20:
1468:
in that they are exposed to the environment. Much like other body fluids, tear fluid is kept in a tight pH range using the bicarbonate buffer system. The pH of tears shift throughout a waking day, rising "about 0.013 pH units/hour" until a prolonged closed-eye period causes the pH to fall again. Most
230:
589:
951:
1955:
Hogan, DL; Rapier, RC; Dreilinger, A; Koss, MA; Basuk, PM; Weinstein, WM; Nyberg, LM; Isenberg, JI (1996). "Duodenal bicarbonate secretion: Eradication of
Helicobacter pylori and duodenal structure and function in humans".
1469:
healthy individuals have tear pH in the range of 7.0 to 7.7, where bicarbonate buffering is the most significant, but proteins and other buffering components are also present that are active outside of this pH range.
1270:
1998:, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1991. "Considerations in Contact Lens Use Under Adverse Conditions: Proceedings of a Symposium." Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
771:
27:, is dissolved in the blood, where it is taken up by red blood cells and converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. Most of the carbonic acid then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
1150:
1390:
294:
is rapidly removed from the tissues by its hydration to bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ion present in the blood plasma is transported to the lungs, where it is dehydrated back into CO
122:
1438:
The bicarbonate buffer system plays a vital role in other tissues as well. In the human stomach and duodenum, the bicarbonate buffer system serves to both neutralize
843:
Combining these equations results in the following equation relating the pH of blood to the concentration of bicarbonate and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide:
436:
849:
314:
in both the blood and duodenum. While in the blood, bicarbonate ion serves to neutralize acid introduced to the blood through other metabolic processes (e.g.
401:, the process by which the kidneys regulate the concentration of bicarbonate ions by secreting H ions into the urine while, at the same time, reabsorbing HCO
2017:
997:, can be modified with respect to the bicarbonate buffer system to yield a simpler equation that provides a quick approximation of the H or HCO
349:
of carbonic acid is 6.1 at physiological temperature), a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid must constantly be maintained; this
2054:
1162:
in plasma is used in lieu of the carbonic acid concentration. After solving for H and applying Henry's law, the equation becomes:
670:
2101:
1167:
1912:
381:, the process by which the rate and/or depth of breathing changes to compensate for changes in the blood concentration of CO
1583:
1558:
1011:
423:
339:
1928:
Kamens, Donald R.; Wears, Robert L.; Trimble, Cleve (1979-11-01). "Circumventing the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation".
2486:
1800:
1775:
1694:
1669:
1303:
2147:
2445:
2047:
1574:
Widmaier, Eric; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin (2014). "The kidneys and regulation of water and inorganic ions".
1154:
Since the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is much easier to obtain from measurement than carbonic acid, the
2364:
2423:
2132:
1490:
386:
2372:
2227:
2152:
2142:
2025:
616:
343:
2491:
2455:
2382:
2299:
2127:
2067:
2040:
2032:
1442:
and stabilize the intracellular pH of epithelial cells via the secretion of bicarbonate ion into the
36:
2344:
2180:
2091:
1816:
Heinemann, Henry O.; Goldring, Roberta M. (1974). "Bicarbonate and the regulation of ventilation".
378:
225:{\displaystyle {\rm {CO_{2}+H_{2}O\rightleftarrows H_{2}CO_{3}\rightleftarrows HCO_{3}^{-}+H^{+}}}}
1491:"In Vivo Predictive Dissolution: Transport Analysis of the CO2, Bicarbonate In Vivo Buffer System"
2450:
2185:
1452:
eradication can restore mucosal bicarbonate secretion and reduce the risk of ulcer recurrence.
1898:
1489:
Krieg, Brian J.; Taghavi, Seyed
Mohammad; Amidon, Gordon L.; Amidon, Gregory E. (2014-11-01).
2387:
2306:
1279:
584:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\textrm {p}}K_{a~{\ce {H_2CO_3}}}+\log \left({\frac {}{}}\right),}
397:
until all excess protons are removed. Bicarbonate concentration is also further regulated by
1658:
2412:
2392:
2377:
1995:
946:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log \left({\frac {}{0.0307\times p_{{\ce {CO_2}}}}}\right),}
393:
from the lungs pushes the reaction above to the left, causing carbonic anhydrase to form CO
283:
24:
8:
2331:
2288:
2272:
2190:
2137:
1664:(4th ed., International ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1448:
2349:
2278:
1764:
1739:
1714:
1633:
1600:
994:
638:
398:
373:
systems. In the blood of most animals, the bicarbonate buffer system is coupled to the
366:
311:
287:
89:
1941:
2407:
2402:
2316:
2175:
1973:
1969:
1908:
1876:
1868:
1833:
1829:
1796:
1771:
1744:
1726:
1690:
1665:
1638:
1620:
1579:
1554:
1531:
1523:
362:
354:
266:
Failure of this system to function properly results in acid-base imbalance, such as
2428:
2170:
2096:
2063:
1965:
1937:
1860:
1825:
1734:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1513:
1505:
832:
649:
2106:
298:
and released during exhalation. These hydration and dehydration conversions of CO
235:
19:
2237:
1443:
1155:
836:
653:
286:
produces carbon dioxide as a waste product; as one of the primary roles of the
251:
65:
2480:
2419:
2257:
2247:
1872:
1864:
1730:
1624:
1527:
620:
319:
40:
2283:
2122:
1880:
1642:
1535:
1439:
263:) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized.
1977:
1837:
1518:
2460:
2325:
2311:
2222:
2217:
1748:
1158:ā which relates the partial pressure of a gas to its solubility ā for CO
627:
414:, depending on whether the plasma pH is falling or rising, respectively.
350:
315:
52:
2263:
2242:
2162:
1851:
Koeppen, Bruce M. (2009-12-01). "The kidney and acid-base regulation".
1465:
793:
85:
2062:
1509:
664:
concentration. However, these quantities are related by the equation:
2321:
1409:
1289:
After multiplying the constants (800 Ć 0.03 = 24) and solving for HCO
964:
807:
271:
239:
342:, in order to maintain a normal pH of 7.4 in the blood (whereby the
1399:
641:, the HendersonāHasselbalch equation is usually quoted in terms of
267:
108:), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a bicarbonate ion (HCO
81:
988:
2267:
1999:
1762:
Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M.; Lehninger, Albert L. (2008).
1429:
is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, in mmHg
984:
is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, in mmHg
370:
358:
1553:(8 ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 611ā753.
1549:
Oxtoby, David W.; Gillis, Pat (2015). "Acid-base equilibria".
993:
The
HendersonāHasselbalch equation, which is derived from the
2465:
2232:
2076:
1461:
1413:
1403:
968:
811:
427:
117:) and a hydrogen ion (H) as shown in the following reaction:
77:
1578:(13 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 446ā489.
2397:
1715:"Clinical approach to the diagnosis of acid-base disorders"
1418:
973:
820:
815:
766:{\displaystyle =k_{\ce {H~CO_{2}}}\times p_{\ce {CO_{2}}},}
642:
374:
1660:
Medical physiology : principles for clinical medicine
1265:{\displaystyle ={\frac {K'\cdot 0.03p_{{\ce {CO_2}}}}{}},}
322:); likewise, any bases are neutralized by carbonic acid (H
1954:
1354:
1225:
1132:
1119:
1050:
1037:
927:
755:
732:
701:
688:
564:
551:
490:
477:
1488:
1006:
concentration without the need to calculate logarithms:
1930:
Journal of the
American College of Emergency Physicians
73:
1398:
is the concentration of hydrogen ion in the blood, in
1282:
of carbonic acid, which is equal to 800 nmol/L (since
1689:(10th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
1408:
is the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood, in
1306:
1170:
1014:
963:
is the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood, in
852:
673:
439:
238:
system, the pH is balanced by the presence of both a
125:
1795:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
1601:"Carbonic anhydrase. Its preparation and properties"
1685:al.], David Sadava ... [et; Bell, David R. (2014).
310:, which are normally very slow, are facilitated by
1927:
1763:
1761:
1657:
1573:
1384:
1264:
1145:{\displaystyle K_{a,{\ce {H_2CO_3}}}={\frac {}{}}}
1144:
945:
780:is the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood
765:
633:is the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood
583:
430:to constituents of the bicarbonate buffer system:
224:
1815:
1599:Meldrum, N. U.; Roughton, F. J. W. (1933-12-05).
417:
16:Buffer system that maintains pH balance in humans
2478:
277:
1598:
1385:{\displaystyle =24{\frac {p_{{\ce {CO_2}}}}{}}}
989:Derivation of the KassirerāBleich approximation
2048:
1684:
1567:
1548:
1996:Environmental Conditions and Tear Chemistry
1894:
1892:
1890:
1656:Rhoades, Rodney A.; Bell, David R. (2012).
1655:
615:is the negative logarithm (base 10) of the
2055:
2041:
1542:
1738:
1632:
1517:
1286:= 10 = 10 ā 8.00Ć10 mol/L = 800 nmol/L).
84:, among other tissues, to support proper
1887:
1770:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1712:
353:is mainly mediated by pH sensors in the
18:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1850:
1790:
1713:Bear, R. A.; Dyck, R. F. (1979-01-20).
2479:
2036:
1901:, section "Estimating plasma pH" in:
1984:
1907:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Science.
1902:
1766:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
1719:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1708:
1706:
1484:
1482:
1446:. In patients with duodenal ulcers,
1433:
39:mechanism involving the balance of
13:
1687:Life : The Science of Biology
1498:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
211:
193:
189:
186:
174:
170:
161:
154:
145:
132:
128:
14:
2503:
2015:
2009:
1905:Lecture notes on human physiology
1791:Johnson, Leonard R., ed. (2003).
1703:
1479:
1455:
1298:, the equation is simplified to:
357:of the brain and probably in the
1970:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608879
1853:Advances in Physiology Education
1818:The American Journal of Medicine
426:can be used to relate the pH of
23:Carbon dioxide, a by-product of
1948:
1921:
1844:
1809:
1156:Henry's law solubility constant
410:ions into the blood plasma, or
2446:Fractional excretion of sodium
2022:Essentials of Human Physiology
1784:
1755:
1678:
1649:
1617:10.1113/jphysiol.1933.sp003077
1592:
1551:Principles of Modern Chemistry
1376:
1361:
1327:
1307:
1253:
1233:
1186:
1171:
1136:
1105:
1100:
1085:
1082:
1062:
960:pH is the acidity in the blood
900:
880:
705:
674:
568:
537:
532:
512:
424:HendersonāHasselbalch equation
418:HendersonāHasselbalch equation
340:HendersonāHasselbalch equation
183:
157:
1:
2000:https://doi.org/10.17226/1773
1942:10.1016/S0361-1124(79)80061-1
1472:
1300:
1164:
1008:
333:
278:In systemic acidābase balance
274:(pH > 7.45) in the blood.
119:
1830:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90131-4
1793:Essential medical physiology
796:of carbon dioxide in blood.
792:is a constant including the
7:
2424:Effective renal plasma flow
2268:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
100:O) to form carbonic acid (H
10:
2508:
2373:Glomerular filtration rate
2365:Assessment and measurement
2228:Atrial natriuretic peptide
2018:"Section 7/7ch12/7ch12p17"
617:acid dissociation constant
422:A modified version of the
365:loops to effectors in the
2456:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2438:
2383:Augmented renal clearance
2363:
2340:Bicarbonate buffer system
2298:
2256:
2210:
2203:
2161:
2115:
2084:
2074:
2064:Physiology of the kidneys
1605:The Journal of Physiology
1576:Vander's Human Physiology
33:bicarbonate buffer system
2487:Electrolyte disturbances
2345:Respiratory compensation
2102:Clearance of medications
1865:10.1152/advan.00054.2009
626:is the concentration of
387:Le Chatelier's principle
379:respiratory compensation
2451:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2186:Countercurrent exchange
806:is approximately 0.03 (
88:function. Catalyzed by
72:) in order to maintain
1903:Bray, John J. (1999).
1386:
1266:
1146:
947:
767:
585:
226:
96:) reacts with water (H
28:
2388:Renal clearance ratio
2307:Darrow Yannet diagram
1387:
1280:dissociation constant
1267:
1147:
948:
768:
623:. It is equal to 6.1.
586:
338:As calculated by the
288:cardiovascular system
227:
37:acid-base homeostatic
22:
2413:Hemodialysis product
2393:Urea reduction ratio
2378:Creatinine clearance
2218:Antidiuretic hormone
2068:acidābase physiology
1304:
1168:
1012:
850:
671:
437:
284:cellular respiration
123:
92:, carbon dioxide (CO
25:cellular respiration
2289:Transcellular fluid
2273:Extracellular fluid
2191:Filtration fraction
1449:Helicobacter pylori
1356:
1325:
1251:
1227:
1134:
1121:
1080:
1052:
1039:
929:
898:
757:
734:
703:
690:
566:
553:
530:
492:
479:
389:, the release of CO
270:(pH < 7.35) and
206:
2350:Renal compensation
2279:Interstitial fluid
1382:
1344:
1311:
1262:
1237:
1215:
1142:
1122:
1109:
1066:
1040:
1027:
995:law of mass action
943:
917:
884:
763:
745:
722:
691:
678:
639:arterial blood gas
581:
554:
541:
516:
480:
467:
399:renal compensation
312:carbonic anhydrase
222:
192:
90:carbonic anhydrase
29:
2474:
2473:
2408:Dialysis adequacy
2403:Standardized Kt/V
2359:
2358:
2317:Davenport diagram
2300:Acidābase balance
2199:
2198:
2176:Renal plasma flow
2016:Nosek, Thomas M.
1914:978-0-86542-775-4
1510:10.1002/jps.24108
1504:(11): 3473ā3490.
1464:are unique among
1380:
1368:
1347:
1314:
1257:
1240:
1218:
1178:
1140:
1125:
1112:
1092:
1069:
1043:
1030:
934:
920:
887:
856:
748:
725:
721:
718:
694:
681:
572:
557:
544:
519:
483:
470:
465:
452:
443:
363:negative feedback
355:medulla oblongata
290:, most of this CO
254:(for example, HCO
2499:
2492:Buffer solutions
2429:Extraction ratio
2332:Winters' formula
2208:
2207:
2171:Renal blood flow
2097:Pharmacokinetics
2082:
2081:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:. Archived from
2003:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1958:Gastroenterology
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1434:In other tissues
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1005:
1004:
952:
950:
949:
944:
939:
935:
933:
932:
931:
930:
928:
925:
918:
903:
899:
897:
892:
885:
878:
857:
854:
833:partial pressure
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
758:
756:
753:
746:
736:
735:
733:
730:
723:
719:
716:
704:
702:
699:
692:
689:
686:
679:
650:partial pressure
637:When describing
590:
588:
587:
582:
577:
573:
571:
567:
565:
562:
555:
552:
549:
542:
535:
531:
529:
524:
517:
510:
495:
494:
493:
491:
488:
481:
478:
475:
468:
463:
454:
453:
450:
444:
441:
409:
408:
262:
261:
231:
229:
228:
223:
221:
220:
219:
218:
205:
200:
182:
181:
169:
168:
153:
152:
140:
139:
116:
115:
63:
62:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2434:
2355:
2294:
2252:
2204:Other functions
2195:
2181:Ultrafiltration
2157:
2111:
2107:Urine flow rate
2070:
2061:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1985:
1953:
1949:
1936:(11): 462ā466.
1926:
1922:
1915:
1897:
1888:
1849:
1845:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1760:
1756:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1458:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1392:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
982:
981:
926:
921:
916:
915:
911:
904:
893:
888:
883:
879:
877:
873:
853:
851:
848:
847:
829:
828:
805:
804:
791:
790:
754:
749:
744:
740:
731:
726:
715:
711:
700:
695:
687:
682:
677:
672:
669:
668:
663:
659:
656:, rather than H
646:
614:
613:
609:
563:
558:
550:
545:
540:
536:
525:
520:
515:
511:
509:
505:
489:
484:
476:
471:
466:
459:
455:
449:
448:
440:
438:
435:
434:
420:
407:
404:
403:
402:
396:
392:
384:
347:
336:
329:
325:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
280:
260:
257:
256:
255:
249:
245:
242:(for example, H
232:
214:
210:
201:
196:
177:
173:
164:
160:
148:
144:
135:
131:
127:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
111:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
71:
61:
58:
57:
56:
53:bicarbonate ion
50:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
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2296:
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2293:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2248:Prostaglandins
2245:
2240:
2238:Erythropoietin
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:on 2016-03-24.
2011:
2010:External links
2008:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1964:(3): 705ā716.
1947:
1920:
1913:
1886:
1859:(4): 275ā281.
1843:
1824:(3): 361ā370.
1808:
1801:
1783:
1776:
1754:
1725:(2): 173ā182.
1702:
1695:
1677:
1670:
1648:
1611:(2): 113ā142.
1591:
1585:978-0073378305
1584:
1566:
1560:978-1305079113
1559:
1541:
1519:2027.42/109280
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1457:
1456:Tear buffering
1454:
1444:gastric mucosa
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1351:
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902:
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882:
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869:
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863:
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841:
840:
837:carbon dioxide
826:
824:
818:
802:
800:
788:
786:
781:
774:
773:
762:
752:
743:
739:
729:
714:
710:
707:
698:
685:
676:
661:
657:
654:carbon dioxide
644:
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634:
631:
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611:
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382:
345:
335:
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327:
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307:
303:
299:
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291:
279:
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258:
252:conjugate base
247:
243:
217:
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209:
204:
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195:
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188:
185:
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176:
172:
167:
163:
159:
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147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
112:
105:
101:
97:
93:
69:
66:carbon dioxide
59:
48:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2504:
2493:
2490:
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2420:PAH clearance
2418:
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2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:Fluid balance
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
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2209:
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2172:
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2149:
2148:Oligopeptides
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2139:
2136:
2134:
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2126:
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2073:
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2001:
1997:
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1831:
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1823:
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1804:
1802:9780123875846
1798:
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1779:
1777:9781429212427
1773:
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1746:
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1724:
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1696:9781429298643
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1673:
1671:9781451110395
1667:
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1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
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1370:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1299:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1259:
1247:
1242:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1163:
1157:
1127:
1114:
1094:
1076:
1071:
1056:
1045:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1007:
996:
983:
976:
972:
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966:
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799:
795:
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777:
760:
750:
741:
737:
727:
712:
708:
696:
683:
667:
666:
665:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:carbonic acid
618:
605:
601:
597:
596:
595:
578:
574:
559:
546:
526:
521:
506:
502:
499:
496:
485:
472:
460:
456:
445:
433:
432:
431:
429:
425:
415:
413:
400:
388:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:, linked via
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:
331:
321:
320:ketone bodies
317:
313:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
264:
253:
241:
237:
215:
207:
202:
197:
178:
165:
149:
141:
136:
118:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
54:
42:
41:carbonic acid
38:
34:
26:
21:
2339:
2123:Solvent drag
2116:Reabsorption
2026:the original
2021:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1904:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1765:
1757:
1722:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1659:
1651:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1575:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1501:
1497:
1459:
1447:
1440:gastric acid
1437:
1419:
1393:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1153:
992:
974:
955:
842:
839:in the blood
821:
797:
783:
775:
636:
630:in the blood
603:
599:
593:
421:
411:
337:
281:
265:
234:As with any
233:
32:
30:
2461:Natriuresis
2326:Delta ratio
2312:Base excess
2223:Aldosterone
1466:body fluids
628:bicarbonate
367:respiratory
351:homeostasis
316:lactic acid
282:In tissue,
2481:Categories
2336:Buffering
2264:Body water
2243:Calcitriol
2163:Filtration
1473:References
794:solubility
412:vice versa
334:Regulation
250:) and its
2322:Anion gap
2092:Clearance
2085:Secretion
2075:Creating
1873:1043-4046
1731:0008-4409
1625:0022-3751
1528:1520-6017
1322:−
1248:−
1204:⋅
1077:−
909:×
895:−
871:
738:×
527:−
503:
272:alkalemia
240:weak acid
203:−
184:⇄
158:⇄
86:metabolic
2211:Hormones
2133:Chloride
1899:page 556
1881:19948674
1643:16994489
1536:25212721
1200:′
268:acidemia
82:duodenum
2153:Protein
2143:Glucose
1978:8608879
1838:4606269
1740:1818841
1634:1394121
1394:where:
1278:is the
956:where:
831:is the
776:where:
594:where:
359:kidneys
76:in the
64:), and
2284:Plasma
2128:Sodium
1976:
1911:
1879:
1871:
1836:
1799:
1774:
1749:761145
1747:
1737:
1729:
1693:
1668:
1641:
1631:
1623:
1582:
1557:
1534:
1526:
1274:where
906:0.0307
720:
648:, the
464:
236:buffer
35:is an
2466:Urine
2439:Other
2233:Renin
2077:urine
1494:(PDF)
1462:tears
428:blood
385:. By
375:lungs
371:renal
302:and H
78:blood
2398:Kt/V
2138:Urea
2066:and
1974:PMID
1909:ISBN
1877:PMID
1869:ISSN
1834:PMID
1797:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1745:PMID
1727:ISSN
1691:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1639:PMID
1621:ISSN
1580:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1532:PMID
1524:ISSN
1460:The
1410:mmol
1400:nmol
1207:0.03
965:mmol
816:mmHg
808:mmol
801:H CO
787:H CO
377:via
369:and
80:and
55:(HCO
31:The
1966:doi
1962:110
1938:doi
1861:doi
1826:doi
1735:PMC
1723:120
1629:PMC
1613:doi
1514:hdl
1506:doi
1502:103
1313:HCO
1239:HCO
1068:HCO
886:HCO
868:log
862:6.1
835:of
652:of
643:pCO
619:of
518:HCO
500:log
330:).
68:(CO
51:),
2483::
2266::
2020:.
1986:^
1972:.
1960:.
1932:.
1889:^
1875:.
1867:.
1857:33
1855:.
1832:.
1822:57
1820:.
1743:.
1733:.
1721:.
1717:.
1705:^
1637:.
1627:.
1619:.
1609:80
1607:.
1603:.
1530:.
1522:.
1512:.
1500:.
1496:.
1481:^
1423:CO
1346:CO
1334:24
1284:Kā
1276:Kā
1217:CO
1124:CO
1042:CO
978:CO
919:CO
855:pH
825:CO
814:)/
747:CO
724:CO
693:CO
660:CO
610:CO
556:CO
482:CO
442:pH
344:pK
326:CO
318:,
306:CO
246:CO
104:CO
74:pH
47:CO
43:(H
2431:)
2422:(
2328:)
2324:(
2291:)
2277:(
2056:e
2049:t
2042:v
2002:.
1980:.
1968::
1944:.
1940::
1934:8
1917:.
1883:.
1863::
1840:.
1828::
1805:.
1780:.
1751:.
1699:.
1674:.
1645:.
1615::
1588:.
1563:.
1538:.
1516::
1508::
1425:2
1420:p
1414:L
1412:/
1404:L
1402:/
1377:]
1371:+
1367:H
1362:[
1350:2
1340:p
1331:=
1328:]
1317:3
1308:[
1294:3
1260:,
1254:]
1243:3
1234:[
1221:2
1211:p
1197:K
1190:=
1187:]
1181:+
1177:H
1172:[
1160:2
1137:]
1128:3
1115:2
1111:H
1106:[
1101:]
1095:+
1091:H
1086:[
1083:]
1072:3
1063:[
1057:=
1046:3
1033:2
1029:H
1024:,
1021:a
1017:K
1002:3
980:2
975:p
969:L
967:/
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937:)
923:2
913:p
901:]
890:3
881:[
875:(
865:+
859:=
827:2
822:p
812:L
810:/
803:2
798:k
789:2
784:k
761:,
751:2
742:p
728:2
717:H
713:k
709:=
706:]
697:3
684:2
680:H
675:[
662:3
658:2
645:2
612:3
608:2
606:H
604:a
600:K
598:p
579:,
575:)
569:]
560:3
547:2
543:H
538:[
533:]
522:3
513:[
507:(
497:+
486:3
473:2
469:H
461:a
457:K
451:p
446:=
406:3
395:2
391:2
383:2
346:a
328:3
324:2
308:3
304:2
300:2
296:2
292:2
259:3
248:3
244:2
216:+
212:H
208:+
198:3
194:O
190:C
187:H
179:3
175:O
171:C
166:2
162:H
155:O
150:2
146:H
142:+
137:2
133:O
129:C
113:3
106:3
102:2
98:2
94:2
70:2
60:3
49:3
45:2
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