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4059:(1803–1851), a French naturalist who participated in a Mexican Boundary Survey from 1828 to 1829. Although Berlandier did not survey the Big Thicket area, he did travel to Robbins Crossing, where the El Camino Real (Old San Antonio Road) crossed the Trinity River and camped May 25–29, 1829, collecting information on the Trinity River among other things. Of the lower Trinity, Berlandier wrote in his journal "Every year in May or June the water overflows its banks. These banks are covered with dense forest where one finds many nut trees , oaks, maples, elms, and pines. The banks are populated by various Indian nations of the United States of America, such as the Conchates , Kichais, and Kicapoos, who have established their village there. One also finds two villages of colonist, known as Trinidad and Atascosito, which have achieved some growth at the present time".
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494:: The Big Thicket Basin has been described as shallow bowl or dish, tilted to one side, with the high rim on the interior north and low rim on the coastal south. Eastern and western rims consist of the low ridges that divide the Neches River and Sabine River drainages on the east and the Neches River and Trinity River drainages on the west. Elevations range from about 350 feet (110 m) in the north to 25–35 feet (7.6–10.7 m) in the south, dropping as low as 3 feet (1 m) at confluence of the Neches River and Pine Island Bayou. Northern regions are characterized by low gently rolling hills and well-formed drainage systems of streams and creeks in the landscape. The southern regions are comparatively flat, with poor drainage and support moderately extensive
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animals, inadvertently dispersing seeds and roots along roadsides from other areas. And finally, regular cycles of mowing and cutting, as well as the use of herbicides can both inhibit and benefit various wildflowers and plant species growing there. Most plant species at any given roadside represent the association immediately adjacent to that locality, but often have a few odd of species from other areas. Roadsides are a convenient and accessible places to view wildflowers, regardless of whether they are true ecosystems. In the past some (including the
National Park Service) have discussed the river edge as an ecosystem in the Big Thicket however, most ecologist do not recognize river edges as an ecosystem distinct from the one a river runs through.
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was not a conservationist, he advocated for sustainable forestry methods as a good business practice, including reforestation, maintaining soils, grasses, wildlife, and establishing parks. In 1898 the United States Bureau of
Forestry asked Jones to write a report on the status of forestry in Texas. Jones condemn the destructive and wastefulness of the logging industry and predicted the forest would be gone in 25 years without changes. He recommended state and federal regulations with sustainable harvest and reforestation programs. In 1914 Jones formed the Texas Forestry Association with public officials, lumbermen, and conservationists. In collaboration with the
1345:, when sea levels were low and great rivers cut deep and wide channels in the landscape. These channels are now largely filled with sediment and deposits through which the present day rives, much smaller than in the past, wind and meander. Floodplains often occur in terraces with various swales, ridges, and levees stepping down in tiers to the water level. Some ecologists subdivide these terraces into separate ecosystems, including but not limited to, baygalls on the outer margins of higher terraces, and cypress sloughs in the lowest areas. Pine trees are uncommon or absent in the floodplains, which are dominated by deciduous canopy trees including water oak (
751:, transitioning into one another. Ecosystems do not have universal standardized names. Many ecologist, botanist, zoologist and others have studied and classified ecosystems in the Big Thicket region (and elsewhere), defining and naming these communities as relevant to their own disciplines and studies. Although the exact names, definitions, and boundaries might vary (subdivided, compounded, or overlapping), below are summaries of ten major ecosystems recognized by most who have studied and written about the Big Thicket, starting with higher elevations in the north, and in a generalized way, moving to lower elevations in the south.
4001:(including the subgroups Akiosa, Akokisas, Bidai, Deadoses, and Patiri) occupied the Big Thicket area, living nomadically along the Gulf of Mexico in Southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana. They left evidence of hunting camps and such, although the Big Thicket area itself does not appear to have been the site of any significant permanent settlements comparable to the Caddo mound builders to the north. The Atakapa-Ishak speaking people were largely decimated by European diseases in the late eighteenth century, with only a few descendants surviving today. About the same time as the collapse of the Atakapa-Ishak people, the
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freezing, but freezes rarely last for more than a few days, sometimes only hours, averaging about 20 mostly nonconsecutive days each year. Snow is rare, occurring only once every ten years or so. Summer temperatures are hot, with nighttime lows averaging 69–72 °F (21–22 °C) and daytime highs averaging 89–94 °F (32–34 °C). Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) about 110 days each year and days with temperatures above 95 °F (35 °C) and even above 100 °F (38 °C) are not uncommon. The high summer temperatures with high humidity levels can produce very high
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4198:, had been studying the Big Thicket for several years and completed a manuscript about the time a National Park survey team arrived in 1966 to develop the proposal. McLeod's research, which mapped over 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km) acres across nine counties, was used as the basis for the National Park's report. It was only after seven years and another 27 Big Thicket bills were introduced in Congress, both pro and con, that a resolution was reached. Congress passed the Big Thicket National Preserve legislation in 1974 which was finally signed by President
768:(aka: longleaf pine-bluestem uplands; dry upland forests; longleaf pine uplands) In its natural state, this ecosystem is often described as having a park-like appearance, with widely spaced pine and oak trees, and grasses growing in the partially shaded open areas. Longleaf pine-bluestem grass uplands are most extensive in northern areas, on higher elevation plateaus between streams and dry upper slopes, where the soils of the Catahoula, Fleming, Willis, and Bentley formations often have several feet of moderately coarse sand over an iron oxide clay or
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1020:(aka: longleaf - black gum savannahs; wetland longleaf pine savannas; wetland pine savannas; pine savannah wetlands) If the sandylands described above resemble a well drained and arid version of the uplands, the savanna wetlands might be described as a poorly drained, wet version. This ecosystem is characterized by the same open spaces with widely spaced pine trees as uplands and sandylands, but differs in being very flat, with a relatively thin layer of low nutrient, fine, packed sand, sitting on
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1145:(aka: beech-magnolia-loblolly slopes; mesic upland forests: lower slope hardwood pine forest; beech-magnolia-loblolly pine association): Slope forest have a wide mix of conifers, deciduous, and evergreen broad-leaved trees occupying the gentle slopes between the wet bottomlands and the dryer uplands. Small spring-fed streams drain the slopes before reaching the larger creeks. The closed canopy filters the light reaching the forest floor where an ample layer of leaf litter holds water, creating a
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1073:). Within the flat savannas, the slightest change in elevation can produce significantly different vegetation. Occasional mounds with two or three feet of sand, support upland habitat, while depressions of just a few inches can hold acid bogs, with low pH levels and low levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. Even the peripheral areas around acid bogs, distinguished by subtle sloping elevations of only an inch or two, sustain a distinct zone of vegetation.
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1341:: (aka: sweet gum - oak floodplains; wet forests: floodplain hardwood forest; oak-gum floodplain; stream floodplains): Often referred to as bottomlands, floodplains are low laying areas adjacent to the larger creeks, bayous, and rivers which overflow and flood with some regularity. The floodwaters deposit rich alluvial soils, moderately permeable silty, sandy loams that support a wide diversity of vegetation. The major floodplains in the region were formed during the
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2983:). The alligator snapping turtle is the largest freshwater turtle in North America and one of the larger freshwater turtles in the world. One record sized individual with a 31.5-inch (80 cm) shell has been documented, and another 251-pound (114 kg) captive specimen recorded, however, 35–100 pounds (16–45 kg) and 12–20 inches (30–51 cm) is the typical adult size. Alligator snapping turtles are protected as a threatened species in Texas.
1912:) at the water's edge. Bald cypress trees typically live for 600 years or more and some are known to have lived 1,200 years. Cypress is a valuable hardwood, particularly prized for its resistance to rot and highly valued for shipbuilding, docks, and bridges. Consequently, this ancient swamp forest, once common in the region, have been greatly reduced because of logging in the nineteenth century. Trees over 100 years old are rare in the area now.
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1968:. Prairies and coves were once found in the Big Thicket with some consistency, particularly in higher elevations in the south, and specifically in higher southwestern areas between the Pine Island Bayou and the Trinity River drainages. However, natural wildfires are an important factor in maintaining these areas and when fire is suppressed, trees and shrubs quickly grow in and fill in these areas. The Chinese tallow tree (
694:: Timber, oil and gas, and agriculture continue to be significant to the economy of the area. Many people commute to work in oil refineries and related industries in the Beaumont area. Other sources list industries providing significant employment in Hardin County as: educational, health and social services, construction, recreation, accommodation and food services, finance, insurance, real estate, and rental and leasing.
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ground along the clear highway easements, unlike most areas where the light is filtered by the forest canopy before it reaches the ground. Roadsides receive more rainwater, diverted from the pavement and often retained for a time in roadside ditches. Soil types not normally found at the surface are often exposed with the construction of roads, particularly deep road cuts in the low hills in the north that expose
884:(aka: arid oak-farkleberry sandylands; sand ridge savanna; sandhill pine forests; arid sandylands): Sandylands resemble and have much in common with upland forest, with open grassy areas and widely spaced trees. However, the fundamental difference lies in the soils. These areas reside on deep sand dunes deposited by ancient seas and rivers. In contrast to the uplands where a few feet of coarse sand sits on a
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However the idea did not die. A new Big
Thicket Association was founded in 1964 by Lance Rosier and continued pushing for protected land and the governor appointed Dempsie Henley to head a proposal for a state park. However, with changing officials in state elections, lackadaisical attitudes, opposition from timber firms, and several attempts without success, Henley enlisted the aid of U.S. Senator
3818:): Damselflies typically sit with their wings together, closed over their backs. Dragonflies sit with their wings spread. Collectively over 120 species occur in the Big Thicket area. They are often associated with water where they lay their eggs. Most species have preferences in the water they frequent, such as moving water vs. still water, streams, ponds, marshes etc. The Needham's skimmer (
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with quality accommodations there by 1850. A Sour Lake post office was established in 1866 but discontinued in 1876. In the mid-nineteenth century the Big
Thicket was sparsely populated by a few scattered inhabitants living in the woods off subsistence farming, hunting, and running free range hogs and cattle. It also had a reputation as a place for those avoiding conscription in the
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4128:"Prince of the Pines", started the Kirby Lumber Company about 1900 which ultimately held mineral and timber rights to a million acres in the region. By the 1920s East Texas timber was nearing depletion and most of the operations practiced a cut-out and get-out policy and moved on, many to the Pacific coast, leaving vast areas of clear-cut forest behind. The
1670:). Some of the most extensive and well preserved palmetto-oak flats are found around Pine Island Bayou and Little Pine Island Bayou, the area known as the "Traditional Thicket" or "Hunter's Thicket". Flats, often several miles wide, are old river channels and floodplains and their associated bars and levees, filled with centuries of sediments and
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Science, the ETBTA instigated a biological survey that was conducted by Hal B. Parks and Victor L. Cory in 1936 defining the Big
Thicket as a 3,350,000-acre (13,600 km) area of East Texas. With this survey and growing support of newspapers and the scientific community, the ETBTA lobbied the government for a national park. However, four
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1858:). Water tupelo often grow in deeper water and bald cypress in shallower parts or at the periphery, although both are adapted to growing in permanently submerged areas or on dry land with sufficient moisture. Understory trees and shrubs found growing around cypress sloughs include water or Carolina ash (
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present in a relatively small area. The
National Park Service identifies eight plant communities in Big Thicket National Preserve. Some biologist and plant ecologists identify as many as nine, ten, or eleven ecosystems in the Big Thicket. In nature these ecosystems are not always found in pure, large
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can increase annual rainfall to over 100 inches (250 cm). Humidity stays well above 60% most of the time and exceeds 90% often. Winters are mild, with nighttime lows averaging 38–48 °F (3–9 °C) and daytime highs 55–65 °F (13–18 °C). Winter cold fronts can drop temperatures to
4005:, originally two closely associated tribes living in adjacent areas of Alabama, began a westward migration about 1763 due to the encroachment of Europeans. The Alabama-Coushatta settled into the northern sections of the Big Thicket area by 1780, prior to the acquisition of their reservation in 1854.
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properties, meaning the soil moves, shrinking and swelling with moisture content. Palmetto-oak flats alternate between flooded and dry conditions, with a few inches of water standing for days, weeks, even months after rains, to dry periods in which the soils dry, leaving large and deep cracks in the
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understory. The soils are relatively fertile with fine, loamy, sands and are well to moderately drained. The purest examples of slope forest are found on the soils of the Willis
Formation with red clay in Jasper, Newton, Polk, and Tyler counties, but they extend well into the lower, southern regions
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silt that can be over a hundred feet deep, with little clay and low fertility. Although these areas receive the same rainfall as the rest of the region, water drains quickly in the deep sand which dries in the sun leaving an arid surface. The ground cover can be meager in places with sparse grasses,
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William
Goodrich Jones (1860–1950), "the father of Texas forestry" was a bank president and civic leader in Temple, Texas. He had some exposure to good forestry practices in Germany and understood the commercial benefits of well-managed forests and he was appalled with what he saw in East Texas. He
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Well over 90 species of fishes are known from the area. The Big
Thicket National Preserve inventoried 92 species in the preserve's waters and another 20 species are noted as possible occurrences. The National Park Service checklist includes 104 species. Others source note 98 species and 94 species.
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gives the region a climate of mild winters, hot summers, and high humidity most of the year. Average precipitation is 55 inches (140 cm) a year, with northern areas receiving about 50 inches (130 cm), and southern areas receiving about 60 inches (150 cm). However, tropical storms and
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and its tributaries: Village Creek and its smaller tributaries (Beach, Theuvenins, Turkey, Hickory, Kimball, Big Sandy, and
Cypress creeks) in the north; Pine Island Bayou and its smaller tributaries (Little Pine Island Bayou and Mayhaw Bayou) in the south. Eastern regions, including eastern Jasper
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and delta deposits from the streams and rivers of the continent laid down the succession of strata, each new layer burying and compacting the previous. At some point there was an approximately 1% tilting of the layers. Some say it was caused by the rising of the Rocky Mountains, while others say it
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and warmer interglacial interludes. Although glaciers never extended as far south as Texas, it was during these cold periods that enough water was frozen in polar regions to lower sea levels and the Big Thicket area was dry land well above sea level. Conversely, during the warmer interludes, enough
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in the Big Thicket area. More than 160 species of trees and shrubs, 800 herbs and vines, and 340 types of grasses are known to occur in the Big Thicket, and estimates as high as over 1000 flowering plant species and 200 trees and shrubs have been made, plus ferns, carnivorous plants, and more. The
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Springs around 1835, the oldest extant town in the county. With Texas independence (1836), and the early years of statehood in the United States, Anglo-Saxon settlers began drifting into the area. Entrepreneurs bottled the water from the Sour Lake Springs and Jackson had developed a health resort
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Well over 500 species of vertebrates occur in the Big Thicket region, including more than 50 mammals, 300 birds, 60 reptiles, 30 amphibians, and over 90 fishes. The records and numbers below for mammals, reptiles, and amphibians are based on county records for Hardin, Jasper, Liberty, Montgomery,
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are often said to exemplify and epitomize the Big Thicket. Baygalls typically form at the base of slopes where seeps, springs, and rainwater drain onto the margins of the flat floodplains and bottomlands, away from the main channels. The drainage from the slopes maintain saturated, muddy soils in
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which is very near the surface. The nearly impervious hardpan both inhibits drainage in wet periods as well as prevents moisture from rising in dry periods. The severity of the fluctuating water table, along with occasional low-intensity ground fires that are necessary to sustain this ecosystem,
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soils or where the formations are thin near transition zones supporting the growth of plants not normally occurring in the surrounding habitat, allowing for more diverse plants species to grow. The "corridor effect" of traffic, both human (vehicles, tourists, and road crews) and birds and other
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and river edge: Although not a natural or even stable plant assemblage, some have recognized roadsides as an ecosystem in the Big Thicket. Proponents of the concept have identified a number of distinguishing characteristics of roadsides from the other ecosystems. Sunlight and heat can reach the
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had recently been established in East Texas, more oil was discovered in Polk County, there was resistance from the lumber industry, and World War II brought an increased demand for lumber, all undermining their efforts. By the 1950s, the ETBTA existed primarily on paper and eventually expired.
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What came to be a 50-year struggle to protect a portion of the Big Thicket for posterity begin in 1927 when R. E. Jackson, a railroad conductor, formed the East Texas Big Thicket Association (ETBTA) which sought to preserve 435,000 acres (1,760 km). With Don Baird, of the Texas Academy of
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The 1860 census showed there were about 200 sawmills statewide, but most were located near the Gulf Coast or north of the Big Thicket. Compared to other states, lumber production in Texas was small. As late as 1870, the majority of the forest of East Texas remained untouched. However that soon
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settled in the northeast about 1780. Spanish explorers and missionaries generally avoided the area and routed their roads around it. Logging in the late 19th and 20th centuries dramatically reduced the forest concentration. Efforts to save the Big Thicket from the devastation of oil and lumber
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area of Liberty County that preyed on their free ranging hogs in the forest. That same year 182 bears were killed within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of Tarkington Prairie and annual hunting continued until 1900 when the last two bears were killed in that area. Currently, extremely rare bear
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and the assistance of T.L.L. Temple Foundation, a series of books on the Big Thicket (Maxine Johnston, series editor). The series included both new works and reprints of outstanding books of continuing interest, with subjects ranging from folklore, to cultural history, to biology and botany.
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more typical of Chambers and Jefferson counties to the south, in areas mostly found where the forest and coastal prairies transition. Prairies are dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants, some are the same as those found longleaf pine savannas, but others are distinctive like Indian grass
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Sixty-one species of reptiles are known from the Big Thicket area including the alligator, 15 turtles, 12 lizards, and 33 snakes. Along with birds, reptiles are among the more commonly seen wildlife and they are an important part of the forest community or ecosystems. The American alligator
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of the various formations at the surface have shifted and intermingled through erosion and other factors over time and can be locally quite complex. The Big Thicket contains a greater variety of soils than any area of comparable size in the United States. Sources vary, but from 50 to 100
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Counties, as well. Several attempts to define the boundaries of the Big Thicket have been made, including a biological survey in 1936 which included over 3,350,000 acres (13,600 km) covering 14 counties. A later botanical based study in 1972 included a region of over 2,000,000 acres
3522:), retain their gills from the larva stage and live their entire lives in the muddy waters of east Texas and consequently, although not rare, are seldom seen except by an occasional fisherman or those who specifically go look for them. Likewise, mole salamanders (members of the genus
3627:), are identical in appearance and can only be distinguished by subtle differences in their calls or by laboratory analysis. The East Texas toad, commonly seen in the Big Thicket, has been controversial among herpetologist and taxonomist, some arguing that it is a distinct species (
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595:: In 2010, the United States Census Bureau reported a population of 54,635 for Hardin County, with an average of 61.3 inhabitants per square mile (23.7/km) in a county of 890.5 square miles (2,306 km). The larger towns (and populations from 2010 census) in Hardin County are
1842:) and their buttresses and protruding knees are impressive environments. Cypress sloughs occupy low laying areas in the floodplains of creeks and rivers set back from the main channels, with still or very slow moving permanent, or semi permanent, water, like secondary channels,
1324:). Wildfires are much less important to the ecology of the humid slope forest than in the uplands and sandylands, both of which will slowly revert into slope forest when fire is suppressed and slope vegetation that is not tolerant of fire takes hold and fills in the open areas.
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are said to occur in Hardin County alone. The surface soils tend to be slightly to strongly acidic, and only occasionally neutral in much of the Big Thicket Basin. However, calcareous or alkaline soils do occur in the region, particularly along the Trinity River, in the
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It is my observation that the Thicket communicates best with solitary wanderers, but it also speaks to companionable spirits. An important trick on the trail is to shift one's focus from the big scene to the minuscule. Take your time, folks. The Big Thicket is not a
4246:. It consists of nine separate land units as well as six water corridors and as of October 22, 2019, the preserve includes 113,122 acres (457.79 km) spread over seven counties. Centered about Hardin County, Texas, the BTNP extends into parts of surrounding
688:, Harris County, with a population of 2,320,268 (greater metropolitan area over 7,000,000) is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the US with its central, downtown area located 75 miles (121 km) by air southwest of the town of Kountze, Hardin County.
2886:), although somewhat uncommon, occurs throughout the Big Thicket where sufficient water is found. However, alligators are abundant in the open marshland of Chambers and Jefferson counties to the south, where they bask in the sun unobstructed by forest trees.
846:(adapted and resistant to wildfire), and wildfires are a critical factor in maintaining this ecosystem. Historically, naturally occurring fires would periodically eliminate non-pyrophytic plant species encroaching on this plant community. However, decades of
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In the smaller tributaries the most abundant species are minnows, killifishes, darters, bass, and bullhead catfish, while larger creeks and bayous are dominated by channel, blue, and flathead catfish, sunfishes, largemouth and spotted bass, and crappie.
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1836:; swamp-cypress tupelo forest; slough, oxbows, and cypress-tupelo swamps): Recognized as a distinct ecosystem by some, regarded as a component found within the flats, floodplains, and baygall bogs by others, cypress sloughs with older bald cypress (
905:) are conspicuous indicators of sandylands in the humid Big Thicket climate. Although found throughout the region, some of the largest and best examples are in the vicinity of the Neches River and Village Creek. In the more arid sites bluejack oak (
2615:) "constitute one of the most serious conservation threats in Texas." They prey on natural populations of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, ground nesting birds, and rodents and are known to play a role in the transmission of disease including
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The Big Thicket is notable for the unusually high diversity of plants concentrated in a relatively small area. A major factor enabling this diversity is an unusually high diversity of soils. The exposed surface soils are relatively recent, late
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levels of 4.5 are common. The high acid levels are a significant factor in distinguishing baygalls from the floodplain and flats ecosystems. Although baygall waters are generally shallow and torpid, they sometimes form small, highly acidic
1747:) thrives, typically growing to about 4 feet (1.2 m), although occasional specimens can be found up to 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) tall. Some regard the larger specimens as a different species or variety, the Louisiana palmetto (
4044:. The Spanish established a settlement called Atascosito on the Atascosito Road at the Trinity River in 1756, renamed Villa de la Santissima Trinidad de la Libertad (Village of the Most Holy Trinity of Liberty) in 1831, later shortened to
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where soils and topography are suitable, particularly along the slopes of the waterways. A variety of trees co-dominate slope forest and these can vary with elevation and moisture. In higher and less humid areas, forest shortleaf pine (
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stratum. The permeable sands and topography provide good drainage in the uplands which are relatively dry. Smaller fragments of this type are also found throughout the south where higher ridges, hills, and knolls occur. Longleaf pine
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sightings in east Texas are believed to be wandering individuals from reintroduction efforts in adjacent areas of Louisiana. They are now a threatened species in Texas and the National Park Service list them as "probably present".
993:) which is also an endangered species. Like the uplands, periodic wildfires are essential to keeping the understory open and preserving this ecosystem. These areas are said to have been preferred habitation sites for the nomadic
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limit the plants that can grow there. Savanna wetlands are most often found to the south of the uplands, on the Montgomery and recent Bentley formations, although they are not entirely restricted to this zone. Longleaf pine (
2955:) spend much or their time foraging at the bottom of the murky waters but, occasionally can be seen basking or even on land moving between streams and ponds. Powerful swimmers, the largely aquatic spiny soft-shelled turtle (
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marked the end of the bonanza era for lumbering in East Texas. The population of Hardin County dropped to 13.936 (12.8%) in the 1930 census. Many of the towns in the Big Thicket emerged during this time in support of the
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3053:), from east Texas are from the early and mid-twentieth century when they were popular pets, and are thought to represent released or escaped pets and not the species natural range. Two invasive species, the brown anole (
2521:) a threatened species in Texas. Although many of these species are common, they can be highly secretive and are seldom seen in the dense woodlands. Many prominent species that once occurred in the Big Thicket have been
1622:). Some baygalls and hanging bogs are no more than a small pool, while others can be a mile across. One author states that the Jack Gore Baygall Unit of the BTNP, at 12 square miles, is the largest baygall in the world.
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Exact numbers of plant and animal species occurring in the Big Thicket region are difficult to state objectively due to a number of factors including: the imprecise boundaries of the area; which (if any) accidental and
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2919:) all occur there. The worldwide distribution of the Sabine map turtle is limited to the Sabine and Neches rivers and adjacent drainages of southwest Louisiana. The once ubiquitous and abundant three-toed box turtle (
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1773:). The ancient levees and bars deposited along the old river channels, varying in size from less than an acre up to 10 acres (4.0 ha), are slightly higher with better drainage supporting stands of loblolly pine (
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these already damp and humid areas, where pools, bogs, and stagnant drainages form in depressions on the flat landscape. With sphagnum mosses and high peat content, baygall soils and water have very high acidity,
4071:(holding grants for 3,743,163 acres (15,148.04 km) in Texas) in hopes of colonizing the land, but they had minimal success. Stephen Jackson received 4,428 acres (17.92 km) in Hardin County, settling at
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1815:) may be found floating or growing at the water's edge. Drainage patterns are significant in shaping and maintaining these ecosystems and drainage alterations have reduced the historical size of this community.
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Don't plan to hike the Big Thicket. A hiker expects to cover distance. Plan to stroll the Thicket - or saunter, to use Thoreau's word, pausing often to let your eyes squint and your ears pick up rustling and
3308:), both for prey and its burrows for shelter, and both species occupy longleaf pine uplands, savanna, and sandyland, habitat which is dependent on periodic cycles of wildfires to maintain an open understory.
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levels (acidic, neutral, or alkaline) and many species will only grow in areas with a specific soil type. Claude A. McLeod's study stated that the Big Thicket was "an edaphicmesophytic climax forest" –
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Geological formations (diagonal center) of the Big Thicket Basin and the epochs in which they were formed (lower right). This is a generalized illustration and it is not accurate in scale or proportion.
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1522:, slowly moving into the larger creeks and bayous. Hanging bogs occur where water pools on irregular flat and low areas on the slopes above the bottomlands. The name baygall is derived from sweet
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Tyler County had a total population of 21,766, with an average population of 23.5 inhabitants per square mile (9.1/km) in 924.5 square miles (2,394 km). The larger towns in Tyler County are
4369:. Bragg Road, as it is more formally known, was constructed in 1934 on the bed of a former railroad line that had serviced the lumber industry. In the 1940s, stories began to circulate about a
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has allowed a wide mixture of species to invade and in time has turned many of the upland localities into beech-magnolia-loblolly slope forest or oak-hickory forest. Additionally, many areas
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land grants in 1829 and sought to interest capitalists in New York without success. In 1830, Zavala formed the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company in New York City with Joseph Vehlein and
3893:
2181:
513:. Western regions including central Liberty, northeastern San Jacinto, northern Walker counties and southwest Polk County (via Kickapoo, Long King, and Menard creeks) are drained by the
3770:
3698:
3323:) are both uncommon to rare. Timber rattlesnakes are a threatened species in Texas, as they are in most states where they occur and are protected by state laws. The Texas coral snake (
1978:
in prairie habitat in the region. Prairies are also often the first areas to be developed for farming and residential housing. Unfortunately, prairies in the Big Thicket are now rare.
7048:
8459:
3941:
959:) is the dominant shrub in the understory. Several rare wildflowers with limited distributions in Texas can be found in this environment; examples include Oklahoma prairie clover (
8371:
8366:
4636:
MacRoberts, M.H., MacRoberts, B.R. and Rudolph, D.C. (2010). "Vertebrate Richness and Biogeography in the Big Thicket of Texas." The American Midland Naturalist, 164(1), pp.37-43.
3957:
2797:
3830:) submerges for up to two hours while depositing eggs. The nymphs are aquatic. Both the larva and adults are fierce predators, feeding primarily on insects. They are frequently
443:
to the north, and northern areas of the Willis Formation where the layer is thin and erosion and road cuts have exposed the Fleming Formation. Most plants are sensitive to soil
3302:) is known form historical records in the Big Thicket but might be extirpated from the area now. The Louisiana pine snake is closely associated with the Baird's pocket gopher (
4279:
4124:, and a rapid growth in population, development, and infrastructure. The population of Hardin County went from 1,870 in 1880 to 15,983 in 1920 according to the Census Bureau.
3170:
806:). Plant ecologist Geraldine Watson stated the U.S. Forest Service grass herbarium in Louisiana has over 200 species of grasses from this range and various bluestem grasses (
8376:
8246:
7612:
3925:
3877:
3786:
669:
Polk County had a total population of 45,413, with an average of 43 inhabitants per square mile (17/km) in an area of 1,057.1 square miles (2,738 km) in 2010 including
8103:
1846:, sloughs, and ponds. Cypress sloughs are found throughout the region but, are perhaps more extensive in the low laying south. The dominant trees are the bald cypress (
1919:
1731:
3552:) spend much of their lives underground and are infrequently seen except for few short weeks each year during their breeding seasons. The southern dusky salamander (
2627:. Their forging habits involve rooting up and disturbing soils, reducing both the numbers of individual plants and animals and the number species in any given area.
983:
3224:), both commonly grow to 42 inches (110 cm); 60-inch (150 cm) individuals are not rare, and they occasionally grow even larger. The North American racer (
8361:
5565:
5467:
8261:
8216:
7773:
6065:
5902:
In Hermann, Sharon M. (ed.). Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference J. No. 18, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management.
2171:
1948:
3029:) prefers areas of dense grasses with sandy soils. Three lizards barely range into peripheral counties, including two rare skinks, the southern prairie skink (
977:
961:
337:
One's fondness for the area is hard to explain. It has no commanding peak or awesome gorge, no topographical feature of distinction. Its appeal is more subtle.
6539:
5642:
4377:, that could be seen on and near the road at night. No adequate explanation of the light has been offered. The various ghost stories include reference to the
4334:, U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Big Creek Scenic Area (1,420 acres (5.7 km)), Little Lake Creek Wilderness (3,855 acres (15.60 km))
754:
8630:
8452:
6934:
6043:
4052:(Tevis Bluff) was established in 1826 and Fort Teran, a long abandoned site in Tyler County on the Neches River were both primarily stops for river traffic.
3242:). The harmless watersnakes bear a resemblance and share habitats with venomous cottonmouths, including three common species, the yellow-bellied watersnake (
7067:
6089:
Ernst, Carl H. and Jeffrey E. Lovich (2009) Turtles of the United States and Canada, second edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 827 pp.
2591:, interviewed a hog farmer and bear hunter named Ab Carter in 1904. Carter reported that in 1883, he and a neighbor set out to exterminate the bears in the
1818:
1334:
are dominated by hardwood trees and pine trees are uncommon or absent. Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk Co. Texas, USA; 12 May 2020
1037:), often stunted, make up much of the overstory, being among the few trees that grow in the severe conditions. Ground cover is dominated by rushes, sedges (
5895:
2690:
2570:) was the target of a concerted effort to extirpate them from east Texas in the late nineteenth century. Reports of field naturalists in 1902 indicated:
2112:) once dominating the region. Big Thicket National Preserve has introduced programs to re-establish this dominance, including one of the US's most active
1000:
7377:
4194:
in 1965. Yarborough was enthusiastic and introduced a bill to establish a 75,000-acre (300 km) national park in 1966. Claude McLeod, a biologist at
2029:
The same vicinity as previous image five months after the fire. Big Thicket National Preserve, Hickory Creek Savannah Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 20 Aug 2020
6469:, Vols. I – II. Texas State Historical Association in cooperation with the Center for Studies in Texas History, University of Texas at Austin, 672 pp.
5733:
2098:
changes and taxonomic instability. These and other factors all contribute to what sometimes appear as inconsistent or contradictory counts and numbers.
2056:
Baygall blackwater (left) mixing with typical muddy water (right). Big Thicket National Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 3 April 2020
8499:
7531:
7506:
7241:
6625:
Forstall, Richard L. ed. (1996). Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 225 pp.
6349:
4048:. However, this was little more than an outpost on the road and a stop on the river and interior areas were not developed in colonial times. Likewise,
2829:
1787:
8620:
8574:
7451:
1741:). The shade of the canopy and the severity of the wet and dry conditions limit the species that grow in the understory. However the dwarf palmetto (
2116:
programs. With the National Park Service's centennial occurring in 2016, efforts were made to plant between 100,000 and 300,000 longleaf pines. The
1447:). Although the floodplains in the region share much in common with one another, each river varies with some unique elements and plant species. The
8615:
8605:
8445:
7501:
6273:
1822:
971:
544:, just southeast of the Big Thicket. The other large lakes in the region were constructed in the decades following the Second World War, including
5713:
8625:
8156:
4055:
After Mexican independence (c. 1810–1836), the region remained largely undeveloped. One of the earliest European naturalists to survey Texas was
1004:
69:
6963:
6899:
4306:
in 1981. National preserves differ from national parks in that some public hunting, trapping, oil/gas exploration and extraction are permitted.
3504:) is one of the larger salamanders in the world and can grow over 30 inches (76 cm). Three salamanders, including the three-toed amphiuma (
1138:
stream flowing through mixed deciduous and evergreen woodlands. Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk Co. Texas; 23 Mar 2020
8635:
8610:
8509:
8316:
8301:
8236:
7354:
6775:
533:
bogs. Floodplains and bottomlands in the south, can retain surface water for days and weeks after rain. The Sabine and Neches rivers flow into
2044:
or "acid bogs" with pH levels as low as 4.5 occur in the region. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020
8640:
7456:
7359:
6868:
3188:
With 33 species, the highest diversity among the reptiles are the snakes. Some of the more common species include the eastern hognose snake (
723:
7045:
7010:
8306:
8296:
8276:
7319:
6508:
6133:
Movement patterns and habitat selection by native and repatriated Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni): implications for conservation
4112:
in January 1901, just south of the Big Thicket. The frenzy of activity that followed saw rampant drilling and exploration, the founding of
4108:
in remote areas, where employees were often at the mercy of their employers. In the midst of the lumbering activity, oil was discovered at
1625:
6233:
1929:: Prairies (small patches are sometimes called coves), are sometimes included as a Big Thicket ecosystem. These are isolated fragments of
120:
8554:
8519:
7938:
7271:
6837:
6570:
6392:
5926:
863:
2925:) is still occasionally encountered in east Texas but its numbers plummeted in the late twentieth century, while the ornate box turtle (
2437:
About 54 species of mammals occur in the Big Thicket (not counting extirpated species), including such species as the Virginia opossum (
44:
8579:
8544:
8226:
7349:
7124:
6682:
5944:
5329:
2672:
6651:
6601:
2431:
records for a given species in the region and not all of the species are ubiquitous or evenly distributed throughout the Big Thicket.
8564:
8161:
7918:
7304:
5428:
1674:
deposits. They are some of the flattest and lowest areas in the Big Thicket. Flats are typically poorly drained areas with very deep
6744:
6713:
1641:) growing on tree limb at the top of photo. Big Thicket National Preserve, Lance Rosier Unit, Hardin Co. Texas, USA: 23 October 2019
8479:
8266:
7491:
6806:
3047:), common to the west, but rare in a few western Big Thicket counties. Most records of the state reptile, the Texas horned lizard (
742:(a.k.a. post-oak savanna). Within the Big Thicket, a major component in the high diversity of plants and animals is the variety of
4405:(born 1945, Beaumont, Jefferson County), American painter that often draws inspiration and paints the landscape of Southeast Texas
4385:
looking for their buried treasure, a decapitated railroad worker, and a lost night hunter eternally searching for a way out. Less
4100:
changed as the "bonanza era" (c. 1880–1930) of Texas lumbering began, facilitated by a rapidly developed railroad system. In 1877
8326:
8171:
7943:
7728:
7262:
5916:
Bridges, E. L. and S. L. Orzell. 1989. Longleaf pine communities of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Natural Areas Journal 9:246-263.
4435:(1909, Polk County – 1967) known as "Moon Mullican, King of the Hillbilly Piano Players", country-western musician and songwriter
411:
was the weight of the successive deposits that eventually caused the Gulf of Mexico to subside. The older Pliocene, Miocene, and
406:
ice melted to increase sea levels and submerge Southeast Texas in the sea. It was during those warmer periods of submersion that
4411:(born 1948, resident of Woodville, Tyler County) U.S. representative from Texas's 36th congressional district since January 2015
2408:
8514:
8409:
7788:
7536:
7415:
7405:
7334:
7234:
7167:
7029:
4337:
4177:, the Texas Forestry Association drafted legislation to establish the Texas Department of Forestry, which, in 1926, became the
260:
industries started as early as the 1920s with the founding of the East Texas Big Thicket Association by Richard Elmer Jackson.
7105:
5384:
1459:, alkaline soils supporting vegetation that is seldom seen in other watersheds, including bois d'arc also called horse apple (
8534:
8529:
8311:
7516:
7496:
7471:
6317:
6297:
6258:
6196:
6094:
5825:
5806:
5787:
5559:
5323:
5235:
3846:) can be seen in their adult form year round. Others are limited to a few weeks or mouths each year like the calico pennant (
252:
6214:
5845:
4662:
A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Big Thicket National Preserve: Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories
2708:
8484:
7863:
7688:
7592:
7521:
7250:
6991:
6017:
1222:). In the lowest, flatter areas of the south, beech trees tend to drop out and are replaced by chestnut oak or basket oak (
256:
6430:
2726:
1130:
8559:
8426:
8386:
8256:
8251:
8206:
7853:
7476:
255:
are known to have lived and hunted in the area nomadically, but did not establish permanent settlements there before the
2636:
1486:
8131:
8118:
7597:
7526:
7461:
7086:
6388:
5424:
4983:
4853:
4831:
4817:
4803:
4781:
4767:
4732:
4690:
4676:
4648:
4631:
4617:
4588:
4545:
4510:
4482:
4164:
4041:
2785:
2420:
521:, with east and west forks. Additional wetlands are extensive, including innumerable nameless swamps, cypress sloughs,
510:
304:
6061:
1683:
hard baked surface. The canopy is made up of several hardwoods species of which the swamp chestnut oak or basket oak (
8524:
8504:
8394:
8191:
7511:
7486:
7466:
7344:
7294:
7284:
7227:
7214:
7202:
7192:
6630:
6474:
6454:
6333:
6176:
6156:
5980:
5677:
5461:
4962:
4954:
4940:
4924:
4910:
4880:
4718:
4567:
4531:
4496:
4468:
4454:
4291:
3345:). Venomous snakes deserve caution and respect, but are safely observed when distances of 15–20 feet are maintained.
2017:) upland habitat after a recent fire. Big Thicket National Preserve, Hickory Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 23 Mar 2020
1753:), others do not recognize it a valid species. Other understory species found on the flats are creeping spot-flower (
1985:
Texas State Highway 1276 in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk County, Texas; 12 May 2020
8569:
8221:
8166:
8146:
8098:
7446:
7441:
7423:
7400:
7177:
6531:
5630:
4343:
4266:
counties. It was established in 1974 in an attempt to protect the many plant and animal species within. Along with
2971:) is found only in the New World with two genera, both represented in the Big Thicket, the common snapping turtle (
2068:
Lush vegetation in the Village Creek floodplain. Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, Hardin Co. Texas; 30 April 2010
836:) grow in the deeper shade. Streams flowing through these areas can support large stands of southern bracken fern (
7064:
6922:
6040:
3023:) are not uncommon, but limited to open areas with sandy soils, whereas the legless western slender glass lizard (
244:
and plant diversity that is particularly remarkable. Biologists have identified at least eight, and up to eleven,
8404:
8321:
8231:
8186:
8136:
8038:
7873:
7783:
7546:
7481:
7309:
4299:
4243:
1930:
1327:
877:) growing among the sparse groundcover. Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, Hardin Co. Texas, USA; 6 November 2019
731:
229:
5892:
5358:
3230:) occurs in three color variations in the Big Thicket, some recognize them as subspecies, the buttermilk racer (
8201:
7968:
7928:
7878:
7808:
7625:
7602:
7324:
4997:
4976:
4932:
4902:
4888:
4845:
4795:
4746:
4727:(Louise Lindsey Merrick Texas Environment Series #2). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 100 pp.
4704:
4669:
4609:
4581:
4559:
5925:
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ecological Site Description:
4036:; in the south as the Atascosito Road running from southwest Louisiana to Southeast Texas; to the west by the
2654:
8489:
8399:
8356:
8063:
8008:
7923:
7838:
7798:
7698:
7678:
7559:
7382:
6346:
5730:
4267:
3994:
2931:), at its eastern range limits, is known from a few county records in the area, as is the yellow mud turtle (
1915:
953:) emerge over the oaks. Longleaf pine is characteristic of sandylands, but not always dominant. Farkleberry (
680:, Jefferson County, located at the southeast corner of the Big Thicket area with a population of 118,296 and
3673:
and Mexico but, it does not appear pose an ecological threat to other species as invasive species often do.
2889:
Turtle diversity in the American Gulf Coast states is among the highest in the world. The red-eared slider (
1493:
habitat in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas, USA; 6 November 2019
8351:
8291:
8088:
8083:
7973:
6365:
6328:
Hudson, Charles M. (1976). The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 492.
4316:
4174:
2427:
Polk, San Jacinto, Tyler, and Walker counties, which in a few cases may reflect marginal, peripheral, and
8600:
8336:
8058:
8043:
7993:
7908:
7843:
7569:
4331:
4025:
2903:
2416:
647:
6270:
5691:
Geology of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin (Accessed 7 December 2019)
3811:
Studies have documented nearly 1,800 species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) in the Big Thicket.
1602:), baygalls harbor many small and obscure wildflowers such as four species of carnivorous bladderworts (
7978:
7963:
7933:
7898:
7868:
7793:
7778:
7314:
5710:
5065:
4322:
3665:
3031:
2882:
1236:
739:
2553:
reported what he considered reliable accounts of jaguars in east Texas, including one killed south of
893:
lichen, or even exposed sand in some spots. Plants adapted to arid environments like Louisiana yucca (
8126:
8048:
8018:
7988:
7913:
7903:
7813:
7693:
7648:
6956:
6891:
5759:
4195:
3834:
and males and females may have different colors and patterns. Some species like the roseate skimmer (
3670:
3611:
3593:
3494:
3480:. Some of the more commonly encountered salamanders in the region include the smallmouth salamander (
2592:
1964:). One author distinguished prairies from longleaf pine savannas by the presence of pimple mounds or
1884:
518:
346:
308:
284:
7197:
6767:
6010:
Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: with keys, taxonomic synopses, bibliography, and distribution maps
8549:
8539:
8346:
8286:
8093:
8003:
7948:
7763:
7753:
7587:
7554:
7433:
7392:
5042:
4222:
The headquarters of Big Thicket National Preserve (BTNP) are located 8 miles (13 km) north of
3659:
species, spending much of its time in crayfish burrows and other small cavities in the ground. One
3554:
3274:
3019:
2698:
2517:
2505:
1666:
1637:
735:
415:
formations are exposed in the north (Polk, San Jacinto, and Tyler counties), while the more recent
312:
6860:
5891:
P. A. Harcombe, P. A., J. S. Glitzenstein, R. G. Knox, S. L. Orzell, & E. L. Bridges. (1993).
4149:, (1894), was named for Nathan D. Silsbee an east coast investor in the railroads, others include
4104:
and G. Bedell Moore started the first major mill in Orange, Texas. Others followed, many building
2744:
1648:(aka: palmetto-oak flats; wet forests; palmetto-hardwood flats): Dense stands of dwarf palmettos (
8196:
8078:
8053:
7953:
7858:
7833:
7768:
7369:
7007:
5594:
Biological survey of the East Texas Big Thicket area: The fauna and flora of the Big Thicket area
4402:
4251:
3599:
3292:
3286:
2915:
2773:
2769:
2550:
1896:
1769:
1719:
1467:
1383:
1296:
1176:
1123:
1069:
826:
782:) is a common species in this ecosystem and one of the dominant trees along with shortleaf pine (
6500:
3333:, and seldom seen. Two of the most common snakes, venomous or non-venomous, are the copperhead (
3311:
There are five species of venomous snakes in the area. Two rattlesnakes, the pygmy rattlesnake (
1258:). A rich diversity of wildflowers are found in slope forest such as three jack-in-the pulpits (
8013:
7828:
7758:
7743:
7713:
7564:
7279:
6230:
4429:(1913, Livingston, Polk County – 1955) stage and theater director nicknamed "The Texas Tornado"
4283:
3860:
3488:
3341:
3335:
3280:
3220:
3037:
2979:
2945:
2933:
2588:
2475:
2357:
1320:
1242:
832:
303:
geological formations to the north. Broader interpretations have included the area between the
6829:
6562:
6378:
1079:
mosses and carnivorous plants are adapted to these environments, including the pitcher plant (
8068:
8023:
7883:
7823:
7733:
7723:
5142:
MacRoberts, M.H. (2010). "Vertebrate Richness and Biogeography in the Big Thicket of Texas".
4310:
4298:
that established the 84,550-acre (342.2 km) preserve. The BTNP was also designated as a
4255:
4239:
4056:
3244:
3214:
3190:
3061:
3025:
2951:
2939:
2117:
1981:
1954:
1556:
1448:
1290:
761:
upland habitat. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020
549:
514:
320:
292:
280:
217:
186:
7153:
7121:
6674:
5938:
5549:
5451:
5313:
5225:
212:
in the United States. This area represents a portion of the mixed pine-hardwood forests or "
8281:
8108:
7893:
7673:
6643:
6593:
5616:
The Big Thicket Forest of Eastern Texas: A Brief Historical Botanical and Ecological Report
4259:
4247:
4178:
3651:
3645:
3605:
3542:
3506:
3500:
3043:
3013:
2994:
2909:
2644:
2527:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2375:
2303:
2265:
2224:
1942:
1860:
1725:
1660:
1407:
1342:
1302:
1194:
1111:
847:
628:
545:
394:
324:
316:
276:
264:
8437:
5414:
4790:, revised ed. (Bridwell Texas History Series). University of Texas Press, Austin. 156 pp.
3468:
There are 31 species of amphibians found in the Big Thicket area, including 11 species of
1825:
habitat. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 16 April 2020
730:. The Big Thicket is located in the southwest of the Piney Woods and transitions into the
8:
8028:
7998:
7958:
7748:
7718:
7639:
6736:
6705:
4414:
4370:
4263:
3836:
3826:
3633:
3587:
3530:
3313:
3266:). Some less common species that are occasionally encountered are the western mud snake (
3226:
3202:
3049:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2973:
2091:
1811:
1714:
1544:
1528:
1272:
1260:
1105:
919:
895:
873:
838:
616:
272:
6798:
4949:(Temple Big Thicket Series #4).University of North Texas Press. Denton. 272 pp. 4.
4739:
In the Big Thicket on the Trail of the Wild Man: Exploring Nature's Mysterious Dimension
8271:
8241:
8073:
7683:
7668:
7658:
7579:
5159:
5082:
5034:
4554:(Philosophy and Environment, Vol. 2). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 229 pp.
4420:
4328:
Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, The Nature Conservancy (5,654 acres (22.88 km))
4186:
4033:
3854:
3831:
3820:
3563:
3548:
3298:
3208:
2921:
2897:
2716:
2539:
2481:
2207:
2153:
2095:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1848:
1838:
1799:
1759:
1717:
species. Other trees and shrubs filling in the canopy and understory include sweetgum (
1691:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1431:
1314:
1278:
1230:
1093:
1087:
955:
913:
901:
854:
for lumber have been replanted with rows of the faster growing, non-native slash pine (
814:
436:
268:
5596:. Special Publication sponsored by the Texas Academy of Sciences. Privately Published.
2557:
a few years earlier, along the Neches River near Beaumont, and in the timber south of
1654:) are an indicator of this ecosystem and it can have an exotic and tropical look with
8468:
8141:
7848:
7818:
7708:
7703:
7188:
7158:
6626:
6470:
6450:
6383:
6329:
6313:
6293:
6254:
6192:
6172:
6152:
6090:
6013:
5976:
5673:
5555:
5554:. #5 in Temple Big Thicket Series (Third ed.). University of North Texas Press.
5457:
5419:
5319:
5231:
4993:
4979:
4972:
4958:
4950:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4906:
4898:
4884:
4876:
4849:
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4827:
4813:
4799:
4791:
4777:
4763:
4742:
4728:
4714:
4700:
4686:
4672:
4665:
4644:
4627:
4613:
4605:
4584:
4577:
4563:
4555:
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4527:
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4492:
4478:
4464:
4450:
4374:
4356:
4275:
4142:
4060:
4002:
3617:
3482:
3319:
3262:
3256:
2957:
2891:
2734:
2662:
2493:
2457:
2285:
2133:
1970:
1878:
1737:
1709:
1685:
1613:
1473:
1353:
1308:
1266:
1248:
1224:
1188:
1117:
1099:
670:
643:
509:
and Newton counties, are drained by several relatively short creeks running into the
440:
296:
237:
7164:
7026:
6131:
Himes, John G., Laurence M. Hardy, D. Craig Rudolph, and Shirley J. Burgdorf (2006)
5163:
4917:
Reflections on the Neches: A Naturalist's Odyssey along the Big Thicket's Snow River
4897:(Temple Big Thicket Series #2) University of North Texas Press, Denton, TX. 256 pp.
4751:
Shafer, Harry J., Edward P. Baxter, Thomas B. Stearns, and James Phil Dering (1975)
1504:; Acid bog baygalls): With dense undergrowth and twisted vines growing in stagnant,
8033:
7983:
7102:
5380:
5151:
4287:
4191:
4138:
4129:
4125:
4101:
4077:
4072:
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3518:
3304:
3268:
3250:
2927:
2680:
2601:
2566:
2469:
2463:
2393:
2339:
2087:
1975:
1960:
1890:
1866:
1793:
1598:
1519:
1505:
1479:
1461:
1425:
1413:
1284:
1135:
1081:
1009:
925:
651:
608:
600:
5822:
5803:
5784:
7184:
7171:
7128:
7109:
7090:
7071:
7052:
7033:
7014:
6995:
6434:
6353:
6277:
6237:
6218:
6211:
6047:
5948:
5899:
5893:
Vegetation of the Longleaf Pine Region of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. 83-104 pp.
5849:
5842:
5829:
5810:
5791:
5763:
5737:
5717:
4992:(Temple Big Thicket Series #6). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 848 pp.
4990:
The Big Thicket Guidebook: Exploring the Backroads and History of Southeast Texas
4919:(Temple Big Thicket Series #3). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 376 pp.
4788:
Big Thicket People: Larry Jene Fisher's Photographs of the Last Southern Frontier
4362:
4227:
4134:
4068:
4049:
3623:
3512:
3196:
2428:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2075:
1749:
1703:
1618:
1562:
1550:
1437:
1389:
1371:
1359:
1254:
1182:
1170:
1033:
1027:
943:
937:
856:
778:
677:
655:
620:
553:
391:
209:
97:
6988:
4417:(born 1958, Livingston, Polk County) historian and Pulitzer Prize winning author
4012:
Historical limits of the Big Thicket region defined by the Spanish prior to the
3643:) found to the east. Two rare and highly secretive frogs are the pickerel frog (
1809:) grow in and near permanent or semi permanent water and the disc water-hyssop (
1013:). Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020
8181:
7803:
6427:
5155:
4378:
4235:
4223:
4150:
4146:
4045:
3581:
3325:
2963:
1854:
1805:
1697:
1568:
1419:
1395:
1377:
1365:
1218:
1152:
907:
796:
784:
681:
663:
639:
624:
604:
596:
571:
538:
504:: Hardin, Tyler, western Jasper and southeast Polk counties are drained by the
402:
208:
is the name given to a somewhat imprecise region of a heavily forested area of
108:
5095:
4087:
1103:). A number of orchids are found in savannas including the grass pink orchid (
454:, meaning the soil is a greater influence on the plants than the climate, and
8594:
5028:
4432:
4231:
4158:
4154:
4105:
4029:
3558:), once widespread in Southeast Texas, now appears to be in serious decline.
3055:
2967:) prefers the larger rivers, creeks, and bayous. The snapping turtle family (
2606:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2499:
2487:
1781:
1586:
1538:
1443:
1347:
1146:
989:
758:
612:
135:
122:
7083:
2895:) is the most common of the pond and river turtles, although river cooters (
2106:
The area contains over 100 species of trees and shrubs, with longleaf pine (
1922:
in the Big Thicket region of southeast Texas. Liberty Co. Texas; 22 May 2020
654:, the county seat (2,586) with smaller unincorporated communities including
8176:
8151:
7219:
5020:
4382:
4295:
4037:
3575:
2620:
2599:
Conversely other species have been introduced to the area like the nutria (
2580:
Sour Lake: "Still common in the swamps near here; a few killed every year."
2041:
1872:
1843:
1212:
1164:
1063:
1039:
931:
860:) eliminating much of the longleaf pine-bluestem grass uplands from Texas.
842:). Longleaf pine, bluestem grass, and many other plants in these areas are
820:
632:
557:
505:
372:
288:
6191:, Vol. I & II. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 982 pp.
747:
tracts of land, and often occur in intertwined and checkerboard mixes and
419:
Period formations are exposed in the south (Hardin and Liberty counties).
8211:
4971:(Temple Big Thicket Series #5). University of North Texas Press. 152 pp.
4875:(Temple Big Thicket Series #1). University of North Texas Press. 256 pp.
4426:
4408:
4366:
4290:
was its most powerful proponent in Congress and the bill was proposed by
4199:
3842:
3469:
2968:
2624:
2616:
2533:
1965:
1775:
1743:
1650:
1631:
1609:
1604:
1401:
1206:
1158:
949:
941:) are dominant hardwoods. With increasing moisture levels longleaf pine (
727:
659:
611:(1,813). Smaller unincorporated communities in the Hardin County include
561:
534:
522:
401:
are not greatly deformed. The strata were laid down in several cycles of
384:
249:
Big Thicket has historically been the most dense forest region in Texas.
213:
4475:
The 35 Best Ghost Towns in East Texas and 220 Other Towns We Left Behind
2961:) is found throughout the region, while the smooth soft-shelled turtle (
1234:). Understory trees and shrubs include Hercules-club or toothache tree (
684:, Liberty County (8,397), on the southern edge of the Big Thicket area.
328:(8,100 km). This same habitat extends into Louisiana and eastward.
4386:
4319:, Houston Parks and Recreation Department (4,786 acres (19.37 km))
4117:
4109:
4081:
4064:
3615:). Two other frequently encountered tree frogs, Cope's gray tree frog (
2752:
2522:
2511:
2247:
2083:
1994:
1675:
1452:
1331:
1200:
1051:
843:
824:) grow in the lighter, semi-shaded areas, while Texas Dutchman's-pipe (
808:
802:
743:
581:
576:
456:
450:
416:
241:
7207:
5117:
4423:(1931, Saratoga, Hardin County – 2013) country musician and songwriter
7143:
6118:
Axtell, Ralph W. (1996) Interpretive Atlas of Texas Lizards: No. 16.
6105:
Axtell, Ralph W. (1994) Interpretive Atlas of Texas Lizards: No. 13.
5354:
4390:
3656:
3524:
3330:
2611:
2574:
Conroe: "A few still found in the big thicket 15 mile south of here."
2321:
1679:
1655:
1186:) are also common. More humid areas tend to shift to American beech (
889:
812:) are the dominant ground cover. Wildflowers like purple pleat-leaf (
769:
431:
412:
245:
5832:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020
5813:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020
5794:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020
5118:"Sam Houston State University Archives Collection - The Big Thicket"
4168:
The Southern Pine Lumber Company sawmills near Diboll, Texas in 1907
2871:) adult and immature plumage, Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge
1210:), but include a wide variety of other hardwoods such as white oak (
7185:
Saving the Big Thicket: from exploration to preservation, 1685–2003
4760:
Backwoodsmen: Stockmen and Hunters along a Big Thicket River Valley
4713:. Texas A&M. University Press. College Station, Texas. 169 pp.
4113:
4024:
1521–1810, defining the Big Thicket's boundaries with the north as
3631:) while others argue that it is a hybrid between Woodhouse's toad (
2564:
Although once common in the Big Thicket, the American black bears (
2189:
1671:
1075:
1057:
888:
stratum, sandylands sit on layers of fine sand with thin layers of
851:
748:
495:
407:
388:
380:
6062:"Big Thicket searches seek giant woodpecker that might be extinct"
5975:, 6th revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 501 pp.
5453:
Saving the Big Thicket From Exploration to Preservation, 1685–2003
5315:
Wild Flowers of the Big Thicket: East Texas, and Western Louisiana
4947:
Saving the Big Thicket From Exploration to Preservation, 1685–2003
4461:
Wild Flowers of the Big Thicket: East Texas, and Western Louisiana
4008:
3868:) are endemic to southeast Texas and adjacent areas of Louisiana.
1584:) can grow impressively large. Larger trees include swamp tupelo (
1548:) are dominant and other common shrubs include southern bayberry (
463:
6223:
4463:. Texas A&M University Press. College Station, Texas 361 pp.
4271:
3998:
3815:
3212:). Two large, common, but harmless species, the coachwhip snake (
2525:
from their historical ranges. Examples include hog-nosed skunks (
2079:
1509:
1508:, acid bogs, under a shadowy canopy of swamp tupelo and cypress,
1490:
1045:
1021:
994:
885:
790:
772:
685:
541:
530:
526:
398:
376:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
5587:
5585:
5583:
4683:
The Big Thicket of Texas: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography
3997:
occupied areas just to the north of the Big Thicket region. The
467:
Texas county map with five interpretations of the Big Thicket: *
6249:
Thomas, Chad, Timothy H. Bonner, and Bobby G. Whiteside (2007)
6149:
Texas Snakes, Identification, Distribution, and Natural History
5775:
City-Data.com: Hardin County, Texas (Accessed 10 December 2019)
5670:
Realms of Beauty: A Guide to the Wilderness Areas of East Texas
4862:
The University of North Texas Press, Denton, co-published with
4524:
Realms of Beauty: A Guide to the Wilderness Areas of East Texas
4449:. Stephen F. Austin University Press, Nacogdoches. ?? pp.
4303:
4121:
2129:
300:
233:
5672:, revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 120 pp.
4863:
4526:, revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 120 pp.
4016:
in the 1830s. Deforestation has dramatically reduced its size.
2577:
Beaumont: "A few still found in the forest northwest of here."
1629:
Palmetto-oak and hardwood flats habitat with dwarf palmettos (
236:. Although the diversity of animals in the area is high for a
30:
7254:
6022:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5629:
MacRoberts, Michael H.; MacRoberts, Barbara R. (March 2004).
5580:
4893:
Loughmiller, Campbell & Lynn Loughmiller, editors (2002)
4810:
The Texas Legacy Project: Stories of Courage and Conservation
4340:, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (30,000 acres (120 km))
3477:
3473:
2412:
1900:) can be seen growing in shallow water with cardinal flower (
1411:). Among the many wildflowers are three irises, yellow iris (
673:(5,335), the county seat and the largest town in the county.
16:
Heavily forested area of Southeast Texas in the United States
6085:
6083:
196:
8467:
7148:
6859:
Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor (April 2, 2019) .
6253:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 202 pp.
6012:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 447 pp.
4859:
University of North Texas Press, Temple Big Thicket Series
4812:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 296 pp.
4643:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 256 pp.
4505:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 237 pp.
2765:
2125:
426:
8137:
Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos
6143:
6141:
5905:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5756:
5318:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
5230:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
1451:
basin in particular stands out in contrast to others with
6080:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
4969:
Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction, Third Edition
4741:. Paraview Press, Old Chelsea Station, New York. 188 pp.
4393:, and automobile headlights filtering through the trees.
1381:) which can grow in and around standing water, sweetgum (
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
4824:
Land of Bears and Honey: A Natural History of East Texas
4664:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 76 pages
4657:. Sam Houston State University Press, Huntsville. 33 pp.
6206:
6204:
6138:
5835:
5135:
4313:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (2,083 acres (8.43 km))
3824:) lay their eggs in flight, while the ebony jewelwing (
1946:). Common grasses of these areas include Indian grass (
1514:
1456:
444:
240:
with over 500 vertebrates, it is the complex mosaic of
6489:. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. 296 pp.
6210:
National Park Service: Big Thicket National Preserve,
6122:. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 52 pp.
6109:. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 31 pp.
5854:
5841:
National Park Service, Big Thicket National Preserve,
5373:
5349:
5347:
4753:
Archeological Assessment Big Thicket National Preserve
4576:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 74 pp.
4346:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (1,090 acres (4.4 km))
2772:, a state and federal endangered species. The extinct
676:
Larger towns and cities in the greater region include
228:) within the region in 1974 and it is recognized as a
6962:. National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior.
6171:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 587 pp.
5170:
4697:
The Big Thicket of Texas: America's Ecological Wonder
4325:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (705 acres (2.85 km))
3329:) is not uncommon however, they are secretive, often
1596:). In addition to the prominent fragrant water-lily (
7187:. University of North Texas. Denton, Texas. 289 pp.
6201:
5628:
5010:
4641:
Sawdust Empire: The Texas Lumber Industry, 1830–1940
4477:. Best of East Texas Publishers, Lufkin ?? pp.
3561:
Common toads and frogs include the Gulf Coast toad (
2128:
that can also be found in the thicket, including 20
7378:
El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5687:
5685:
5344:
4774:
Nameless Towns: Texas Sawmill Communities 1880–1942
4626:. University of North Texas Press, Denton. 216 pp.
4226:, and approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of
487:= Big Thicket Basin, geological/ecological analysis
7178:Defining the Bick Thicket: Prelude to Preservation
6621:
6619:
5694:
5618:. Huntsville, Texas: Sam Houston State University.
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
4808:Todd, David & David Weisman, editors. (2010).
4755:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
4491:.Galt/Mirrin Publishing, LLC, Scottsdale. 390 pp.
3260:), and the uncommon Mississippi green watersnake (
1429:), as well as the fragrant ladies tresses orchid (
1375:). Other important trees include the overcup oak (
397:. Other than some slight and uniform tilting, the
6135:. Herpetological Natural History. 9 (2): 103–116.
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5413:Abernethy, Francis Edward (September 30, 2020) .
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
3296:). The rare and endangered Louisiana pine snake (
1785:) with understory species such as Hooker eryngo (
867:Arid sandyland habitat with longleaf pine trees (
299:on the south, to the higher elevations and older
8592:
6467:Journey to Mexico: During the years 1826 to 1834
5954:
5743:
5682:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
4762:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 328 pp.
4639:Maxwell, Robert S. & Robert D. Baker (2000)
4574:Finding the Big Thicket: A Cartographic Approach
3041:) in the northeast; and the Texas spiny lizard (
794:). Understory shrubs include flowering dogwood (
7063:U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
6616:
6161:
6059:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5592:Parks, H. B.; Cory, V. L.; et al. (1936).
5399:
5071:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service
4840:. Arcadia Publishing Library Editions. 130 pp.
3852:) flying April - August and Needham's skimmer (
2764:Three hundred species of migratory and nesting
2411:, plant and animal species from many different
1974:) is a particularly aggressive and problematic
7664:Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area
6858:
5456:. University of North Texas Press. p. 4.
5244:
2419:, the Big Thicket was home to most species of
1288:). Orchids include the yellow lady's-slipper (
734:immediately to the south. To the west are the
8453:
7235:
7180:. East Texas Historical Journal 31(2): 57-71.
6449:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 236 pp.
6312:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 448 pp.
6302:
6292:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 266 pp.
6282:
6151:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 437 pp.
5600:
5482:
4826:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 198 pp.
4776:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 271 pp.
4723:Pittman, Blair & William A. Owens (1978)
4685:. Sable Publishing Corp., Arlington. 225 pp.
4538:The Big Thicket: A Challenge for Conservation
4361:A dirt road leading north out of the town of
3872:Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) gallery
3858:) flying May - September. The Texas emerald (
1405:), often with a dense mid-story of ironwood (
8631:Protected areas of San Jacinto County, Texas
7320:Military Working Dog Teams National Monument
7249:
7165:Bragg Road - The Ghost Road of Hardin County
5985:
5657:
4595:The Murder of Silence: The Big Thicket Story
4205:
2986:Lizards commonly seen include green anoles (
6530:Reichstein, Andreas V. (January 1, 1995) .
6417:. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. 272 pp.
6181:
6169:Salamanders of the United States and Canada
5357:. National Park Service. October 25, 2021.
4822:Truett, Joe C. & Daniel W. Lay (1994).
4772:Sitton, Thad & James H. Conrad (1998).
4552:The Big Thicket: An Ecological Reevaluation
3317:) and the canebrake or timber rattlesnake (
2583:Rockland: "Now very rare or quite extinct."
1658:draping from the trees, like Spanish moss (
8460:
8446:
7242:
7228:
7198:Fun365Days.com – regional tourism web site
6529:
6415:A Pictorial History of the American Indian
6147:Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon (2000)
5551:Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction
5141:
4725:The Natural World of the Texas Big Thicket
7305:Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument
7006:Houston Parks and Recreation Department,
6828:Maxwell, Robert S. (February 15, 2012) .
6041:Federal and State Listed Species in Texas
5591:
5412:
4517:Farewell to Texas: a Vanishing Wilderness
4447:Let The River Run Wild! Saving The Neches
4091:Oil derricks in Sour Lake, Hardin County
3864:) and the rare and sarracenia spiketail (
3059:) and the nocturnal Mediterranean gecko (
8621:Protected areas of Liberty County, Texas
6673:Kleiner, Diana J. (November 17, 2020) .
5449:
5383:. National Park Service. July 13, 2020.
5311:
5066:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2014"
4871:Francis Edward Abernethy, editor (2002)
4163:
4086:
4007:
3248:), southern or broad-banded watersnake (
2587:Vernon Bailey, chief naturalist for the
2120:lists more than one thousand species of
1980:
1914:
1817:
1624:
1485:
1326:
1129:
999:
862:
753:
552:(1956–65) on the Neches River drainage,
517:. Areas farther west are drained by the
462:
358:
263:Conservatively the area occupies all of
8616:Protected areas of Hardin County, Texas
8606:Biosphere reserves of the United States
8469:National Preserves of the United States
7209:The Big Thicket: A Vanishing Wilderness
6890:Maxwell, Robert S. (February 1, 1995).
6889:
6871:from the original on September 17, 2020
6840:from the original on September 29, 2020
6827:
6765:
6734:
6703:
6672:
6641:
6591:
6560:
5631:"The Big Thicket: Typical or Atypical?"
5227:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket
5223:
4711:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket
4699:. Little, Brown and Co. Boston. 89 pp.
3637:) found to the west and Fowler's toad (
2768:occur in the Big Thicket including the
711:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket
8626:Protected areas of Tyler County, Texas
8593:
6969:from the original on November 22, 2015
6937:from the original on November 19, 2016
6920:
6902:from the original on November 11, 2021
6898:. Texas State Historical Association.
6867:. Texas State Historical Association.
6836:. Texas State Historical Association.
6809:from the original on November 11, 2021
6805:. Texas State Historical Association.
6796:
6778:from the original on November 11, 2021
6774:. Texas State Historical Association.
6747:from the original on November 11, 2021
6743:. Texas State Historical Association.
6716:from the original on November 11, 2021
6712:. Texas State Historical Association.
6685:from the original on November 11, 2021
6681:. Texas State Historical Association.
6654:from the original on November 11, 2021
6650:. Texas State Historical Association.
6604:from the original on November 11, 2021
6600:. Texas State Historical Association.
6569:. Texas State Historical Association.
6538:. Texas State Historical Association.
6532:"Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company"
6511:from the original on September 5, 2020
6507:. Texas State Historical Association.
6376:
5613:
5568:from the original on December 12, 2023
5547:
5470:from the original on December 12, 2023
5431:from the original on November 11, 2021
5387:from the original on December 22, 2019
5332:from the original on December 12, 2023
5060:
5058:
4365:is the core of the area's predominant
4338:Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge
3993:In pre-Columbian times, people of the
3663:, the small Rio Grande chirping frog (
2609:, now common in the area. Feral pigs (
287:Counties, including areas between the
8636:Protected areas of Polk County, Texas
8611:Reportedly haunted locations in Texas
8441:
7223:
7203:UNSCEO Biosphere Reserve: Big Thicket
6957:"Big Thicket National Preserve Texas"
6892:"Jones, William Goodrich (1860–1950)"
6766:Wooster, Robert (December 1, 1994) .
6735:Wooster, Robert (February 1, 1995) .
6561:Wooster, Robert (January 10, 2018) .
6542:from the original on January 28, 2021
6498:
6189:Frogs of the United States and Canada
6060:Michael Graczyk (February 21, 2007).
5361:from the original on October 26, 2019
5096:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"
5088:
5083:National Park Service Acreage Reports
4786:Sitton, Thad & C. E. Hunt (2008)
4028:(Old San Antonio Road), a trail from
3528:), including the spotted salamander (
2977:) and the alligator snapping turtle (
1007:wetland habitat with pitcher plants (
354:
8641:National Park Service areas in Texas
7864:Government Canyon State Natural Area
7739:Chinati Mountains State Natural Area
6395:from the original on August 18, 2021
6229:National Park Service: Big Thicket,
1678:soils of a high clay content having
1204:) co-dominating with loblolly pine (
564:(1970–73) on the San Jacinto River.
8427:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
7789:Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area
6592:Kleiner, Diana J. (May 24, 2021) .
6426:Alabama-Coushattas Tribe of Texas,
6310:Dragonflies of Texas, A Field Guide
6290:Damselflies of Texas, A Field Guide
5055:
4145:(1895) was named after John Kirby:
2515:), and Rafinesque's big-eared bat (
76:
51:
13:
6704:Wooster, Robert (April 1, 1995) .
6642:Wooster, Robert (March 1, 1995) .
6573:from the original on July 26, 2021
6499:Estep, Raymond (March 21, 2019) .
6389:Texas State Historical Association
6068:from the original on July 26, 2023
5425:Texas State Historical Association
4280:United States National Park System
3649:) and the southern crawfish frog (
3035:) in the west and the coal skink (
2776:once occurred in the Big Thicket.
2415:moved into the area. Before their
2086:; whether to count introduced and
1832:(aka: sweet gum - oak floodplains
587:
471:= Traditional "Hunter's Thicket" *
14:
8652:
7804:Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
7215:Texas Archive of the Moving Image
7137:
7120:University of North Texas Press,
7046:Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary
6377:Couser, Dorothy (July 1, 1995) .
5645:from the original on July 9, 2020
5122:Texas Archive of the Moving Image
4445:Abernethy, Frances Edward (2014)
4396:
4282:when both were authorized by the
726:, the Big Thicket is part of the
460:meaning a medium moisture level.
7383:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
7084:Trinity National Wildlife Refuge
7082:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
6501:"Zavala, Lorenzo de (1788–1836)"
5548:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006).
5027:
5013:
4655:The Big Thicket of Eastern Texas
4604:. Eakin Press, Woodway. 142 pp.
4519:. McGraw-Hill, New York. 242 pp.
3972:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3908:
3892:
3876:
3785:
3769:
3753:
3729:
3713:
3697:
3681:
3449:
3433:
3417:
3401:
3385:
3369:
3353:
3169:
3153:
3137:
3121:
3105:
3089:
3073:
2913:), and the rare chicken turtle (
2860:
2844:
2828:
2812:
2796:
2784:
2743:
2725:
2707:
2689:
2671:
2653:
2635:
2384:
2366:
2348:
2330:
2312:
2294:
2276:
2256:
2238:
2216:
2198:
2180:
2162:
2144:
2061:
2049:
2034:
2022:
2006:
1441:), and the aquatic spatterdock (
556:(1966–69) on the Trinity River,
483:= Primitive Big Thicket Region *
75:
68:
50:
43:
29:
7874:Hill Country State Natural Area
7784:Devils River State Natural Area
7416:National Wild and Scenic Rivers
7310:Castner Range National Monument
7114:
7095:
7076:
7057:
7038:
7019:
7000:
6981:
6949:
6914:
6883:
6852:
6821:
6797:Bowman, Bob (April 19, 2016) .
6790:
6759:
6728:
6697:
6666:
6635:
6585:
6554:
6523:
6492:
6479:
6459:
6439:
6420:
6407:
6370:
6358:
6339:
6322:
6269:Big Thicket National Preserve,
6263:
6243:
6125:
6112:
6099:
6053:
5931:
5919:
5816:
5804:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
5797:
5778:
5769:
5723:
5709:Big Thicket National Preserve:
5703:
5622:
5443:
5355:"Big Thicket National Preserve"
5144:The American Midland Naturalist
4967:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006)
4915:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2013)
4439:
4373:, sometimes referred to as the
4244:U.S. Department of the Interior
4020:The Spaniards ruled the region
2937:). The Mississippi mud turtle (
2094:vs. resident species; frequent
1572:). Vines like muscadine grape (
1500:(aka: bay-gallberry holly bogs
997:people in Pre-Columbian times.
732:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
724:ecoregions of the United States
8372:Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum
7969:Lost Maples State Natural Area
7919:Lake Casa Blanca International
7879:Honey Creek State Natural Area
7626:Padre Island National Seashore
7325:Waco Mammoth National Monument
6921:Cozine, James (October 1993).
6465:Berlandier, Jean Louis. 1980.
5110:
4945:Cozine, Jr., James J. (2004).
3609:), and southern leopard frog (
3591:), eastern narrow-mouth toad (
3290:), and Slowinski's cornsnake (
1888:). Plants like lizard's tail (
1791:), and sharp-sepal penstemon (
1763:), lance-leaved water-willow (
1578:), supplejack or rattan-vine (
311:on the west including much of
155:113,122 acres (457.79 km)
1:
7679:Barton Warnock Visitor Center
7621:Big Thicket National Preserve
7149:Big Thicket National Preserve
6927:East Texas Historical Journal
6345:Texas Historical Commission,
5635:East Texas Historical Journal
5450:James J., Cozine Jr. (2004).
5048:
4681:Parker, Lois Williams (1977)
4660:National Park Service (2013)
4597:. Texian Press, Waco. 274 pp.
4350:
4286:on October 11, 1974. Senator
4268:Big Cypress National Preserve
4137:, as evidenced by names like
4092:
4021:
3995:Caddoan Mississippian culture
3814:Dragonflies and damselflies (
3567:), Blanchard's cricket frog (
3234:), the yellow-bellied racer (
3206:), and the rough greensnake (
2807:), Hal Scott Reserve, Florida
2696:Rafinesque's big-eared bats (
2467:), southern flying squirrel (
1174:) co-dominate, but sweetgum (
717:
709:Maxine Johnston, Foreword in
222:Big Thicket National Preserve
197:Big Thicket National Preserve
84:Show map of the United States
24:Big Thicket National Preserve
7008:Lake Houston Wilderness Park
6187:Dodd Jr., C. Kenneth (2013)
6039:Texas Parks & Wildlife,
4501:Donovan, Richard M. (2006).
4317:Lake Houston Wilderness Park
4274:, the BTNP became the first
4238:. It is administered by the
4175:United States Forest Service
3760:Eastern narrow-mouth toad, (
3498:). The three-toed amphiuma (
2901:), Mississippi map turtles (
2851:Yellow-crowned night-heron (
1566:), and Virginia sweetspire (
899:) and prairie prickly pear (
331:
7:
8377:Olive Scott Petty Arboretum
8157:Confederate Reunion Grounds
7065:Sam Houston National Forest
7013:September 16, 2020, at the
6487:Naturalists of the Frontier
6485:Geiser, Samuel Wood. 1948.
6271:Research in the Big Thicket
5971:Schimidly, David J. (2004)
5757:United States Census Bureau
5006:
4988:Bonney, Lorraine G. (2011)
4864:The Big Thicket Association
4515:Douglas, William O. (1967)
4332:Sam Houston National Forest
4026:El Camino Real de los Tejas
3983:) Rapides Parish, Louisiana
3903:), male, San Jacinto County
3840:) and common green darner (
3254:), diamondback watersnake (
3218:) and the Texas rat snake (
3017:). Six-lined race runners (
2949:), and common musk turtle (
2904:Graptemys pseudogeographica
2819:Scissor-tailed flycatcher (
2078:to count; whether to count
1735:), and arrowwood viburnum (
1351:), chestneu or basket oak (
1121:), and snake mouth orchid (
599:, the county seat (2,123),
216:" of the Southeast US. The
10:
8657:
8197:Fort Richardson State Park
7834:Fort Richardson State Park
7315:Chamizal National Memorial
7101:Texas Parks and Wildlife,
7027:Martin Dies Jr. State Park
7025:Texas Parks and Wildlife,
6987:Texas Parks and Wildlife,
6923:"Defining the Big Thicket"
6768:"Camden, TX (Polk County)"
6251:Freshwater Fishes of Texas
6240:(accessed 4 November 2019)
6167:Petranka, James W. (1998)
6050:, accessed 2 November 2019
6046:December 28, 2019, at the
5947:December 21, 2019, at the
5937:Texas Parks and Wildlife:
5898:December 21, 2019, at the
5823:East Central Texas forests
5740:(accessed 7 December 2019)
5720:(accessed 7 December 2019)
5711:The Climate of Big Thicket
5156:10.1674/0003-0031-164.1.37
4873:Tales from the Big Thicket
4602:Outlaws in the Big Thicket
4572:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (2015)
4550:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (1993)
4536:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (1971)
4354:
4323:Martin Dies Jr. State Park
4141:established in the 1890s,
3988:
3919:) female, Harris Co County
3688:Small-mouthed salamander (
3666:Syrrhophus cystignathoides
3621:) and the gray tree frog (
3082:Alligator mississippiensis
3032:Plestiodon septentrionalis
2943:), razorback musk turtle (
2883:Alligator mississippiensis
2678:Southern flying squirrel (
2479:), eastern spotted skunk (
2461:), Baird's pocket gopher (
2443:), nine-banded armadillo (
1237:Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
1109:), yellow fringed orchid (
935:), and mockernut hickory (
740:East Central Texas forests
697:
178:137,722 (in 2011)
163:October 11, 1974
8475:
8422:
8385:
8335:
8117:
7689:Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley
7647:
7638:
7611:
7578:
7545:
7434:National Wildlife Refuges
7432:
7414:
7393:National Recreation Areas
7391:
7368:
7355:Palo Alto Battlefield NHP
7335:National Historical Parks
7333:
7293:
7270:
7261:
7211:(1970) (educational film)
7127:October 30, 2019, at the
7122:Temple Big Thicket Series
7108:October 30, 2019, at the
7089:November 5, 2019, at the
7051:October 30, 2019, at the
7032:October 30, 2019, at the
6994:November 8, 2019, at the
6433:October 28, 2019, at the
6276:November 4, 2019, at the
6236:November 4, 2019, at the
6217:November 4, 2019, at the
6107:Cnemidophorus sexlineatus
5848:November 3, 2019, at the
5736:December 8, 2019, at the
5716:December 8, 2019, at the
5312:Ajilvsgi, Geyata (1979).
4836:Wells, Renee Hart (2018)
4653:McLeod, Claude A. (1972)
4622:Landrey, Wanda A. (1990)
4600:Landrey, Wanda A. (1976)
4206:Protected and public land
4196:Sam Houston State College
4040:; and to the east by the
3967:), female, Houston County
3762:Gastrophryne carolinensis
3722:Notophthalmus viridescens
3612:Lithobates sphenocephalus
3594:Gastrophryne carolinensis
3546:), and tiger salamander (
3510:), Gulf Coast water dog (
3495:Notophthalmus viridescens
3284:), Louisiana milk snake (
3200:), western ribbon snake (
2549:). In 1902 ornithologist
1885:Cephalanthus occidentalis
1876:), eastern hop-hornbean (
1664:) and resurrection fern (
1635:) and resurrection fern (
1542:). These and swamp titi (
1477:), and Texas sugarberry (
1168:), and southern red oak (
1097:), and small butterwort (
1049:), and grasses including
788:) and a variety of oaks (
347:University of Texas Press
192:
182:
174:
159:
151:
114:
104:
93:
37:
28:
23:
8322:Washington-on-the-Brazos
8297:San Jacinto Battleground
8277:Sabine Pass Battleground
7452:Attwater Prairie Chicken
7370:National Historic Trails
7360:San Antonio Missions NHP
7103:Village Creek State Park
7044:The Nature Conservancy,
6413:La Farge, Oliver (1956)
5809:January 3, 2018, at the
5766:(Accessed December 2019)
5668:Fritz, Edward C. (1993)
5224:Peacock, Howard (1994).
5043:History of Texas forests
4522:Fritz, Edward C. (1993)
4503:Paddling the Wild Neches
4487:Brock, Ronald G. (2022)
4459:Ajilvsgi, Geyata (1979)
4344:Village Creek State Park
3981:Cordulegaster sarracenia
3866:Cordulegaster sarracenia
3555:Desmognathus auriculatus
3410:Lampropeltis calligaster
3360:Diamondback watersnake (
3275:Lampropeltis calligaster
3020:Aspidoscelis sexlineatus
3011:), and prairie lizards (
2699:Corynorhinus rafinesquii
2518:Corynorhinus rafinesquii
2506:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
2421:North American megafauna
2402:
2373:Lance-leaved coreopsis (
2245:Ladies'-tresses orchid (
2101:
1940:) and prairie bluebell (
1920:Marysee Prairie Preserve
1852:) and the water tupelo (
1767:), and inland sea oats (
1732:Crataegus brachiacanthua
1667:Pleopeltis polypodioides
1638:Pleopeltis polypodioides
1612:species like burmannia (
1423:), and short-stem iris (
1031:) along with black gum (
917:), north blackjack oak (
818:) and bird-foot violet (
736:Texas Blackland Prairies
8410:Prairies and Pineywoods
8287:Samuel T. Rayburn House
8272:Point Isabel Lighthouse
7502:Lower Rio Grande Valley
7144:Big Thicket Association
6008:Dixon, James R. (2013)
5731:Climate, Kountze, Texas
5098:. National Park Service
4709:Peacock, Howard (1994)
4695:Peacock, Howard (1984)
4624:Boardin' in the Thicket
4593:Henley, Dempsie (1970)
3951:), male, Liberty County
3935:) male, Chambers County
3887:), male, Liberty County
3600:Lithobates catesbeianus
3579:), squirrel tree frog (
3534:), marbled salamander (
3364:) in San Jacinto County
3293:Pantherophis slowinskii
3287:Lampropeltis triangulum
3278:), speckled kingsnake (
3128:Three-toed box turtle (
3096:Razorback musk turtle (
2998:), broad-headed skinks
2916:Deirochelys reticularia
2907:), Sabine map turtles (
2791:Red-cockaded woodpecker
2774:ivory-billed woodpecker
2770:red-cockaded woodpecker
2714:Eastern spotted skunk (
2642:Nine-banded armadillo (
2551:Harry Church Oberholser
2449:), short-tailed shrew (
1952:), eastern gama-grass (
1897:Echinodorus cordifolius
1770:Chasmanthium latifolium
1729:), blueberry hawthorn (
1720:Liquidambar styraciflua
1468:Crataegus brachyacantha
1465:), blueberry hawthorn (
1384:Liquidambar styraciflua
1312:), crippled crane fly (
1306:), southern twayblade (
1297:Corallorhiza wisteriana
1198:), and American holly (
1177:Liquidambar styraciflua
1124:Pogonia ophioglossoides
1070:Schizachyrium scoparium
1067:, and little bluestem (
987:), and trailing phlox (
984:Thelesperma flavodiscum
871:) and Louisiana yucca (
827:Aristolochia reticulata
570:: The proximity to the
479:= Ecological analysis *
275:Counties, and parts of
8317:Varner–Hogg Plantation
8247:Mission Espiritu Santo
8227:Levi Jordan Plantation
8014:Mother Neff State Park
7829:Fort Parker State Park
6447:1001 Texas Place Names
6364:Atakapa-Ishak Nation,
6352:March 5, 2019, at the
5614:McLeod, C. A. (1972).
4433:Aubrey Wilson Mullican
4284:United States Congress
4220:
4169:
4096:
4017:
3979:Sarracenia spiketail (
3861:Somatochlora margarita
3780:) in Montgomery County
3706:Eurycea quadridigitata
3597:), American bullfrog (
3489:Eurycea quadridigitata
3458:Agkistrodon piscivorus
3442:Agkistrodon contortrix
3394:Pantherophis obsoletus
3342:Agkistrodon piscivorus
3336:Agkistrodon contortrix
3281:Lampropeltis holbrooki
3272:), prairie kingsnake (
3238:), and the tan racer (
3221:Pantherophis obsoletus
3162:Sceloporus consobrinus
3098:Sternotherus carinatus
3038:Plestiodon anthracinus
3014:Sceloporus consobrinus
2992:), five-lined skinks (
2980:Macrochelys temminckii
2946:Sternotherus carinatus
2934:Kinosternon flavescens
2589:U.S. Biological Survey
2476:Odocoileus virginianus
2473:), white-tailed deer (
2358:Centrosema virginianum
2301:Broad-leaf snoutbean (
1986:
1958:), and tall dropseed (
1923:
1906:) and sensitive fern (
1826:
1757:), Missouri ironweed (
1642:
1494:
1335:
1321:Triphora trianthophora
1294:), spring coral-root (
1243:Rhododendron canescens
1192:), southern magnolia (
1139:
1014:
990:Phlox nivalis texensis
878:
833:Aureolaria grandiflora
830:) and false foxglove (
800:) and American holly (
762:
715:
537:, a natural occurring
488:
364:
352:
8387:State Wildlife Trails
8162:Eisenhower Birthplace
7613:Other Protected Areas
7350:Lyndon B. Johnson NHP
7183:Cozine, James. 2004.
7176:Cozine, James. 1993.
7070:June 9, 2016, at the
6989:Huntsville State Park
6861:"Spindletop Oilfield"
6445:Tarpley, Fred (1980)
5828:July 1, 2020, at the
5790:July 3, 2020, at the
5762:July 9, 2021, at the
5381:"Big Thicket, Plants"
4489:The Thicket's Prodigy
4389:explanations include
4311:Huntsville State Park
4240:National Park Service
4209:
4167:
4090:
4084:, outlaws, and such.
4063:(1788–1836) received
4057:Jean Louis Berlandier
4011:
3883:Common green darner (
3516:), and lesser siren (
3492:), and central newt (
3486:), dwarf salamander (
3245:Nerodia erythrogaster
3215:Masticophis flagellum
3191:Heterodon platirhinos
3062:Hemidactylus turcicus
3026:Ophisaurus attenuatus
2952:Sternotherus odoratus
2940:Kinosternon subrubrum
2172:Onosmodium bejariense
2118:National Park Service
1984:
1955:Tripsacum dactyloides
1949:Sorghastrum avenaceum
1918:
1821:
1628:
1616:) and nodding-nixie (
1557:Decodon verticillatus
1489:
1330:
1291:Cypripedium calceolus
1133:
1091:), rush bladderwort (
1003:
975:), Hooker palafoxia (
965:), Carolina vervain (
947:) and loblolly pine (
866:
757:
722:On a larger scale of
701:
550:Sam Rayburn Reservoir
475:= Biological survey *
466:
362:
335:
218:National Park Service
187:National Park Service
136:30.54750°N 94.34000°W
8580:Yukon–Charley Rivers
8282:Sam Bell Maxey House
8119:State Historic Sites
8109:Wyler Aerial Tramway
8039:Palo Pinto Mountains
7457:Balcones Canyonlands
6347:Caddo Mounds History
6308:Abbott, John (2015)
6288:Abbott, John (2011)
5973:The Mammals of Texas
4758:Sitton, Thad (2008)
4473:Bowman, Bob (1990).
4179:Texas Forest Service
3669:), is native to the
3652:Lithobates areolatus
3646:Lithobates palustris
3606:Lithobates clamitans
3573:), green tree frog (
3543:Ambystoma talpoideum
3540:), mole salamander (
3507:Amphiuma tridactylum
3501:Amphiuma tridactylum
3146:Plestiodon fasciatus
3114:Graptemys sabinensis
3084:) in Chambers County
3080:American alligator (
3065:), are found there.
3044:Sceloporus olivaceus
2995:Plestiodon fasciatus
2910:Graptemys sabinensis
2645:Dasypus novemcinctus
2528:Conepatus leuconotus
2455:), American beaver (
2452:Blarina carolinensis
2446:Dasypus novemcinctus
2440:Didelphis virginiana
2376:Coreopsis lanceolata
2304:Rhynchosia latifolia
2283:Southern arrowwood (
2266:Heliotropium indicum
2233:) San Jacinto County
2226:Malvaviscus arboreus
1943:Eustoma grandiflorum
1927:Mixed-grass prairies
1861:Fraxinus caroliniana
1803:) and water tupelo (
1755:Spilanthes americana
1726:Fraxinus caroliniana
1661:Tillandsia usneoides
1590:) and bald cypress (
1408:Carpinus caroliniana
1343:Wisconsin glaciation
1318:), and three birds (
1303:Isotria verticillata
1300:), whorled pogonia (
1252:), and silver bell (
1195:Magnolia grandiflora
1134:Slope forest with a
1112:Platanthera ciliaris
978:Palafoxia hookeriana
962:Petalostemum griseum
546:B.A. Steinhagen Lake
307:on the east and the
8535:Little River Canyon
8510:Gates of the Arctic
8500:Craters of the Moon
8395:Great Texas Coastal
8327:Zaragoza Birthplace
8302:Sauer-Beckmann Farm
8172:Fannin Battleground
7929:Lake Corpus Christi
7809:Estero Llano Grande
7580:National Grasslands
7285:Guadalupe Mountains
6120:Phrynosoma cornutum
5785:Piney Woods forests
5700:Cozine (2004) p. x.
4415:Annette Gordon-Reed
3949:Orthemis ferruginea
3915:Needham's skimmer (
3901:Calopteryx maculata
3837:Orthemis ferruginea
3827:Calopteryx maculata
3764:) in Liberty County
3692:) in Liberty County
3634:Anaxyrus woodhousii
3588:Pseudacris crucifer
3531:Ambystoma maculatum
3460:) in Liberty County
3444:) in Liberty County
3428:) in Houston County
3424:Texas coral snake (
3408:Prairie kingsnake (
3396:) in Liberty County
3339:) and cottonmouth (
3314:Sistrurus miliarius
3227:Coluber constrictor
3203:Thamnophis proximus
3178:Anolis carolinensis
3148:) in Liberty County
3112:Sabine map turtle (
3050:Phrynosoma cornutum
3008:Scincella lateralis
3002:Plestiodon laticeps
2989:Anolis carolinensis
2974:Chelydra serpentina
2853:Nyctanassa violacea
2821:Tyrannus forficatus
2803:Bachman's sparrow (
2409:last glacial period
2319:Grass-pink orchid (
2002:Big Thicket gallery
1882:), and buttonbush (
1812:Bacopa rotundifolia
1765:Justicia lanceolata
1701:), swamp post oak (
1545:Cyrilla racemiflora
1529:Magnolia virginiana
1363:), cherrybark oak (
1282:), and wake-robin (
1261:Arisaema dracontium
1216:) and sugar maple (
1106:Calopogon tuberosus
920:Quercus marilandica
896:Yucca louisianensis
874:Yucca louisianensis
839:Pteridium aquilinum
183:Governing body
141:30.54750; -94.34000
132: /
8601:Geography of Texas
8575:Wrangell–St. Elias
8485:Bering Land Bridge
8242:Magoffin Homestead
8064:Resaca de la Palma
8009:Monahans Sandhills
7939:Lake Mineral Wells
7924:Lake Colorado City
7839:Franklin Mountains
7337:and Historic Sites
7295:National monuments
7170:2005-01-24 at the
6563:"Honey Island, TX"
5941:Taxodium distichum
5035:Environment portal
4895:Big Thicket Legacy
4838:Big Thicket Region
4737:Riggs, Rob (2001)
4540:. Jenkins 172 pp.
4421:George Glenn Jones
4409:Brian Philip Babin
4170:
4097:
4018:
3965:Libellula luctuosa
3917:Libellula needhami
3855:Libellula needhami
3832:sexually dimorphic
3821:Libellula needhami
3796:) in Hardin County
3748:) in Hardin County
3724:) in Walker County
3704:Dwarf salamander (
3585:), spring peeper (
3564:Incilius nebulifer
3549:Ambystoma tigrinum
3472:and 20 species of
3378:Opheodrys aestivus
3376:Rough greensnake (
3299:Pituophis ruthveni
3236:C. c. flaviventris
3209:Opheodrys aestivus
3164:) in Hardin County
3144:Five-lined skink (
3132:) in Walker County
3130:Terrapene carolina
3116:) in Orange County
3100:) in Hardin County
3005:), ground skinks (
2922:Terrapene carolina
2898:Pseudemys concinna
2855:) in Harris County
2823:) in Walker County
2805:Peucaea aestivalis
2717:Spilogale putorius
2593:Tarkington Prairie
2540:Leopardus pardalis
2485:), American mink (
2482:Spilogale putorius
2325:sp.), Tyler County
2208:Alophia drummondii
2193:sp.) Hardin County
2154:Erythrina herbacea
2140:Wildflower gallery
2134:carnivorous plants
2132:and four types of
2084:extirpated species
1987:
1937:Sorghastrum nutans
1924:
1909:Onoclea sensibilis
1903:Lobelia cardinalis
1849:Taxodium distichum
1839:Taxodium distichum
1827:
1800:Taxodium distichum
1760:Vernonia missurica
1707:), and cedar elm (
1692:Quercus laurifolia
1643:
1593:Taxodium distichum
1581:Berchemia scandens
1575:Vitis rotundifolia
1520:blackwater streams
1495:
1455:, relatively high
1432:Spiranthes odorata
1417:), southern iris (
1399:), and red maple (
1393:), water hickory (
1336:
1315:Tipularia discolor
1279:Monotropa uniflora
1231:Quercus laurifolia
1228:) and laurel oak (
1156:), loblolly pine (
1140:
1094:Utricularia juncea
1088:Drosera brevifolia
1085:), annual sundew (
1015:
956:Vaccinium arboreum
929:), black hickory (
914:Quercus margaretta
911:), sand post oak (
902:Opuntia macrorhiza
879:
815:Alophia drummondii
763:
489:
439:to the south, the
437:Beaumont Formation
365:
355:Physical geography
343:Big Thicket Legacy
8588:
8587:
8560:Tallgrass Prairie
8435:
8434:
8418:
8417:
8367:W. Goodrich Jones
8312:Starr Family Home
8237:Lyndon B. Johnson
8089:Stephen F. Austin
8084:South Llano River
7974:Martin Creek Lake
7651:and Natural Areas
7634:
7633:
7593:Lyndon B. Johnson
7159:Handbook of Texas
6896:Handbook of Texas
6865:Handbook of Texas
6834:Handbook of Texas
6830:"Lumber Industry"
6803:Handbook of Texas
6772:Handbook of Texas
6741:Handbook of Texas
6710:Handbook of Texas
6679:Handbook of Texas
6648:Handbook of Texas
6598:Handbook of Texas
6567:Handbook of Texas
6536:Handbook of Texas
6505:Handbook of Texas
6384:Handbook of Texas
6379:"Atakapa Indians"
6318:978-0-292-71448-9
6298:978-0-292-71449-6
6259:978-1-58544-570-7
6231:Park species list
6197:978-1-4214-0633-6
6095:978-0-8018-9121-2
5843:Plant Communities
5729:US Climate Data:
5561:978-1-5744-1214-7
5420:Handbook of Texas
5325:978-0-8909-6064-6
5237:978-0-8909-6596-2
4375:Light of Saratoga
4357:Light of Saratoga
4300:biosphere reserve
4276:national preserve
4061:Lorenzo de Zavala
4003:Alabama-Coushatta
3947:Roseate skimmer (
3899:Ebony jewelwing (
3736:East Texas toad (
3690:Ambystoma texanum
3677:Amphibian gallery
3671:Rio Grande Valley
3618:Hyla chrysoscelis
3483:Ambystoma texanum
3412:) in Tyler County
3392:Texas rat snake (
3380:) in Tyler County
3362:Nerodia rhombifer
3320:Crotalus horridus
3263:Nerodia cyclopion
3257:Nerodia rhombifer
2958:Apalone spinifera
2892:Trachemys scripta
2835:Painted bunting (
2735:Lontra canadensis
2663:Castor canadensis
2660:American beaver (
2494:Lontra canadensis
2458:Castor canadensis
2391:Short-stem iris (
2286:Viburnum dentatum
2251:sp.) Tyler County
1971:Triadica sebifera
1879:Ostrya virginiana
1797:). Bald cypress (
1779:) and water oak (
1738:Viburnum dentatum
1723:), Carolina ash (
1710:Ulmus crassifolia
1686:Quercus michauxii
1614:Burmannia biflora
1554:), water willow (
1474:Ulmus crassifolia
1435:), blue jasmine (
1354:Quercus michauxii
1309:Listera australis
1249:Cercis canadensis
1240:), hoary azalea (
1225:Quercus michauxii
1189:Fagus grandifolia
1118:Platanthera nivea
1115:), snowy orchid (
1100:Pinguicula pumila
981:), green-thread (
519:San Jacinto River
481:Dotted black line
441:Fleming Formation
309:San Jacinto River
297:Pine Island Bayou
291:on the east, the
257:Alabama–Coushatta
230:biosphere reserve
202:
201:
105:Nearest city
59:Show map of Texas
8648:
8520:Great Sand Dunes
8462:
8455:
8448:
8439:
8438:
8405:Panhandle Plains
8357:John Henry Kirby
8217:Kreische Brewery
8142:Battleship TEXAS
8059:Ray Roberts Lake
8044:Pedernales Falls
8034:Palo Duro Canyon
7984:Matagorda Island
7909:Lake Bob Sandlin
7844:Galveston Island
7645:
7644:
7547:National Forests
7268:
7267:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7221:
7220:
7131:
7118:
7112:
7099:
7093:
7080:
7074:
7061:
7055:
7042:
7036:
7023:
7017:
7004:
6998:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6918:
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6909:
6907:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6675:"Kirbyville, TX"
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6639:
6633:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6589:
6583:
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6496:
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6483:
6477:
6463:
6457:
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6437:
6424:
6418:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6343:
6337:
6326:
6320:
6306:
6300:
6286:
6280:
6267:
6261:
6247:
6241:
6227:
6221:
6208:
6199:
6185:
6179:
6165:
6159:
6145:
6136:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6057:
6051:
6037:
6020:
6018:978-160344-734-8
6006:
5983:
5969:
5952:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5903:
5889:
5852:
5839:
5833:
5820:
5814:
5801:
5795:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5767:
5754:
5741:
5727:
5721:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5680:
5666:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5545:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5410:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5342:
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5339:
5337:
5309:
5242:
5241:
5221:
5168:
5167:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5062:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5016:
4371:mysterious light
4288:Ralph Yarborough
4218:
4192:Ralph Yarborough
4187:national forests
4130:Great Depression
4126:John Henry Kirby
4102:Henry J. Lutcher
4094:
4078:Confederate Army
4023:
4014:Texas Revolution
3976:
3960:
3944:
3933:Celithemis elisa
3931:Calico pennant (
3928:
3912:
3896:
3880:
3849:Celithemis elisa
3792:Green treefrog (
3789:
3773:
3757:
3738:Anaxyrus velatus
3733:
3717:
3708:) in Polk County
3701:
3685:
3661:invasive species
3640:Anaxyrus fowleri
3629:Anaxyrus velatus
3603:), bronze frog (
3570:Acris blanchardi
3537:Ambystoma opacum
3519:Siren intermedia
3453:
3437:
3421:
3405:
3389:
3373:
3357:
3305:Geomys breviceps
3269:Farancia abacura
3251:Nerodia fasciata
3240:C. c. etheridgei
3194:), brown snake (
3180:) in Polk County
3173:
3160:Prairie lizard (
3157:
3141:
3125:
3109:
3093:
3077:
2928:Terrapene ornata
2864:
2848:
2832:
2816:
2800:
2788:
2747:
2729:
2711:
2693:
2681:Glaucomys volans
2675:
2657:
2639:
2602:Myocastor coypus
2567:Ursus americanus
2543:), and jaguars (
2491:), river otter (
2470:Glaucomys volans
2464:Geomys breviceps
2394:Iris brevicaulis
2388:
2379:), Hardin County
2370:
2352:
2340:Sarracenia alata
2334:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2269:) Liberty County
2260:
2242:
2220:
2205:Pinewoods lily (
2202:
2184:
2169:False gromwell (
2166:
2148:
2122:flowering plants
2088:invasive species
2065:
2053:
2038:
2026:
2010:
1976:invasive species
1961:Sporobolus asper
1891:Saururus cernuus
1870:), river birch (
1867:Planera aquatica
1794:Penstemon tenuis
1788:Eryngium hookeri
1695:), overcup oak (
1599:Nymphaea odorata
1480:Celtis laevigata
1462:Maclura pomifera
1426:Iris brevicaulis
1414:Iris pseudacorus
1369:), and red oak (
1285:Trillium gracile
1276:), Indian pipe (
1180:) and blackgum (
1082:Sarracenia alata
1010:Sarracenia alata
967:Stylodon carneus
926:Quercus stellata
848:fire suppression
713:
662:, Rockland, and
477:Solid black line
473:Light green area
375:, predominantly
350:
253:Native Americans
220:established the
170:
168:
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
85:
79:
78:
72:
60:
54:
53:
47:
33:
21:
20:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8545:New River Gorge
8471:
8466:
8436:
8431:
8414:
8381:
8338:
8331:
8307:Seminole Canyon
8257:Mission Rosario
8252:Mission Dolores
8113:
7994:McKinney Roughs
7979:Martin Dies Jr.
7964:Longhorn Cavern
7944:Lake Somerville
7934:Lake Livingston
7899:Kickapoo Cavern
7869:Guadalupe River
7794:Dinosaur Valley
7779:Davis Mountains
7729:Caprock Canyons
7650:
7630:
7607:
7598:McClellan Creek
7574:
7541:
7492:Laguna Atascosa
7428:
7410:
7387:
7364:
7336:
7329:
7296:
7289:
7257:
7251:Protected areas
7248:
7172:Wayback Machine
7140:
7135:
7134:
7129:Wayback Machine
7119:
7115:
7110:Wayback Machine
7100:
7096:
7091:Wayback Machine
7081:
7077:
7072:Wayback Machine
7062:
7058:
7053:Wayback Machine
7043:
7039:
7034:Wayback Machine
7024:
7020:
7015:Wayback Machine
7005:
7001:
6996:Wayback Machine
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6940:
6938:
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6748:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6644:"Lumberton, TX"
6640:
6636:
6624:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6594:"Sour Lake, TX"
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6480:
6464:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6435:Wayback Machine
6425:
6421:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6354:Wayback Machine
6344:
6340:
6327:
6323:
6307:
6303:
6287:
6283:
6278:Wayback Machine
6268:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6238:Wayback Machine
6228:
6224:
6219:Wayback Machine
6209:
6202:
6186:
6182:
6166:
6162:
6146:
6139:
6130:
6126:
6117:
6113:
6104:
6100:
6088:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6058:
6054:
6048:Wayback Machine
6038:
6023:
6007:
5986:
5970:
5955:
5949:Wayback Machine
5936:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5906:
5900:Wayback Machine
5890:
5855:
5850:Wayback Machine
5840:
5836:
5830:Wayback Machine
5821:
5817:
5811:Wayback Machine
5802:
5798:
5792:Wayback Machine
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5764:Wayback Machine
5755:
5744:
5738:Wayback Machine
5728:
5724:
5718:Wayback Machine
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5627:
5623:
5612:
5601:
5590:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5464:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5411:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5310:
5245:
5238:
5222:
5171:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5003:
4442:
4399:
4359:
4353:
4219:
4216:
4208:
4135:lumber industry
4069:David G. Burnet
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3963:Widow skimmer (
3961:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3897:
3888:
3881:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3778:Hyla versicolor
3776:Gray treefrog (
3774:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3734:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3624:Hyla versicolor
3513:Necturus beyeri
3461:
3454:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3358:
3197:Storeria dekayi
3181:
3174:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3069:Reptile gallery
2872:
2869:Eudocimus albus
2865:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2837:Passerina ciris
2833:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2531:), red wolves (
2405:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2355:Butterfly pea (
2353:
2344:
2343:), Tyler County
2337:Pitcher plant (
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2289:), Tyler County
2281:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2211:) Hardin County
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2175:) Walker County
2167:
2158:
2149:
2114:prescribed burn
2109:Pinus palustris
2104:
2076:vagrant species
2069:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2027:
2018:
2015:Pinus palustris
2013:Longleaf pine (
2011:
1931:coastal prairie
1894:) and burhead (
1750:Sabal louisiana
1704:Quercus similis
1689:), laurel oak (
1619:Apteria aphylla
1563:Persea borbonia
1551:Myrica cerifera
1438:Clematis crispa
1390:Nyssa sylvatica
1372:Quercus falcata
1360:Quercus phellos
1357:), willow oak (
1255:Halesia diptera
1183:Nyssa sylvatica
1171:Quercus falcata
1034:Nyssa sylvatica
1028:Pinus palustris
944:Pinus palustris
938:Carya tomentosa
869:Pinus palustris
857:Pinus elliottii
779:Pinus palustris
720:
714:
708:
700:
590:
588:Human geography
554:Lake Livingston
469:Dark green area
357:
351:
341:
334:
210:Southeast Texas
167:1974-October-11
166:
164:
140:
138:
134:
131:
126:
123:
121:
119:
118:
98:Southeast Texas
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
56:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8654:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8570:Valles Caldera
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8465:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8442:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8400:Heart of Texas
8397:
8391:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8352:I.D. Fairchild
8349:
8343:
8341:
8339:and Arboretums
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8202:Fulton Mansion
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8182:Fort Lancaster
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8132:Admiral Nimitz
8129:
8123:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8104:Walter Umphrey
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8049:Possum Kingdom
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:Mustang Island
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7989:McKinney Falls
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7914:Lake Brownwood
7911:
7906:
7904:Lake Arrowhead
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7814:Fairfield Lake
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7694:Big Bend Ranch
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7655:
7653:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7345:Fort Davis NHS
7341:
7339:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7276:
7274:
7272:National Parks
7265:
7259:
7258:
7247:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7181:
7174:
7162:
7151:
7146:
7139:
7138:External links
7136:
7133:
7132:
7113:
7094:
7075:
7056:
7037:
7018:
6999:
6980:
6948:
6913:
6882:
6851:
6820:
6789:
6758:
6727:
6696:
6665:
6634:
6615:
6584:
6553:
6522:
6491:
6478:
6458:
6438:
6419:
6406:
6369:
6357:
6338:
6321:
6301:
6281:
6262:
6242:
6222:
6200:
6180:
6160:
6137:
6124:
6111:
6098:
6079:
6052:
6021:
5984:
5953:
5939:Bald Cypress (
5930:
5918:
5904:
5853:
5834:
5815:
5796:
5777:
5768:
5742:
5722:
5702:
5693:
5681:
5656:
5621:
5599:
5579:
5560:
5481:
5462:
5442:
5398:
5372:
5343:
5324:
5243:
5236:
5169:
5134:
5109:
5087:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5024:
5008:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4986:
4984:978-1574412147
4965:
4943:
4913:
4891:
4857:
4856:
4854:978-1540235893
4834:
4832:978-0292781344
4820:
4818:978-1603442008
4806:
4804:978-0292717824
4784:
4782:978-0292777262
4770:
4768:978-0806139647
4756:
4749:
4735:
4733:978-0890960615
4721:
4707:
4693:
4691:978-0914832041
4679:
4677:978-1492785460
4658:
4651:
4649:978-1585440597
4637:
4634:
4632:978-0929398075
4620:
4618:978-1571684929
4598:
4591:
4589:978-1516827497
4570:
4548:
4546:978-0856990441
4534:
4520:
4513:
4511:978-1585444960
4499:
4485:
4483:978-1878096128
4471:
4457:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4403:John Alexander
4398:
4397:Notable people
4395:
4379:Kaiser Burnout
4355:Main article:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4292:Charles Wilson
4224:Kountze, Texas
4217:Howard Peacock
4214:
4207:
4204:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3873:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3720:Eastern newt (
3719:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3582:Hyla squirella
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3426:Micrurus tener
3423:
3416:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3326:Micrurus tener
3232:C. c. anthicus
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3070:
2964:Apalone mutica
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2631:Mammal gallery
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:), Polk County
2354:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:), Polk County
2300:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:) Tyler County
2150:
2143:
2141:
2103:
2100:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1864:), water elm (
1855:Nyssa aquatica
1830:Cypress slough
1823:Cypress slough
1806:Nyssa aquatica
1698:Quercus lyrata
1569:Itea virginica
1471:), cedar elm (
1420:Iris virginica
1396:Carya aquatica
1378:Quercus lyrata
1366:Quercus pagoda
1219:Acer saccharum
1162:), white oak (
1153:Pinus echinata
972:Verbena carnea
908:Quercus incana
797:Cornus florida
785:Pinus echinata
719:
716:
706:
699:
696:
589:
586:
572:Gulf of Mexico
548:(1947–53) and
539:brackish water
485:Solid red line
356:
353:
339:
333:
330:
238:temperate zone
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
116:
112:
111:
109:Kountze, Texas
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
74:
73:
67:
66:
65:
64:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8653:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8463:
8458:
8456:
8451:
8449:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8337:State Forests
8334:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8262:Monument Hill
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8192:Fort McKavett
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8099:Village Creek
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8004:Mission Tejas
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7949:Lake Tawakoni
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7764:Copper Breaks
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7754:Colorado Bend
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7560:Davy Crockett
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7537:Trinity River
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7406:Lake Meredith
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7297:and memorials
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7240:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:1-57441-175-6
7190:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6984:
6965:
6958:
6952:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6737:"Kountze, TX"
6731:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6706:"Silsbee, TX"
6700:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6632:
6631:0-934213-48-8
6628:
6622:
6620:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6475:0-87611-044-8
6472:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6455:0-292-76015-9
6452:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6334:0-87049-248-9
6331:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6207:
6205:
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6064:. USA Today.
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5463:1-57441-175-6
5459:
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5430:
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5421:
5416:
5415:"Big Thicket"
5409:
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4963:9781574411751
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4955:1-57441-175-6
4952:
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4941:9781574415353
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4911:9781574411560
4908:
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4497:9798986514406
4494:
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4469:0-89096-064-X
4466:
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4455:9781622880287
4452:
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4383:conquistadors
4380:
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4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:company towns
4103:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:central Texas
4027:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:Atakapa-Ishak
3996:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3922:
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3795:
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3772:
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3732:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3655:) which is a
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3614:
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3608:
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3596:
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3509:
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3502:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3456:Cottonmouth (
3452:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3349:Snake gallery
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3176:Green anole (
3172:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:Anolis sagrei
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:River otter (
2728:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:South America
2604:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2546:Panthera onca
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:), gray fox (
2502:
2501:
2500:Canis latrans
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:Mustela vison
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2397:) Polk County
2396:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2342:
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2328:
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2315:
2310:
2306:
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2297:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:Rose mallow (
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:Sphagnum bogs
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:Quercus nigra
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:Nyssa biflora
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:Ilex coriacea
1536:berry holly (
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Trinity River
1446:
1445:
1444:Nuphar luteum
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:), blackgum (
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:Quercus nigra
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:A. triphyllum
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1143:Slope forests
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:Pine savannah
1002:
998:
996:
995:Atakapa-Ishak
992:
991:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
973:
968:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
927:
923:), post oak (
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
891:
887:
883:
876:
875:
870:
865:
861:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
774:
771:
767:
760:
759:Longleaf pine
756:
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
712:
705:
695:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
629:Village Mills
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:(6,611), and
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Trinity River
512:
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
459:
458:
453:
452:
446:
442:
438:
433:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
409:
404:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
361:
348:
344:
338:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:on the west,
294:
293:Trinity River
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Hardin County
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
71:
46:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
8555:Oregon Caves
8494:
8222:Landmark Inn
8177:Fort Griffin
8167:Fanthorp Inn
8152:Casa Navarro
8147:Caddo Mounds
8079:Sheldon Lake
8054:Purtis Creek
7954:Lake Whitney
7889:Indian Lodge
7859:Goose Island
7769:Daingerfield
7744:Choke Canyon
7620:
7517:Neches River
7497:Little Sandy
7472:Buffalo Lake
7208:
7157:
7116:
7097:
7078:
7059:
7040:
7021:
7002:
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6951:
6939:. Retrieved
6933:(2): 57–71.
6930:
6926:
6916:
6906:November 11,
6904:. Retrieved
6895:
6885:
6875:November 18,
6873:. Retrieved
6864:
6854:
6844:November 18,
6842:. Retrieved
6833:
6823:
6813:November 11,
6811:. Retrieved
6802:
6799:"Diboll, TX"
6792:
6782:November 11,
6780:. Retrieved
6771:
6761:
6751:November 11,
6749:. Retrieved
6740:
6730:
6720:November 11,
6718:. Retrieved
6709:
6699:
6689:November 11,
6687:. Retrieved
6678:
6668:
6658:November 11,
6656:. Retrieved
6647:
6637:
6608:November 11,
6606:. Retrieved
6597:
6587:
6577:November 14,
6575:. Retrieved
6566:
6556:
6546:November 14,
6544:. Retrieved
6535:
6525:
6515:November 14,
6513:. Retrieved
6504:
6494:
6486:
6481:
6466:
6461:
6446:
6441:
6422:
6414:
6409:
6399:November 11,
6397:. Retrieved
6382:
6372:
6360:
6341:
6324:
6309:
6304:
6289:
6284:
6265:
6250:
6245:
6225:
6188:
6183:
6168:
6163:
6148:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6070:. Retrieved
6055:
6009:
5972:
5940:
5933:
5921:
5837:
5818:
5799:
5780:
5771:
5725:
5705:
5696:
5669:
5649:December 22,
5647:. Retrieved
5641:(1): 42–51.
5638:
5634:
5624:
5615:
5593:
5572:November 12,
5570:. Retrieved
5550:
5472:. Retrieved
5452:
5445:
5435:November 11,
5433:. Retrieved
5418:
5391:December 22,
5389:. Retrieved
5375:
5363:. Retrieved
5336:November 11,
5334:. Retrieved
5314:
5226:
5150:(1): 37–42.
5147:
5143:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:
5112:
5100:. Retrieved
5090:
5073:. Retrieved
5021:Texas portal
5002:
4989:
4968:
4946:
4935:, Paperback
4916:
4894:
4872:
4861:
4858:
4837:
4823:
4809:
4787:
4773:
4759:
4752:
4738:
4724:
4710:
4696:
4682:
4661:
4654:
4640:
4623:
4601:
4594:
4573:
4551:
4537:
4523:
4516:
4502:
4488:
4474:
4460:
4446:
4440:Bibliography
4381:, long-dead
4360:
4296:Bob Eckhardt
4262:, Polk, and
4221:
4210:
4183:
4171:
4157:(1889), and
4098:
4054:
4042:Sabine River
4038:Brazos River
4019:
3992:
3980:
3964:
3948:
3932:
3916:
3900:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3794:Hyla cinerea
3793:
3777:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3721:
3705:
3689:
3664:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3576:Hyla cinerea
3574:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3441:
3440:Copperhead (
3425:
3409:
3393:
3377:
3361:
3340:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3161:
3145:
3129:
3113:
3097:
3081:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2972:
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2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:White ibis (
2852:
2836:
2820:
2804:
2780:Bird gallery
2761:
2760:
2751:
2733:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2661:
2643:
2621:pseudorabies
2610:
2600:
2598:
2586:
2565:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2537:), ocelots (
2532:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2406:
2392:
2374:
2356:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2284:
2264:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2152:
2151:Coral bean (
2107:
2105:
2072:
2014:
1989:
1988:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1873:Betula nigra
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:ox-bow lakes
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1560:), red bay (
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1532:) and sweet
1527:
1523:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1213:Quercus alba
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1165:Quercus alba
1163:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1064:Muhlenbergia
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1040:Rhynchospora
1038:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1008:
988:
982:
976:
970:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
932:Carya texana
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
881:
880:
872:
868:
855:
837:
831:
825:
821:Viola pedata
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
765:
764:
721:
710:
704:hurry-place.
702:
691:
690:
675:
668:
637:
617:Honey Island
592:
591:
567:
566:
558:Lake Houston
511:Sabine River
506:Neches River
501:
500:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
455:
449:
422:
421:
373:Cenozoic Era
367:
366:
342:
336:
305:Sabine River
289:Neches River
262:
251:
225:
221:
205:
203:
18:
8515:Glacier Bay
8495:Big Thicket
8490:Big Cypress
8347:E.O. Siecke
8232:Lipantitlan
8212:Hueco Tanks
8187:Fort Leaton
7759:Cooper Lake
7714:Brazos Bend
7649:State Parks
7603:Rita Blanca
7570:Sam Houston
7532:Texas Point
7522:San Bernard
7154:Big Thicket
6973:October 24,
6941:October 24,
6072:October 25,
5927:Clayey Flat
5365:October 23,
5127:December 2,
5075:October 24,
4427:Margo Jones
4367:ghost story
4200:Gerald Ford
4034:Nacogdoches
3885:Anax junius
3843:Anax junius
3470:salamanders
3466:Amphibians:
2969:Chelydridae
2625:swine fever
2617:brucellosis
2534:Canis rufus
2509:), bobcat (
2497:), coyote (
2407:During the
1966:mima mounds
1776:Pinus taeda
1744:Sabal minor
1651:Sabal minor
1632:Sabal minor
1610:saprophytic
1605:Utricularia
1402:Acer rubrum
1339:Floodplains
1332:Floodplains
1267:A. quinatum
1246:), redbud (
1207:Pinus taeda
1159:Pinus taeda
950:Pinus taeda
728:Piney Woods
650:(757), and
562:Lake Conroe
560:(1953) and
535:Sabine Lake
523:oxbow lakes
403:glaciations
385:Pleistocene
285:San Jacinto
214:Piney Woods
206:Big Thicket
139: /
115:Coordinates
8595:Categories
8530:Lake Clark
8292:San Felipe
8069:San Angelo
8024:Old Tunnel
7884:Huntsville
7824:Fort Boggy
7799:Eisenhower
7774:Davis Hill
7734:Cedar Hill
7724:Caddo Lake
7699:Big Spring
7477:Caddo Lake
7424:Rio Grande
5049:References
4998:157441318X
4977:1574412140
4933:1574411608
4903:157441156X
4889:157441142X
4846:1540235890
4796:0292717822
4747:1944529519
4705:0316695831
4670:1492785466
4610:1571684921
4582:151682749X
4560:0929398521
4387:paranormal
4351:Ghost Road
4143:Kirbyville
4110:Spindletop
4082:Jayhawkers
4065:empresario
3742:woodhousii
2753:Lynx rufus
2612:Sus scrofa
2523:extirpated
2512:Lynx rufus
2417:extinction
2263:Turnsole (
2248:Spiranthes
2230:drummondii
1995:calcareous
1676:calcareous
1526:magnolia (
1506:blackwater
1453:calcareous
1201:Ilex opaca
1136:blackwater
1052:Andropogon
882:Sandylands
844:pyrophytic
809:Andropogon
803:Ilex opaca
744:ecosystems
718:Ecosystems
671:Livingston
644:Colmesneil
603:(12,448),
593:Population
582:heat index
577:hurricanes
525:, wetland
492:Topography
457:mesophytic
432:soil types
417:Quaternary
395:formations
313:Montgomery
267:, most of
246:ecosystems
242:ecosystems
160:Authorized
127:94°20′24″W
124:30°32′51″N
8480:Aniakchak
8362:Masterson
8267:Penn Farm
7894:Inks Lake
7674:Balmorhea
7527:Santa Ana
7462:Big Boggy
4391:swamp gas
4252:Jefferson
4212:callings.
4139:Lumberton
4073:Sour Lake
3657:fossorial
3525:Ambystoma
3331:fossorial
2877:Reptiles:
2322:Calopogon
2223:Turkcap (
2096:taxonomic
2092:migratory
1990:Roadsides
1680:vertisols
1656:epiphytes
890:silicious
770:plinthite
652:Woodville
609:Sour Lake
601:Lumberton
584:numbers.
502:Hydrology
413:Oligocene
332:Geography
8565:Timucuan
8029:Palmetto
7999:Meridian
7959:Lockhart
7749:Cleburne
7719:Buescher
7555:Angelina
7512:Muleshoe
7507:McFaddin
7487:Hagerman
7467:Brazoria
7280:Big Bend
7168:Archived
7125:Archived
7106:Archived
7087:Archived
7068:Archived
7049:Archived
7030:Archived
7011:Archived
6992:Archived
6964:Archived
6935:Archived
6900:Archived
6869:Archived
6838:Archived
6807:Archived
6776:Archived
6745:Archived
6714:Archived
6683:Archived
6652:Archived
6602:Archived
6571:Archived
6540:Archived
6509:Archived
6431:Archived
6393:Archived
6350:Archived
6274:Archived
6234:Archived
6215:Archived
6066:Archived
6044:Archived
5945:Archived
5896:Archived
5846:Archived
5826:Archived
5807:Archived
5788:Archived
5760:Archived
5734:Archived
5714:Archived
5643:Archived
5566:Archived
5468:Archived
5429:Archived
5385:Archived
5359:Archived
5330:Archived
5164:85602718
5007:See also
4363:Saratoga
4228:Beaumont
4215:—
4161:(1894).
4153:(1882),
4114:Gulf Oil
4050:Beaumont
3809:Insects:
2839:), Texas
2750:Bobcat (
2435:Mammals:
2190:Hibiscus
1715:dominant
1672:alluvium
1510:baygalls
1498:Baygalls
1076:Sphagnum
1058:Aristida
1018:Savannas
852:clearcut
749:ecotones
707:—
678:Beaumont
656:Doucette
621:Saratoga
527:savannas
496:wetlands
408:alluvial
389:Holocene
381:Pliocene
368:Geology:
340:—
175:Visitors
94:Location
8074:Sea Rim
7684:Bastrop
7669:Atlanta
7659:Abilene
7447:Aransas
7442:Anahuac
7401:Amistad
7263:Federal
7213:on the
7156:in the
6428:website
6366:website
5474:May 30,
5102:May 14,
4278:in the
4272:Florida
4256:Liberty
4230:via US
4151:Kountze
4147:Silsbee
4046:Liberty
3989:History
3816:Odonata
3802:Fishes:
3746:fowleri
3186:Snakes:
2605:) from
2429:vagrant
2130:orchids
2080:extinct
1834:in part
1608:), and
1502:in part
1491:Baygall
1046:Scleria
1022:hardpan
886:hardpan
791:Quercus
773:hardpan
766:Uplands
698:Biology
692:Economy
686:Houston
682:Liberty
664:Spurger
646:(596),
642:(312),
640:Chester
625:Thicket
605:Silsbee
597:Kountze
568:Climate
542:estuary
531:baygall
451:edaphic
377:Miocene
321:Trinity
281:Liberty
193:Website
165: (
8550:Noatak
8540:Mojave
8525:Katmai
8505:Denali
8207:Goliad
7854:Goliad
7849:Garner
7819:Falcon
7709:Bonham
7704:Blanco
7565:Sabine
7482:Grulla
7191:
6629:
6473:
6453:
6332:
6316:
6296:
6257:
6195:
6175:
6155:
6093:
6016:
5979:
5676:
5558:
5460:
5322:
5234:
5162:
5069:(XLSX)
4996:
4982:
4975:
4961:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4909:
4901:
4887:
4879:
4852:
4844:
4830:
4816:
4802:
4794:
4780:
4766:
4745:
4731:
4717:
4703:
4689:
4675:
4668:
4647:
4630:
4616:
4608:
4587:
4580:
4566:
4558:
4544:
4530:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4467:
4453:
4304:UNESCO
4260:Orange
4248:Jasper
4159:Diboll
4155:Camden
4122:Texaco
4120:, and
4118:Humble
2762:Birds:
2623:, and
2559:Conroe
2555:Jasper
2413:biomes
1713:) are
648:Warren
631:, and
613:Batson
529:, and
423:Soils:
399:strata
387:, and
349:, 1977
325:Walker
323:, and
317:Newton
301:Eocene
277:Jasper
271:, and
234:UNESCO
100:, U.S.
8127:Acton
8094:Tyler
7640:State
7588:Caddo
7255:Texas
6967:(PDF)
6960:(PDF)
5160:S2CID
4264:Tyler
3478:toads
3474:frogs
2766:birds
2403:Fauna
2228:var.
2126:ferns
2102:Flora
1646:Flats
1147:mesic
633:Votaw
427:soils
392:Epoch
273:Tyler
7189:ISBN
6975:2015
6943:2015
6908:2021
6877:2019
6846:2019
6815:2021
6784:2021
6753:2021
6722:2021
6691:2021
6660:2021
6627:ISBN
6610:2021
6579:2019
6548:2019
6517:2019
6471:ISBN
6451:ISBN
6401:2021
6330:ISBN
6314:ISBN
6294:ISBN
6255:ISBN
6212:Fish
6193:ISBN
6173:ISBN
6153:ISBN
6091:ISBN
6074:2015
6014:ISBN
5977:ISBN
5674:ISBN
5651:2019
5574:2021
5556:ISBN
5476:2016
5458:ISBN
5437:2021
5393:2019
5367:2019
5338:2021
5320:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5129:2019
5104:2012
5077:2015
4994:ISBN
4980:ISBN
4973:ISBN
4959:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4929:ISBN
4921:ISBN
4907:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4850:ISBN
4842:ISBN
4828:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4800:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4743:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4715:ISBN
4701:ISBN
4687:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4666:ISBN
4645:ISBN
4628:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4606:ISBN
4585:ISBN
4578:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4556:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4528:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4479:ISBN
4465:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4294:and
4095:1903
3476:and
2124:and
2082:and
1534:gall
1043:and
738:and
660:Fred
425:The
283:and
269:Polk
226:BTNP
204:The
152:Area
7253:of
5152:doi
5148:164
4302:by
4270:in
4236:287
4032:to
3740:or
1524:bay
1483:).
1127:).
232:by
8597::
6931:31
6929:.
6925:.
6894:.
6863:.
6832:.
6801:.
6770:.
6739:.
6708:.
6677:.
6646:.
6618:^
6596:.
6565:.
6534:.
6503:.
6391:.
6387:.
6381:.
6203:^
6140:^
6082:^
6024:^
5987:^
5956:^
5907:^
5856:^
5745:^
5684:^
5659:^
5639:42
5637:.
5633:.
5602:^
5582:^
5564:.
5484:^
5466:.
5427:.
5423:.
5417:.
5401:^
5346:^
5328:.
5246:^
5172:^
5158:.
5146:.
5120:.
5057:^
4957:,
4927:,
4905:,
4883:,
4848:,
4798:,
4612:,
4562:,
4258:,
4254:,
4250:,
4242:,
4232:69
4202:.
4181:.
4116:,
4093:c.
4080:,
4022:c.
3744:×
2619:,
2561:.
2423:.
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