1014:" the contracted cargo. The carrier or the agent mentions "STC" in BLs to safeguard themselves from shipper declaring wrong information on BL. Even this term is more favourable to the carrier in FCL shipping and there are instances where the carrier become at least partially liable in LCL shipping even after mentioning "STC" under cargo description. This is due to the carrier or agent do the stuffings of cargo for the shipper's LCL shipment. If the cargo within the container does not comply with the description, the consignee will take action against the seller, and the carrier will not be involved.
1086:
775:
853:(1867), Lord Justice Blackburn defined a bill of lading as "A writing signed on behalf of the owner of ship in which goods are embarked, acknowledging the receipt of the Goods, and undertaking to deliver them at the end of the voyage, subject to such conditions as may be mentioned in the bill of lading." Therefore, it can be stated that the bill of lading was introduced to provide a receipt to the shipper in the absence of the owners.
42:
1024:
this case, the bill of lading can be used if the shipper does not properly ship the goods then the shipper cannot receive the bill of lading from the carrier. Eventually, the shipper would have to deliver the bill of lading to the seller. In this case, the bill of lading is used as evidence of contract of carriage between seller and carrier. However, when the bill of lading is negotiated to a
1045:
of title shows who owns the cargo. Whoever has the duly endorsed BL is the rightful owner of the cargo described in the BL. Carrier becomes responsible before the law if they issue cargo to a party who is not the authorised person to claim the goods under this function. Further, if the BL is a "Seaway BL" document of title function will not be applicable.
1192:
Besides that, German law allows the usage of electronic Bills of Lading and other documents of title, see sec. 516 of the German
Commercial Code. The German principle of functional equivalence matches with the MLETR. In the United Kingdom the Electronic Trade Documents Act, enacted in July 2023; made
1127:
A charterparty is the contract governing the relationship between the shipowner and the charterer. The bill of lading governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier (who will be either a shipowner or a demise charterer). If the exporter (the shipper) is shipping a small amount of cargo,
1028:
third party then the bill of lading becomes conclusive evidence where no contradictory evidence can be introduced. It is because the third party cannot examine the actual shipment and can only pay attention to the document itself, not survey or examination of the shipment itself. However, the bill of
953:
942:
931:
1171:
Alternatively, to overcome the possibility of the goods reaching the destination ahead of the cargo, majority of the
Shipping Lines offer an “Express release” service (formerly known as “Telex release”). By surrendering the full set of bills of lading issues at the port of loading, the shipping line
1135:
In a time-charterparty or voyage-charterparty, if the charterer is shipping his own cargo (rather than the cargo of a third party) he will receive a bill of lading from the master, acting as agent of the shipowner; but that B/L will serve solely as a receipt and document of title, and its terms will
1080:
denotes that merchandise has been received, but is not guaranteed to have already been loaded onto a shipping vessel.(Typically, it will be issued by a freight-forwarder at a port or depot). Such bills can be converted upon being loaded. The received for shipment BLs are used to deliver documents to
1023:
The bill of lading from the carrier to the shipper can be used as evidence of the contract of carriage by the fact that the carrier has received the goods and upon the receipt, the carrier would deliver the goods. In this case, the bill of lading would be used as evidence of contract of carriage. In
1180:
For many years, the industry has sought a solution to the difficulties, costs and inefficiencies associated with paper bills of lading. One answer is to make the bill an electronic document. An electronic bill of lading (or eB/L) is the legal and functional equivalent of a paper bill of lading. An
1159:
For some time, it has been the case that the cargo may arrive at the destination before the bill of lading; and a practice has arisen for the shipper (having sent the bill of lading to the banks for checking) to send to the consignee a letter of indemnity (LOI) which can be presented to the carrier
1131:
If the charter party is a time or voyage charterparty, the shipowner will still have control of the ship and its crew. If there is a demise (or "bareboat") charterparty, the charterer will effectively have a long lease and will have full control of the vessel. When the master (captain) issues a B/L
1044:
When the bill of lading is used as a document of title, it is particularly related to the case of the buyer. When the buyer is entitled to receive goods from the carrier, the bill of lading in this case performs as a document of title for the goods. In simple words, the function of BL as a document
875:
While there is evidence of the existence of receipts for goods loaded aboard merchant vessels stretching back as far as Roman times. The practice of recording cargo aboard ship in the ship's log is almost as long-lived as shipping itself, the modern bill of lading only came into use with the growth
1002:
A "dirty bill of lading" (aka "claused bill of lading") will be issued if the goods to be shipped differ in quality or quantity from the contract description. The buyer's bank is entitled to reject a dirty bill of lading, but will often accept it after an agreed reduction in price. For examples,
1151:
The main difference between these two documents is that the waybill gives the bearer the right to possession of the cargo, but does not confer title in the goods. As a result, there is no need for the physical document to be presented for the goods to be released. The carrier will automatically
998:
A "clean bill of lading" (aka "on-board bill of lading") is used when there is full compliance with no discrepancies between the description filed by the shipper and the actual goods shipped. A clean bill of lading indicates that the goods have been properly loaded onboard the carrier's ship in
968:
The principal use of the bill of lading is as a receipt issued by the carrier once the goods have been loaded onto the vessel. This receipt can be used as proof of shipment for customs and insurance purposes, and also as commercial proof of completing a contractual obligation, especially under
1128:
he will arrange for a carrier to carry the goods for him, using a bill of lading. If the exporter needs the whole (or a very substantial part) of the ship's cargo capacity, the exporter may need to charter the vessel, and he will enter into a charterparty agreement with the shipowner.
1148:" may be issued instead. In recent years, the use of bills of lading has declined, and they have tended to be replaced with the sea waybill. (If a so-called bill of lading is declared to be "non-negotiable", then it is not a true B/L, and instead will be treated as a sea waybill.)
1029:
lading will rarely be the contract itself, since the cargo space will have been booked previously, perhaps by telephone, email or letter. The preliminary contract will be acknowledged by both the shipper and carrier to incorporate the carrier's standard terms of business. If the
1056:
rule ("no one gives what he doesn't have"), a seller cannot pass better title than he himself has; so if the goods are subject to an encumbrance (such as a mortgage, charge or hypothec), or even stolen, the bill of lading will not grant full title to the holder.
1188:
enables the issuance of bills of lading in electronic form that are functionally equivalent to paper-based ones. As a result, electronic bills of lading may be issued in the jurisdictions that have enacted that Model Law. These are
Singapore and Bahrain.
1105:
is used when shipping merchandise prior to payment, requiring a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the importer, and at the endorsement of the exporter the carrier may transfer title to the importer. Endorsed order bills of lading can be traded as a
907:. "Lading" specifically refers to the loading of cargo aboard a ship. The Dutch word "lading" has exactly the same meaning (freight, cargo, an amount of transportable goods) as it has in the English "bill of lading", but is not restricted to shipping.
895:) produced a requirement for a title document that could be traded in much the same way as the goods themselves. It was this new avenue of trade that produced the bill of lading in much the same format as currently used.
589:
860:(1882), which concerned the presentation of a series of bills of lading, the decision also encompassed any document which "by mercantile law and usage ... is a symbol of the right of property in the goods".
1181:
electronic bill of lading must replicate the core functions of a paper bill of lading, namely its functions as a receipt, as evidence of or containing the contract of carriage and as a document of title.
1036:
The bill of lading is not a contract of carriage as it is only signed by the carrier. Yet, it acts as evidence of contract due to the activities taken place between the shipper and the consignee.
1539:
1168:
transactions, it is important to retain title to the goods until the transaction is complete. This means that the bill of lading still remains a vital document within international trade.
818:, requiring the exporter/shipper to deliver the goods to the ship, whether onboard or alongside. Nevertheless, the loading itself will usually be done by the carrier or by a third party
1152:
release the goods to the consignee once the import formalities have been completed. This results in a much smoother flow of trade, and has allowed shipping lines to move towards
842:, which require the carrier to issue the shipper a bill of lading identifying the nature, quantity, quality and leading marks (identification marks and numbers) of the goods.
771:
grants "all rights of suit under the contract of carriage" to the lawful holder of a bill of lading, or to the consignee under a sea waybill or a ship's delivery order.
1144:
Under Art. III of the Hague-Visby Rules, a carrier must, on demand, provide the shipper with a bill of lading; but if the shipper agrees, a lesser document such as a "
600:
918:
or a storage depot/warehouse. A "combined bill of lading" may be issued by a carrier who, say, collects goods from a factory for subsequent delivery to a ship via
1160:
in exchange for the cargo. The LOI indemnifies the carrier against any cargo claim, but the document is not transferable and has no established legal status. For
830:
A bill of lading is a standard-form document which is transferable by endorsement (or by lawful transfer of possession). Most shipments by sea are covered by the
608:
1791:
1185:
948:
Seller provides the bill of lading to bank in exchange for payment. Seller's bank then provides the bill to buyer's bank, who provides the bill to buyer.
1489:
Shope, Mark L. (2020). "The Bill of Lading on the
Blockchain: An Analysis of Its Compatibility with International Rules on Commercial Transactions".
1546:
1666:
556:
481:
1132:
to a shipper, he will be acting as an agent for the carrier, who will be either the shipowner (time or voyage) or the charterer (demise).
739:
by sea, a bill of lading may today be used for any type of carriage of goods. Bills of lading are one of three crucial documents used in
111:
1476:
1463:
229:
1943:
1577:
1098:
is used when payment has been made in advance of shipment and requires a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the appropriate party.
1522:
665:
639:
2128:
594:
1866:
1832:
1719:
1692:
1408:
1172:
can instruct the port of discharge to release the cargo without the physical presentation of bills of lading at destination.
629:
584:
550:
431:
1650:
1778:
1735:
1386:
1374:
1341:
1033:
apply, then all of the Rules will be automatically annexed to the bill of lading, thus forming a statutory contract.
991:
911:
768:
634:
1202:
1136:(subject to contrary intent) be secondary to the terms of the charterparty, which remains the dominant contract.
79:
1244:
If a so-called "bill of lading" is NOT transferable, it will be merely a sea-waybill or a ship's delivery order
1073:
denotes that merchandise has been physically loaded onto a shipping vessel, such as a freighter or cargo plane.
17:
1936:
914:
provides that the term "bill of lading" includes a "received-for-shipment" bill of lading issued by, say, a
1232:
1153:
1003:
cargo could be leaking, or package could be damaged where the carrier has the right to issue a clause BL.
807:
658:
1509:
CARRIER LIABILITY AND FREEDOM OF CONTRACT UNDER THE UNCITRAL DRAFT INSTRUMENT ON THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS
1508:
1628:
Law
Commission report into "Rights of Suit in respect of Carriage of Goods by Sea", LAW COM No 196 1991
1563:
545:
471:
1617:
The Legal
Effectiveness of the Both-to-Blame Collision Clause under Bills of Lading and Charterparties
1477:
United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
1319:
1262:"Evidences": the contract may already have been made informally by say, booking cargo space on board.
1010:), the carrier will issue a bill of lading describing the goods as "container (identified by number)
354:
1235:
contract, the buyer is essentially buying three documents, all of which grant rights over the cargo.
1081:
the consignee faster. Yet these BLs are not accepted if the payment method is LC (Letter of Credit).
2123:
1929:
567:
283:
1792:"PAPERLESS TRADING (ELECTRONIC BILLS OF LADING) -Frequently asked questions ("FAQs") - UK P&I"
794:
70:
2071:
1165:
651:
1581:
2020:
1952:
1354:
919:
444:
298:
867:
use the term "transport documents", of which bills of lading and seaway bills are examples.
1111:
1007:
736:
514:
260:
63:
27:
Document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment
8:
815:
740:
207:
786:
it is a conclusive receipt, i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loaded; and
2048:
1660:
1107:
323:
192:
123:
903:
The word "lading" means "loading", both words being derived from the Old
English word
767:
in that the latter are not transferable and do not confer title. Nevertheless, the UK
763:. In international trade outside the United States, bills of lading are distinct from
1911:
1862:
1828:
1738:
s.1(2) provides that a bill of lading may be a "received for shipment bill of lading"
1715:
1688:
1646:
1404:
1030:
981:
915:
835:
613:
530:
419:
364:
219:
174:
128:
56:
1065:
Bills of lading may take various forms, such as on-board and received-for-shipment.
2066:
1976:
1820:
1161:
892:
888:
879:
The growth of mercantilism (which produced other financial innovations such as the
863:
Although the term "bill of lading" is well known and well understood, the proposed
760:
752:
685:
574:
381:
239:
224:
181:
106:
90:
1314:
2056:
2010:
1915:
1709:
864:
540:
509:
454:
449:
409:
202:
1981:
1966:
1085:
974:
846:
811:
720:
438:
414:
374:
369:
197:
164:
1812:
1006:"STC": if the cargo cannot be effectively examined, such as goods in a sealed
2117:
1996:
1986:
1824:
1207:
959:
Buyer provides the bill of lading to carrier and takes delivery of the goods.
839:
724:
535:
347:
313:
278:
273:
169:
154:
116:
85:
33:
2030:
1971:
880:
759:. Whereas a bill of lading is negotiable, both a policy and an invoice are
579:
264:
147:
142:
774:
2087:
2015:
1882:
1052:
title over the goods to the named consignee or lawful holder. Under the "
986:
831:
426:
303:
293:
249:
937:
Seller consigns the goods to a carrier in exchange for a bill of lading.
782:
A bill of lading must be transferable, and serves three main functions:
2038:
2005:
1439:
476:
187:
159:
1466:., updated 8 May 1997, archived 4 March 2015, accessed 5 December 2023
2097:
1139:
1025:
970:
952:
941:
930:
819:
803:
789:
it contains, or evidences, the terms of the contract of carriage; and
493:
466:
461:
386:
329:
308:
244:
212:
1883:"Electronic Trade Documents Bill [HL] - Parliamentary Bills"
1511:, paragraph 17, published 24 November 2004, accessed 3 December 2023
732:
1921:
1711:
Importing Into the United States: A Guide for
Commercial Importers
2102:
1641:
Mayer, Ray August; with revisions by Don; Bixby, Michael (2013).
1523:"The Evolution of the Bill of Lading(University of Johannesburg)"
1212:
1145:
764:
756:
393:
359:
337:
318:
41:
2061:
748:
744:
486:
234:
1122:
792:
it serves as a document of title to the goods, subject to the
1417:
728:
137:
132:
1089:
Charter-party bill of lading, for a sulfuric acid bulk cargo
1643:
International business law : text, cases, and readings
1115:
703:
694:
342:
1819:, Informa Law from Routledge, pp. 50–51, 2013-09-05,
1602:
1018:
700:
1619:, 41 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 263 (2010).
925:
751:
receive the merchandise. The other two documents are a
1479:, Article 1.14, Vienna, 2009, accessed 3 December 2023
1645:(6th ed., international ed.). Harlow : Pearson.
1315:"BILL OF LADING (B/L) Definition & Legal Meaning"
1293:... but there is no legal advantage to this exercise.
1186:
UNCITRAL Model Law on
Electronic Transferable Records
994:
s.4 declares a BoL "conclusive evidence of receipt".
735:. Although the term is historically related only to
697:
691:
1464:
Glyn Mills & Co. v. East and West India Dock Co
858:
Glyn Mills & Co. v. East and West India Dock Co
688:
1140:Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)
1491:Minnesota Journal of Law Science & Technology
1156:which may greatly ease the flow of global trade.
2115:
1398:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1603:"Definition of lading in Dutch from Wiktionary"
1193:the usage of electronic Bills of lading legal.
1781:empowers the minister to make such provisions.
876:of international trade in the medieval world.
1937:
1175:
659:
1673:
1665:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1861:] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
1123:Bills of lading and charterparties compared
1060:
1944:
1930:
1640:
1636:
1634:
666:
652:
1687:. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
1580:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1392:
1916:A Treatise on the Law of Bills of Lading
1084:
951:
940:
929:
773:
1707:
1631:
1019:As evidence of the contract of carriage
640:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
14:
2116:
1918:(Philadelphia: Kay and Brothers, 1891)
1280:s.4 thereby overrules the decision in
984:provide that a bill of lading is only
595:International Convention on Load Lines
1925:
1852:
1813:"Bill of lading as document of title"
1768:s.1 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1488:
1708:Service, U. S. Customs (June 2002).
1078:received-for-shipment bill of lading
926:Roles and purposes of bill of lading
1951:
1520:
1048:Simply, the bill of lading confers
973:such as CFR (cost and freight) and
963:
630:International Maritime Organization
585:Ballast Water Management Convention
551:International Convention on Salvage
432:The captain goes down with the ship
24:
1401:International Finance, 4th Edition
25:
2140:
1905:
1779:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1736:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1578:"Definition of lading in English"
1423:
1387:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1375:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1342:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
992:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
912:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
769:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
1755:2 QB 282 & 2 QB 539, &
802:Typical export transactions use
684:
40:
1875:
1846:
1805:
1784:
1771:
1762:
1741:
1728:
1701:
1622:
1609:
1595:
1570:
1556:
1532:
1514:
1501:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1432:
1426:International Trade and Finance
1323:(2nd ed.). 12 October 2012
1287:
1274:
1271:CFR - formerly known as C&F
1265:
1203:Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea
80:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
1855:Das elektronische Konnossement
1380:
1368:
1347:
1335:
1307:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1225:
825:
778:An example of a bill of lading
13:
1:
2129:International trade documents
1859:The Electronic Bill of Lading
1564:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1300:
999:accordance with the contract.
635:Comité Maritime International
601:International Regulations for
557:United Nations Convention on
1817:Commercial Shipping Handbook
1253:... or received for shipment
1218:
898:
727:) to acknowledge receipt of
719:) is a document issued by a
711:) (sometimes abbreviated as
603:Preventing Collisions at Sea
7:
1403:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1196:
1154:electronic data interchange
1039:
622:International organizations
10:
2145:
1753:Manchester Trust v Furness
1714:. The Minerva Group, Inc.
1176:Electronic bills of lading
870:
546:Maritime Labour Convention
2080:
2047:
2029:
1995:
1959:
1794:. Ukpandi.com. 2013-07-30
1777:Section 1(5) of the UK's
1399:Levi, Maurice D. (2005).
990:evidence of receipt, the
523:International conventions
1825:10.4324/9781315832685-18
1751:(1866) L.R. 2 Q.B. 86,
1683:Buckley, Adrian (2004).
1061:Types of bills of lading
1054:nemo dat quod non habet"
568:International piracy law
559:the Law of the Sea
1096:straight bill of lading
1071:on-board bill of lading
910:Under English law, the
590:Anti-fouling Convention
2072:Freightos Baltic Index
1320:Black's Law Dictionary
1166:documentary collection
1090:
960:
949:
938:
779:
1853:Saive, David (2021).
1685:Multinational Finance
1088:
955:
944:
933:
920:multi-modal transport
777:
1507:UNCTAD Secretariat,
1103:order bill of lading
851:Coventry v Gladstone
747:receive payment and
515:Vice admiralty court
261:Contract of carriage
64:Corpus Juris Civilis
2049:Freight derivatives
1615:Qais Ali Mahafzah,
1584:on November 8, 2012
975:FOB (free on board)
753:policy of insurance
741:international trade
1091:
961:
950:
939:
780:
124:Maritime transport
2111:
2110:
1912:William W. Porter
1868:978-3-16-159688-9
1834:978-1-315-83268-5
1721:978-0-89499-077-9
1694:978-0-27-368209-7
1410:978-0-41-530900-4
1031:Hague-Visby Rules
982:Hague-Visby Rules
916:freight forwarder
849:, in the case of
836:Hague-Visby Rules
676:
675:
614:Athens Convention
580:MARPOL Convention
531:Hague-Visby Rules
420:Freight forwarder
365:Proof of delivery
220:Maritime security
57:Code of Hammurabi
16:(Redirected from
2136:
2067:Baltic Dry Index
1977:Bareboat charter
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1749:Sandeman v Scurr
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1698:
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1671:
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1664:
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1626:
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1607:
1606:
1605:. 12 March 2024.
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1545:. Archived from
1544:
1540:"BILL OF LADING"
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
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1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1440:"Bill of Lading"
1436:
1430:
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1421:
1415:
1414:
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1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1162:letter of credit
964:As cargo receipt
893:insurance policy
889:bill of exchange
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
668:
661:
654:
575:SOLAS Convention
562:
427:Captain (Master)
225:Letter of marque
182:Marine insurance
91:Hanseatic League
44:
30:
29:
21:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2124:Ship chartering
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2076:
2057:Baltic Exchange
2043:
2025:
1991:
1960:Agreement types
1955:
1953:Ship chartering
1950:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1889:. 24 March 2023
1881:
1880:
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1528:. pp. 2–3.
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1012:said to contain
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873:
865:Rotterdam Rules
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743:to ensure that
687:
683:
672:
605:
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564:
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541:Rotterdam Rules
510:Admiralty court
450:Freight company
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203:General average
184:
155:Merchant marine
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1982:Demise charter
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1967:Voyage charter
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1552:on 2014-05-30.
1531:
1521:du Toit, S.F.
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1428:. Wide Vision.
1424:Bohra, Harsh.
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250:Wartime prizes
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37:
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18:Bill of Lading
9:
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4:
3:
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2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:Charter-party
1994:
1988:
1987:Affreightment
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1983:
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1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
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1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
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1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1888:
1887:UK Parliament
1884:
1878:
1870:
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1860:
1856:
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980:Although the
978:
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885:carta partita
882:
877:
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841:
840:Hamburg Rules
837:
833:
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536:Hamburg Rules
534:
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314:Force majeure
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
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297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Affreightment
272:
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241:
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208:Seaworthiness
206:
204:
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186:
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176:
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149:
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118:
117:Fisheries law
115:
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110:
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108:
105:
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102:
98:
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92:
89:
87:
86:Amalfian Laws
84:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
66:
65:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:Admiralty law
32:
31:
19:
2092:
2011:Ship-manager
1972:Time charter
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1838:, retrieved
1816:
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1786:
1773:
1764:
1757:The Draupner
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
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1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1572:
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1547:the original
1534:
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1490:
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1458:
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1443:
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1394:
1382:
1370:
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1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1318:
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1110:or serve as
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881:charterparty
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855:
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829:
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677:
360:Packing list
328:
288:
265:Charterparty
175:Registration
148:Shipbuilding
78:
69:
62:
2088:Tramp trade
2016:Ship-broker
1327:January 24,
1146:sea waybill
1050:prima facie
987:prima facie
832:Hague Rules
826:Description
502:Judiciaries
304:Consignment
2118:Categories
2039:Worldscale
2006:Ship-owner
1840:2023-06-23
1798:2014-07-31
1588:2015-09-12
1475:UNCITRAL,
1462:Todd, P.,
1449:2023-06-23
1301:References
1112:collateral
761:assignable
723:(or their
324:Commercial
299:Chartering
213:Total loss
188:Act of God
160:Cargo ship
2098:Demurrage
2021:Charterer
1661:cite book
1219:Footnotes
1026:bona fide
1008:container
971:INCOTERMS
899:Etymology
820:stevedore
804:Incoterms
749:importers
745:exporters
494:Stevedore
472:Principal
467:Consignor
462:Consignee
445:Charterer
330:Pro forma
309:Demurrage
294:Brokerage
245:Smuggling
240:Pollution
198:Collision
1355:"UNCTAD"
1197:See also
1114:against
1108:security
1040:As title
891:and the
795:nemo dat
765:waybills
737:carriage
733:shipment
561:(UNCLOS)
355:Manifest
348:Maritime
284:Barratry
170:Mortgage
129:Shipping
99:Features
2103:Laytime
1999:members
1893:4 April
1344:s.1(2)b
1213:Waybill
957:Step 3:
946:Step 2:
935:Step 1:
871:History
845:In the
838:or the
757:invoice
755:and an
721:carrier
455:Manager
439:Carrier
402:Parties
394:Waybill
370:Salvage
338:Laytime
319:Invoice
143:Freight
112:Illegal
107:Fishing
71:Digesta
49:History
2062:Imarex
1865:
1831:
1759:AC 450
1718:
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1377:s.1(2)
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887:, the
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487:Mutiny
482:Seaman
415:Factor
279:Agency
235:Piracy
1857:[
1747:see:
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798:rule.
729:cargo
725:agent
477:Owner
410:Agent
382:Terms
230:Drugs
193:Cargo
138:Cargo
133:Ferry
1895:2023
1863:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1734:The
1716:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1667:link
1647:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1329:2023
1184:The
1164:and
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731:for
343:Lien
1821:doi
1389:s.4
1233:CIF
1101:An
1069:An
883:or
856:In
816:FAS
814:or
812:FOB
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717:BOL
715:or
713:B/L
375:Law
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