997:Territorial 5880:Oliy Majlis 5390:Saint Lucia 5257:All of the 5193:Philippines 5015:Netherlands 4797:Legislature 4664:All of the 4477:Ivory Coast 3191:Upper house 3082:Switzerland 2735:Rajya Sabha 2701:Six of the 2404:All of the 2369:Nationalrat 2351:All of the 2177:Upper house 2087:Ivory Coast 1905:West Bengal 1778:Maharashtra 1726:upper house 1722:lower house 1679:upper house 1671:upper house 1648:changed to 1429:lower house 1421:upper house 1385:Philippines 1381:Netherlands 1034:Rajya Sabha 1012:through an 885:Labor Party 858:upper house 850:lower house 803:Switzerland 669:Conferences 622:resolutions 481:John Bright 392:responsible 351:legislature 300:The Estates 156:Lower house 146:Upper house 105:Legislature 77:August 2024 69:introducing 11771:Categories 11538:Historical 11416:Montserrat 11196:Seychelles 11171:San Marino 11096:Mozambique 11091:Montenegro 11066:Mauritania 11036:Luxembourg 11001:Kyrgyzstan 10881:East Timor 10846:Costa Rica 10826:Cape Verde 10796:Bangladesh 10791:Azerbaijan 10704:unicameral 10535:Mauritania 10425:Costa Rica 10367:Somaliland 10299:Uzbekistan 10274:Tajikistan 10189:Madagascar 10169:Kazakhstan 9677:Somaliland 9609:Uzbekistan 9584:Tajikistan 9504:Madagascar 9484:Kazakhstan 9022:Historical 9013:Somaliland 8950:Uzbekistan 8920:Tajikistan 8840:Madagascar 8820:Kazakhstan 8380:13 January 8294:8 December 7771:aec.gov.au 7356:25 October 7328:References 7307:Federalism 7254:Under the 7157:Parliament 7119:Parliament 7081:Parliament 7074:Mauritania 7034:Parliament 6992:Under the 6938:Parliament 6896:Yugoslavia 6674:Parliament 6587:Parliament 6467:republican 6340:Historical 6307:Parliament 6301:Somaliland 6091:Parliament 5966:Parliament 5923:Parliament 5874:Uzbekistan 5780:Parliament 5683:Parliament 5589:Tajikistan 5489:Parliament 5440:Parliament 5396:Parliament 5352:Parliament 5308:Parliament 5065:Parliament 4977:Parliament 4885:Parliament 4841:Parliament 4835:Madagascar 4753:Parliament 4709:Parliament 4659:Parliament 4653:Kazakhstan 4615:Parliament 4527:Parliament 4483:Parliament 4434:Parliament 4378:Oireachtas 4287:Parliament 4243:Parliament 4199:Parliament 4146:Parliament 4102:Parliament 4058:Parliament 4014:Parliament 3926:Parliament 3882:Parliament 3838:Parliament 3706:Parliament 3662:Parliament 3618:Parliament 3530:Parliament 3398:Parliament 3310:Parliament 3266:Parliament 3222:Parliament 3044:Parliament 3015:State Duma 2954:Parliament 2863:Parliament 2771:Parliament 2727:Puducherry 2696:Parliament 2546:Parliament 2346:Parliament 2296:Queensland 2289:Parliament 2227:Entre Ríos 2223:Corrientes 2101:Parliament 2093:referendum 2076:Parliament 2072:referendum 2003:Pernambuco 1955:Historical 1885:Tamil Nadu 1883:seats. In 1838:literature 1691:party list 1667:Federation 1650:unicameral 1622:Entre Ríos 1618:Corrientes 1556:Queensland 1487:government 1423:) and the 1413:Parliament 1187:life peers 1036:, and the 894:system of 805:, and the 591:unicameral 355:assemblies 292:Councillor 264:Parliament 166:Parliament 52:references 11396:Hong Kong 11381:Greenland 11376:Gibraltar 11221:Sri Lanka 11206:Singapore 11131:Palestine 11111:Nicaragua 11071:Mauritius 11031:Lithuania 10936:Guatemala 10748:Venezuela 10702:National 10615:Venezuela 10545:Nicaragua 10134:Indonesia 9891:Australia 9886:Argentina 9760:Venezuela 9730:Nicaragua 9449:Indonesia 9211:Australia 9206:Argentina 8785:Indonesia 8552:Australia 8547:Argentina 8528:bicameral 8526:National 8030:"Minerva" 7781:31 August 7747:CiteSeerX 7624:0264-2824 7041:2006 coup 6982:Venezuela 6847:Riksdagen 6480:at 1935. 6453:, of the 6412:Folketing 6402:Landsting 6390:Folketing 6386:Landsting 6382:Rigsdagen 6374:Rigsdagen 6364:Rigsdagen 4666:mäslihats 4325:Indonesia 2741:Lok Sabha 2664:(Federal 2662:Bundestag 2656:Bundesrat 2363:Bundesrat 2283:Australia 2219:Catamarca 2202:Argentina 2095:on a new 2049:In 2002, 2007:São Paulo 1986:in 2012. 1937:Minnesota 1782:Telangana 1774:Karnataka 1705:in 2003. 1660:Australia 1614:Catamarca 1598:provinces 1582:Argentina 1544:Australia 1540:Argentina 1500:when the 1469:Hong Kong 1453:Taoiseach 1361:(bottom). 1081:Bundesrat 1076:Bundestag 1071:Bundestag 1066:Bundesrat 1062:Bundesrat 1030:Bundesrat 881:Coalition 821:Australia 747:Australia 743:Argentina 692:. In the 376:Enactment 228:Committee 11694:Politics 11575:Scotland 11499:Abkhazia 11391:Guernsey 11326:Anguilla 11241:Tanzania 11226:Suriname 11211:Slovakia 11151:Portugal 11086:Mongolia 11046:Maldives 10981:Kiribati 10956:Honduras 10876:Dominica 10871:Djibouti 10816:Bulgaria 10806:Botswana 10570:Rhodesia 10560:Portugal 10525:Maldives 10475:Ethiopia 10309:Zimbabwe 10279:Thailand 10259:Slovenia 10229:Paraguay 10109:Eswatini 10074:Colombia 10059:Cameroon 10054:Cambodia 10024:Barbados 9956:Pakistan 9936:Malaysia 9921:Ethiopia 9619:Zimbabwe 9589:Thailand 9569:Slovenia 9539:Paraguay 9424:Eswatini 9389:Colombia 9374:Cameroon 9369:Cambodia 9339:Barbados 9271:Pakistan 9251:Malaysia 9241:Ethiopia 8955:Zimbabwe 8925:Thailand 8905:Slovenia 8875:Paraguay 8760:Eswatini 8730:Colombia 8720:Cameroon 8715:Cambodia 8685:Barbados 8617:Pakistan 8597:Malaysia 8587:Ethiopia 8374:Archived 8349:Archived 8288:Archived 8258:Archived 8225:Archived 8193:Archived 8139:Archived 8088:Archived 8063:Archived 8038:Archived 8008:Archived 7912:Archived 7864:: 81–155 7828:Archived 7826:. 1999. 7798:Politics 7775:Archived 7713:Archived 7680:Archived 7649:Archived 7581:Archived 7556:51878651 7518:Archived 7432:Archived 7350:Archived 7348:. 2022. 7301:See also 7278:). 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