454:, a specialist in Siouan peoples, visited the Biloxi in Louisiana in 1892 and 1893. According to the data he compiled, which was published in the 1912 dictionary, in traditional Biloxi culture prior to the arrival of Europeans, men wore breechcloth or breechclout, usually made of deerskin which was "passed between the legs and tucked up under a belt before and behind, with considerable to spare at either end" (Swanton 1985: 681). Belts were made of skin or of beaded cord. "Men covered the upper parts of their bodies with a garment or garments made of the skins of various animals, such as the bear, deer (particularly the male deer), panther, wildcat, beaver, otter, raccoon, squirrel, and bison. Some of these were made long, were used particularly by old people, and were intended for winter wear" (ibid.). As in other tribes, the women processed and sewed animal skins to create such clothing, as well as moccasins and leggings. Leggings were worn during cold weather or to protect the legs from underbrush. The lower portions of leggings were tucked under the rims of moccasins and the upper ends were usually fastened to the belt by means of straps (ibid.: 682). The Biloxi made tools and utensils from bison and deer horn, and wore ornaments of cut and polished seashells. Some Biloxi had traditional facial
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Alligator people. Most Biloxi identified as Deer people. Dorsey described their elaborate social system, with more than 53 terms for kinship relations and a dozen which had been forgotten, more than any other Siouan people he had visited and studied.
366:, which left an entire village abandoned and in ruins. D'Iberville described coming upon a deserted village in the late 17th century after the people had been stricken two years prior by disease. The village contained remnants of cabins made of
397:(SECC). They were an agricultural society, in which women cultivated varieties of maize, beans and squash. The men supplemented the agrarian diet by hunting deer, bear, and bison (Kniffen et al. 1987). They fished year round.(Brain 1990).
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As in many largely agrarian societies, control of access to granaries and storage facilities, as well as controlled distribution of their contents, led to a stratified society revolving around the
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covered in tree bark (in Dorsey & Swanton 1912: 6). They could have contracted it from other peoples in contact with
Europeans, among whom smallpox was endemic. The Native Americans had no
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people...." (Brain 1990: 80). Although historically of Siouan-language origin, ancestors of the Biloxi shared similar cultural features with other peoples in the
Southeast, what
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358:, who was establishing France's Louisiana colony. D'Iberville was told that the Biloxi nation was formerly quite numerous, but that their people were severely decimated by an
447:. The deceased would be set up on a platform near the front entrance of the temple. Food would be "offered" daily by visitors (De Montigny 1753: 240).
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320:. Descendants of several other small tribes are enrolled with them. The two main tribes were from different language groups: the Biloxi were
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and other remnant peoples. Together they were federally recognized in 1981; today they are called the
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visited them in
Louisiana in 1892 and 1893, they still traced descent in the maternal line, in a
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While little is known of Biloxi funeral practices among commoners, the bodies of deceased
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studies, oral histories recounting their traditions, and materials of related tribes.
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Siouan
Sociology: 15th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
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596:. Indians of North America series. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
404:, or "Great Sacred One," the highest ruling noble, king or queen. The
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The
Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: from 1542 to the Present
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project, University of
Lincoln at Nebraska, accessed 7 March 2014
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Little is known of Biloxi history prior to their contact with
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The surviving Biloxi gradually migrated from
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in 1699, the Biloxi inhabited an area near the coast of the
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in 1699. Information about the tribe has been derived from
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of the Siouan language family. They call themselves by the
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Today, remaining Biloxi descendants have merged with the
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Kniffen, Fred & H. Gregory & G. Stokes (1987).
295:--has been extinct since the 1930s, when the last known
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1897 (published posthumously), p. 243, text online at
610:. Bureau of American Ethnology, 47. Washington, D.C.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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627:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
408:had a cadre of lesser nobles or deputies called
608:A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages
263:Biloxi language. When first encountered by
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493:kinship system. Three clans were active:
473:. They merged with other peoples such as
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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279:. They were eventually forced west into
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651:Native American tribes in Mississippi
618:Mémoires historiques sur la Louisiane
412:. The Biloxi word for king or chief,
156:951 Tunica-Biloxi Tribe (2010 Census)
552:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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462:(Dorsey & Swanton 1912).
381:Biloxis "were descendants of the
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656:Native American tribes in Texas
574:James Owen Dorsey, "The Biloxi"
395:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
31:needs additional citations for
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546:"Tunica-Biloxi – 2010 Census"
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271:near what is now the city of
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318:Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
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356:Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville
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309:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe
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458:and wore nose- and/or
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582:Omaha Indian Heritage
481:, and most recently,
387:Mississippian culture
351:They encountered the
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219:Related ethnic groups
214:, traditional beliefs
550:American Fact Finder
40:improve this article
614:De Montigny, Dumont
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600:Dorsey, James Owen
503:Naqotodc̷a aⁿyadi,
312:and share a small
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38:Please help
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495:Ita aⁿyadi,
491:matrilineal
314:reservation
277:Mississippi
212:Catholicism
167:Mississippi
635:Categories
560:2016-05-23
532:References
406:Yaaxitąąyą
402:Yaaxitąąyą
385:-building
132:Taněks aya
66:newspapers
526:Mosopelea
467:Louisiana
393:call the
342:Europeans
281:Louisiana
265:Europeans
257:Tanêks(a)
177:Languages
171:Louisiana
620:. Paris.
616:(1753),
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510:See also
460:earrings
376:immunity
364:smallpox
360:epidemic
202:Religion
479:Choctaw
456:tattoos
370:, with
336:History
326:English
254:autonym
229:Choctaw
191:Spanish
183:English
80:scholar
602:. and
445:temple
433:ąyaaxi
426:shaman
414:ąyaaxi
330:French
322:Siouan
304:Tunica
287:. The
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261:Siouan
225:Tunica
195:Biloxi
187:French
126:Taněks
122:Biloxi
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475:Caddo
471:Texas
441:smoke
418:yaaxi
383:mound
372:roofs
285:Texas
87:JSTOR
73:books
469:and
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437:fire
248:are
244:The
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