807:
855:
843:
1062:
871:
831:
172:
819:
111:
130:
314:
734:. Its coloration is a deep, metallic violet to purplish brown above and creamy white below. This color rapidly fades to a dull gray after death. Most bigeye threshers are 3.3β4.0 m (10.8β13.1 ft) long and weigh 160 kg (350 lb). The largest known bigeye thresher measured 4.9 m (16 ft) long and weighed 364 kg (802 lb), and was caught near Tutukaka,
715:, giving it a "helmet"-like appearance. The snout is moderately long and bulbous, and there are no labial furrows at the corners of the mouth. The teeth are moderately large with a single, narrow cusp. There are 19β24 teeth in the upper jaw and 20β24 teeth in the lower jaw; their shapes are similar in both jaws. There are large and small
1073:
operated by many countries, including the United States, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, and Mexico, and constitutes about 10% of the pelagic shark catch. The bigeye thresher comprises 20% of the longline catch off Cuba, where it is attracted at night using cyalume sticks (chemical lights). It is also
997:
that prevents the uterine wall from being abraded by the embryo's sharp dermal denticles; this has not been observed in the young of other thresher sharks. The young measure 1.35β1.4 m (4.4β4.6 ft) long at birth. Males mature at a length around 2.7β2.9 m (8.9β9.5 ft) and at an age
754:
where the temperature ranges from 6 to 12 Β°C (43 to 54 Β°F), and ascending above it to water less than 100 m (330 ft) deep during nighttime. This migration likely relates to finding prey at night and avoiding predators during the day. The sharks' daytime swimming patterns are
1026:
needle and reported finding a temperature elevation of 1.8 and 4.3 Β°C (35.2 and 39.7 Β°F) compared to the ambient environment. However, an anatomical examination conducted by
Sepulveda et al. in 2005 found that though the bigeye thresher possesses the
1044:
to the water. Based on these differences, the authors questioned earlier measurements and concluded it was unlikely that the bigeye thresher maintains an elevated body temperature. The bigeye thresher does possess a highly developed rete system around its
690:
of 16β25 Β°C (61β77 Β°F), but have been tracked as far down as 723 m (2,372 ft), where the temperature is only 5 Β°C (41 Β°F). Little is known of their geographical movements; one individual has been documented moving from
1031:
red muscles responsible for generating heat in the common thresher, these muscles are arranged in two strips along the flanks just beneath the skin, as opposed to near the core of the body. There is also no blood vessel
1211:
Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019).
746:
The size and upward orientation of the bigeye thresher's eyes are adapted to search for the silhouettes of prey in dim light. This species is one of a handful of shark species that conducts a
2457:
707:
The eyes of the bigeye thresher can measure up to 10 cm (3.9 in) across in adults. Each eye is taller than wide, with a bulbous upper portion. The orbits extend onto the
806:
1002:
of this species is believed to be 19 years for a male and 20 years for a female. A female bigeye thresher is estimated to produce only 20 young over her entire life.
945:), suggesting that these sharks follow concentrations of their prey from place to place. It is said that the bigeye thresher uses its long tail to smack down birds.
478:. However, Lowe's description was subsequently overlooked by researchers and this species was known by different names until the 1940s, when new specimens from
371:, found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide. Like the other thresher sharks, nearly half its total length consists of the elongated upper lobe of the
711:
surface of the head, allowing the eyes to orient upwards. There are also a pair of distinctive lateral grooves that extend from above the eyes to over the
985:, in which they consume infertile eggs produced by their mother (and possibly also uterine fluid). There is no evidence of sibling cannibalism as in the
929:, and possibly crab megalopae. They likely use their long tails to stun their prey prior to capture, as they are often found hooked by their tails on
1053:
against temperature changes during the shark's daily migrations up and down the water column, which can be as much as 15β16 Β°C (59β61 Β°F).
1133:(IGFA), and is pursued by recreational anglers off the United States, South Africa, and New Zealand. The bigeye thresher is highly susceptible to
2509:
1632:
Dailey, 1969 (Cestoda: Litobothriidea) from thresher sharks in the Gulf of
California, Mexico, with redescriptions of two species in the genus".
1146:
447:
383:
that allow them to be rotated upward. This species can also be distinguished by a pair of deep grooves on the top of its head, from which its
2561:
1449:
spp.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences". MSc thesis. Moss
Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University.
993:). Unborn embryos are similar in appearance to adults, with proportionally larger heads and eyes. They are covered with a thin layer of
2749:
1149:(IUCN) in 2007. In New Zealand, the Department of Conservation has classified the bigeye thresher shark as "Not Threatened" under the
2679:
722:
Up to half the body length is taken up by the long upper lobe of the caudal fin, which is broader than in other threshers. The large
2483:
1150:
1069:
The bigeye thresher shark is rarely encountered by divers underwater and poses no danger. This species is or was taken by longline
2522:
2769:
2709:
414:. This species feeds mainly on fish and squid, which are stunned via whip-like strikes of the long tail. Bigeye threshers are
2597:
1912:
1858:
1578:
2527:
2774:
800:), and the numbers of the two species are negatively correlated such as that only one of two occurs in any given location.
1844:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2016).
2759:
2754:
2734:
2694:
1845:
1130:
878:
The bigeye thresher has larger teeth than other threshers and feeds on a wider variety of prey. Known food items include
998:
of 9β10 years, while females mature at a length around 3.3β3.6 m (11β12 ft) and at an age of 12β14 years. The
719:, with the smaller ones more numerous and interspersed amongst the larger ones. The smaller denticles taper to a point.
2739:
2714:
937:
in an upward direction to better aim their strikes. In the
Mediterranean, they are strongly associated with schools of
2764:
2729:
2724:
2704:
1361:
1325:
1286:"Description of some new species of Madeiran fishes, with additional information relating to those already described"
2649:
2566:
730:
is placed further back than in the other thresher sharks, with the free rear tip located above or just before the
2689:
2396:
398:, staying in deep water during the day and moving into surface waters at night to feed. To protect its sensitive
2699:
969:
and most adult females are pregnant throughout the year without any apparent lag time between pregnancies. The
1546:
854:
1609:
Cressey, R. (1964). "A new genus of copepods (Caligoida, Pandaridae) from a thresher shark in
Madagascar".
1074:
significant to
Taiwanese fisheries, which land about 220 metric tons annually. The meat is marketed fresh,
842:
515:
analysis conducted by Blaise Eitner in 1995 showed that the closest relative of the bigeye thresher is the
2431:
2418:
2436:
830:
442:; the meat is not highly regarded but the skin, fins, and liver oil are valued. It has been assessed as
818:
2654:
2576:
1905:
1318:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2)
1390:
171:
2553:
1235:
2744:
1885:
1033:
747:
491:
395:
2719:
2628:
2514:
2358:
879:
2410:
402:
and eyes from the temperature changes accompanying these movements, the bigeye thresher has a
2623:
2423:
2287:
286:
2540:
1512:
Weng, K.C. & Block, B.A. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of the bigeye thresher shark (
1022:). In a 1971 study, Carey et al. probed the swimming muscles of two bigeye threshers with a
2615:
2405:
1898:
1693:
1479:
1182:
812:
Dorsal view of a bigeye thresher, showing upward-facing eyes and prominent lateral grooves.
750:, spending daytime in deeper water between 300β500 m (980β1,640 ft), beneath the
8:
2110:
1281:
1028:
459:
303:
119:
1697:
1483:
1186:
1173:
Yabumoto, Y. & Uyeno, T. (1994). "Late
Mesozoic and Cenozoic fish faunas of Japan".
2684:
2462:
2314:
2119:
1752:
1709:
1657:
1428:
1194:
1142:
755:
usually steady, while at night they have a pattern of slow ascents and rapid descents.
668:
656:
443:
435:
326:
166:
134:
1680:
Chen CT, Liu WM, Chang YC (1997). "Reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark,
1411:(Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with Evidence for the Existence of an Unrecognized Species".
1082:, though it is not highly regarded due to its mushy texture. The skin is used to make
2610:
2444:
2296:
2086:
1864:
1854:
1847:
Conservation status of New
Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
1826:
1649:
1584:
1574:
1357:
1321:
1134:
675:
664:
660:
604:
462:
was the first to scientifically describe the bigeye thresher, in papers published in
1713:
1212:
2449:
2324:
2263:
1994:
1816:
1783:
1744:
1701:
1661:
1641:
1487:
1420:
1230:
1190:
999:
986:
970:
934:
933:
and with the bait fish in their stomachs. The shape of their eye sockets give them
930:
708:
692:
556:
516:
470:(1849, sometimes given as 1839). He based his description on a specimen caught off
2641:
2584:
2333:
2189:
2012:
1568:
1087:
1015:
966:
792:
of this shark. The bigeye thresher appears to be an ecological competitor of the
716:
536:
487:
439:
411:
384:
380:
1890:
1285:
551:
The bigeye thresher has a virtually circumtropical distribution. In the western
394:
for hunting in low light conditions. It is one of the few sharks that conduct a
2244:
2207:
1985:
1959:
1953:
1727:
Gilmore, R.G. (May 6, 1983). "Observations on the
Embryos of the Longfin Mako,
1262:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1095:
1079:
1075:
1061:
965:. Very rarely, the litter size may be one, three, or four. There is no defined
926:
902:
870:
696:
552:
528:
475:
368:
364:
263:
253:
223:
213:
99:
1868:
1645:
2673:
2535:
2381:
2170:
2049:
1221:
1210:
1102:
1050:
1037:
958:
922:
759:
636:
624:
508:
meaning "eyebrow", referring to the distinct lateral grooves above the eyes.
415:
407:
139:
62:
1588:
1125:. Along with the other thresher species, the bigeye thresher is listed as a
2226:
2143:
2030:
1830:
1788:
1771:
1653:
1257:
1122:
1011:
938:
906:
723:
679:
612:
608:
596:
403:
2589:
2548:
2496:
2390:
2217:
2077:
1922:
954:
882:
874:
The enormous eyes of the bigeye thresher allow them to hunt in dim light.
781:
751:
735:
687:
644:
620:
376:
243:
37:
1886:
Species Description of Alopias superciliosus at www.shark-references.com
1770:
Carey FG, Teal JM, Kanwisher JW, Lawson KD, Beckett JS (February 1971).
1684:(Lowe, 1839) (Chondrichthyes: Alopiidae), in the northwestern Pacific".
110:
2488:
2475:
2278:
2254:
2180:
2040:
1947:
1756:
1705:
1570:
Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes
1492:
1463:
1432:
1041:
1023:
994:
910:
793:
731:
727:
652:
616:
532:
391:
372:
82:
47:
1821:
1804:
2501:
2152:
1975:
1805:"The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family Alopiidae)"
1743:(2). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 375β382.
1419:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 562β571.
1138:
1126:
1118:
712:
640:
568:
564:
183:
87:
31:
2352:
1748:
1424:
2470:
2375:
2067:
1941:
1935:
1114:
1049:
and eyes. This is thought to function in buffering those sensitive
978:
914:
886:
774:
763:
580:
512:
203:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1853:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 8.
1518:
Fishery Bulletin β National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
667:
has shown that Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations are somewhat
313:
1462:
Nakano H, Matsunaga H, Okamoto H, Okazaki M (December 31, 2003).
1110:
1106:
1091:
1083:
1070:
982:
894:
890:
767:
588:
584:
560:
483:
471:
423:
379:
comes from its enormous eyes, which are placed in keyhole-shaped
92:
67:
2602:
1628:
Olson, P.D. & Caira, J.N. (March 2001). "Two new species of
1010:
There is conflicting evidence on whether the bigeye thresher is
2101:
962:
789:
648:
632:
600:
592:
576:
572:
431:
419:
193:
1206:
1204:
2636:
2134:
1965:
1461:
1445:
Trejo, T. (2005). "Global phylogeography of thresher sharks (
1046:
974:
918:
758:
Bigeye threshers are likely preyed upon by larger sharks and
699:, a straight-line distance of 2,767 km (1,719 mi).
683:
628:
540:
524:
498:
399:
233:
156:
150:
1356:. London: University of California Press. pp. 103β104.
1320:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 83β85.
1802:
1201:
898:
479:
427:
1407:
Eitner, B.J. (August 18, 1995). "Systematics of the Genus
1769:
726:
have a curved anterior margin and broad tips. The first
1843:
1560:
1627:
682:, though they are occasionally encountered in shallow
527:. Fossil remains of the bigeye thresher dating to the
1803:
Sepulveda CA, Wegner NC, Bernal D, Graham JB (2005).
1511:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1141:. All three thresher shark species were assessed as
1516:), a species possessing orbital retia mirabilia".
1296:: 36β39 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1920:
1573:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 50.
1566:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1163:
2671:
1796:
1457:
1455:
1315:
468:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
2322:
1290:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1065:Bigeye threshers are often caught on longlines.
1675:
1673:
1671:
1500:
1147:International Union for Conservation of Nature
448:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1906:
1726:
1452:
1236:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161696A894216.en
1679:
1464:"Acoustic tracking of bigeye thresher shark
1406:
674:Bigeye threshers are usually found over the
579:. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from
1668:
1608:
1351:
546:
418:, usually bearing litters of two pups. The
2215:
1913:
1899:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
961:and bear litters of two pups, one in each
464:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
390:The large eyes of the bigeye thresher are
312:
128:
109:
2178:
2038:
1820:
1787:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1491:
1354:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
1234:
453:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1151:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1105:, this species is considered a nuisance
1060:
869:
430:produced by the mother while inside the
1720:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1300:
2672:
1983:
1567:McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998).
1528:
741:
2357:
2356:
1894:
1400:
1370:
1056:
2577:6f866b44-1be6-4da2-8fe4-9bd2885cb5e7
1555:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
1334:
1280:
1117:. It is also occasionally caught in
1040:) in the trunk to limit the loss of
1222:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1131:International Game Fish Association
1005:
788:) have been seen attached near the
766:of the bigeye thresher include the
13:
1611:Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M. OcΓ©anographie
1195:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00115.x
14:
2786:
2750:Taxa named by Richard Thomas Lowe
1879:
1395:Florida Museum of Natural History
2680:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1547:Biology of the Bigeye Thresher (
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
170:
35:
1837:
1809:Journal of Experimental Biology
1763:
1621:
1602:
1557:Retrieved on December 21, 2008.
948:
1472:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1439:
1397:. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
1274:
1250:
702:
686:waters. They occur in surface
1:
2770:Vulnerable fauna of Australia
2710:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
1468:in the eastern Pacific Ocean"
1156:
977:are initially nourished by a
321:Range of the bigeye thresher
627:, it is known from southern
555:, it has been reported from
7:
2775:Vulnerable fauna of Oceania
1731:, and the Bigeye Thresher,
973:is unknown. The developing
10:
2791:
2760:Vulnerable biota of Europe
2755:Vulnerable biota of Africa
2735:Marine fish of New Zealand
2695:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
865:
434:. This shark is caught by
2740:Fish of the United States
2715:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
2365:
2313:
2276:
2252:
2243:
2206:
2169:
2132:
2099:
2075:
2066:
2029:
1974:
1930:
1316:Compagno, L.J.V. (2002).
535:) have been found in the
523:), with which it forms a
332:
325:
320:
311:
292:
285:
167:Scientific classification
165:
148:
126:
117:
108:
23:
2765:Vulnerable fauna of Asia
2730:Marine fish of Nicaragua
2725:Marine fish of Australia
2705:Fish of the Indian Ocean
1137:due to its low lifetime
547:Distribution and habitat
404:vascular exchange system
2288:Smalltooth sand tiger (
1686:Ichthyological Research
1646:10.1023/A:1006422419580
1634:Systematic Parasitology
1034:countercurrent exchange
981:, and later on exhibit
957:, bigeye threshers are
748:diel vertical migration
490:to be resurrected. The
396:diel vertical migration
335:Alopecias superciliosus
2690:Fish described in 1840
1066:
875:
486:prompted its original
454:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2700:Fish of the Caribbean
2624:Paleobiology Database
2463:alopias-superciliosus
2424:Alopias_superciliosus
2411:Alopias_superciliosus
2397:Alopias superciliosus
2367:Alopias superciliosus
2111:Shortfin mako shark (
1733:Alopias superciliosus
1682:Alopias superciliosus
1549:Alopias superciliosus
1514:Alopias superciliosus
1466:Alopias superciliosus
1215:Alopias superciliosus
1101:In the waters of the
1064:
873:
669:genetically divergent
504:meaning "above", and
360:Alopias superciliosus
296:Alopias superciliosus
278:A. superciliosus
2120:Longfin mako shark (
1815:(Pt 22): 4255β4261.
1789:10.1093/icb/11.1.137
1352:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
1229:: e.T161696A894216.
778:Litobothrium janovyi
738:, in February 1981.
436:commercial fisheries
2297:Bigeye sand tiger (
2087:Great white shark (
1698:1997IchtR..44..227C
1484:2003MEPS..265..255N
1187:1994IsArc...3..255Y
1094:, and the fins for
742:Biology and ecology
460:Richard Thomas Lowe
120:Conservation status
2315:Pseudocarchariidae
2264:Sand tiger shark (
1995:Pelagic thresher (
1776:American Zoologist
1772:"Warm-bodied fish"
1706:10.1007/BF02678702
1493:10.3354/meps265255
1121:around beaches in
1067:
1057:Human interactions
876:
786:Petromyzon marinus
659:, and west of the
657:Gulf of California
647:, and eastward to
458:British biologist
363:) is a species of
2665:
2664:
2611:Open Tree of Life
2359:Taxon identifiers
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2334:Crocodile shark (
2309:
2308:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2201:
2190:Megamouth shark (
2165:
2164:
2062:
2061:
2025:
2024:
2013:Common thresher (
2004:Bigeye thresher (
1860:978-1-988514-62-8
1822:10.1242/jeb.01898
1580:978-0-292-75206-1
1135:over-exploitation
991:Carcharias taurus
676:continental shelf
671:from each other.
665:mitochondrial DNA
661:Galapagos Islands
607:. In the western
605:Mediterranean Sea
351:
350:
346:
342:Alopias profundus
339:
160:
143:
103:
2782:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2354:
2353:
2325:Pseudocarcharias
2320:
2319:
2250:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2176:
2175:
2073:
2072:
2036:
2035:
2006:A. superciliosus
1981:
1980:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1692:(2β3): 227β235.
1677:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1368:
1367:
1349:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1170:
1080:dried and salted
1006:Thermoregulation
1000:maximum lifespan
987:sand tiger shark
971:gestation period
939:frigate mackerel
935:binocular vision
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
717:dermal denticles
611:, it occurs off
517:pelagic thresher
492:specific epithet
344:
338:R. T. Lowe, 1840
337:
316:
298:
175:
174:
154:
137:
132:
131:
113:
98:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2585:Observation.org
2583:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2305:
2272:
2235:
2198:
2161:
2128:
2095:
2058:
2050:Basking shark (
2021:
1970:
1926:
1919:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1801:
1797:
1768:
1764:
1749:10.2307/1444380
1725:
1721:
1678:
1669:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1529:
1510:
1501:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1425:10.2307/1446753
1405:
1401:
1391:Bigeye Thresher
1388:
1371:
1364:
1350:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1301:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1209:
1202:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1059:
1016:common thresher
1008:
967:breeding season
955:mackerel sharks
951:
897:fishes such as
868:
861:
858:
849:
846:
837:
834:
825:
822:
813:
810:
798:Prionace glauca
744:
705:
639:, northwestern
549:
537:Hokuriku region
488:scientific name
474:in the eastern
456:
385:scientific name
355:bigeye thresher
340:
307:
300:
294:
281:
169:
161:
144:
133:
129:
122:
104:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
24:Bigeye thresher
17:
12:
11:
5:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Fish of Hawaii
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2387:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2247:
2245:Odontaspididae
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:Goblin shark (
2223:
2221:
2210:
2208:Mitsukurinidae
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2144:Salmon shark (
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1960:Elasmobranchii
1956:
1954:Chondrichthyes
1950:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:mackerel shark
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1880:External links
1878:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1836:
1795:
1782:(1): 135β143.
1762:
1719:
1667:
1640:(3): 159β177.
1620:
1601:
1579:
1559:
1527:
1499:
1451:
1438:
1399:
1369:
1362:
1333:
1326:
1299:
1273:
1249:
1200:
1181:(4): 255β269.
1175:The Island Arc
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1109:of longlines,
1096:shark fin soup
1086:products, the
1058:
1055:
1042:metabolic heat
1007:
1004:
950:
947:
907:pelagic fishes
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
852:
850:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
826:
823:
816:
814:
811:
804:
760:marine mammals
743:
740:
704:
701:
697:Gulf of Mexico
663:. Analysis of
553:Atlantic Ocean
548:
545:
529:Middle Miocene
476:Atlantic Ocean
455:
452:
365:thresher shark
349:
348:
345:Nakamura, 1935
330:
329:
323:
322:
318:
317:
309:
308:
301:
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
224:Elasmobranchii
221:
217:
216:
214:Chondrichthyes
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
149:
146:
145:
127:
124:
123:
118:
115:
114:
106:
105:
100:Middle Miocene
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2787:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Fish of Aruba
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Megachasmidae
2168:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2113:I. oxyrinchus
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2089:C. carcharias
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Isurus paucus
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1617:(6): 285β297.
1616:
1612:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1545:Martin, R.A.
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:(1): 221β229.
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1363:0-520-23484-7
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1327:92-5-104543-7
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:United States
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:rete mirabile
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:ovoviviparous
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:ommastrephids
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
872:
860:Teeth, female
856:
851:
848:Teeth, female
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
803:
802:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
772:
771:Pagina tunica
769:
765:
761:
756:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:pectoral fins
720:
718:
714:
710:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:New Caledonia
634:
630:
626:
625:Pacific Ocean
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:and southern
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
500:
496:
495:superciliosus
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:ovoviviparous
413:
410:around those
409:
408:rete mirabile
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
347:
343:
336:
331:
328:
324:
319:
315:
310:
305:
299:
297:
291:
288:
287:Binomial name
284:
280:
279:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:Selachimorpha
232:
230:Subdivision:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
164:
158:
152:
147:
141:
136:
125:
121:
116:
112:
107:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
2667:
2366:
2336:P. kamoharai
2335:
2323:
2298:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2228:
2216:
2191:
2179:
2154:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2051:
2039:
2031:Cetorhinidae
2014:
2005:
2003:
1997:A. pelagicus
1996:
1984:
1964:Subdivision
1846:
1839:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1637:
1633:
1630:Litobothrium
1629:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1441:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1353:
1317:
1293:
1289:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1258:"Appendices"
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1226:
1220:
1214:
1178:
1174:
1123:South Africa
1100:
1068:
1036:system (the
1019:
1009:
990:
952:
949:Life history
943:Auxis rochei
942:
923:lycoteuthids
877:
797:
785:
782:Sea lampreys
777:
770:
757:
745:
721:
706:
688:temperatures
673:
613:South Africa
609:Indian Ocean
597:Sierra Leone
550:
521:A. pelagicus
520:
510:
505:
501:
497:is from the
494:
467:
463:
457:
426:and feed on
389:
387:is derived.
359:
358:
354:
352:
341:
334:
333:
295:
293:
277:
276:
264:
18:
2549:NatureServe
2497:iNaturalist
2391:Wikispecies
2299:O. noronhai
2218:Mitsukurina
2192:M. pelagios
2153:Porbeagle (
2146:L. ditropis
2078:Carcharodon
2015:A. vulpinus
1478:: 255β261.
1389:Jensen, C.
1282:Lowe, R. T.
1242:19 November
1020:A. vulpinus
1012:warm-bodied
953:Like other
883:forage fish
836:Teeth, male
824:Teeth, male
752:thermocline
736:New Zealand
732:pelvic fins
703:Description
678:and in the
651:, southern
645:New Zealand
621:Arabian Sea
531:(16.0β11.6
466:(1840) and
438:across its
406:called the
377:common name
244:Lamniformes
153:Appendix II
2674:Categories
2279:Odontaspis
2255:Carcharias
2229:M. owstoni
2181:Megachasma
2052:C. maximus
2041:Cetorhinus
1948:Vertebrata
1946:Subphylum
1869:1042901090
1267:2022-01-14
1157:References
1143:Vulnerable
1119:shark nets
1024:thermistor
995:epithelium
913:and small
911:lancetfish
794:blue shark
773:, and the
728:dorsal fin
713:gill slits
653:California
619:, and the
617:Madagascar
603:, and the
444:Vulnerable
304:R. T. Lowe
220:Subclass:
135:Vulnerable
102:to Present
30:16β0
2685:Alopiidae
2266:C. taurus
2122:I. paucus
1976:Alopiidae
1958:Subclass
1139:fecundity
1127:game fish
1088:liver oil
1071:fisheries
1014:like the
931:longlines
905:, larger
880:schooling
764:parasites
641:Australia
623:. In the
569:Venezuela
565:Caribbean
424:oophagous
369:Alopiidae
367:, family
272:Species:
254:Alopiidae
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
2637:Species+
2554:2.105076
2515:10840044
2471:FishBase
2376:Wikidata
2290:O. ferox
2155:L. nasus
2068:Lamnidae
1966:Selachii
1942:Chordata
1936:Animalia
1934:Kingdom
1831:16272248
1714:13641670
1654:11302614
1589:38468784
1284:(1839).
1111:gillnets
1092:vitamins
979:yolk sac
921:such as
915:billfish
909:such as
887:mackerel
885:such as
775:tapeworm
762:. Known
693:New York
680:open sea
581:Portugal
557:New York
513:allozyme
506:ciliosus
450:(IUCN).
373:tail fin
327:Synonyms
250:Family:
204:Chordata
200:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
140:IUCN 3.1
2489:2420813
2382:Q508067
1986:Alopias
1940:Phylum
1925:species
1921:Extant
1757:1444380
1694:Bibcode
1662:4828139
1594:13 July
1480:Bibcode
1447:Alopias
1433:1446753
1409:Alopias
1183:Bibcode
1145:by the
1129:by the
1107:bycatch
1084:leather
1029:aerobic
983:oophagy
975:fetuses
903:whiting
895:benthic
891:herring
866:Feeding
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695:to the
684:coastal
589:Senegal
585:Madeira
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484:Florida
472:Madeira
446:by the
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392:adapted
381:sockets
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643:, and
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