One-state solution

1739:

that the settlement enterprise has failed to build up a viable local economic infrastructure. He noted that only about 400 settler households were engaged in agriculture, with the amount of settler-owned farmland comprising only 1.5% of the West Bank. In addition, he wrote that there are only two significant industrial zones in the West Bank settlements, with the vast majority of workers there Palestinian, and that the vast majority of settlers live near the border, in areas that can be annexed by Israel with relative ease in territorial exchanges, while still allowing for the formation of a viable Palestinian state. According to Arieli, 62% of the settler workforce commutes over the Green Line into Israel proper for work while another 25% works in the heavily subsidized education system of the settlements, with only a small percent working in agriculture and industry. About half of the settlements have populations fewer than 1,000 and only 15 have populations greater than 5,000. According to Arieli, the settlement movement has failed to create facts on the ground precluding an Israeli withdrawal, and it is possible to implement a land exchange that would see about 80% of the settlers stay in place, necessitating the evacuation of only about 30,000 settler households, in order to establish a viable and contiguous Palestinian state in the West Bank.

1652:, have argued that the one-state solution is not viable because of Arab unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in the Middle East. Morris argues any such state would be an authoritarian, fundamentalist state with a persecuted Jewish minority, citing the racism and persecution minorities face throughout the Arab and Muslim world, and writing that "Western liberals refuse to recognize that peoples, for good historical, cultural, and social reasons are different and behave differently in similar or identical sets of circumstances." He notes the differences between Israeli Jewish society, which remains largely Westernized and secular, and Palestinian society, which according to Morris is increasingly Islamic and fundamentalist. He pointed to 1325:"Support for one state is hardly a radical idea; it is simply the recognition of the uncomfortable reality that Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories already function as a single state. They share the same aquifers, the same highway network, the same electricity grid and the same international borders... The one-state solution... neither destroys the Jewish character of the Holy Land nor negates the Jewish historical and religious attachment (although it would destroy the superior status of Jews in that state). Rather, it affirms that the Holy Land has an equal Christian and Muslim character. For those who believe in equality, this is a good thing." 749: 1561:(BESA) study, the 2004 Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza stood at 2.5 million and not the 3.8 million claimed by the Palestinians. According to Glick, the 1997 PCBS survey, used as the basis for later studies, inflated numbers by including over three hundred thousand Palestinians living abroad and by double-counting over two hundred thousand Jerusalem Arabs already included in Israel's population survey. Further, Glick says later PCBS surveys reflect the predictions of the 1997 PCBS survey, reporting unrealized birth forecasts, including assumptions of large Palestinian immigration that never occurred. 1467: 1731:

courts, intelligence services and foreign ministry. Israelis no longer shop in Nablus and Gaza the way they did before the Oslo accords. Palestinians no longer travel freely to Tel Aviv. And the supposed reason that partition is often claimed to be impossible – the difficulty of a probable relocation of more than 150,000 settlers – is grossly overstated: in the 1990s, Israel absorbed several times as many Russian immigrants, many of them far more difficult to integrate than settlers, who already have Israeli jobs, fully formed networks of family support and a command of Hebrew.

71: 1866: 1274:" and an additional 7 percent "one-state reality with inequality, but not akin to apartheid". If a two-state solution is not achieved, 77 percent predict "a one-state reality akin to apartheid" and 17 percent "one-state reality with increasing inequality, but not akin to apartheid"; just 1 percent think a binational state with equal rights for all inhabitants is likely. 52 percent say that the two-state solution is no longer possible. 1213:, when it became no longer realistic to expect the militarily powerful and densely populated Jewish state to disappear. Eventually, Palestinian leadership began flirting with the idea of a two-state solution. According to a poll taken by the Palestine Center for Public Opinion in 2020, around 10% of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza believe that working towards a binational state should be a top priority in the next five years. 1669:

the goal of a Muslim Arab–dominated polity to replace Israel." Morris argued that should a binational state ever emerge, many Israeli Jews would likely emigrate to escape the "stifling darkness, intolerance, authoritarianism, and insularity of the Arab world and its treatment of minority populations", with only those incapable of finding new host countries to resettle in and Ultra-Orthodox Jews remaining behind.

1638:

end result would be a protracted civil war, with each intifada more violent than the last, and the conflict growing more and more religious in nature. Ibish speculated that in such a scenario, it could even go beyond an ethno-national war between Israelis and Palestinians into a religious war between Jews and Muslims, with Israeli Jews ending up under siege and relying on their nuclear weapons for protection.

1059: 1236:, be annexed to the new Palestinian state. As this measure would cut these areas off permanently from the rest of Israel's territory, including the coastal cities and other Palestinian towns and villages, Palestinians view this with alarm. Many Palestinian citizens of Israel would therefore prefer a one-state solution because this would allow them to sustain their Israeli citizenship. 1433:, co-director of the Programme on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, says the binational solution has become inevitable. He further argued that by allowing Israel's settlements to prevent the formation of a Palestinian state, the United States has helped Israel commit "national suicide" since Palestinians will be the majority group in the binational state. 1853:

aflame.... Two nationalities who have desperately sought a political frame for cultural and social independence would wrestle over control of language, art, street names, and schools." Gorenberg wrote that in the best case, the new state would be paralyzed by endless arguments, and in the worst case, constant disagreements would erupt into violence.

1615:

by those who are politically motivated to harm Israel and, by extension, Israeli Jews. They argue that the absorption of millions of Palestinians, along with a right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the generally high birthrate among Palestinians would quickly render Jews an ethnic minority and eliminate their rights to self-determination.

1710:

some critics to argue that the existing level of rights and equality for all Israeli citizens would be put in jeopardy with unification. Benny Morris echoes these claims, arguing that Palestinian Muslims, who would become the ruling majority in any such state, are deeply religious and do not have any tradition of democratic governance.

1102:. While the Jewish community accepted the concept of partition, not all members endorsed the implementation proposed by the Peel Commission. The Arab community entirely rejected the Peel Partition Plan, which included population transfers, primarily of Arabs. The partition plan was abandoned, and in 1939 Britain issued its 2448: 1857:

bringing Palestinians into Israel's social welfare network would require Jews to pay higher taxes or receive fewer services. But the engine of the Israeli economy is high-tech, an entirely portable industry. Both individuals and companies will leave." As a result, the new binational state would be financially crippled.

1774:, whom he describes as "one of the intellectual fathers of one-statism". When asked whether he thought a Jewish minority would be treated fairly in a binational state, Said replied that "it worries me a great deal. The question of what is going to be the fate of the Jews is very difficult for me. I really don't know." 701:, which would comprise a single government on the entire territory with citizenship and equal rights for all residents, regardless of their ethnicity or religion, similar to Mandatory Palestine. Some Israelis advocate a version of this model in which Israel will annex the West Bank but not the Gaza Strip and remain a 1705:, many Israeli Christian Arabs and even some non-Bedouin Israeli Muslim Arabs fear the consequences of amalgamation with the mostly Muslim Palestinian population in the occupied territories, which they perceive as more religious and conservative. (All Israeli Druze men and small numbers of Bedouin men serve in the 1738:

has likewise argued that the settlement enterprise has failed to create the appropriate conditions to prevent a contiguous Palestinian state or to implement the annexation of the West Bank. He has noted that the settlers comprise only 13.5% of the West Bank's population and occupy 4% of its land, and

1614:

expands on these concerns of many Israeli Jews and says that a one-state scenario without any institutional safeguards would negate Israel's status as a homeland for the Jewish people. When proposed as a political solution by non-Israelis, the assumption is that the idea is probably being put forward

1564:

Based on this study, Glick argued that annexation of the West Bank would only add 1.4 million Palestinians to the population of Israel. She argued that a one-state solution with a Jewish majority and a political system rooted in Jewish values was the best way to guarantee the protection of democratic

1451:

that the "fantasy" of a two-state solution prevented people from working on solutions that might really work. Lustick argued that people who assume Israel will persist as a Zionist project should consider how quickly the Soviet, Pahlavi Iranian, apartheid South African, Baathist Iraqi and Yugoslavian

1881:

A multi-option poll by Near East Consulting (NEC) in November 2007 found the bi-national state to be less popular than either "two states for two people" or "a Palestinian state on all historic Palestine" with only 13.4% of respondents supporting a binational solution. However, in February 2007, NEC

1709:

and there are sometimes rifts between these groups and Palestinians). One poll found that, in a future Palestinian state, 23% of Palestinians want civil law only, 35% want both Islamic and civil law, and 38% want Islamic law only. This negative view of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza prompts

1668:

According to Morris, the goal of a "secular democratic Palestine" was invented to appeal to Westerners, and while a few supporters of the one-state solution may honestly believe in such an outcome, the realities of Palestinian society mean that "the phrase objectively serves merely as camouflage for

1188:

was against the UN vote on the partition of Palestine and reaffirmed its support for a single binational state that would guarantee equal national rights for Jews and Arabs and would be under the control of superpowers and the UN. The 1948 New York Second world conference of the International Jewish

1110:

The White Paper of 1939 sought to accommodate Arab demands regarding Jewish immigration by placing a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants per year over a five-year period from 1939 to 1944. It also required Arab consent for further Jewish immigration. The White Paper was seen by the Jewish community as

1439:

wrote in 2011 that the one-state solution was already a reality, in that “there is only one state between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, in which there are two or three levels of citizenship or non-citizenship within the borders of that one state that exerts total control.” Khalidi further

1844:

wrote that the idea of a single state where Jews, Muslims, and Christians can live side by side is "fundamentally flawed." In addition to the fact that Israel would not support it, Hanania noted that the Arab and Muslim world don't practice it, writing "Exactly where do Jews and Christians live in

1637:

claimed that it is not realistic for Israel to be compelled to accept a binational solution with full right of return for refugees through international pressure or sanctions. According to Ibish, if a one state solution was to happen, it would come as a result of the status quo continuing, and the

1742:

This sentiment has been echoed by Shany Mor, who argued that in 2020, the geographical distribution of settlers in the West Bank had not materially changed since 1993, and that a two-state solution is actually more feasible now than it was in the past due to the disentanglement of the Israeli and

1134:

in 1947. In its debates, the UN divided its member States into two subcommittees: one to address options for partition and a second to address all other options. The Second Subcommittee, which included all the Arab and Muslim States members, issued a long report arguing that partition was illegal

1664:

of women that permeate Palestinian and Israeli-Arab society, as evidence that Palestinian Muslims have no respect for Western values. He thus claimed that "the mindset and basic values of Israeli Jewish society and Palestinian Muslim society are so different and mutually exclusive as to render a

1139:

recommended that the Mandate territory of Palestine be partitioned into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jewish community accepted the 1947 partition plan, and declared independence as the State of Israel in 1948. The Arab community rejected the partition plan, and army units from five Arab

1852:

wrote: "Palestinians will demand the return of property lost in 1948 and perhaps the rebuilding of destroyed villages. Except for the drawing of borders, virtually every question that bedevils Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations will become a domestic problem setting the new political entity

1208:

Prior to the 1960s, no solution to the conflict in which Arabs and Jews would share a binational state was accepted among Palestinians. The only viable solution from the Palestinian point of view would be an Arab state in which European immigrants would have second-class status. The Palestinian

1889:

In April 2010, a poll by the Jerusalem Media and Communication Centre also found that Palestinian support for a "bi-national" solution had jumped from 20.6 percent in June 2009 to 33.8 percent. If this support for a bi-national state is combined with the finding that 9.8 percent of Palestinian

1856:

Gorenberg wrote that in addition to many of the problems with the one-state solution described above, the hypothetical state would collapse economically, as the Israeli Jewish intelligentsia would in all likelihood emigrate, writing that "financing development in majority-Palestinian areas and

1730:

Israelis and Palestinians are now farther from a single state than they have been at any time since the occupation began in 1967. Walls and fences separate Israel from Gaza and more than 90% of the West Bank. Palestinians have a quasi-state in the occupied territories, with its own parliament,

1106:

clarifying its "unequivocal" position that "it is not part of policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State" and that "The independent State should be one in which Arabs and Jews share government in such a way as to ensure that the essential interests of each community are safeguarded."

1378:

wrote, "fter 50 years of Israeli history, classic Zionism has provided no solution to the Palestinian presence. I therefore see no other way than to begin now to speak about sharing the land that has thrust us together, sharing it in a truly democratic way with equal rights for all citizens."

1254:

proposed the adoption of the one-state solution if Israel did not halt settlement construction: " refocus their attention on the one-state solution where Muslims, Christians and Jews can live as equals. ... It is very serious. This is the moment of truth for us."

1258:

Support for a one-state solution is increasing as Palestinians, frustrated by lack of progress in negotiations aiming to establish the two-state solution, increasingly see the one-state solution as an alternative way forward. In 2016, then-U.S. Vice President

1329:

Advocates of this solution push for a secular and democratic state while still maintaining a Jewish presence and culture in the region. They concede that this alternative will erode the dream of Jewish supremacy in terms of governance in the long run.

1885:

In March 2010, a survey by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research and the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that Palestinian support had risen to 29 percent.

1882:

found that around 70% of Palestinian respondents backed the idea when given a straight choice of either supporting or opposing "a one-state solution in historic Palestine where Muslims, Christians and Jews have equal rights and responsibilities".

1392:, in which he argued that Israel is an "anachronism" in sustaining an ethnic identity for the state and that the two-state solution is fundamentally doomed and unworkable. The Judt article engendered considerable debate in the UK and the US, and 1777:

Imagining what might ensue with unification, some critics of the one-state model believe that rather than ending the Arab–Israeli conflict, it would result in large-scale ethnic violence and possibly civil war, pointing to violence during the

968:

promised "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", but at the same time required "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".

940:

maintained that Palestine had been excluded from the territorial promises, but minutes of a Cabinet Eastern Committee meeting held on 5 December 1918 confirmed that Palestine had been part of the area that had been pledged to Hussein in 1915.

1759:

One major argument against the one-state solution is that it would endanger the safety of the Jewish minority, because it would require assimilation with what critics fear would be an extremely hostile Muslim ruling majority. In particular,

1189:

Labor Bund condemned the proclamation of the Jewish state, because the decision exposed the Jews in Palestine to danger. The conference was in favour of a binational state built on the base of national equality and democratic federalism.

1176:

of over 700,000 Palestinians from the territory that became Israel. During the following years, a large population of Jews living in Arab nations (close to 800,000) left or were expelled from their homes in what has become known as the

1694:". Morris argued that while the Palestinians would have few moral inhibitions over the destruction of Israeli-Jewish society through mass murder or expulsion, fear of international intervention would probably stymie such an outcome. 1493:, due to its large and generally hostile Palestinian population and its status as a self-governing territory without any Israeli settlements or permanent military presence. Some Israeli politicians, including former defense minister 1897:

revealed that 61% of Palestinians reject a two state solution, while 34% said they accepted it. 66% said the Palestinians’ real goal should be to start with a two-state solution but then move to it all being one Palestinian state.

3778: 759:

The "one-state solution" refers to a resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through the creation of a unitary, federal or confederate Israeli-Palestinian state, which would encompass all of the present territory of

1344:, for its part, rejects a two-state solution; its leader Khalid al-Batsh stated that "The idea cannot be accepted and we believe that the entire Palestine is Arab and Islamic land and belongs to the Palestinian nation." 1713:

In response to the common argument given by proponents of the one state solution that Israel's settlements have become so entrenched in the West Bank that a Palestinian state is effectively impossible, scholars such as

768:

including East Jerusalem, and possibly the Gaza Strip and Golan Heights. Depending on various points of view, a one-state solution is presented as a situation in which Israel would ostensibly lose its character as a

1440:

argued that the "peace process" had been extinguished by ongoing Israeli settlement construction, and anyone who still believed it could result in an equitable two-state solution should have their "head examined".

1055:, attributed the violence to "the twofold fear of the Arabs that, by Jewish immigration and land purchase, they might be deprived of their livelihood and, in time, pass under the political domination of the Jews". 1246:, that without a two-state agreement Israel would face "a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights" in which case "Israel finished". This echoes comments made in 2004 by Palestinian Prime Minister 1239:

Some Israeli Jews and Palestinians who oppose a one-state solution have nevertheless come to believe that it may come to pass. Israeli Prime Minister Olmert argued, in a 2007 interview with the Israeli daily

1406:(followed by a book with the same title in 2005), arguing that West Bank settlements had made a two-state solution impossible and that the international community must accept a one-state solution as the 1321:

in 2004, Tarazi opined that the expansion of the Israeli settler movement, especially in the West Bank, was a rationale for bi-nationalism and the increased infeasibility of the two-state alternative:

1192:

A one-state, one-nation solution where Arabic-speaking Palestinians would adopt a Hebrew-speaking Israeli identity (although not necessarily the Jewish religion) was advocated within Israel by the

992:

and required that the mandatory government "facilitate Jewish immigration" while at the same time "ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced".

2582: 1726:

has argued that Israel could implement a unilateral withdrawal at any time of its choosing and that the facts on the ground suggest that a single state is a remote possibility, writing that:

1557:(PCBS) and argued that the bureau had vastly over-inflated the Palestinian population of the West Bank by 1.34 million and that PCBS statistics and predictions are unreliable. According to a 1417:

and Daniel Gavron, have called for the public to "face the facts" and accept the binational solution. On the Palestinian side, similar voices have been raised. Then-Israeli prime minister

728:

Though increasingly debated in academic circles, the one-state solution has remained outside the range of official diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict, where it is eclipsed by the

1722:

have countered that it is far more unrealistic to expect Israel to accept a one-state solution that would spell the end of Zionism than it is to expect it to dismantle some settlements.

1250:, who said that if Israel failed to conclude an agreement with the Palestinians, that the Palestinians would pursue a single, bi-national state. In November 2009, Palestinian negotiator 1135:

according to the terms of the Mandate and proposing a unitary democratic state that would protect rights of all citizens equally. The General Assembly instead voted for partition and in

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argued that Jordan was originally created as the Arab state in the British Mandate of Palestine and that Israel should annex the West Bank as a historic part of the Land of Israel.

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By 1948, in the wake of the Holocaust, Jewish support for partition and a Jewish state had become overwhelming. Nevertheless, some Jewish voices still argued for unification. The

2932: 1833:

argued that while Israel's settlement policy was pushing things in the direction of a one-state solution, should it ever come to pass, "the end result is more likely to resemble

1890:

respondents favour a "Palestinian state" in "all of historic Palestine", this poll suggested about equal Palestinian support for a two-state and one-state solution in mid-2010.

635: 1743:

Palestinian economies in the 1990s. According to Mor, nearly all the population growth in the settlements between 2005 and 2020 was concentrated in the Haredi settlements of

2771: 1007:. The British Mandatory authorities put forward proposals for setting up an elected legislative council in Palestine. In 1924 the issue was raised at a conference held by 4893: 3748: 1798:

as examples. In this view, violence between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews is inevitable and can only be forestalled by partition. These critics also cite the 1937

1690:

Solution", and wrote that the implementation of a one-state solution in which a Palestinian majority would rule over a Jewish minority would eventually lead to a "new

1452:

states unraveled. Lustick concludes that while it may not arise without "painful stalemates", a one-state solution may be a way to eventual Palestinian independence.

952:, which divided the colonies of the Ottoman Empire between them. Under this agreement, the region of Palestine would be controlled by Britain. In a 1917 letter from 4194: 2692: 3509: 3425: 1225:

suggested that 15% of right-wing Jewish Israelis and 16% of left-wing Jewish Israelis support a binational state solution over a two states solution based on

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in which independent Israeli and Palestinian states share powers in some areas, and Israelis and Palestinians have residency rights in each others' nations.

325: 315: 4827:

Jerusalem 1947. Includes submitted written and oral testimony before UNSCOP; IHud's Proposals include: political, immigration, land, development (Reprinted

3589: 3265: 1697:

Some critics argue that unification cannot happen without damaging or destroying Israel's democracy. The vast majority of Israeli Jews as well as Israeli

3535: 1340:

has been cited saying he "did not rule out the possibility of having Jews, Muslims and Christians living under the sovereignty of an Islamic state." The

628: 3461: 740:. A non-equal non-democratic one-state solution remains more popular among both populations, supported by 30% of Palestinians and 37% of Israeli Jews. 3879: 217: 207: 2586: 2241: 2145: 1427:, that without a two-state agreement Israel would face "a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights" in which case "Israel finished". 4523:

Bakan, Abigail B.; Abu-Laban, Yasmeen (2010). "Israel/Palestine, South Africa and the 'One-State Solution': The Case for an Apartheid Analysis".

1576:

gives a figure of 5,698,500 Arabs living in Israel and the Palestinian territories in 2015, while the core Jewish population stood at 6,103,200.

4077: 4888: 4816: 621: 572: 117: 3205: 3918: 1098:

in order to put an end to the violence. The Peel Commission concluded that only partition could put an end to the violence, and proposed the

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UK National Archives, PRO CAB 27/24, reprinted in 'Palestine Papers, 1917–1922', by Doreen Ingrams, George Braziller Edition, 1973, page 48.

4800: 4318: 3641: 1558: 1461: 706: 3122: 1920: 1477:

In recent years, some politicians and political commentators representing the right wing of Israeli politics have advocated annexing the

984:, which called for the self-determination of former Ottoman Empire colonies after a transitory period administered by a world power. The 3615: 3971: 3180: 717:

with a central government and federative districts, some of which would be Jewish and others Palestinian. A fourth model, described by

3719: 732:. According to the most recent Palestine/Israel Pulse survey in 2023, support for a democratic one-state solution stands at 23% among 276: 4785: 1554: 1336:

has at times ruled out a two-state solution, and at other times endorsed the possibility of a two-state solution. Hamas co-founder

1178: 4219: 2763: 3562: 3065: 1366:

both expressed their support for a one-state solution, in which Palestine would become the sole legitimate government of Israel.

957: 330: 1845:

the Islamic World today side-by-side with equality? We don't even live side-by-side with equality in the Palestinian Diaspora."

3752: 2984: 1795: 1802:, which recommended partition as the only means of ending the ongoing conflict. Critics also cite bi-national arrangements in 4864: 4767: 4743: 4633: 4607: 4513: 4024: 3492: 3384: 1948: 60: 4643:

Farsakh, Leila (2011). "The One-State Solution and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Palestinian Challenges and Prospects".

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In a 2021 survey of experts on the Middle East, 59 percent described the current situation as "a one-state reality akin to

1270:

In a 2021 survey of experts on the Middle East, 59 percent described the current situation as "a one-state reality akin to

1232:

Some Israeli government spokespeople have also proposed that Palestinian-majority areas of Israel, such as the area around

1091: 4110: 4808: 3247: 1926: 1481:, and granting the West Bank's Palestinian population Israeli citizenship while maintaining Israel's current status as a 31: 3812: 4686: 1960: 1374:

Since 1999, interest has been renewed in bi-nationalism or a unitary democratic state. That year, Palestinian activist

1136: 921: 710: 494: 3673: 3400: 2583:"Mandate for Palestine - Minutes of the Permanent Mandates Commission/LoN 17th (Extraordinary) session (21 June 1930)" 2324: 4836: 2569: 1954: 4143: 4128: 2168: 1095: 795: 653: 588: 187: 53: 3865:"Peter Beinart ignores an inconvenient truth: Israelis and Palestinians haven't given up on a two-state solution" 2961: 1185: 561: 548: 528: 3011: 2906: 2053: 1004: 596: 266: 258: 2880: 718: 552: 3444: 2708: 30:"Binationalism" and "Binational state" redirect here. For uses outside the Israeli–Palestinian context, see 4723: 1489:. Proposals from the Israeli right for a one-state solution tend to avoid advocating the annexation of the 4883: 3955: 1156:, and Egypt – contributed to a united Arab army that attempted to invade the territory, resulting in the 702: 271: 2134: 1893:

In 2011, a poll by Stanley Greenberg and the Palestinian Center for Public Opinion and sponsored by the

70: 4362: 1222: 981: 936:. Hussein interpreted these letters as promising the region of Palestine to the Arabs. McMahon and the 580: 350: 289: 137: 17: 4388: 3343: 3310: 1584:

Critics argue that it would make Israeli Jews an ethnic minority in the only Jewish country. The high

2010: 1986: 1341: 1169: 1157: 977: 949: 808:

has been controlled by various national groups throughout history. A number of groups, including the

748: 664:. Proponents of this solution advocate a single state encompassing the currently recognized state of 310: 97: 2633:(Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1987), #63 "Binationalism Not Partition", pp. 645–701. 4473: 3785: 3213: 2386: 1388: 490: 320: 4626:

The Failure of the Two-State Solution: The Prospects of One State in the Israel-Palestine Conflict

3901: 2194: 2284: 1486: 1173: 996: 697:

Various models have been proposed for implementing the one-state solution. One such model is the

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vision of binational statehood tenable only in the most disconnected and unrealistic of minds."

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nonsense" and said that it creates a "South Africa situation without a South Africa solution."

1402: 913: 604: 157: 147: 3789: 1396:

received more than 1,000 letters per week about the essay. A month later, political scientist

4805:

Palestine – Divided or United? The Case for a Bi-National Palestine before the United Nations

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Bartov, Omer; Walzer, Michael; Foxman, Abraham H.; Judt, Tony; Elon, Amos (4 December 2003).

4249: 1997: 1706: 1291:, Palestinian writer and political scientist Abdalhadi Alijla, Palestinian-American producer 1193: 1052: 1035:, succeeded in getting Kaplansky's ideas rejected. Violence erupted again in the form of the 985: 937: 478: 4051: 3975: 3900: 2988: 2133: 1466: 3092: 1936: 1791: 1783: 1589: 1585: 1036: 953: 508: 253: 197: 127: 8: 4418: 3774: 3540: 3270: 2667:"A history of conflict between opposing ideals - Le Monde diplomatique - English edition" 1779: 1593: 1573: 1536:, comprises about 60% of West Bank land and is currently under Israeli military control. 1226: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1040: 989: 961: 661: 281: 35: 2730: 2233: 1822:, which failed and resulted in further internal conflicts. Similar criticisms appear in 4660: 4581: 4548: 4227: 3998: 3646: 3374: 3097: 2608: 2539: 2424: 2267:"Caroline Glick's one-state solution for Israel-Palestine asks all the wrong questions" 2140: 1974: 1931: 1715: 1600: 1545: 1470: 1348: 1317: 1229:. According to the same poll, 66% of Jewish Israelis preferred the two-state solution. 1008: 965: 778: 729: 694:, owing to the hope that the state would be a homeland for both Jews and Palestinians. 461: 248: 177: 87: 3069: 2933:"Biden says he will listen to experts. Here is what scholars of the Middle East think" 2517: 2495: 4860: 4832: 4820: 4763: 4739: 4682: 4664: 4629: 4603: 4585: 4552: 4540: 4509: 4299: 4085: 3910: 3488: 3453: 3380: 3314: 2854: 2793: 2565: 2202: 2088: 1849: 973: 909: 884:

have controlled the region at one time or another. From 1516 until the conclusion of

845: 825: 801: 482: 243: 39: 4857:

The One-State Solution: A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli–Palestinian Deadlock

4028: 3749:"Harvard hosting confab on one-state solution | JTA - Jewish & Israel News" 2473: 4652: 4573: 4532: 4446: 4291: 3037: 2030: 1943: 1761: 1748: 1687: 1630: 1430: 1337: 1264: 1196:

of the 1940s and 1950s, as well as more recently in the Engagement Movement led by

1028: 1016: 841: 681: 532: 498: 3235:"Islamic Jihad Leader Rejects Two-State Solution to Israeli-Palestinian Conflict," 2693:"Palestinian Majority Rejects Two-State Solution, But Backs Tactical Compromises." 4852: 4828: 4757: 4704: 4676: 4597: 4593: 4536: 4275: 3724: 3339: 2129: 2093: 1799: 1622:, who served as Foreign Minister of Israel, dismissed the one-state solution as " 1521: 1397: 1044: 451: 3835: 3266:"Iran opposes two-state solution for Palestine, calls for 'democratic' solution" 2666: 2631:

From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948

995:

Resentment over Zionist plans led to an outbreak of Arab-Jewish violence in the

4672: 4562:"Maximizing Rights: The One State Solution to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict" 2820: 2234:"Resolving the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: The Viability of One-State Models" 2020: 2015: 1980: 1894: 1619: 1611: 1550: 1517: 1436: 1296: 1131: 929: 901: 889: 869: 657: 486: 410: 369: 358: 2407: 4877: 4733: 4544: 4303: 4089: 3914: 3457: 3404: 3401:"Dead Peace Process Could be "National Suicide" for Israel - IPS ipsnews.net" 3318: 3234: 2858: 2206: 2068: 2058: 2047: 1874: 1848:

On the aftermath of any hypothetical implementation of a one-state solution,

1723: 1691: 1661: 1646: 1634: 1599:

Critics have also argued that Jews, like any other nation, have the right to

1498: 1363: 1304: 1116: 933: 865: 853: 753: 722: 698: 363: 4279: 3590:"Israel official: Accepting Palestinians into Israel better than two states" 2629:

A/AC. 14/32 and Add. I of 11 November 1947. See full text in Walid Khalidi,

1287:

Today, the proponents for the one-state solution include Palestinian author

4753: 4577: 4501: 4295: 3884: 3680: 3206:"Hamas leader urges int'l community to respect Palestinian people's choice" 2073: 2063: 1991: 1870: 1865: 1744: 1735: 1719: 1683: 1660:

prisoners were shot in the knees and thrown off buildings, and the regular

1649: 1604: 1569: 1533: 1482: 1414: 1359: 1292: 1288: 1197: 1127: 837: 805: 774: 737: 733: 107: 2644: 1039:. After the violence, the British led another commission of inquiry under 4842: 4812: 3958: 3292: 2083: 2025: 1841: 1787: 1771: 1678: 1623: 1494: 1444: 1418: 1375: 1308: 1300: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1210: 1048: 1020: 1000: 917: 885: 821: 386: 167: 3779:"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications" 2847:"The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope" 4162: 3720:"Right-wing annexation drive fueled by false demographics, experts say" 3674:"The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza" 2309: 1968: 1803: 1490: 1120: 1024: 877: 833: 813: 809: 714: 673: 474: 3426:

Leading Palestinian intellectual: We already have a one-state solution

1473:

of the West Bank, controlled by Israel, in blue and red, December 2011

3510:"Strenger than Fiction / Israel should consider a one-state solution" 3181:"Haniyeh to UN chief: Hamas accepts Palestinian state in '67 borders" 2958:"Two Peoples, One State - Nations & States - Global Policy Forum" 2078: 1907: 1830: 1529: 1506: 1505:

have voiced support for a one-state solution, rather than divide the

1502: 1478: 1383: 1271: 1260: 1012: 881: 857: 765: 669: 470: 4656: 2350: 1119:, Jews continued to immigrate illegally in what has become known as 4678:

The Israeli Solution: A One-State Plan for Peace in the Middle East

4506:

One Country: A Bold Proposal to End the Israeli–Palestinian Impasse

4280:"The case for peace: how the Arab-Israeli conflict can be resolved" 3706:

The Israeli Solution: A One-State Plan for Peace in the Middle East

3563:"New housing minister rejects settlement freeze as 'dreadful' idea" 3485:

The Israeli solution: a one-state plan for peace in the Middle East

1834: 1819: 1673: 873: 849: 781:, or as the best, most just, and only way to resolve the conflict. 713:

for the Palestinians there. A third model involves creating a

686: 4195:"Anti-Israel One-State Plan Gets Harvard Outlet: Jeffrey Goldberg" 690:

a single state. The one-state solution is sometimes also called a

4599:

The Case for Peace: How the Arab–Israeli Conflict Can be Resolved

3042: 2035: 1807: 1766: 1702: 1423: 1352: 1141: 861: 524: 447: 4752: 4111:"Look at the figures: Israel's settlement enterprise has failed" 3536:"The newly confident Israeli proponents of a one-state solution" 3209: 3128:. Arab Center for Applied Social Research. 2007. Archived from 1815: 1267:, an eventual "one-state reality" was the most likely outcome. 1153: 1058: 1032: 945: 829: 761: 665: 415: 398: 374: 3944:

One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict

2764:"Olmert to Haaretz: Two-state solution, or Israel is done for" 1386:

broke ground in his article, "Israel: The Alternative" in the

2611:. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 2542:. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 2520:. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 2498:. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 2476:. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 1698: 1657: 1653: 1525: 1513: 1333: 1312: 1145: 905: 752:

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the

705:

with a larger Arab minority. A second model calls for Israel

393: 4474:"6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds" 3813:"Mandate For Palestine - The Legal Aspects of Jewish Rights" 1528:-led coalitions, argues for the annexation of Zone C of the 1130:

prompted Britain to turn over the issue of Palestine to the

4824: 1869:

Demonstration against Israeli annexation of the West Bank,

1149: 925: 817: 777:

would fail to achieve their national independence within a

770: 4078:"Israel-Palestine: the real reason there's still no peace" 1840:

Echoing these sentiments, Palestinian-American journalist

1203: 4025:"Palestinian Center for Research & Cultural Dialogue" 4706:

The Bi-National Idea in Palestine during Mandatory Times

2488: 2108:(est. 1925), Jewish supporters of bi-national state 1303:, Israeli writer Dan Gavron, Lebanese-American academic 2562:

Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War

1568:

The demographic statistics from the PCBS are backed by

1181:

and subsequently resettled in the new State of Israel.

999:. Violence erupted again the following year during the 27:

Proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

4316: 3616:"Hotovely laments Likud 'schizophrenia' on two states" 2907:"Biden: 'Overwhelming frustration' with Israeli gov't" 1003:. In response to these riots, Britain established the 4759:

A land of two peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs

4721:

Leon, Dan. "Binationalism: A Bridge over the Chasm."

2821:"Palestinian state may have to be abandoned – Erekat" 1592:, would quickly render Jews a minority, according to 1062:

How UN members voted on Palestine's partition in 1947

2931:

Telhami, Marc Lynch and Shibley (19 February 2021).

2738:

The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel

895: 4894:

Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

3880:"Hussein Ibish on the Fantasy World of One-Staters" 1421:argued, in a 2007 interview with the Israeli daily 1209:position evolved following Israel's victory in the 1027:, even with an Arab majority, was the way forward. 680:describes the belief that the current situation in 4851: 4451:Poll No. 70, April 2010 - Governance and US policy 3708:. New York: Crown Forum, 2014. pp. 124–33, 155–63. 3443: 1172:resulted in Israel's establishment as well as the 976:granted Britain a mandate for Palestine. Like all 4453:. Jerusalem Media and Communications Centre. 2010 4319:"An Alternative Future: An Exchange by Amos Elon" 4129:"Some inconvenient facts for one-state advocates" 3972:"A Two-State Solution | Israel Policy Forum" 1553:challenged the census statistics provided by the 4875: 4702: 4592: 3773: 3372: 3286: 3248:"Iran rejects two-state solution for Palestine" 3057: 2818: 2325:"An Israeli-Palestinian Confederation Can Work" 1572:and quite similar to official Israeli figures. 4736:: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality 4671: 4522: 3833: 3090: 2757: 2755: 2231: 1672:Some argue that Jews would face the threat of 1607:, there is a need for a Jewish national home. 1588:among Palestinians accompanied by a return of 1216: 980:, this mandate derived from article 22 of the 932:in exchange for assistance in driving out the 789: 3198: 2904: 2696:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 2124: 2122: 1901: 1524:, Prime Minister of Israel, included in many 1382:In October 2003, New York University scholar 629: 4846:The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After 4500: 4144:"The Israeli Settlement Movement Is Failing" 3956:"One State Solution vs Two-State Solution?," 3117: 3115: 2926: 2924: 2285:"The Federation Plan: The Founding Document" 1462:Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank 1277: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3862: 3581: 3487:. New York: Crown forum. pp. 133–135. 3155:"Hamas: We Won't Accept Two-state Solution" 3035: 3029: 2898: 2752: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 1921:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1686:referred to the one-state solution as the " 1596:, an Israeli demographer and statistician. 1351:proposed a one-state solution known as the 4416: 4274: 3237:IMRA (May 16, 2011). Retrieved 2013-12-17. 3172: 3063: 2982: 2723: 2645:"The Anti-Zionism of the Bund (1947–1972)" 2322: 2119: 1400:published "The One-State Solution" in the 1163: 636: 622: 573:Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts 69: 4441: 4439: 4412: 4410: 3938: 3936: 3112: 2921: 2302: 2264: 2160: 1565:values and the rights of all minorities. 1413:Leftist journalists from Israel, such as 1126:Continued violence and the heavy cost of 920:. These letters, were later known as the 4783: 4559: 4419:"Palestinians increasingly back 1-state" 4381: 4192: 4181: 3898: 3877: 3810: 3507: 2812: 2368: 2186: 2166: 1864: 1559:Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies 1555:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 1465: 1057: 784: 747: 652:is a proposed approach to resolving the 4730: 4642: 4471: 4355: 4342: 4049: 3639: 3587: 3441: 3009: 2930: 2786: 2642: 2636: 2518:"The Covenant of the League of Nations" 2192: 2128: 1204:Palestinian views on a binational state 14: 4876: 4436: 4417:Joffe-Walt, Benjamin (22 March 2010). 4407: 4193:Goldberg, Jeffrey (28 February 2012). 4141: 4075: 3933: 3717: 3613: 3338: 3084: 2983:Hirschberg, Peter (16 December 2003). 2872: 2838: 1656:' 2007 takeover of Gaza, during which 4623: 3996: 3878:Goldberg, Jeffrey (3 November 2009). 3642:"for Israel Two-State is No Solution" 3533: 3482: 3442:Lustick, Ian S. (14 September 2013). 3178: 3038:"Who's afraid of a binational state?" 2878: 2844: 2761: 1949:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank 1532:. Zone C, agreed upon as part of the 4786:"There Will Be a One-State Solution" 4738:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3654:from the original on 29 January 2021 3640:Bennett, Naftali (5 November 2014). 3464:from the original on 22 January 2016 3308: 2881:"The threat of a one-state solution" 2348: 2260: 2258: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2106:Brit Shalom (political organization) 1455: 4160: 3863:Tarnopolsky, Noga (3 August 2020). 2819:Mohammed Assadi (4 November 2009). 2794:"Palestinian PM's 'one state' call" 2193:Remnick, David (10 November 2014). 1927:List of Middle East peace proposals 1837:than post-apartheid South Africa". 1115:, and due to Jewish persecution in 924:. McMahon promised Hussein and his 888:, the region was controlled by the 24: 4494: 4226:. 28 February 2012. Archived from 4163:"Peter Beinart's Grotesque Utopia" 4142:Arieli, Shaul (26 February 2018). 3718:Miller, Elhanan (5 January 2015). 2698:. 25 February 2020. 9 June 2021. 2643:Grabsky, August (10 August 2005). 2449:"The Jewish National Home in ...." 2422: 2265:Al Shawaf, Rayyan (3 April 2014). 1299:, American-Israeli anthropologist 1137:UN General Assembly Resolution 181 1090:Violence erupted again during the 25: 4905: 4889:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 4343:Hanania, Ray (19 November 2006). 3961:(3/3/2008). Retrieved 2013-12-17. 3921:from the original on 3 April 2022 3899:Goldberg, Jeffrey (21 May 2009). 3179:Segev, Yoav (22 September 2009). 3091:Michael Tarazi (4 October 2004). 2845:Shabi, Rachel (23 October 2012). 2762:Ravid, Barak (29 November 2007). 2474:"The Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916" 2310:"A Land For All | ארץ לכולם" 2255: 2220: 2169:"One-state or two-state solution" 2167:Friedson, Felice (21 July 2010). 1860: 1751:, due to their high birth rates. 1618:Israeli historian and politician 1603:, and that due to still existing 896:Ottoman and later British control 4345:"One-state solution a pipedream" 4161:Mor, Shany (17 September 2020). 4052:"One-state solution a pipedream" 3836:"The Right of Jews to Statehood" 3614:Harkov, Lahav (28 August 2013). 3508:Strenger, Carlo (18 June 2010). 3379:. University of Michigan Press. 2879:Poort, David (26 January 2011). 2774:from the original on 6 June 2017 2711:. The Israel Democracy Institute 2148:from the original on 14 May 2013 1092:1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine 589:Middle East economic integration 188:Agreement on Movement and Access 4859:. Manchester University Press. 4762:. University of Chicago Press. 4756:; Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (1994). 4465: 4336: 4310: 4268: 4242: 4212: 4154: 4135: 4121: 4103: 4069: 4043: 4017: 3990: 3964: 3948: 3892: 3871: 3856: 3827: 3804: 3767: 3741: 3732: 3711: 3698: 3666: 3633: 3607: 3555: 3534:Ahren, Raphael (16 July 2012). 3527: 3501: 3476: 3435: 3419: 3393: 3366: 3332: 3302: 3258: 3240: 3228: 3212:. April 2, 2006. Archived from 3147: 3036:Gideon Levy (2 February 2014). 3012:"Forget the two-state solution" 3003: 2976: 2950: 2905:Josh Lederman (19 April 2016). 2701: 2685: 2659: 2623: 2601: 2575: 2554: 2532: 2510: 2466: 2457: 2442: 2416: 2401: 2240:(Memorandum No. 217 ed.). 1186:International Jewish Labor Bund 928:followers the territory of the 912:, corresponded by letters with 660:would be established in former 495:Palestinian Prisoners' Document 4076:Thrall, Nathan (16 May 2017). 3997:Grant, Linda (17 March 2004). 3309:Judt, Tony (23 October 2003). 3295:, "Truth and Reconciliation," 3010:Makdisi, Saree (11 May 2008). 2413:. 30 July 2019. 5 August 2019. 2342: 2316: 2277: 2232:Sharvit Baruch, Pnina (2021). 2054:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 1961:Peres–Hussein London Agreement 1955:King Hussein's federation plan 1754: 1094:. The British established the 1005:Haycraft Commission of Inquiry 922:Hussein–McMahon Correspondence 597:Alliance for Middle East Peace 551: / groups / 267:Palestinian political violence 13: 1: 4831:Reprint, Westport, CT, 1983, 4472:Hoffman, Gil (15 July 2011). 4050:Hanania, Ray (20 June 1995). 2709:"The Peace Index: March 2010" 2609:"British White Paper of 1939" 2113: 1829:Left-wing Israeli journalist 1031:, the emerging leader of the 4848:, Granta Books, London: 2000 4560:Bisharat, George E. (2008). 4537:10.1080/02589346.2010.522342 4395:. Near East Consulting. 2007 4369:. Near East Consulting. 2007 4323:The New York Review of Books 3064:Al Gathafi, Muammar (2003). 1394:The New York Review of Books 1221:A poll conducted in 2010 by 1096:Peel Commission of 1936–1937 796:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 654:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 54:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 3483:Glick, Caroline B. (2014). 2564:. Oxford University Press. 2351:"Palestinian-Israeli Pulse" 2323:Scheindlin, Dahlia (2018). 1913: 1641: 1369: 1282: 1263:said that due to expanding 1217:One-state debate since 2009 790:Antiquity until World War I 743: 703:Jewish and democratic state 10: 4910: 4393:NEC General Monthly Survey 4367:NEC General Monthly Survey 4220:"A Destructive "Solution"" 3738:a b Shenhav, 2006, p. 191. 2496:"Balfour Declaration 1917" 1902:Views of current situation 1579: 1509:in a two-state solution. 1459: 1223:Israel Democracy Institute 982:League of Nations Covenant 978:League of Nations Mandates 793: 290:Zionist political violence 138:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 29: 4784:Munayyer, Yousef (2019). 4703:Susan Lee Hattis (1970). 4628:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3311:"Israel: The Alternative" 2011:From the river to the sea 1987:Madrid Conference of 1991 1358:. Iranian supreme leader 1342:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 1307:, and Israeli journalist 1278:Arguments for and against 656:, according to which one 562:Peace-orientated projects 518:Israeli unilateral plans: 311:Israeli West Bank barrier 216: 206: 196: 186: 176: 166: 156: 146: 136: 126: 116: 106: 96: 86: 4731:Lustick, Ian S. (2019). 4724:Palestine–Israel Journal 4250:"Partition of Palestine" 4224:Harvard Political Review 3786:Shalom Hartman Institute 3373:Virginia Tilley (2005). 3344:"The One-State Solution" 3093:"Two Peoples, One State" 2731:"Palestinians in Israel" 2349:azza (24 January 2023). 2135:"The One-State Solution" 1389:New York Review of Books 491:Israeli Peace Initiative 4645:The Middle East Journal 4602:. John Wiley and Sons. 4276:Dershowitz, Alan Morton 2560:Teveth, Shabtai (1985) 2540:"The Palestine Mandate" 2429:Encyclopedia Britannica 2411:Encyclopedia Britannica 2195:"The One-State Reality" 1497:, and former President 1347:In 2003, Libyan leader 1164:Establishment of Israel 997:Palestine Riots of 1920 900:From 1915 to 1916, the 4578:10.2202/1934-2640.1266 4447:"Jerusalem Media Poll" 4296:10.5860/choice.43-4915 4290:(8): 43–4915–43-4915. 3376:The One-State Solution 3348:London Review of Books 3066:"White Book (ISRATIN)" 2740:. Reut Institute. 2006 2389:. Reut Institute. 2004 1878: 1733: 1474: 1403:London Review of Books 1327: 1087: 1019:, a veteran leader of 914:Sayyid Hussein bin Ali 816:(who later became the 756: 707:to annex the West Bank 605:Peres Center for Peace 158:The Clinton Parameters 4284:Choice Reviews Online 4256:. London. 8 July 1937 3588:Zrahiya, Zvi (2010). 2985:"One state awakening" 2289:www.federation.org.il 1998:Palestinian Authority 1868: 1728: 1707:Israel Defense Forces 1629:In an interview with 1487:recognized minorities 1469: 1362:and former president 1323: 1295:, Palestinian lawyer 1170:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1158:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1061: 1053:Command Paper No 3530 950:Sykes–Picot Agreement 944:In 1916, Britain and 938:Churchill White Paper 904:High Commissioner in 800:The area between the 785:Historical background 751: 479:Arab Peace Initiative 343:International brokers 4624:Faris, Hani (2013). 3834:Prof. Ruth Gavison. 3445:"Two-State Illusion" 1937:Three-state solution 1590:Palestinian refugees 1586:total fertility rate 1541:The Israeli Solution 1179:Modern Jewish Exodus 1111:a revocation of the 1043:. The report of the 1037:1929 Palestine riots 954:Arthur James Balfour 509:Three-state solution 321:Fatah–Hamas conflict 272:Palestinian refugees 254:Palestinian enclaves 198:Annapolis Conference 128:Wye River Memorandum 3999:"Tales of Tel Aviv" 3978:on 28 February 2012 3815:. Mythsandfacts.com 3775:Sergio DellaPergola 3541:The Times of Israel 3407:on 17 February 2011 3342:(6 November 2003). 3271:Middle East Monitor 3123:"Haifa Declaration" 2673:. 30 September 2010 2132:(21 January 2009). 1594:Sergio DellaPergola 1574:Sergio DellaPergola 1443:In 2013, professor 1174:flight or expulsion 1113:Balfour Declaration 1104:White Paper of 1939 1100:Peel Partition Plan 990:Balfour Declaration 962:Balfour Declaration 662:Mandatory Palestine 282:Status of Jerusalem 249:Israeli settlements 61:Israeli–Palestinian 50:Part of a series on 36:Multinational state 4884:One-state solution 4853:Virginia Q. Tilley 4423:The Jerusalem Post 3907:The New York Times 3902:"No Common Ground" 3647:The New York Times 3620:The Jerusalem Post 3450:The New York Times 3274:. 12 November 2023 3098:The New York Times 2964:on 20 October 2008 2909:. Associated Press 2647:. Workers' Liberty 2387:"One state threat" 2173:The Jerusalem Post 2141:The New York Times 1975:State of Palestine 1932:Two-state solution 1879: 1824:The Case for Peace 1716:Norman Finkelstein 1601:self-determination 1546:The Jerusalem Post 1475: 1449:The New York Times 1349:Muammar al-Gaddafi 1318:The New York Times 1194:Canaanite movement 1088: 966:British government 779:two-state solution 757: 730:two-state solution 650:one-state solution 462:Two-state solution 439:One-state solution 305:Secondary concerns 208:Mitchell-led talks 112:1993 / 95 88:Camp David Accords 32:Two Nations theory 4866:978-0-7190-7336-6 4821:Judah Leon Magnes 4769:978-0-226-07802-1 4745:978-0-8122-5195-1 4709:. Haifa: Shikmona 4635:978-0-85773-423-5 4609:978-0-470-04585-5 4596:(4 August 2006). 4515:978-0-8050-8666-9 3704:Glick, Caroline. 3494:978-0-385-34806-5 3432:, Dec. 5th, 2011) 3386:978-0-472-03449-9 3299:, 14 January 1999 3254:. 2 October 2011. 3216:on August 5, 2014 3016:Los Angeles Times 2691:Pollock, David. 2089:Judah Leon Magnes 2050: (1856–1927) 1850:Gershom Gorenberg 1764:points to a 2000 1456:The Israeli right 986:Palestine Mandate 974:League of Nations 910:Sir Henry McMahon 802:Mediterranean Sea 711:autonomous region 692:bi-national state 678:one-state reality 646: 645: 483:Geneva Initiative 316:Places of worship 277:Security concerns 226: 225: 148:Camp David Summit 98:Madrid Conference 40:Consociationalism 16:(Redirected from 4901: 4870: 4797: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4749: 4727:, July 31, 1999. 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4675:(4 March 2014). 4668: 4639: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4589: 4556: 4531:(2–3): 331–351. 4519: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4278:(1 April 2006). 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4190: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4027:. 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Archived from 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2800:. 9 January 2004 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2585:. 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Crown Forum. 4657:10.3751/65.1.13 4636: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4594:Alan Dershowitz 4516: 4497: 4495:Further reading 4492: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4415: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4315: 4311: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4230:on 3 March 2012 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4191: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4031:on 27 July 2011 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3942:Morris, Benny: 3941: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3897: 3893: 3876: 3872: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3755:on 1 March 2012 3747: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3725:Times of Israel 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3686:on 3 March 2016 3683: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3569:. 17 March 2013 3567:Times Of Israel 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3440: 3436: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3307: 3303: 3297:Al-Ahram Weekly 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3135:on 3 March 2011 3132: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2991:on 7 March 2008 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2929: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2421: 2417: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2238:www.inss.org.il 2230: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2144:. p. A33. 2127: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2094:Virginia Tilley 1983:(declared 1988) 1977:(declared 1988) 1916: 1904: 1863: 1800:Peel Commission 1780:British Mandate 1770:interview with 1757: 1701:, some Israeli 1644: 1582: 1539:In a 2014 book 1522:Naftali Bennett 1464: 1458: 1398:Virginia Tilley 1372: 1285: 1280: 1219: 1206: 1166: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1073: Abstained 1070: 1068: 1067: In favour 1064: 1047:, known as the 1045:Shaw Commission 1041:Sir Walter Shaw 1009:Ahdut Ha'avodah 988:recognized the 960:, known as the 958:Lord Rothschild 898: 798: 792: 787: 746: 642: 613: 612: 609: 601: 593: 585: 581:Valley of Peace 577: 569: 559: 555: 541: 540: 537: 531: 527: 516: 513: 506: 503: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 459: 456: 452:Elon Peace Plan 450: 436: 432: 424: 423: 420: 404: 403: 385: 381: 380: 368: 349: 344: 336: 335: 306: 298: 297: 294: 263: 236: 228: 227: 218:Kerry-led talks 118:Hebron Protocol 81: 62: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4907: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4849: 4840: 4798: 4781: 4768: 4750: 4744: 4728: 4719: 4700: 4688:978-0385348065 4687: 4673:Caroline Glick 4669: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4590: 4557: 4520: 4514: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4478:Jerusalem Post 4464: 4435: 4406: 4380: 4354: 4335: 4309: 4267: 4241: 4211: 4180: 4153: 4134: 4120: 4102: 4068: 4042: 4016: 3989: 3963: 3954:Steven Plaut, 3947: 3932: 3891: 3870: 3855: 3826: 3811:Eli E. Hertz. 3803: 3766: 3740: 3731: 3710: 3697: 3665: 3632: 3606: 3580: 3554: 3526: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3434: 3418: 3392: 3385: 3365: 3331: 3301: 3285: 3257: 3239: 3227: 3197: 3171: 3146: 3111: 3083: 3056: 3028: 3002: 2975: 2949: 2920: 2897: 2871: 2837: 2811: 2785: 2751: 2722: 2700: 2684: 2671:Mondediplo.com 2658: 2635: 2622: 2600: 2574: 2553: 2531: 2509: 2487: 2465: 2456: 2454:. 4 May 2022. 2441: 2415: 2400: 2367: 2341: 2329:Foreign Policy 2315: 2301: 2276: 2254: 2219: 2199:The New Yorker 2185: 2159: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021:Palestinianism 2018: 2016:Halachic state 2013: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1981:State of Judea 1978: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1903: 1900: 1895:Israel Project 1877:, June 6, 2020 1862: 1861:Public opinion 1859: 1756: 1753: 1662:honor killings 1643: 1640: 1620:Shlomo Ben-Ami 1612:Reut Institute 1581: 1578: 1551:Caroline Glick 1518:Tzipi Hotovely 1460:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1437:Rashid Khalidi 1371: 1368: 1297:Michael Tarazi 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1218: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1165: 1162: 1132:United Nations 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 930:Ottoman Empire 897: 894: 890:Ottoman Empire 794:Main article: 791: 788: 786: 783: 773:state and the 745: 742: 736:and 20% among 719:A Land for All 709:and create an 644: 643: 641: 640: 633: 626: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 608: 607: 599: 591: 583: 575: 566: 556: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 536: 535: 521: 514: 504: 502: 501: 487:Lieberman Plan 467: 457: 455: 454: 444: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 419: 418: 413: 411:United Kingdom 407: 405: 402: 401: 396: 390: 384: 382: 379: 378: 372: 370:European Union 366: 361: 359:United Nations 354: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 293: 292: 286: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 210: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 150: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 130: 124: 123: 120: 114: 113: 110: 104: 103: 100: 94: 93: 90: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4906: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837:0-8371-2617-7 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4734:Paradigm Lost 4729: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4566:Global Jurist 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508:. Macmillan. 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4200: 4199:Bloomberg.com 4196: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4168: 4167:en.idi.org.il 4164: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2908: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2739: 2732: 2726: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2610: 2604: 2589:on 8 May 2008 2588: 2584: 2578: 2572:. Pages 66–70 2571: 2570:0-19-503562-3 2567: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2535: 2519: 2513: 2497: 2491: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2356: 2355:www.pcpsr.org 2352: 2345: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2305: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100:Organisations 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2069:Hugo Bergmann 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059:Hannah Arendt 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042:Personalities 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1875:Tel Aviv-Yafo 1872: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:, such as in 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1752: 1750: 1749:Modi'in Illit 1746: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1724:Nathan Thrall 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676:. Writing on 1675: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647:New Historian 1639: 1636: 1635:Hussein Ibish 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:Reuven Rivlin 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1364:Ebrahim Raisi 1361: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:Saree Makdisi 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1117:the Holocaust 1114: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1079: Against 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972:In 1922, the 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 939: 935: 934:Ottoman Turks 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 797: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 763: 755: 754:Golan Heights 750: 741: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 723:confederation 721:, involves a 720: 716: 715:federal state 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:unitary state 695: 693: 689: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 620: 619: 617: 616: 606: 600: 598: 592: 590: 584: 582: 576: 574: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 557: 554: 550: 545: 544: 534: 530: 529:Disengagement 526: 523: 522: 519: 515: 511: 510: 505: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 468: 465: 463: 458: 453: 449: 446: 445: 442: 440: 435: 434: 428: 427: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 406: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388: 383: 376: 373: 371: 367: 365: 364:United States 362: 360: 356: 355: 352: 351:The "Quartet" 347: 346: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 301: 291: 288: 287: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 244:Final borders 242: 241: 239: 238: 232: 231: 221: 219: 215: 211: 209: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 159: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 129: 125: 121: 119: 115: 111: 109: 105: 101: 99: 95: 91: 89: 85: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 64: 63:peace process 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4856: 4845: 4817:M. Smilansky 4804: 4793: 4789: 4773:. Retrieved 4758: 4754:Martin Buber 4732: 4722: 4711:. Retrieved 4705: 4692:. Retrieved 4677: 4651:(1): 55–71. 4648: 4644: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4598: 4569: 4565: 4528: 4524: 4505: 4502:Ali Abunimah 4481:. Retrieved 4477: 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4450: 4426:. Retrieved 4422: 4397:. Retrieved 4392: 4389:"NEC poll 2" 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4366: 4357: 4348: 4338: 4326:. Retrieved 4322: 4312: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4258:. Retrieved 4254:The Guardian 4253: 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4228:the original 4223: 4214: 4202:. Retrieved 4198: 4171:. Retrieved 4166: 4156: 4147: 4137: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4082:The Guardian 4081: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4029:the original 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 4003:The Guardian 4002: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3966: 3950: 3943: 3923:. Retrieved 3906: 3894: 3885:The Atlantic 3883: 3873: 3858: 3846:. Retrieved 3842: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3806: 3794:. 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